How do modals work?

137,895 views ใƒป 2011-06-09

ENGLISH with James


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
I'll see that when it comes out, that's pretty good.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๅ‡บใฆใใŸใ‚‰ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ใ‹ใชใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:10
Hi, James Ingrid.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚บใƒปใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฐใƒชใƒƒใƒ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ˜ ็”ปใŒๅ…ฌ้–‹ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚‰
00:11
I was just saying I'll see a movie when it comes out.
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่ฆ‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใฃใฆ่จ€ใฃใฆใŸใฎใซ ใ€‚
00:14
I'm looking forward to the movie.
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ๆ˜ ็”ปใŒๆฅฝใ—ใฟใงใ™ใ€‚
00:16
As you know, will is a future term.
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ใ”ๅญ˜ใ˜ใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ will ใฏๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ็”จ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
00:19
Will is very versatile.
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ๆ„ๅฟ—ใฏ้žๅธธใซ็”จ้€”ใŒๅบƒใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:21
It's so versatile that I'm going to use a future term to teach you models.
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ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฐ†ๆฅใฎ็”จ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใชใฎใงใ€้žๅธธใซ็”จ้€”ใŒๅบƒใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:26
One thing we know about will, which is different than going to, is that I can change the strength of it.
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ๆ„ๅฟ—ใซใคใ„ใฆ็งใŸใกใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฎ1ใคใฏใ€ ่กŒใใ“ใจใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใ€ใใฎๅผทใ•ใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™.
00:31
I can modify it.
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ๅค‰ๆ›ดใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:32
It has different ideas.
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ใใ‚Œใซใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใช่€ƒใˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:33
The structure that's used is similar to models.
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ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆง‹้€ ใฏใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:36
So I'm going to use this in here with Mr. E. Obama.
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ใ“ใ“ใง E. ใ‚ชใƒใƒžๆฐใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:40
You know Barack Obama.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใƒใƒฉใ‚ฏใƒปใ‚ชใƒใƒžใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:41
This is his cousin.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใฎใ„ใจใ“ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:42
Hi, Barack.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€ใƒใƒฉใ‚ฏใ€‚
00:43
Say hi.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚
00:44
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
00:45
Barack says, "Yes, I can."
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ใƒใƒฉใ‚ฏใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใงใใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:47
Model, right?
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ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
00:48
Model, I can.
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ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใ€ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:49
I have the ability.
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็งใซใฏ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:50
Mr. E says, "Yes, we will."
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Eใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ€‚
00:52
Because he doesn't know if he can do it, but he knows in the future maybe he can.
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ๅฝผใฏใใ‚ŒใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใŒ ใ€ๅฐ†ๆฅ็š„ใซใฏใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:55
So how do we change this will to a can with Mr. Obama?
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ ๆ„ๅฟ—ใ‚’ใ‚ชใƒใƒžๆฐใฎ็ผถ่ฉฐใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
00:59
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:00
All right, Obama.
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ใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใ‚ชใƒใƒžใ€‚
01:01
I hope you're watching.
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ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:02
Congratulations.
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ใŠใ‚ใงใจใ†ใ€‚
01:03
You won.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅ‹ใกใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:04
All right.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
01:05
First, when we say, "Yes, I will do something," or "I will do this," right?
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ใพใšใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใ ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
01:09
I will go to the party.
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็งใฏใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:30
I keep the next verb in the base.
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ๆฌกใฎ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใƒ™ใƒผใ‚นใซไฟๆŒใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:36
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:37
It's not "goes."
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ใ€Œ่กŒใใ€ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:39
It's not "gonna."
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ใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚
01:40
It's just, "I will go."
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ใ€Œ่กŒใฃใฆใใพใ™ใ€ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:41
The verb stays in the base.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅŸบ้ƒจใซใจใฉใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:42
Now, I can use models and do the exact same thing because I can use the verb in the base
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ ใ“ใจใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
01:47
formula with a model.
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ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใฎๅŸบๆœฌๅผใงๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:49
Let me give you an example.
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ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:50
So I can say this, "I..."
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใ€Œ็งใฏโ€ฆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
02:07
Why?
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ใชใœ๏ผŸ
02:08
Well, "will" shows us possibility.
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ใใ†ใ€ ใ€Œๆ„ๅฟ—ใ€ใฏๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:12
What I mean by that is it's future possibility.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ ๅฐ†ๆฅใฎๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใงใ™ใ€‚
02:15
When we say, "will," what we're saying is, "I've decided to do something, but I've decided
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็งใŸใกใŒใ€Œๆ„ๅฟ—ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ใ€Œ็งใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฑบใ‚ใŸใŒ
02:19
in this moment."
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ใ€ใ“ใฎ็žฌ้–“ใซๆฑบใ‚ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™.
02:20
It's not planned or arranged prior to.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ ไบ‹ๅ‰ใซ่จˆ็”ปใพใŸใฏ่ชฟๆ•ดใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:22
So instead of saying, "decided," why don't we speak properly and say, "You decide," present
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œๆฑบใ‚ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€Œใใฎ็žฌ้–“ ใซใ€็พๅœจๅฝขใงใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ้ฉๅˆ‡ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:26
tense, "in the moment."
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ใ€‚
02:27
And that's why we keep it in the base form to say, "I have decided now," in the present
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏไปŠๆฑบใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€็พๅœจๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใฎใพใพใซใ—ใฆใŠใใฎ
02:32
tense, "to do something."
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:33
See?
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่ฆ‹ใ‚‹๏ผŸ
02:34
Present tense.
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็พๅœจๆ™‚ๅˆถใ€‚
02:35
So you know now.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไปŠ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:36
So the model is also talking about possibility because, well, we've got a lesson.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใฏ ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:40
You should check out the SEAM method for models.
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ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใฎ SEAM ใƒกใ‚ฝใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:43
Cool.
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ใ„ใ„ใญใ€‚
02:44
When we look at this, what we're expressing is a future, a possible future, because models
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่กจ็พใ—ใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆœชๆฅใ€
02:48
can be used for possibility, which are the future.
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ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœชๆฅใงใ™ใ€‚ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใฏๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ€ ใคใพใ‚Šๆœชๆฅใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:51
So this is a form of the future, and we use the same formula.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœชๆฅใฎไธ€ๅฝขๆ…‹ใง ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅŒใ˜ๅผใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:55
So we looked at, if you see here, "I will go to the party," "I might go to the party,"
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซ่กŒใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใฎ
02:59
both future events.
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ไธกๆ–นใฎๅฐ†ๆฅใฎใ‚คใƒ™ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:00
This is saying, "Yeah, I'm pretty sure," as in 70%.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ€70% ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ€Œใˆใˆใ€็งใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Š็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:04
This is saying, "Might."
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:05
It's possible.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใ ใ€‚
03:06
So why don't we write out a structure for that so it'll make it easy to remember?
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ใงใฏใ€ ่ฆšใˆใ‚„ใ™ใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใใฎใŸใ‚ใฎๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ๆ›ธใๅ‡บใ—ใฆใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹?
03:10
So when we did future with will, okay, we did subject plus will, right, plus verb, base.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€will ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ future ใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸใจใใฏใ€ ไปถๅใจ willใ€rightใ€ใใ—ใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใ€base ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:24
Now when we do the modal, we'll do the same thing.
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ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ ใฏใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:27
We'll put subject plus modal, right, plus verb in the base.
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ไธป่ชžใจใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใ€ ๅณใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใƒ™ใƒผใ‚นใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:39
See, we're using will to show us how to do modals.
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ใปใ‚‰ใ€ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใ‚’่กŒใ†ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซwillใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:42
That's the first thing.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:43
The structure is similar.
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ๆง‹้€ ใฏไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:44
That's why we're using this one.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:46
The next thing.
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ๆฌกใฎใ“ใจใ€‚
03:47
Will can be modified, right?
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ๅค‰ๆ›ดใงใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
03:49
Will, I told you, I think, will is 70% true because you decide in the moment.
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ๆ„ๅฟ—ใฏใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใฎ็žฌ้–“ใซๆฑบใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๆ„ๅฟ—ใฏ70๏ผ…็œŸๅฎŸใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:55
Well, maybe I want to make it 100%.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ 100%ใซใ—ใŸใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ€‚
03:57
I want it stronger than that.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅผทใใ—ใŸใ„ใ€‚
03:58
But I still want to talk about the future.
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ใงใ‚‚ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใ€‚
04:00
I don't want it to be so uncertain.
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็งใฏใใ‚Œ ใŒใใ‚Œใปใฉไธ็ขบๅฎŸใงใ‚ใฃใฆใปใ—ใใชใ„ใ€‚
04:01
Because, by the way, will means the future is uncertain.
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ใกใชใฟใซใ€ will ใฏๆœชๆฅใŒไธ็ขบๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:12
I'm talking to you now.
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็งใฏไปŠใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:14
It's uncertain if I'll be talking to you tomorrow.
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ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ‚ใชใŸใจ่ฉฑใ™ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏๅฎšใ‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:16
Maybe you'll look at one of the other teachers and go and check it out, okay?
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ๅคšๅˆ†ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไป–ใฎๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฎไธ€ไบบใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ใ€่กŒใฃใฆใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:20
But I'm pretty certain you'll come back later on.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅพŒใงๆˆปใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:22
But will means uncertain.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆ„ๅฟ—ใฏไธ็ขบๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:24
Modals are uncertain because we talk about modification.
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ๅค‰ๆ›ดใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใฏไธ็ขบๅฎŸใงใ™ใ€‚
04:27
Modal, it modifies itself depending on the tense.
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ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซ ใ€ๆ™‚ๅˆถใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:30
So let's look here when we talk about how does it modify.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ ใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ€ใ“ใ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:33
Well, if I want will to be stronger, I can actually say--
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ใˆใˆใจใ€ๆ„ๅฟ—ใ‚’ๅผทใใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใชใ‚‰ใ€ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™...
04:36
[pause]
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[ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญข]
04:48
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹?
04:49
So, Ezekiel, you're saying, "I'm sure I will be president."
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚จใ‚ผใ‚ญใ‚จใƒซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ใ€Œใใฃใจ็งใŒๅคง็ตฑ้ ˜ใซใชใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
04:51
Yes, I will.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:53
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
04:54
I'm sure I will.
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ใใฃใจใใ†ใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:55
He's pretty proud of that.
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ๅฝผใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใจใฆใ‚‚่ช‡ใ‚Šใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:56
He's like, "100%, that's going to happen."
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ๅฝผใฏใ€Œ100%ใ€ ใใ†ใชใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:59
Then the American government whispers in his ear.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ ๆ”ฟๅบœใŒๅฝผใฎ่€ณๅ…ƒใงๅ›ใใ€‚
05:02
He doesn't have ears.
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ๅฝผใซใฏ่€ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:04
[whispering]
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[ใ•ใ•ใ‚„ใๅฃฐ]
05:07
He goes, "Okay, okay, I'm a worm.
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ๅฝผใฏ ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:09
I know I don't have arms and legs, but I still think I will be president."
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05:17
This time he thinks, "Eh, 50% to 60%.
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ไปŠๅบฆใฏๅฝผใฏใ€ ใ€Œใˆใˆใ€50% ใ‹ใ‚‰ 60% ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:23
But don't count the worm out yet."
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ€ใพใ ใƒฏใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:26
Then Ezekiel sees a bird come flying down,
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ‚จใ‚ผใ‚ญใ‚จใƒซใฏ ้ณฅใŒ้ฃ›ใ‚“ใงใใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ
05:32
and he realizes he's got no arms and legs so he can't run away.
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ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใซใฏๆ‰‹ใ‚‚ ่ถณใ‚‚ใชใ„ใฎใง้€ƒใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:35
And the bird is getting closer.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€้ณฅใฏ่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:39
George Bush bird, going to eat him.
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใƒปใƒ–ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใฎ้ณฅใ€ ๅฝผใ‚’้ฃŸในใซ่กŒใใ€‚
05:42
So he says, "I doubt I will be president."
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ใใ‚Œใงๅฝผใฏใ€ ใ€Œ็งใŒๅคง็ตฑ้ ˜ใซใชใ‚‹ใจใฏๆ€ใˆใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:48
So now we've gone from 100% to 50% to 60% to 10%.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ 100% ใ‹ใ‚‰ 50%ใ€60%ใ€10% ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:52
We've noticed how I still use the future term "will" to talk about the future,
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็งใฏใพใ ๆœชๆฅใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซๆœชๆฅใจใ„ใ†็”จ่ชžใ€Œๆ„ๅฟ—ใ€ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใพใ—ใŸ
05:56
but the percentage of strength has changed.
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ใŒใ€ ๅผทใ•ใฎๅ‰ฒๅˆใฏๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ.
05:59
Well, with modals we don't just do that.
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ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใงใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅŒใ˜่จ€่‘‰
06:01
We're not going to use the same word over and over again.
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ใ‚’ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ไฝฟใ†ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
06:03
But what we can do is, instead of that, we can use with modals something like this.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŸใกใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
06:18
Cool?
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ใ„ใ„ใญ๏ผŸ
06:19
"I can be president."
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅคง็ตฑ้ ˜ใซใชใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€
06:22
100% ability, modified.
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100% ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ€ไฟฎๆญฃๆธˆใฟใ€‚
06:25
"I could be president."
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅคง็ตฑ้ ˜ใซใชใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€
06:27
60% to 70%, modified.
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60% ใ‹ใ‚‰ 70%ใ€ไฟฎๆญฃๆธˆใฟใ€‚
06:30
"If the bird doesn't eat me, I might be president."
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ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ—้ณฅใŒ็งใ‚’้ฃŸในใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ็งใฏๅคง็ตฑ้ ˜ใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€
06:35
Let's say 40%.
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40%ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:37
See how we modified this?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใŸใ‹ใ”่ฆงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:39
We used "will."
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ใ€Œๆ„ๅฟ—ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:40
We just got rid of "will" and put these instead.
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ใ€Œๆ„ๅฟ—ใ€ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใ€ ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็ฝฎใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:43
Cool, right?
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ใ‹ใฃใ“ใ„ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡๏ผŸ
06:44
So we showed how "will" and modals go together.
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ใใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œwillใ€ใจใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ้€ฃๆบใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ— ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:46
We talked about the verb and the base, the basic structure, and how we modify.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใจ่ชžๅŸบ ใ€ๅŸบๆœฌๆง‹้€ ใ€ไฟฎ้ฃพๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:50
We can use it for modification, so you get the idea.
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ไฟฎๆญฃใซไฝฟ็”จใงใ ใพใ™ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
06:52
Alright?
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œ
06:53
I'm going to teach you how to understand this.
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ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:54
Now, "will," I told you, is a future word.
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€Œwillใ€ ใฏๆœชๆฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:58
I've shown you how these things are using possibilities for the future.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใŒๅฐ†ๆฅใฎๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅˆฉ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
07:03
How do I talk about the past?
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้ŽๅŽปใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใฉใ†่ฉฑใ›ใฐใ„ใ„๏ผŸ
07:06
Because what is possible now...
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ไปŠใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจโ€ฆ
07:09
Oh, I don't want to say it, because I'll give it away.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€่จ€ใ„ใŸใใชใ„ ใ€ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚
07:11
It's a Mr. E.
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Eใ•ใ‚“
07:12
I want you to think now.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠ่€ƒใˆใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚
07:13
We talked about future.
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็งใŸใกใฏๅฐ†ๆฅใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:16
How do we talk about the past?
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้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:17
I have this word up here.
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:20
Perfect.
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใ€‚
07:21
Future perfect.
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ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒ็’งใ€‚
07:22
Well, the future perfect is generally this, right?
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ใพใ‚ใ€ๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†ใฏๅคงไฝ“ใ“ใ‚Œ ใงใ—ใ‚‡๏ผŸ
07:41
It will have rained by 12 p.m.
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12ๆ™‚ใพใงใซใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
07:43
What does that mean?
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ใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:44
It's not raining right now.
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ไปŠใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:46
It is not raining right now, because I have a future word right here.
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ใ“ใ“ใซๆœชๆฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ไปŠใฏ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:50
So I know it's the future.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใใ‚ŒใŒๆœชๆฅใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:54
By 12 p.m. tells me something will be completed by 12 p.m.
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ๅˆๅพŒ12ๆ™‚ใพใง ไฝ•ใ‹ ใŒๅˆๅพŒ12ๆ™‚ใพใงใซๅฎŒไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:00
So I'm not talking about one event.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏไธ€ใคใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
08:01
I'm talking about two events.
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2ใคใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:02
So really, this sentence, and that's why I broke it into two parts, is two parts.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏใ€ 2 ใคใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ—ใŸ็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
08:06
This is the first part, and this is the second part.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅ‰็ทจใง ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅพŒ็ทจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:10
The second part is the later time.
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ๅพŒๅŠใฏๅพŒๅŠใงใ™ใ€‚
08:12
It will have rained by 2 p.m.
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ๅˆๅพŒ2ๆ™‚ใพใงใซ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:14
So the rain would have already started, and completed started, then 12 p.m.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้›จใฏใ™ใงใซ้™ใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ใฆใ€้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Š ๅง‹ใ‚ใ€ๅˆๅพŒ12ๆ™‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:19
So I'm showing, if you look really carefully, this is a past.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ‚ˆใใ‚ˆใ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปใงใ™ใ€‚
08:25
Something will be not really past, but completed.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ้ŽๅŽปใงใฏ ใชใใ€ๅฎŒๆˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:32
And when something's completed, you say it's past.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅฎŒๆˆใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปใ ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ€‚
08:34
It's finished, right?
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็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
08:35
I finished my dinner.
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็งใฏๅค•้ฃŸใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:36
You're not going to eat it tomorrow.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใใ‚Œใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
08:37
You finished it.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’็ต‚ใˆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:38
It's gone.
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ใชใใชใฃใŸใ€‚
08:39
That's it.
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ใใ‚ŒใงใŠใ—ใพใ„ใ€‚
08:40
Done.
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็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€‚
08:41
Past.
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้ŽๅŽปใ€‚
08:42
So when we use a past participle, which is what this is, we are talking about the past.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ ใ€้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:45
Now, what's this for?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใฎใŸใ‚๏ผŸ
08:47
Well, have actually means connection.
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ใˆใƒผใจใ€ have ใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๆŽฅ็ถšใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:55
Two things are connected.
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2ใคใฎใ“ใจใŒใคใชใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:57
In this case, the future is connected to something that will be completed.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๆœชๆฅใฏ ๅฎŒๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใซใคใชใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:01
That's the connection.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆŽฅ็ถšใงใ™ใ€‚
09:03
So we've used the past participle to show you how they are connected.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆŽฅ็ถšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:10
Do you understand?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:11
Am I getting the point?
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็งใฏ่ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅพ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:13
Good.
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่‰ฏใ„ใ€‚
09:14
Are you getting the point?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅพ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:15
That's most important.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
09:16
Good.
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่‰ฏใ„ใ€‚
09:17
Don't make me come that close again.
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ไบŒๅบฆใจ็งใ‚’่ฟ‘ใฅใ‘ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:18
I'm ugly up close.
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็งใฏ้–“่ฟ‘ใง้†œใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:20
Okay, so I scared Ezekiel.
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใ‚จใ‚ผใ‚ญใ‚จใƒซใ‚’ๆ€–ใŒใ‚‰ใ›ใŸใ€‚
09:22
He was like, "Ugh!"
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ๅฝผใฏใ€Œใ†ใƒผใ‚“๏ผใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:24
Okay, so we have this connection between the past and the future.
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏ ้ŽๅŽปใจๆœชๆฅใฎ้–“ใซใ“ใฎใคใชใŒใ‚Šใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:28
How is this going to work for modals?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:30
Well, I told you "could," "can," and "might."
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œcanใ€ใซใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใŒใชใ„ใŸใ‚
09:34
This step won't apply to "can," because "can" doesn't have a past tense.
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ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ‰‹้ †ใฏใ€Œcanใ€ใซใฏ้ฉ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:37
Please remember that.
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:38
See?
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่ฆ‹ใ‚‹๏ผŸ
09:39
Look at this.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:40
"Can" does not have a past tense.
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ใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใซ ใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:41
Its past tense is "could."
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้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฏใ€Œcouldใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:42
But when we talk about "could," "might," and "would," we can do something a little different.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œcouldใ€ใ€ใ€Œmightใ€ใ€ใ€Œwouldใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏ ใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—้•ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
09:49
So let's look at this.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:50
See the structure here?
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ใ“ใ“ใซๆง‹้€ ใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:51
Let me get rid of Opa for a second here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ ใ‚ชใƒผใƒ‘ใ‚’ๅง‹ๆœซใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:52
Coming back to Opa.
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ๅคงๆตฆใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:54
Well, here's what we do.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใŸใกใŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
09:56
If I have a modal, I could say, "I could," right?
202
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ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ ใ€ใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
10:03
Could help you tomorrow.
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ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:04
What about yesterday?
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ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:07
Why are we copying the structure from the future?
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ใชใœ็งใŸใก ใฏๆœชๆฅใ‹ใ‚‰ๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒผใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹?
10:10
If I can make the future connect to the past, I can make a modal connect to the past.
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ๆœชๆฅใ‚’ ้ŽๅŽปใซใคใชใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใ‚’้ŽๅŽปใซใคใชใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:14
Okay, so "could" is here.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œcouldใ€ใฏใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:17
I'll put "have."
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ใ€ŒๆŒใคใ€ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:20
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
10:21
"Could have."
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ใ€ŒใงใใŸใ€
10:23
That's a PP.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒPPใงใ™ใ€‚
10:24
So why don't I put, not "help," because that's present, but "helped."
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€ŒๅŠฉใ‘ใŸใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€ŒๅŠฉใ‘ใŸใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
10:29
I could have helped you.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:31
Now let's look at what I've done here.
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ใ“ใ“ใง ใ€็งใŒ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:33
"Could" is possible.
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ใ€ŒใงใใŸใ€ใฏๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใ€‚
10:34
That's what it means.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
10:35
"Could" means possible in the present.
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ใ€Œcouldใ€ใฏ ใ€็พๅœจใซใŠใ„ใฆๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:38
Plus "have" is connection.
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ใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚นใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใฏใคใชใŒใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
10:43
And this is past.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปใงใ™ใ€‚
10:45
Yes, I'm a genius.
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ใฏใ„ใ€็งใฏๅคฉๆ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:48
Well, no, I'm not, but I like to put that on business cards.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅๅˆบใซ่ผ‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
10:52
I am a genius.
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็งใฏๅคฉๆ‰ใ ใ€‚
10:53
I really am.
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็งใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซใ€œใงใ™ใ€‚
10:57
Possible connection to the past.
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้ŽๅŽปใจใฎใคใชใŒใ‚Šใฎๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ€‚
10:58
So what I'm saying is the possibility is past.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ใ€ใใฎๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
11:01
They're connected, only that it was possible at one time, yesterday, it was possible.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๆŽฅ็ถšใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใ ใฃใŸใฎใฏใ€ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ€ๅฏ่ƒฝใ ใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:06
But now, that is past.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ไปŠใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
11:08
So we use a "have" to show, just as we did here, how it's connected to the past.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚„ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€้ŽๅŽปใจใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใคใชใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œhaveใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:12
Cool.
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ใ„ใ„ใญใ€‚
11:13
So modals, whenever you want to make a modal past, you actually do this.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใŸใ„ใจใใฏใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:16
You put "could have" together, plus a verb in the past participle.
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ใ€Œcould haveใ€ ใจ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:21
And that's how you get it.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:22
"I could have helped."
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
11:23
"It might have helped."
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ใ€ŒๅŠฉใ‹ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€
11:24
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
11:25
"It would have helped."
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
11:26
"You should have."
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
11:27
"Should have done your homework."
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ใ€Œๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ในใใ ใฃใŸ ใ€‚ใ€
11:29
Cool.
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ใ„ใ„ใญใ€‚
11:30
Now, finally, we've got all this.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚„ใ ใ™ในใฆใŒๆƒใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:31
The last one I want to do is "opa."
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ๆœ€ๅพŒ ใซใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใฎใฏใ€Œopaใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:33
"Opa."
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ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒƒใƒ‘ใ€
11:34
Why?
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ใชใœ๏ผŸ
11:35
I told you we can modify the strength of "will."
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ใ€Œๆ„ๅฟ—ใ€ใฎๅผทใ•ใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใงใใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:37
We can make it stronger or weaker.
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ๅผทใใ—ใŸใ‚Šๅผฑใใ—ใŸใ‚Šใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
11:39
I told you the basic verb tense is this.
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:41
We just put a verb in the base.
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ใƒ™ใƒผใ‚นใซๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“
11:42
Notice the verb in the base here is the present tense.
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ใฎใƒ™ใƒผใ‚นใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ็พๅœจๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
11:45
Here, when we want to make it past, we use the perfect tense here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’้ŽๅŽปใซใ—ใŸใ„ใจใใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใง ๅฎŒไบ†ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:48
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
11:49
With the past participle and "have."
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้ŽๅŽป ๅˆ†่ฉžใจใ€ŒๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ€‚
11:51
The last thing is this.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฏใ“ใ‚Œใงใ™ใ€‚
11:53
Modals are called modals because they're modified.
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ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใฏ ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
11:56
They change.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:57
They change their meaning depending on context.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ๆ–‡่„ˆใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
11:59
And I want to show to you how "will" does that.
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ใใ—ใฆ ใ€ใ€Œwillใ€ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ‹ใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:02
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:03
So, here what we had here was, if you noticed, "opa."
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใฃใŸใฎใฏใ€ ใŠๆฐ—ใฅใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œopaใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:07
"Opa," too.
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ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒƒใƒ‘ใ€ใ‚‚ใ€‚
12:08
And you might have said, "What the heck is 'opa'?"
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ใ€Œใ€Žopaใ€ใฃใฆไธ€ไฝ“ไฝ•๏ผŸใ€ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:10
Well, with "will," we can use "will" to offer something.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ ใ€Œwillใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œwillใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:16
We can use "will" to promise something.
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ใ€Œwillใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’็ด„ๆŸใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
12:19
And we can use "will" to ask for something and agree to something.
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ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œwillใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆๆฑ‚ใ—ใ€ ไฝ•ใ‹ใซๅŒๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:26
"Opa."
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ใ€Œใ‚ชใƒƒใƒ‘ใ€
12:28
Give you an example.
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ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
12:29
Offer.
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ใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ€‚
12:31
Your bags look really heavy.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้‡ใ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
12:33
I'll help you.
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ใŠๆ‰‹ไผใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:34
I will help you.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€‚
12:35
I'm offering my help to you.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซ็งใฎๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:37
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:38
Now, I'm not doing it in the moment.
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ไปŠใ€ ็งใฏไปŠใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:39
First, I offer, and in the future, which is five seconds, you can say yes or no to that offer.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใซๆๆกˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚5 ็ง’ๅพŒใซใ€ใใฎๆๆกˆใซใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:44
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:45
So, you can say, "Yeah, help me," or "No."
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ ๅŠฉใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:46
So, I'm offering help.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:47
Promise.
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็ด„ๆŸใ€‚ ไปŠๅคœๅฎฟ้กŒ
12:48
Will you do your homework tonight?
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ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ ใ‹ใ€‚
12:52
Yes, I will.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:53
I promise I'll do my homework.
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็งใฏๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ด„ๆŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:54
I make a promise to you.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซ็ด„ๆŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:56
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:57
Agree.
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ๅŒๆ„ใ€‚
12:58
Agree.
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ๅŒๆ„ใ€‚
12:59
You could say, "James, look, why don't you come to my house about twelve o'clock?"
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒผใƒ ใ‚นใ€ใปใ‚‰ใ€ 12ๆ™‚ใใ‚‰ใ„ใซ็งใฎๅฎถใซๆฅใชใ„๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:03
I go, "Okay, I'll, yeah, I'll come to your house then."
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็งใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ€ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ€ๅ›ใฎๅฎถใซ่กŒใ ใ‚ˆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ€‚
13:06
I'm agreeing with meeting you at a certain time.
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็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใซใ‚ใชใŸใซไผšใ†ใ“ใจใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:08
We have an agreement.
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็งใŸใกใฏๅ”ๅฎšใ‚’็ตใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:09
You make a proposal.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆๆกˆใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:10
I say yes to that proposal.
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็งใฏใใฎๆๆกˆใซ่ณ›ๆˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:12
And ask.
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ใใ—ใฆๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ใ€‚
13:13
Will I be able to teach you more?
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็งใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใซใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ•™ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
13:15
Of course I will.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:16
That's why you came to EngVid, right?
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ใใ‚ŒใŒEngVidใซๆฅใŸ็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ‚ˆ ใญ๏ผŸ
13:18
You saw the other forty-five videos.
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ไป–ใฎ 45 ๆœฌใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:20
Alright?
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ
13:21
So, we've noticed how we took will to, and we've modified the meeting with Opa, showing
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„ๅฟ—ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใ ใ€Opa ใจใฎใƒŸใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใฆใ€
13:25
how we could offer, promise, agree, and ask.
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆไพ›ใ€ ็ด„ๆŸใ€ๅŒๆ„ใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณ่ฆๆฑ‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:29
Can we do this with models?
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ใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
13:30
Well, of course we can.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:32
See?
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่ฆ‹ใ‚‹๏ผŸ
13:33
Yes, we will.
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ใฏใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:34
Yes, we can.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:35
We're going to show can again.
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็ผถใฏใพใŸ็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:37
Can is very funny.
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็ผถใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้ข็™ฝใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:38
Because as we have can here, let me use red.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ็ผถใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ ่ตคใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
13:41
I like red.
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็งใฏ่ตคใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
13:42
When we use can, can can be used to demonstrate ability.
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can ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจใใฏใ€ can ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’็™บๆฎใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:50
I can see.
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็งใฏ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
13:51
General ability.
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ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ€‚
13:52
We can talk about acquired skills.
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็ฒๅพ—ใ—ใŸใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:57
I can speak five languages.
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็งใฏ 5 ใคใฎ่จ€่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:58
Actually, I can't.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใ€็งใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:59
Unless you include burping.
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ใ’ใฃใทใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€‚
14:01
Like, "Brrr!"
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ใ€Œใƒ–ใƒซ๏ผใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€‚
14:02
That's a language for me.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใซใจใฃใฆใฎ่จ€่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
14:03
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
14:04
Okay, so we can talk about ability.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใงใฏ ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
14:06
We can talk about possibility.
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ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:08
Remember possibility?
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ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
14:11
Leads to future meaning.
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ๆœชๆฅใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใซใคใชใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:14
Like, I can help you tomorrow.
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ใฟใŸใ„ใชใ€็งใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:15
It's possible for me.
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็งใซใฏๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใ€‚
14:16
100% possible.
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100%ๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใ€‚
14:17
Alright?
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ
14:18
We can use can for permission.
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่จฑๅฏใซใฏ can ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:22
Asking for permission or expressing permission.
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่จฑๅฏใ‚’ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ ใพใŸใฏ่จฑๅฏใ‚’่กจๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
14:26
Can I go to the washroom?
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ใŠๆ‰‹ๆด—ใ„ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
14:28
Can you have my babies?
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใฎ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใ‚’็”ฃใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
14:30
Or, yes, you can have my babies.
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใฎ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใ‚’็”ฃใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:32
Yes.
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ใฏใ„ใ€‚
14:33
Go to eBay.
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ใ‚คใƒผใƒ™ใ‚คใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:34
I sell them.
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฒฉๅฃฒใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:35
Very cheap.
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ใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฎ‰ใ„ใ€‚
14:36
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
14:37
So, I've shown you how we can take will and use it differently.
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ใงใฏใ€ ๆ„ๅฟ—ใ‚’ๅˆฅใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
14:39
How we can take can and use it differently.
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅ–ใ‚Š ใ€็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:41
I've shown you how we use the perfects.
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ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
14:42
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
14:43
The structure of the perfect to show, or future perfects, to show modal past.
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ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใช้ŽๅŽปใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใฎใ€่กจ็คบๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใพใŸใฏๆœชๆฅๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎๆง‹้€ ใ€‚ ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซ
14:48
I've shown you how the basic form of the modal is the same as will.
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ใฎๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช ๅฝขใŒๆ„ๅฟ—ใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
14:52
And I've shown you how it can be modified to get greater strength.
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ใใ—ใฆ ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคงใใชๅผทๅบฆใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ—ใŸ.
14:54
Alright?
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ
14:55
So, if you've looked at all four of these cases, we've just taken will, from "Yes, we will,"
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 4 ใคใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใ‚’ใ™ในใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ ๆ„ๅฟ—ใ‚’ใ€ŒYes, we willใ€
15:00
to...
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ใ‹ใ‚‰โ€ฆ
15:09
Mr. Ezekiel Obama says, "Yes, we can."
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ใ‚จใ‚ผใ‚ญใ‚จใƒซใƒปใ‚ชใƒใƒžๆฐใฏ ใ€ŒYes, we can.ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:13
And now how you do it from will to can.
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ใใ—ใฆไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ„ๅฟ—ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•.
15:15
And that's how Obama won the election.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ชใƒใƒž ใŒ้ธๆŒ™ใซๅ‹ใฃใŸๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
15:17
Or, Mr. Ezekiel has won your hearts.
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ผใ‚ญใ‚จใƒซๆฐใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅฟƒใ‚’ใคใ‹ใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
15:20
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
15:21
But, what I want you to do, and I know you will do it, and you're going to promise me, right?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใฎใ‹ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็งใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใซ็ด„ๆŸใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
15:26
You're going to do it?
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ใ‚„ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
15:27
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
15:28
So, I know you can do it.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:29
Alright?
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ
15:30
I want you to go here.
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ใ“ใ“ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚
15:31
I don't want you to modify anything.
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ไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
15:33
Alright?
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ
15:36
Please go to www.eng, as in English, vid, as in video, dot com.
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www.engใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏ vidใ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏ dot com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
15:45
Where you can learn more about modals, grammar tenses, vocabulary, idioms, what Batman thinks.
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ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎ ๆ™‚ๅˆถใ€่ชžๅฝ™ใ€ๆ…ฃ็”จๅฅใ€ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒžใƒณใฎ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉณใ—ใๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
15:53
That was a really good one.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ่‰ฏใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
15:55
Only if you're 18, please.
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18ๆญณใฎๆ–นใฎใฟใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:56
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
15:57
And other subjects.
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ใใ—ใฆไป–ใฎ็ง‘็›ฎใ€‚
15:58
Alright?
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ
15:59
Hope you enjoyed the lesson.
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ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
16:00
Look forward to seeing you soon.
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ใŠไผšใ„ใงใใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใฟใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:02
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
16:03
I'm sure I will.
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ใใฃใจใใ†ใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
16:04
Alright?
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ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ
16:05
You can do it.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
16:06
Bye-bye.
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ใƒใ‚คใƒใ‚คใ€‚

Original video on YouTube.com
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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