BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Conflict' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocabulary!

120,872 views ใƒป 2024-01-21

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
6 Minute English
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00:02
from BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute Englishใ€‚
00:05
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:09
And I'm Rob.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใƒญใƒ–ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:10
In this programme, we'll be talking about disagreeing.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใงใฏใ€ ๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:13
Er, no, we won't!
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ใˆใƒผใ€ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผ ใใ†
00:15
I think we will, Rob. We're discussing the following โ€” is it good to disagree?
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ใชใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใƒญใƒ–ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏๆฌกใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ญฐ่ซ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ - ๅŒๆ„ใ—ใชใ„ใฎใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ‹? ใใ‚Œใฏ
00:20
I know, but I feel better for having that little disagreement,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใปใ†ใŒๆฐ—ๅˆ†ใŒ่‰ฏใ„ใฎใงใ€
00:24
so that proves it is good to disagree!
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ๅๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใ ใจ่จผๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:27
Well, I hate to disagree,
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ๅๅฏพใฏใ—ใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
00:28
but I think we should explore the subject a little further first
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ใŒใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซๆฌกใฎ 6 ๅˆ†้–“ใงใ“ใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉณใ—ใๆคœ่จŽใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
00:31
in the next six minutes.
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ใ€‚
00:33
Er, shouldn't that be five minutes?
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ใˆใƒผใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ5ๅˆ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:35
Oh, Rob, you're being 'pedantic' โ€”
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใƒญใƒ–ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€Œ่ก’ๅญฆ็š„ใ€ใงใ™ -
00:37
focusing too much on the small details or formal rules.
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็ดฐใ‹ใ„็‚น ใ‚„ๆญฃๅผใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใ™ใŽใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:41
Maybe we should agree to disagree
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใ็งใŸใกใฏๅๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใฆใ€็งใŒๆฏŽ้€ฑๅ‡บ้กŒใ—ใŸใ„
00:42
and move on to the quiz question I like to set every week.
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ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซ็งปใ‚‹ในใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
00:45
Yes, a good idea.
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ใฏใ„ใ€่‰ฏใ„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™ใญใ€‚
00:47
OK. So, do you know which spiritual leader is famous for saying,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€
00:52
"Disagreement is something normal"? Is it:
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ใ€Œๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใฏๆญฃๅธธใชใ“ใจใ ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใงๆœ‰ๅใชใ‚นใƒ”ใƒชใƒใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใŒ่ชฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ใใ‚Œใฏ:
00:55
a) Pope Francis?
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a) ๆ•™็š‡ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ทใ‚นใ‚ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:58
b) The Dalai Lama?
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b) ใƒ€ใƒฉใ‚คใƒปใƒฉใƒžใฏ๏ผŸ
01:00
Or c) Ravi Shankar?
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ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) ใƒฉใƒดใ‚ฃใƒปใ‚ทใƒฃใƒณใ‚ซใƒผใƒซ?
01:02
Hmm, that's tricky, so I'll have a guess and say b) the Dalai Lama.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ€ๆŽจๆธฌใ—ใฆ b) ใƒ€ใƒฉใ‚คใƒปใƒฉใƒžใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:07
OK, I'll let you know if that was correct at the end of the programme.
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OKใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏใ€ ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใŠ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:10
But whoever said, "Disagreement is something normal" is probably right.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใฏๆญฃๅธธใชใ“ใจใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸไบบใฏ ใŠใใ‚‰ใๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏ
01:15
I'm sure we all disagree with someone about something, don't we, Rob?
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็š†ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฐใ‹ใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใซๅŒๆ„ใงใใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€ใใ†ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใƒญใƒ–๏ผŸ
01:19
No.
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ใ„ใ‚„ใ€ใฏใฏใฏ
01:20
Ha-ha, just joking! Of course, disagreeing is normal.
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ใ€ๅ†—่ซ‡ใ ใ‚ˆ๏ผ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๅๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆญฃๅธธใงใ™ใ€‚
01:23
It would be boring if we agreed about everything.
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ใ™ในใฆใฎใ“ใจใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‰้€€ๅฑˆใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:26
However, I guess agreement, on some things, may have prevented a few wars.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็‚นใซใคใ„ใฆใฏๅˆๆ„ใŒใ„ใใค ใ‹ใฎๆˆฆไบ‰ใ‚’้˜ฒใ„ใ ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:31
Indeed, but it is a fascinating subject
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็ขบใ‹ใซใ€ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ญ…ๅŠ›็š„ใชใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
01:34
and it's something the BBC Radio 4 programme
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BBC Radio 4 ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใ€Œ
01:36
A Guide To Disagreeing Better looked at.
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A Guide To Disagreeing Betterใ€ใงใ‚‚ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใพใšใฏๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•
01:40
I think we should hear about how not to disagree first.
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่žใในใใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:43
This is couples therapist, author and speaker Esther Perel,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใƒซใ‚ปใƒฉใƒ”ใ‚นใƒˆใ€ไฝœๅฎถ ใ€่ฌ›ๆผ”่€…ใฎใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒปใƒšใƒฌใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
01:48
who knows a thing or two about that.
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ๅฝผใฏใใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆๅคšๅฐ‘ใชใ‚Šใจใ‚‚็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:52
In a battle, you position yourself in a hierarchy โ€” one is on top of the other.
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ๆˆฆ้—˜ใงใฏใ€่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใ‚’้šŽๅฑคๅ†…ใซ้…็ฝฎใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ ไธ€ๆ–นใŒไป–ๆ–นใฎไธŠใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:57
And then there is arguing that comes with a contempt
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ่ปฝ่”‘ใ‚’ไผดใ†่ญฐ่ซ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
02:01
in which it's not just that I don't accept your point of view,
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ใใ‚Œใฏ ็งใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ฆ‹ๆ–นใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ„ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€
02:04
it's that I actually really think you're a lesser human being.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŠฃใฃใŸไบบ้–“ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ็งใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:08
Right, so Esther explains that bad disagreement is a battle โ€”
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใฏใ€ ใฒใฉใ„ๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใฏๆˆฆใ„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:13
one person tries to take a higher position in the hierarchy.
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒ้šŽๅฑคๅ†…ใงใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ใ„ๅœฐไฝใซๅฐฑใ“ใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ ใ€‚
02:17
A 'hierarchy' is a way of organising people according to their importance.
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ใ€Œ้šŽๅฑคใ€ใฏใ€ ้‡่ฆๆ€งใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆไบบใ€…ใ‚’็ต„็น”ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:22
So, a disagreement doesn't go well
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
02:24
if one person thinks they're more important than someone else.
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ไธ€ๆ–นใŒ ไป–ใฎไบบใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใฏใ†ใพใใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:28
And according to Esther, things also don't go well if someone has 'contempt',
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐใ€ ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ่ชฐใ‹ใ‚„ไฝ•ใ‹ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๅซŒๆ‚ชๆ„Ÿใ‚„ๆ•ฌๆ„ใฎๆฌ ๅฆ‚ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œ่ปฝ่”‘ใ€ใ‚’ๆŠฑใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใฏใ†ใพใใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“
02:33
which is a dislike or lack of respect for someone or something.
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ใ€‚
02:37
And contempt in a bad disagreement
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใฒใฉใ„ๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹่ปฝ่”‘ใฏใ€
02:40
can be more than just not liking somebody's point of view โ€”
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ๅ˜ใซ ่ชฐใ‹ใฎ่ฆ–็‚นใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
02:43
their perspective on something โ€”
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ่ฆ–็‚นใŒๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ ใ‘ใงใฏใชใใ€
02:45
it could be thinking someone is a lesser human being.
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่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ ไธ‹็ญ‰ใชไบบ้–“ใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:48
Ouch! That's not nice.
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ใ‚ใ‚๏ผ ใ‚คใ‚ฑใฆใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚
02:50
Let's think more about good disagreement.
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่‰ฏใ„ๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใฃใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:53
The BBC podcast Seriously has listed some tips for disagreeing better,
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BBC ใƒใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚นใƒˆใ€ŒSeriouslyใ€ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œๅฆฅๅ”ใ€ใฎๅˆฅใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œไธญ้–“็‚นใ‚’ ็›ฎๆŒ‡ใ™ใ€ใฎใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใชใฉใ€ๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:58
including not 'aiming for the middle ground' โ€”
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03:01
another way of saying 'compromising'.
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ใ€‚
03:04
It also suggests speaking truthfully, listening 'intently' โ€”
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ใพใŸใ€ๆญฃ็›ดใซ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใ€ ใ€Œ็†ฑๅฟƒใซใ€่žใใ“ใจใ€
03:08
that means giving all your attention to what's being said โ€”
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€่ฉฑใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๅ…จ็ฅž็ตŒใ‚’้›†ไธญใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใ€
03:12
and aiming for empathy,
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ใใ—ใฆๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿใ‚’็›ฎๆŒ‡ใ™ใ“ใจใ€
03:13
but not feeling at the end of a disagreement that you have to agree!
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจๆ„Ÿใ˜ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚็คบๅ”†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:18
I agree and I'm sure former British politician Douglas Alexander would too.
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็งใ‚‚ๅŒๆ„Ÿใงใ™ใ—ใ€่‹ฑๅ›ฝใฎๅ…ƒ ๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใƒ€ใ‚ฐใƒฉใ‚นใƒปใ‚ขใƒฌใ‚ฏใ‚ตใƒณใƒ€ใƒผใ‚‚ใใฃใจใใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:23
He presented the programme A Guide To Disagreeing Better
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ๅฝผใฏใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ€Œๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ ็›ธ้•ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ฌใ‚คใƒ‰ใ€ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใ€
03:26
and explained why he thought disagreeing is a good thing.
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ๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใŒ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹็†็”ฑใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ้ธๆŒ™ใง
03:31
The couple of decades I spent as an elected politician
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้ธใฐใ‚ŒใŸๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใจใ—ใฆ้Žใ”ใ—ใŸๆ•ฐๅๅนด้–“ใงใ€
03:34
convinced me that disagreement is necessary if society is to progress
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็คพไผšใŒ้€ฒๆญฉใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
03:40
and a society that values civility over justice and truth
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ๆญฃ็พฉใ‚„็œŸๅฎŸใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚็คผๅ„€ๆญฃใ—ใ•ใ‚’้‡่ฆ–ใ™ใ‚‹็คพไผšใฏ
03:43
would simply be a recipe for stagnation.
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ๅ˜ใซๅœๆปžใ‚’ๆ‹›ใใ ใ‘ใ ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:47
But honest conversations involve listening intently as well as speaking truthfully.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆญฃ็›ดใชไผš่ฉฑใซใฏใ€ๆญฃ็›ด ใซ่ฉฑใ™ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€็œŸๅ‰ฃใซ่žใใ“ใจใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
03:56
The thoughts of Douglas Alexander there, who, through his work as a politician,
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ใใ“ใซใฏใ€ ๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใจใ—ใฆใฎๆดปๅ‹•ใ‚’้€šใ˜ใฆใ€
04:00
is convinced that disagreement is a good thing.
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ๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใฏ่‰ฏใ„ใ“ใจใ ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒ€ใ‚ฐใƒฉใ‚นใƒปใ‚ขใƒฌใ‚ฏใ‚ตใƒณใƒ€ใƒผใฎ่€ƒใˆใŒใ‚ใฃใŸ ใ€‚
04:03
He says we shouldn't just follow the values of 'civility' โ€”
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ๅฝผใฏใ€็งใŸใกใฏๅ˜ใซใ€Œ
04:06
that means 'polite behaviour'.
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็คผๅ„€ๆญฃใ—ใ„่กŒๅ‹•ใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ€Œ็คผๅ„€ๆญฃใ—ใ•ใ€ใฎไพกๅ€ค่ฆณใซๅพ“ใ†ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่€ƒใˆใ‚„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซ
04:08
It's important to challenge and question thoughts and ideas โ€”
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ๆŒ‘ๆˆฆใ—ใ€็–‘ๅ•ใ‚’ๆŠฑใใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
04:12
not just be polite and accept them!
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ๅ˜ใซ็คผๅ„€ๆญฃใ—ใๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใฆๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:15
Yes, and if we don't challenge things and search for truth and justice,
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ—ใฆ็งใŸใกใŒ็‰ฉไบ‹ใซๆŒ‘ๆˆฆใ— ใ€็œŸๅฎŸใจๆญฃ็พฉใ‚’ๆŽขๆฑ‚ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€
04:19
he feels it would lead to 'stagnation' โ€” staying the same and not developing.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œๅœๆปžใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚ŠๅŒใ˜ใพใพใง็™บๅฑ•ใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใจๅฝผใฏๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:24
The verb form is 'to stagnate'.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅฝขใฏใ€Œๅœๆปžใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:26
But he does say that when we discuss things and disagree
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใฃใฆๆ„่ฆ‹ใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€
04:30
we must be honest, listen to the other person intently, and speak truthfully.
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ๆญฃ็›ดใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ็›ธๆ‰‹ใฎ่ฉฑใ‚’็†ฑๅฟƒใซ่žใใ€ๆญฃ็›ดใซ่ฉฑใ•ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจๅฝผใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:35
But I would add that this should be done politely and with respect.
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็คผๅ„€ๆญฃใ—ใใ€ๆ•ฌๆ„ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ในใใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ๅŠ ใˆใฆใŠใใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:39
Well, Sam, I've been listening to you intently,
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ฉฑใ‚’ ็†ฑๅฟƒใซ่žใ„ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ๆญฃ็›ด
04:42
and if I'm honest, I think it's about time
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ใซ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€ใใ‚ใใ‚
04:44
you gave me the answer to today's question.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„้ ƒใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:47
We can agree on that, Rob!
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ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ็งใŸใกใ‚‚ๅŒๆ„ใงใใพใ™ใ€ใƒญใƒ–๏ผ
04:48
So, earlier I asked you if you knew which spiritual leader
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๅ…ˆใปใฉ็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใ€ใ€Œๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใฏๆญฃๅธธใชใ“ใจใ ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใงๆœ‰ๅใช ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒชใƒใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใชๆŒ‡ๅฐŽ่€…ใŒ่ชฐใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ๅฐ‹ใญใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:52
is famous for saying, "Disagreement is something normal"?
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04:56
Is it a) Pope Francis?
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a) ๆ•™็š‡ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ทใ‚นใ‚ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:58
b) The Dalai Lama?
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b) ใƒ€ใƒฉใ‚คใƒปใƒฉใƒžใฏ๏ผŸ
05:00
Or c) Ravi Shankar?
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ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) ใƒฉใƒดใ‚ฃใƒปใ‚ทใƒฃใƒณใ‚ซใƒผใƒซ?
05:02
And, Rob, what did you say?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใƒญใƒ–ใ€ไฝ•ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:03
I said it's b) The Dalai Lama.
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็งใฏใ€b) ใƒ€ใƒฉใ‚คใƒปใƒฉใƒžใ ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ€‚
05:05
And you were right โ€” well done!
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆญฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸ๏ผ
05:07
Now, if you'll agree,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅŒๆ„ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸ
05:09
could we recap some of the vocabulary we've discussed in this programme?
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่ชžๅฝ™ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹ ?
05:12
Of course. First of all, I was accused of being 'pedantic' โ€”
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใพใš็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€ ็งใฏใ€Œ่ก’ๅญฆ็š„ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ้ž้›ฃใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
05:17
focusing too much on the small details or formal rules.
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็ดฐใ‹ใ„็‚นใ‚„ๆญฃๅผใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใ™ใŽใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
05:21
Then we mentioned 'hierarchy'.
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ๆฌกใซใ€Œ้šŽๅฑคใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:23
This is a way of organising people according to their importance.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€้‡่ฆๆ€งใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆไบบใ€…ใ‚’็ต„็น”ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ ใ€‚
05:26
'Contempt' is a dislike or lack of respect for something or someone.
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ใ€Œ่ปฝ่”‘ใ€ใจใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใพใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๅซŒๆ‚ชๆ„ŸใพใŸใฏๆ•ฌๆ„ใฎๆฌ ๅฆ‚ใงใ™ ใ€‚
05:31
A 'point of view' describes someone's perspective on something.
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ใ€Œ่ฆ–็‚นใ€ใฏใ€ ไฝ•ใ‹ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹่ชฐใ‹ใฎ่ฆ–็‚นใ‚’่กจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:35
Your point of view might be different from my point of view.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ฆ–็‚นใฏ็งใฎ่ฆ–็‚นใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
05:38
Indeed. And we also mentioned 'civility', which means 'polite behaviour'.
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็ขบใ‹ใซใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ็คผๅ„€ๆญฃใ—ใ„่กŒๅ‹•ใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ€Œใ‚ทใƒ“ใƒชใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚่งฆใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
05:43
And 'stagnation' means 'staying the same and not developing'. Would you agree, Sam?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œๅœๆปžใ€ใจใฏใ€ŒๅŒใ˜็Šถๆ…‹ใŒ็ถšใ„ใฆ ็™บๅฑ•ใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅŒๆ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ๏ผŸ
05:48
You are right, Rob.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€ใƒญใƒ–ใ€‚
05:49
And that brings us to the end of our discussion about disagreeing!
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ ๆ„่ฆ‹ใฎ็›ธ้•ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่ญฐ่ซ–ใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:53
Don't forget you can find lots more learning English materials
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05:56
on our website at BBC Learning English dot com,
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BBC Learning English dot com ใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใ€
05:58
on social media and on our app. Please join us again next time.
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ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใ€ใ‚ขใƒ—ใƒชใงใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅคšใใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ๆ•™ๆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆฌกๅ›žใ‚‚ใœใฒใ”ๅ‚ๅŠ ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:02
โ€” Bye-bye. โ€” Goodbye.
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- ใƒใ‚คใƒใ‚คใ€‚ - ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
06:05
6 Minute English.
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6ๅˆ†้–“ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€‚
06:06
From BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning Englishใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€‚
06:09
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English, the show that brings you an interesting topic,
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚6 Minute English ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ใ“ใฎ ็•ช็ต„ใฏใ€่จ€่ชžใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใฎๅ‘ไธŠใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใค่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€
06:13
authentic listening practice
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ๆœฌๆ ผ็š„ใชใƒชใ‚นใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐ็ทด็ฟ’
06:15
and vocabulary to help you improve your language skills. I'm Dan.
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ใ€่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ใŠๅฑŠใ‘ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒ€ใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
06:19
And I'm Neil. In this programme, we'll be discussing armed police,
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใงใฏใ€ ๆญฆ่ฃ…่ญฆๅฏŸใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹
06:22
as well as teaching you six new items of vocabulary, of course.
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ใจใจใ‚‚ใซใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ 6 ใคใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚‚ใŠๆ•™ใˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:26
Can we get this done quickly today, Neil?
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ™ใใซ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซ๏ผŸ
06:28
Only I've got to shoot off to a party later.
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ใ‚ใจใฏๅพŒใงใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ ใ‘ใ ใ€‚
06:30
'Shoot off' meaning 'leave quickly'. Of course we can.
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ใ€Œใ‚ทใƒฅใƒผใƒˆใ‚ชใƒ•ใ€ใฏใ€Œๆ—ฉใ็ซ‹ใกๅŽปใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๆˆ‘ใ€…ใฏใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:33
And it's funny you should mention shooting,
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06:35
because our topic this week is gun control without guns.
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ไปŠ้€ฑใฎใƒ†ใƒผใƒžใฏ ้Šƒใ‚’ๆŒใŸใชใ„้Šƒ่ฆๅˆถใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้Šƒๆ’ƒใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ๅŠใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้ข็™ฝใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ†ใงใ™ใ‹
06:39
Is that so? I have a question about that for you.
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๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:42
Fire away then.
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ใใ‚Œใชใ‚‰็™บ็ ฒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:43
'Fire away': an expression giving permission
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ใ€Œๆ”พใฃใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€:
06:45
for someone to ask a question or speak.
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒ่ณชๅ•ใ—ใŸใ‚Š็™บ่จ€ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่จฑๅฏใ™ใ‚‹่กจ็พใ€‚
06:48
So, which country has the oldest gun control laws in the world?
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ใงใฏใ€ ไธ–็•Œใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅคใ„้Šƒ่ฆๅˆถๆณ•ใ‚’ๆŒใคๅ›ฝใฏใฉใ“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
06:52
Is it a) The USA?
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a) ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:54
b) Iceland? Or c) Japan?
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b) ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰? ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) ๆ—ฅๆœฌ?
06:57
I'm going to guess b) Iceland, just because I've never been there.
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b) ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:00
Well, we'll find out if you're right a bit later on.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆญฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใฏใ€ ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅพŒใงใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:02
Now, imagine the scene.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใฎๅ ด้ขใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:05
You are a police officer who has been called out to deal with an incident.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ไบ‹ไปถใซๅฏพๅ‡ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅ‡บๅ‹•ใ—ใŸ่ญฆๅฏŸๅฎ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:08
When you arrive on scene, you find a dangerous criminal.
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็พๅ ดใซๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ๅฑ้™บใช็Šฏ็ฝช่€…ใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:12
Do you reach for a gun, or a blanket?
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้Šƒใซๆ‰‹ใ‚’ไผธใฐใ—ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ๆฏ›ๅธƒใซๆ‰‹ใ‚’ไผธใฐใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:15
It's got to be a gun.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้Šƒใซ้•ใ„ใชใ„ใ€‚
07:16
Well, in most countries in the world, you'd be right, but not in Japan.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ไธ–็•Œใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ›ฝใงใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌใงใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:20
Despite carrying guns, Japanese police almost never use them.
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ๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎ่ญฆๅฏŸใฏ้Šƒใ‚’ๆ‰€ๆŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉ ้Šƒใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:24
Instead, they rely on a combination of martial arts
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆญฆ้“ใฎ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใซ้ ผใฃใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
07:27
and in many cases where a person is violent, they bring out the futon โ€”
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ไบบใŒๆšดๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆŒฏใ‚‹ใ†ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ๅธƒๅ›ฃ๏ผˆ
07:31
which is a kind of blanket โ€”
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ๆฏ›ๅธƒใฎไธ€็จฎ๏ผ‰ใ‚’ๆŒใกๅ‡บใ—ใ€
07:32
and they wrap them up and 'restrain' them or prevent them from moving.
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ๅŒ…ใฟ่พผใ‚“ใงใ€Œๆ‹˜ๆŸใ€ใ—ใŸใ‚Š ใ€ๅ‹•ใ‘ใชใใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:36
You're pulling my leg.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใฎ่ถณใ‚’ๅผ•ใฃๅผตใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:37
Nope! Listen to Japanese journalist Anthony Berteaux describe the situation.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆ๏ผ ๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใƒŠใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎ ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚ฝใƒ‹ใƒผใƒปใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใƒผๆฐใŒ็Šถๆณใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
07:42
What most Japanese police will do is to get huge futons
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎ่ญฆๅฏŸใŒใ‚„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ ๅคงใใชๅธƒๅ›ฃใ‚’็”จๆ„ใ—ใฆใ€
07:47
and essentially roll up the person who is being violent or drunk
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ๆšดๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆŒฏใ‚‹ใฃใŸใ‚Š้…”ใฃใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚’
07:52
into a little burrito and carry them back to the station, and calm them down.
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ๅฐใ•ใชใƒ–ใƒชใƒˆใƒผใซไธธใ‚ใฆ ็ฝฒใพใง้‹ใณใ€่ฝใก็€ใ‹ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ ใ€‚
07:57
The response to violence is never violence, it's always to de-escalate it.
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ๆšดๅŠ›ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๅๅฟœใฏๆฑบใ—ใฆ ๆšดๅŠ›ใงใฏใชใใ€ๅธธใซๆšดๅŠ›ใ‚’ๅ’Œใ‚‰ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:02
So, they safely restrain the person
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใฎไบบใ‚’ๅฎ‰ๅ…จใซๆ‹˜ๆŸใ—ใ€
08:05
and wait for the situation to 'de-escalate', or become less intense.
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็ŠถๆณใŒ ใ€Œใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ซใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‹ใ€ๆฟ€ใ—ใ•ใŒๅ’Œใ‚‰ใใฎใ‚’ๅพ…ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
08:08
Unless a criminal has a gun, Japanese police never fire their weapons.
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็Šฏ็ฝช่€…ใŒ้Šƒใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€ ๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎ่ญฆๅฏŸใฏๆฑบใ—ใฆ็™บ็ ฒใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:13
Surely that means that the criminals always have the advantage then?
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€็Šฏ็ฝช่€…ใŒ ๅธธใซๆœ‰ๅˆฉใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:17
You'd think so, but no.
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ใใ†ๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใŒใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ๆ—ฅๆœฌใงใฏ
08:18
It seems that guns don't really feature in crimes much in Japan.
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้ŠƒใŒ็Šฏ็ฝชใซใ‚ใพใ‚Š็™ปๅ ดใ—ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ€ใˆใพใ™ ใ€‚
08:22
Well, that's astonishing.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้ฉšใในใใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:23
So do you think the criminals don't carry guns because the police don't carry guns
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€่ญฆๅฏŸใŒ้Šƒใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰็Šฏ็ฝช่€…ใ‚‚ ้Šƒใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€
08:28
or that the police don't carry guns because the criminals don't carry guns?
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ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚็Šฏ็ฝช่€…ใŒ้Šƒใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ ใ‹ใ‚‰่ญฆๅฏŸใ‚‚้Šƒใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ€ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:32
Wow, that makes my head hurt!
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ใ†ใ‚ใƒผใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้ ญใŒ็—›ใใชใ‚‹ใ‚ˆ๏ผ
08:35
Well, I don't know, but listen to what Iain Overton,
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ใพใ‚ใ€็งใซใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
08:38
the Executive Director of Action On Armed Violence
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ๆญฆ่ฃ…ๆšดๅŠ›ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎไบ‹ๅ‹™ๅฑ€้•ทใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚คใ‚ขใƒณใƒปใ‚ชใƒดใ‚กใƒผใƒˆใƒณใŒ
08:41
says about armed police in society.
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็คพไผšใฎๆญฆ่ฃ…่ญฆๅฏŸใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:44
The American model has been 'militarise the police',
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใฎใƒขใƒ‡ใƒซใฏ ใ€Œ่ญฆๅฏŸใฎ่ปไบ‹ๅŒ–ใ€ใงใ™
08:47
but the challenge I have is that there is very little evidence
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ใŒใ€็งใŒๆŠฑใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹่ชฒ้กŒใฏใ€
08:51
that a more militarised police results in a more peaceful society.
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่ญฆๅฏŸใฎ่ปไบ‹ๅŒ–ใŒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅนณๅ’Œใช็คพไผšใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ™ใจใ„ใ†่จผๆ‹ ใŒใปใจใ‚“ใฉใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:55
And I'm very concerned that if you have too many police
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ใใ—ใฆใ€
08:59
pulling out a gun at the first incidence of crime,
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็Šฏ็ฝช็™บ็”Ÿๆ™‚ใซ้Šƒใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™่ญฆๅฏŸๅฎ˜ใŒๅคšใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใจ ใ€
09:01
then you lead to a miniature arms race between police and criminals.
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่ญฆๅฏŸใจ็Šฏ็ฝช่€…ใฎ้–“ใงใƒŸใƒ‹ใƒใƒฅใ‚ข่ปๆ‹ก็ซถไบ‰ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็งใฏ้žๅธธใซๆ‡ธๅฟตใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:05
So, America tends to 'militarise' its police,
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใฏ ่ญฆๅฏŸใ‚’ใ€Œ่ปไบ‹ๅŒ–ใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ่ญฆๅฏŸใซ
09:08
meaning 'to equip them and use them as an army'.
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่ฃ…ๅ‚™ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใฆ ่ป้šŠใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:10
And that causes an 'arms race' with the criminals,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็Šฏ็ฝช่€…ใจใฎใ€Œ่ปๆ‹ก็ซถไบ‰ใ€ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:13
which is a competition between two groups
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€2 ใคใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใŒไป–ใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚
09:15
to have more weapons than the other group.
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ๅคšใใฎๆญฆๅ™จใ‚’ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ็ซถไบ‰ใงใ™ ใ€‚
09:18
He also said there's not a strong connection
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ๅŒๆฐใฏใพใŸใ€
09:20
between armed police and a peaceful society.
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ๆญฆ่ฃ…่ญฆๅฏŸ ใจๅนณๅ’Œใช็คพไผšใฎ้–“ใซใฏๅผทใ„ใคใชใŒใ‚ŠใŒใชใ„ใจ่ฟฐในใŸใ€‚
09:23
So, does that mean that Japanese society is more peaceful?
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใ€ๆ—ฅๆœฌ็คพไผšใฏ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅนณๅ’ŒใซใชใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:26
Well, violent crime still happens there,
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใใ“ใงใฏไพ็„ถใจใ—ใฆๆšดๅŠ›็Šฏ็ฝชใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:28
but criminals tend to carry other weapons, such as swords and knives,
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ใŒใ€็Šฏ็ฝช่€…ใฏๅ‰ฃใ‚„ใƒŠใ‚คใƒ•ใชใฉไป–ใฎๆญฆๅ™จใ‚’ๆ‰€ๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‚พๅ‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:32
but at least it's a step in the right direction.
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ใŒใ€ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ๆ–นๅ‘ใธใฎไธ€ๆญฉใงใ™ใ€‚
09:34
Now, can you remember the quiz question I asked?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ็งใŒๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:37
I think so. You asked me which country has the oldest gun control laws in the world?
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ใใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ–็•Œใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅคใ„้Šƒ่ฆๅˆถๆณ•ใ‚’ๆŒใคๅ›ฝใฏใฉใ“ใ ใจ่žใใพใ—ใŸใ‹?
09:41
Is it a) USA? b) Iceland? Or c) Japan?
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a) ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ b) ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰? ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) ๆ—ฅๆœฌ?
09:45
And I said b) Iceland.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏ b) ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:47
Well, I'm sorry Neil, that's not right. But, don't shoot the messenger, OK?
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ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใƒกใƒƒใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใ‚’ๆ’ƒใŸใชใ„ใงใญ๏ผŸ
09:51
It's Japan, which implemented its gun control laws in 1685.
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1685 ๅนดใซ้Šƒ่ฆๅˆถๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ–ฝ่กŒใ—ใŸๆ—ฅๆœฌใงใ™ใ€‚
09:55
How interesting. Now, let's take a look at the vocabulary from this programme.
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่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ“ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใฎ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:59
Sure, we had 'shoot off'.
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็ขบใ‹ใซใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œ็™บ็ ฒใ€ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:02
If you 'shoot off', it means you leave somewhere in a hurry.
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ใ€Œ็™บ็ ฒใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ๆ€ฅใ„ใงใฉใ“ใ‹ใธๅ‡บ็™บใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:04
What type of verb is it, Neil? Can you give us an example?
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ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซ๏ผŸ ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹?
10:07
It's a phrasal verb,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฅๅ‹•่ฉžใช
10:08
so it's used conversationally and usually in an informal context.
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ใฎใงใ€ไผš่ฉฑ็š„ใซใ€ ้€šๅธธใฏ้žๅ…ฌๅผใชๆ–‡่„ˆใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
10:12
As for an example, when he heard his wife was sick, he 'shot off' to the hospital.
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ไธ€ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใ€ๅฆปใŒ็—…ๆฐ—ใ ใจ่žใ„ใŸใจใ ใ€ๅฝผใฏ็—…้™ขใธใ€Œๆ€ฅใ„ใงใ€ๅ‘ใ‹ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:18
Synonyms could be 'dash off' or 'run off'.
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ๅŒ็พฉ่ชžใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ใ€Œใƒ€ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใ‚ชใƒ•ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใƒฉใƒณใ‚ชใƒ•ใ€ใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
10:21
Next, we had 'fire away'.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚คใ‚ขใ‚ขใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚คใ€ใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:23
Now, 'fire away' is an expression giving permission
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œๆ”พใฃใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใฏใ€
10:26
for someone to ask a question or speak.
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่ชฐใ‹ใซ่ณชๅ•ใ—ใŸใ‚Š็™บ่จ€ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹่จฑๅฏใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹่กจ็พใงใ™ใ€‚
10:28
Can you think of any other ways to say the same thing, Dan,
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10:31
if I said, "Can I ask you a question?"
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ใ‚‚ใ—็งใŒใ€Œ่ณชๅ•ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใƒ€ใƒณใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ†ๅˆฅใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ใคใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:34
I'd say 'yes, of course', 'go ahead', 'please do', or 'by all means'.
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็งใฏใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€ใ€Œใฉใ†ใžใ€ใ€Œใฉใ†ใžใ€ ใ€Œใœใฒใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
10:38
Restrain. If you 'restrain' someone, you prevent them from moving.
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ๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ใ€Œๆ‹˜ๆŸใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใฎไบบใฎ ๅ‹•ใใ‚’ๅฆจใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:42
In another sense, you might restrain yourself from doing something โ€”
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ๅˆฅใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใงๆŠ‘ๅˆถใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:46
for example, eating chocolate!
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใƒใƒงใ‚ณใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
10:47
Have you ever had to restrain your children from anything, Neil?
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ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€ๅญไพ›ใŸใกใ‚’ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ‹˜ๆŸใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:50
I have to restrain my children all the time, Dan,
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็งใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ๅญไพ›ใŸใกใ‚’ๆ‹˜ๆŸใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€ใƒ€ใƒณใ€
10:52
otherwise they would fight like mad.
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ใใ†ใ—ใชใ„ใจๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฏ็‹‚ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅ–งๅ˜ฉใ™ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:55
I have to pull them apart and restrain them.
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ๅผ•ใ้›ขใ—ใฆ ๆ‹˜ๆŸใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:58
OK: de-escalate. If something 'de-escalates', it becomes less intense.
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OK: ใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ซใƒฌใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่งฃ้™คใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ ใ€Œใ‚จใ‚นใ‚ซใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ€ใใฎๆฟ€ใ—ใ•ใฏๅผฑใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:02
This is often used in the context of conflicts or argument.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๅฏพ็ซ‹ใ‚„ๅฃ่ซ–ใฎๆ–‡่„ˆใงใ‚ˆใไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
11:06
Can you think of a historical example, Dan?
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ๆญดๅฒ็š„ใชไพ‹ใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ใคใใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ ใƒ€ใƒณ๏ผŸ
11:08
Well, in the 1960s, the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€1960 ๅนดไปฃใ€ ใ‚ญใƒฅใƒผใƒๅฑๆฉŸใฏ
11:11
over a period of two weeks
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2 ้€ฑ้–“ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆๆฟ€ๅŒ–ใ—ใ€ๅค–ไบคไบคๆธ‰ใŒๆˆๅŠŸใ—ใŸ
11:12
and de-escalated only after diplomatic negotiations were successful.
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ๅพŒใซๅˆใ‚ใฆๆฒˆ้™ๅŒ–ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
11:17
But it was pretty close to World War III at one point.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไธ€ๆ™‚ใฏ็ฌฌไธ‰ๆฌกไธ–็•Œๅคงๆˆฆใซใ‹ใชใ‚Š่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
11:20
Militarise: if something is 'militarised',
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่ปไบ‹ๅŒ–: ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ€Œ่ปไบ‹ๅŒ–ใ€ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€
11:23
it is equipped and used like an army.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่ป้šŠใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฃ…ๅ‚™ใ•ใ‚Œใ€ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ปไบ‹ๅŒ–ใ—ใŸ
11:25
Give me an example of people who have become militarised, Neil.
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ไบบใ€…ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€‚
11:27
Yes, when I was a student in the United Kingdom, some of the foreign students
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ใฏใ„ใ€็งใŒใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นใงๅญฆ็”Ÿใ ใฃใŸใจใ ใ€็•™ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฎไธญใซใฏๅ›ฝๅฎถๅฅ‰ไป•ใซ
11:32
had to go home to take part in national service โ€”
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ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅธฐๅ›ฝใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:36
that's join the army for a couple of years โ€” so they became militarised.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆ•ฐๅนด้–“่ป้šŠใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ป้šŠๅŒ–ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:39
Now, an arms race.
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ใ•ใฆใ€่ปๆ‹ก็ซถไบ‰ใ€‚
11:41
An 'arms race' is a competition between two groups
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ใ€Œ่ปๆ‹ก็ซถไบ‰ใ€ใจใฏใ€ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใŒ
11:44
to gain more weapons than the other group.
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ไป–ใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅคšใใฎๆญฆๅ™จใ‚’็ฒๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ็ซถไบ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:46
Got an example of that, Dan?
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ใใฎไพ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใƒ€ใƒณ๏ผŸ
11:47
The most famous example of this is the Cold War.
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ใ“ใฎๆœ€ใ‚‚ๆœ‰ๅใชไพ‹ใฏ ๅ†ทๆˆฆใงใ™ใ€‚
11:50
Both the USSR and the USA became involved in an arms race
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ใ‚ฝ้€ฃใจ็ฑณๅ›ฝใฎไธกๅ›ฝใฏใ€ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ๅคšใใฎๆ ธๅ…ตๅ™จใ‚’ๅ‚™่“„ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ ่ปๆ‹ก็ซถไบ‰ใซๅทปใ่พผใพใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใŸ
11:54
to stockpile as many nuclear weapons as possible.
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ใ€‚
11:57
Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English. Please join us again soon!
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ6ๅˆ†้–“่‹ฑ่ชžใฏใ“ใ‚Œใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใœใฒใพใŸใ”ๅ‚ๅŠ ใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผ
12:01
And we are on social media too,
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ใพใŸใ€ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขใ‚‚ๆดป็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
12:03
so make sure to visit us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube.
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ใฎใงใ€Facebookใ€ Twitterใ€Instagramใ€YouTube ใ‚’ใœใฒใ”่ฆงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
12:07
โ€” Goodbye. โ€” Bye-bye.
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- ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚ - ใƒใ‚คใƒใ‚คใ€‚
12:09
6 Minute English.
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6ๅˆ†้–“ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€‚
12:11
From BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning Englishใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€‚
12:14
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Neil.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚6 Minute English ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
12:17
And I'm Catherine. Hello.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚ตใƒชใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚
12:19
Hello, Catherine! I want to know what sort of things make you feel angry?
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚ตใƒชใƒณ๏ผ ใฉใฎ ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใซๆ€’ใ‚Šใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:24
Many things make me feel angry, Neil,
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ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€็งใŒ่…นใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
12:27
but one thing that makes me regularly angry
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ใŒใ€ ๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ่…นใŒ็ซ‹ใคใ“ใจใฎไธ€ใคใฏใ€
12:29
is when people put the wrong rubbish in the wrong bins.
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ไบบใ€…ใŒ้–“้•ใฃใŸใ‚ดใƒŸใ‚’ ้–“้•ใฃใŸใ‚ดใƒŸ็ฎฑใซๆจใฆใŸใจใใงใ™ใ€‚
12:33
โ€” Mm, yes, that makes me angry too. โ€” Does it?
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โ€•โ€•ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใ‚‚่…นใŒ็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ โ€”ใใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:36
โ€” It's not very thoughtful, is it? โ€” Not really, no.
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โ€•โ€•ใ‚ใพใ‚Š่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใชใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ โ€”ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€‚
12:38
So, you may feel angry about people putting rubbish in the wrong bin,
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ดใƒŸใ‚’้–“้•ใฃใŸใ‚ดใƒŸ็ฎฑใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ไบบใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๆ€’ใ‚Šใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ใ€
12:43
but do you get 'aggressive'?
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ใ€Œๆ”ปๆ’ƒ็š„ใ€ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
12:45
That's behaving in an angry way,
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€
12:47
looking like you want to argue or even fight with someone?
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่ชฐใ‹ใจ่ญฐ่ซ–ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅ–งๅ˜ฉใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ€ๆ€’ใฃใŸๆ…‹ๅบฆใ‚’ใจใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
12:51
No, I don't really get aggressive about wheelie bins, to be honest.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๆญฃ็›ดใซ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€็งใฏใ‚ฆใ‚ฃใƒชใƒผใƒ“ใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ใพใ‚Š็ฉๆฅต็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
12:55
Well, I tend to control my anger too and keep calm, but I have been known to react,
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€็งใ‚‚ๆ€’ใ‚Šใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใฆ ๅ†ท้™ใ•ใ‚’ไฟใคใปใ†ใงใ™ใŒใ€
13:01
especially if someone is damaging some of my property.
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็‰นใซ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ ็งใฎๆ‰€ๆœ‰็‰ฉใซๆๅฎณใ‚’ไธŽใˆใŸๅ ดๅˆใซใฏใ€ๅๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:04
Wow. Really?
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ใŠใŠใ€‚ ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ๏ผŸ
13:05
Yeah. I can't stand it. It comes 'out of the blue' โ€” it's completely unexpected.
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ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆˆ‘ๆ…ขใงใใชใ„ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ ็ช็„ถใ€่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚ŒใฏใพใฃใŸใไบˆๆœŸใ›ใฌใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
13:09
But I'm glad to say that I feel quite calm today.
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใจใฆใ‚‚่ฝใก็€ใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฌ‰ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:13
I'm glad to hear it, Neil. But today, we are talking about aggression
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ ๆ”ปๆ’ƒๆ€งใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉ็•Œใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ไบบ้–“ใฎๆ”ปๆ’ƒๆ€งใซใคใ„ใฆ
13:17
and we'll look at what we can learn about human aggression
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ไฝ•ใŒๅญฆในใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
13:20
by some examples from the animal kingdom.
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ใ€‚
13:23
That's right. Now, are you ready to answer today's quiz question, Catherine?
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใงใใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚ตใƒชใƒณ๏ผŸ
13:27
In a very calm and non-aggressive way, I would like you to give me the question.
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้žๅธธใซๅ†ท้™ใซใ€ๆ”ปๆ’ƒ็š„ใงใฏใชใใ€ ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:31
When attacked, what does a baboon typically do to show aggression?
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ๆ”ปๆ’ƒใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใจใใ€ใƒ’ใƒ’ใฏ ๆ”ปๆ’ƒๆ€งใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซ้€šๅธธไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?
13:36
Does it a) beat its chest?
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a) ่ƒธใ‚’ๆ‰“ใกใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
13:39
b) yawn and show its teeth?
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b) ใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใฆๆญฏใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ›ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
13:42
Or c) laugh and roll on the ground?
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ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) ็ฌ‘ใ„ใชใŒใ‚‰ๅœฐ้ขใ‚’่ปขใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
13:45
Well, I'd love to think of an angry baboon laughing and rolling on the ground.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ๆ€’ใฃใŸใƒ’ใƒ’ใŒ ็ฌ‘ใ„ใชใŒใ‚‰ๅœฐ้ขใ‚’่ปขใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
13:50
But I'm going to go for b) yawn and show its teeth.
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€ b) ใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใฆๆญฏใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ›ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
13:55
OK. Well, we'll see if you right or wrong a bit later on.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใพใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏใ€ ๅพŒใปใฉ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
13:59
Now, Catherine, how do you usually act
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚ตใƒชใƒณใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆๆ€’ใฃใŸใ‚Šๅ‹•ๆบใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใŸใจใใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่กŒๅ‹•ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹
14:01
when you're angry or upset about something?
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๏ผŸ
14:04
I generally let people know how I feel, to be honest.
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ๆญฃ็›ดใซ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€็งใฏ้€šๅธธใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆฐ—ๆŒใกใ‚’ไบบใ€…ใซไผใˆใพใ™ ใ€‚
14:06
I don't go over the top and hit people, but also, I don't sulk about things.
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่กŒใ้ŽใŽใฆไบบใ‚’ๆฎดใฃใŸใ‚Šใฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€ไธๆฉŸๅซŒใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
14:11
And 'sulk' means when you refuse to smile or speak,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ™ใญใ‚‹ใ€ใจใฏใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใซ่…นใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ไบบใ€…ใซ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใŸใ„ใŸใ‚ใซใ€็ฌ‘ใฃใŸใ‚Š่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ‹’ๅฆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™
14:16
because you want to let people know you're upset about something.
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ใ€‚
14:19
Ah, yeah, sulking is quite childish, isn't it, Catherine?
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใใ†ใ€ใ™ใญใ‚‹ใฎใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๅญไพ›ใฃใฝใ„ใงใ™ ใ‚ˆใญใ€ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚ตใƒชใƒณใ€‚
14:22
It is childish. Are you a sulker, Neil?
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅญไพ›ใฃใฝใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไธๆฉŸๅซŒใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
14:24
I don't sulk, I don't think. But as I said I don't often get angry.
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็งใฏใ™ใญใฆใฏใ„ใชใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅ…ˆใปใฉใ‚‚่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€็งใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šๆ€’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
14:29
I'm a very well-balanced and grounded person, Catherine.
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็งใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใŒๅ–ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใ—ใŸ ไบบ้–“ใงใ™ใ€ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚ตใƒชใƒณใ€‚
14:32
Really? Very good, I'm pleased to hear it, Neil.
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ๏ผŸ ใจใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€่žใ„ใฆใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€‚
14:35
Anyway, 'well balanced' means 'sensible and in control of your emotions'.
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ใจใซใ‹ใใ€ใ€Œใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใŒๅ–ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œ่ณขๆ˜Žใง ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
14:41
And 'grounded' means 'mentally and emotionally stable'.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใ‚ฐใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใจใฏใ€Œ็ฒพ็ฅž็š„ ใƒปๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็š„ใซๅฎ‰ๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
14:45
Is that what you're saying, Neil?
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซ๏ผŸ
14:47
โ€” Yeah, that's me. โ€” Right.
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- ใฏใ„ใ€็งใงใ™ใ€‚ - ๅณใ€‚
14:49
Let's listen to Professor Simon Underdown talking about human behaviour.
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ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒขใƒณใƒปใ‚ขใƒณใƒ€ใƒผใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณๆ•™ๆŽˆใŒ ไบบ้–“ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฎๅๅฏพๅดใ€ใ‚’
14:54
Can you spot a phrase that means 'the opposite side to an idea'?
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ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹ ?
14:59
One of the things humans are incredibly good at doing is being psychologists.
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ไบบ้–“ใŒ้žๅธธใซ ๅพ—ๆ„ใชใ“ใจใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ๅฟƒ็†ๅญฆ่€…ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
15:04
We're very good at reading situations that we find ourselves in.
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็งใŸใกใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŸใกใŒ็ฝฎใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹็Šถๆณใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใฎใŒใจใฆใ‚‚ไธŠๆ‰‹ใงใ™ ใ€‚
15:06
We're extremely good at picking up on signals.
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ใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒŠใƒซใ‚’ๅฏŸ็Ÿฅใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ้žๅธธใซไธŠๆ‰‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
15:09
What we can then do is trigger the appropriate response.
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ๆฌกใซใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ ้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๅฟœ็ญ”ใ‚’ใƒˆใƒชใ‚ฌใƒผใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
15:11
If it's an empathetic response, we may well need to then be sympathetic,
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿ็š„ใชๅๅฟœใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ็งใŸใกใฏๅŒๆƒ…็š„ใซใชใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ—ใ€
15:14
we maybe need to show our sort of fluffy side, if you want.
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ๅฟ…่ฆใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฎไธ€็จฎใฎใตใ‚ใตใ‚ใ—ใŸๅด้ขใ‚’็คบใ™ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
15:17
But on the flipside, from an evolutionary point of view,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ไธ€ๆ–นใงใ€ ้€ฒๅŒ–ใฎ่ฆณ็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€
15:20
the reason we're so successful and we're still here
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็งใŸใกใŒใ“ใ‚ŒใปใฉๆˆๅŠŸใ—ใ€ ไปŠใ‚‚ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒ็Šถๆณใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ็ฉๆฅต็š„ใซๅๅฟœ
15:22
is because we can, and when we need to, react aggressively to situations.
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ใงใใ‚‹ใ€ใใ—ใฆๅฟ…่ฆใชใจใใซ ็ฉๆฅต็š„ใซๅๅฟœใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†
15:26
Did you spot the phrase? 'Flipside' means ''the opposite side of an idea.
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ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œใƒ•ใƒชใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒ‰ใ€ใจใฏ ใ€Œใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฎๅๅฏพๅดใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:31
And being aggressive is the flipside of being fluffy and sympathetic.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆ”ปๆ’ƒ็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ ใตใ‚ใตใ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใฆๅŒๆƒ…็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฎ่ฃ่ฟ”ใ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
15:37
And 'fluffy' is an adjective we often use to describe soft animal fur or feathers
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใตใ‚ใตใ‚ใ€ใฏใ€่‹ฅใ„ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎ ๆŸ”ใ‚‰ใ‹ใ„ๆฏ›็šฎใ‚„็พฝๆฏ›ใ€
15:44
on young animals or soft toys for children.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๅญไพ›็”จใฎๆŸ”ใ‚‰ใ‹ใ„ใŠใ‚‚ใกใ‚ƒใ‚’่กจใ™ใฎใซใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
15:47
But here 'fluffy' means 'behaviour that's soft and unthreatening',
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฎใ€Œใตใ‚ใตใ‚ใ€ใฏใ€Œ ๆŸ”ใ‚‰ใ‹ใใฆ่„…ๅจใฎใชใ„่กŒๅ‹•ใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹
15:52
so it's the opposite of aggressive.
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆ”ปๆ’ƒๆ€งใฎๅๅฏพใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:54
Mm, and if you are 'empathetic',
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ€Œๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€
15:57
you're able to share or understand other people's feelings.
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ไป–ใฎไบบใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใŸใ‚Š็†่งฃใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
16:00
That sounds like me! I'm an excellent empathiser, aren't I, Catherine?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™๏ผ ็งใฏๅ„ชใ‚ŒใŸ ๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿ่€…ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญใ€ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚ตใƒชใƒณ๏ผŸ
16:04
Neil, you are absolutely totally full of...
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ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ โ€ฆ
16:08
empathy.
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ๅ…ฑๆ„ŸๅŠ›ใซๆบ€ใกๆบขใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:11
โ€” Nice pause. โ€” Thank you.
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โ€” ใ„ใ„ไธ€ๆ™‚ๅœๆญขใงใ™ใญใ€‚ - ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚
16:12
Now, Simon also talks about humans being good at 'reading situations'.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒขใƒณใฏไบบ้–“ใฏ ใ€Œ็Šถๆณใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใ€ใฎใŒๅพ—ๆ„ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ‚‚่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:18
What does that mean, Catherine?
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ใใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚ตใƒชใƒณ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏ
16:19
It means understanding what's going on.
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ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:22
For example, if a male gorilla is screaming and breaking branches,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ดใƒชใƒฉใฎใ‚ชใ‚นใŒ ๅซใณๅฃฐใ‚’ไธŠใ’ใฆๆžใ‚’ๆŠ˜ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ€
16:26
other gorillas will probably see this as a show of aggression.
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ไป–ใฎใ‚ดใƒชใƒฉใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ”ปๆ’ƒๆ€งใฎ่กจใ‚Œใจใฟใชใ™ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ‚ดใƒชใƒฉใฎใ‚ชใ‚นใฏ
16:31
The male gorilla screams and breaks branches,
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ๅซใณๅฃฐใ‚’ไธŠใ’ใŸใ‚Šใ€ ๆžใ‚’ๆŠ˜ใฃใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ€
16:34
signalling to the other gorillas that he's angry or upset.
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ไป–ใฎใ‚ดใƒชใƒฉใซ ๆ€’ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ๅ‹•ๆบใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:38
'Signal' here means 'a noise or a movement that gives someone information'.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ„ใ†ใ€Œใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒŠใƒซใ€ใจใฏใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใ‹ใซๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹้Ÿณใ‚„ๅ‹•ใใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
16:43
And the male gorilla's signal 'triggers a response'' from the other gorillas.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ดใƒชใƒฉใฎใ‚ชใ‚นใฎๅˆๅ›ณใฏใ€ ไป–ใฎใ‚ดใƒชใƒฉใฎใ€Œๅๅฟœใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ใ€ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
16:48
This means one thing causes another thing to happen.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ๅŽŸๅ› ใงๅˆฅใฎใ“ใจใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:51
And when a man suddenly punches another man in the face,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹็”ทๆ€งใŒ็ช็„ถ ๅˆฅใฎ็”ทๆ€งใฎ้ก”ใ‚’ๆฎดใฃใŸใจใใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ
16:55
what signal do you think that sends?
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชไฟกๅทใ‚’้€ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
16:57
Well, I think, for me, that would be a signal to, em, leave!
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€็งใซใจใฃใฆใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€็ซ‹ใกๅŽปใ‚Œใจใ„ใ†ๅˆๅ›ณใซใชใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:01
Yes. Quickly.
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ใฏใ„ใ€‚ ็ด ๆ—ฉใใ€‚
17:02
Yes, indeed, yes. And humans usually give signals just like the gorillas do,
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ใฏใ„ใ€็ขบใ‹ใซใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ไบบ้–“ใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ๆˆฆใ„ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ ใ‚ดใƒชใƒฉใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅˆๅ›ณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™
17:08
before they start a fight.
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ใ€‚
17:09
So people might shout, or gesture with their arms.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏๅซใ‚“ใ ใ‚Šใ€ ่…•ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚นใƒใƒฃใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
17:13
And a 'gesture' is a movement made with arms or head
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚นใƒใƒฃใƒผใ€ใจใฏใ€
17:18
to give someone else information.
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ไป–ไบบใซๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ่…•ใ‚„้ ญใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ่กŒใ†ๅ‹•ไฝœใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
17:21
Now then, Neil, let's have our quiz question answer please.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€ ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:24
OK, OK, stop waving your arms around.
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OKใ€OKใ€่…•ใ‚’ๆŒฏใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ‚„ใ‚ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
17:27
So I asked when attacked, what does a baboon typically do to show aggression?
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ใใ“ใง็งใฏใ€ๆ”ปๆ’ƒใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใจใใ€ ใƒ’ใƒ’ใฏๆ”ปๆ’ƒๆ€งใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซ้€šๅธธไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹?ใจๅฐ‹ใญใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
17:33
Does it a) beat its chest? b) yawn and show its teeth?
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a) ่ƒธใ‚’ๆ‰“ใกใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ b) ใ‚ใใณใ‚’ใ—ใฆๆญฏใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ›ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
17:38
Or c) laugh and roll on the ground?
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ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ c) ็ฌ‘ใ„ใชใŒใ‚‰ๅœฐ้ขใ‚’่ปขใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
17:41
And I said b).
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏb)ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
17:42
That's right. Well done!
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใใ‚„ใฃใŸ๏ผ
17:44
Now, let's hear today's words once again.
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ใ•ใ‚ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่žใ„ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
17:46
They are: out of the blue, aggressive,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€็ช็„ถใ€ๆ”ปๆ’ƒ็š„ใ€ไธๆฉŸๅซŒใ€
17:50
sulk, well-balanced,
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ใƒใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใŒๅ–ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ๅœฐใซ่ถณใŒใคใ„ใŸใ€่ฃ่ฟ”ใ—ใฎใ€ใตใ‚ใตใ‚ใ—ใŸใ€
17:52
grounded, flipside,
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17:55
fluffy, empathetic,
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ๅ…ฑๆ„Ÿ็š„ใ€
17:58
reading situations,
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็Šถๆณใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใ€ๅˆๅ›ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ€
18:00
signal, triggers a response,
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ๅๅฟœใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ใ€
18:03
gesture.
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ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚นใƒใƒฃใƒผใงใ™ใ€‚
18:05
Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ6ๅˆ†้–“่‹ฑ่ชžใฏใ“ใ‚Œใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
18:07
Check out more programmes at BBC Learning English dot com.
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BBC Learning English ใƒ‰ใƒƒใƒˆใ‚ณใƒ ใงใใฎไป–ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
18:11
โ€” Join us again soon. Bye! โ€” Bye!
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โ€” ่ฟ‘ใ„ใ†ใกใซใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ - ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ
18:13
6 Minute English
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18:15
from BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute Englishใ€‚
18:18
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚
18:23
And I'm Sam.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏใ‚ตใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
18:24
In this programme, we'll be hearing about the extraordinary life
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ใ“ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใงใฏใ€
18:27
of a well-known BBC journalist, Fergal Keane.
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ๆœ‰ๅใช BBC ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใƒŠใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ€ ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซ ใ‚ญใƒผใƒณใฎไธฆๅค–ใ‚ŒใŸไบบ็”Ÿใซใคใ„ใฆ่žใใพใ™ใ€‚
18:31
As a BBC war correspondent,
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BBCใฎๅพ“่ป่จ˜่€…ใจใ—ใฆใ€
18:33
Fergal witnessed some of the most violent events in recent history.
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใฏ ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใฎๆญดๅฒใฎไธญใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ๆšดๅŠ›็š„ใชๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’็›ฎๆ’ƒใ—ใŸใ€‚
18:37
Fergal's reporting helped his television audiences
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใฎๅ ฑ้“ใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ ่ฆ–่ด่€…ใซ
18:40
make sense of the horrors of war,
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ๆˆฆไบ‰ใฎๆใ‚ใ—ใ•ใ‚’็†่งฃใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใฃใŸใŒใ€
18:42
but underneath there were more personal reasons attracting him to the frontline.
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ใใฎ่ฃใซใฏ ๅฝผใ‚’ๆœ€ๅ‰็ทšใซๅผ•ใไป˜ใ‘ใŸใ‚‚ใฃใจๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใช็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚
18:47
Despite the danger,
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ๅฑ้™บใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€
18:49
Fergal found himself going back again and again to report from war zones.
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใฏ ๆˆฆ้—˜ๅœฐๅŸŸใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ ฑๅ‘Šใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚ๆˆปใฃใฆใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
18:54
It gave him something he couldn't get anywhere else โ€”
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅฝผใซ ไป–ใงใฏๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
18:57
a massive rush of adrenaline โ€”
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ๅคง้‡ใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒฌใƒŠใƒชใƒณใฎใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ€
19:00
and Fergal started to worry that he was becoming addicted to war.
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใฏ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒๆˆฆไบ‰ไธญๆฏ’ใซใชใ‚Šใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใจๅฟƒ้…ใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ€‚ ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใฏใ€
19:04
In his new book, The Madness: A Memoir of War, Fear and PTSD,
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ๆ–ฐ่‘—ใ€ŽThe Madness: A Memoir of War, Fear and PTSDใ€ใฎไธญใงใ€ๆฅตๅบฆใฎๆšดๅŠ›ใ‚’็›ฎๆ’ƒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง็”Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹
19:10
Fergal discusses living with PTSD, or post-traumatic stress disorder,
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19:16
a type of psychological suffering that results from witnessing extreme violence.
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็ฒพ็ฅž็š„่‹ฆ็—›ใฎไธ€็จฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹PTSDใ€ใพใŸใฏๅฟƒ็š„ๅค–ๅ‚ทๅพŒใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚น้šœๅฎณใจใจใ‚‚ใซ็”Ÿใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ ่ซ–ใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใฎไบบ็”ŸใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹
19:22
We'll hear about some key events in Fergal's life,
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ้‡่ฆใชๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่žใ ใ€
19:25
and, as usual, we'll be learning some new vocabulary as well.
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚‚ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
19:28
But first, I have a question for you, Sam.
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ใงใ‚‚ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
19:31
The term PTSD is quite new,
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PTSD ใจใ„ใ†็”จ่ชžใฏ้žๅธธใซๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
19:34
but descriptions of the mental suffering of war go back to ancient times.
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ใŒใ€ๆˆฆไบ‰ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹็ฒพ็ฅž็š„่‹ฆ็—›ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ่จ˜่ฟฐใฏ ๅคไปฃใซใพใง้กใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
19:39
Something similar to PTSD is mentioned in Viking sagas
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PTSD ใซไผผใŸใ‚‚ใฎใŒ ใƒใ‚คใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐใฎ็‰ฉ่ชž
19:43
and in stories about both World Wars.
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ใ‚„ไธกไธ–็•Œๅคงๆˆฆใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็‰ฉ่ชžใง่จ€ๅŠใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
19:46
So, what was the name of the PTSD-like condition
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ใงใฏใ€
19:50
suffered by many soldiers during the First World War?
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็ฌฌไธ€ๆฌกไธ–็•Œๅคงๆˆฆไธญใซๅคšใใฎๅ…ตๅฃซใŒ่‹ฆใ—ใ‚“ใ PTSDใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็—‡็Šถใฏไฝ•ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
19:54
Was it a) nostalgia?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ) ใƒŽใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ธใƒผใงใ—ใŸใ‹?
19:56
b) shell shock?
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b) ใ‚ทใ‚งใƒซใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ฏ?
19:57
Or c) combat stress?
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ใพใŸใฏ c) ๆˆฆ้—˜ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚น?
20:00
I think the answer is shell shock.
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็ญ”ใˆใฏใ‚ทใ‚งใƒซใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ฏใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
20:02
OK, Sam, I'll reveal the answer later in the programme.
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OKใ€ใ‚ตใƒ ใ€็ญ”ใˆใฏ ็•ช็ต„ใฎๅพŒๅŠใงๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
20:06
Fergal Keane, who was born in Ireland,
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ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒซใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰็”Ÿใพใ‚Œใฎใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใƒปใ‚ญใƒผใƒณใฏใ€
20:08
had seen violence ever since the early days of his career
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20:12
covering the fighting in Belfast.
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ใƒ™ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚นใƒˆใงใฎๆˆฆ้—˜ใ‚’ๅ–ๆใ—ใŸใ‚ญใƒฃใƒชใ‚ขใฎๅˆๆœŸใ‹ใ‚‰ๆšดๅŠ›ใ‚’็›ฎใฎๅฝ“ใŸใ‚Šใซใ—ใฆใใŸใ€‚
20:14
He had already reported from wars all over the world
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20:17
when, in 1994, he was sent to cover the civil war in Rwanda.
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1994 ๅนดใซใƒซใƒฏใƒณใƒ€ๅ†…ๆˆฆใ‚’ๅ–ๆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๆดพ้ฃใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใจใใ€ๅฝผใฏใ™ใงใซไธ–็•Œไธญใฎ ๆˆฆไบ‰ใ‚’ๅ–ๆใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
20:22
But what Fergal saw there shocked him like nothing before,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€BBCใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใƒปใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใƒปใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ€ŒLives Less Ordinaryใ€ใฎๅธไผš่€…ใƒขใƒ“ใƒผใƒณใƒปใ‚ขใ‚บใƒใƒซๆฐใซ่ชžใฃใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใŒใใ“ใง่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใซใชใ„ใปใฉ่กๆ’ƒใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใŸใจใ„ใ†
20:26
as he told Mobeen Azhar,
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20:28
presenter of BBC World Service programme Lives Less Ordinary.
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ใ€‚
20:33
And I began to have nightmares of Rwanda.
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ใใ—ใฆใƒซใƒฏใƒณใƒ€ใฎๆ‚ชๅคขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
20:37
And, of course, at that stage, you know, it was obvious that I was traumatised
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ใใฎๆฎต้šŽใงใฏใ€ ็งใŒใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒžใ‚’ๆŠฑใˆใฆใ„ใŸใ“ใจใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ—ใŸใŒใ€
20:41
but, again, did I go to a psychiatrist?
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใฏ็ฒพ็ฅž็ง‘ๅŒปใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
20:46
No, I didn't.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
20:48
I kept doing the job.
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็งใฏใใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
20:50
Did you turn to other things?
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ไป–ใฎใ“ใจใซ็›ฎใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
20:51
Booze.
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้…’ใ€‚
20:52
Booze. I mean, how much booze are we talking?
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้…’ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใŠ้…’ใ‚’ ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
20:55
You know, the truth is, I was an alcoholic long before I got to Rwanda.
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ๅฎŸใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใจใ€็งใฏ ใƒซใƒฏใƒณใƒ€ใซๆฅใ‚‹ใšใฃใจๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซไพๅญ˜็—‡ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
20:58
But I was in the kind of functioning alcoholic โ€” what they call, you know,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝ็š„ ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซไพๅญ˜็—‡ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
21:00
managing it stage of the, of the disease.
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็—…ๆฐ—ใฎ้€ฒ่กŒๆฎต้šŽใซใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’็ฎก็†ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
21:05
When Fergal returned home from Rwanda,
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใŒใƒซใƒฏใƒณใƒ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅธฐๅ›ฝใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
21:07
he started having 'nightmares' โ€” upsetting and frightening dreams.
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ใ€Œๆ‚ชๅคขใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šๅ‹•ๆบใ™ใ‚‹ๆใ‚ใ—ใ„ๅคขใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใŒ็›ฎใซใ—ใŸๆšดๅŠ›ใงๅฟƒใซ
21:12
It was obvious he was traumatised from the violence he had seen,
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ๅ‚ทใ‚’่ฒ ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใ ใฃใŸใŒ ใ€
21:16
but still Fergal didn't go to a 'psychiatrist' โ€”
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ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใฏ ใ€Œ็ฒพ็ฅž็ง‘ๅŒปใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š็ฒพ็ฅž็–พๆ‚ฃใฎๆฒป็™‚ใ‚’
21:19
a medical doctor who specialises in treating mental illness.
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ๅฐ‚้–€ใจใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒปๅธซใฎ่จบๅฏŸใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ ใ€‚
21:23
Instead, Fergal turned to 'booze' โ€” an informal name for alcohol.
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใฏใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซใฎ้žๅ…ฌๅผใชๅๅ‰ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œใƒ–ใƒผใ‚บใ€ใซ็›ฎใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
21:28
Fergal had been addicted to alcohol before he arrived in Rwanda,
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใ•ใ‚“ใฏ ใƒซใƒฏใƒณใƒ€ใซๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซไพๅญ˜็—‡ใ ใฃใŸ
21:32
but now he had another addiction to cope with โ€” the need to keep returning to war.
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ใŒใ€ไปŠๅบฆใฏๅˆฅใฎไพๅญ˜็—‡ใซๅฏพๅ‡ฆใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใใชใฃใŸ ใ€‚ๆˆฆไบ‰ใซๆˆปใ‚Š็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆๆ€งใ ใ€‚
21:38
Fergal knew it wasn't healthy, but he couldn't stop.
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใ•ใ‚“ใฏใใ‚ŒใŒๅฅๅบทใซ่‰ฏใใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใŸ ใŒใ€ๆญขใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
21:41
Around the year 2001, it seemed that war was everywhere,
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2001 ๅนด้ ƒใ€ ๆˆฆไบ‰ใฏใฉใ“ใซใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€
21:46
and Fergal kept on reporting โ€” in Sudan, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Lebanon.
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใฏ ใ‚นใƒผใƒ€ใƒณใ€ใ‚คใƒฉใ‚ฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒ•ใ‚ฌใƒ‹ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒณใ€ใƒฌใƒใƒŽใƒณใงๅ–ๆใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
21:53
But the nightmares didn't stop and his mental health got worse and worse.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ๆ‚ชๅคขใฏๆญขใพใ‚‰ใšใ€ ็ฒพ็ฅž็Šถๆ…‹ใฏใพใ™ใพใ™ๆ‚ชๅŒ–ใ—ใŸใ€‚
21:57
Here Fergal takes up the story
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ใ“ใ“ใงใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใฏใ€
21:59
with BBC World Service programme Lives Less Ordinary.
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BBCใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใƒปใ‚ตใƒผใƒ“ใ‚นใƒปใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ€Œ Lives Less Ordinaryใ€ใฎ่ฉฑใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†
22:04
I reach a point where I can't carry that any more,
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ใ“ใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠ่€ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๅœฐ็‚นใซ้”ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
22:06
and it's not dramatic, it's a slow, steady erosion.
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๅŠ‡็š„ใงใฏใชใใ€ ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใจ็€ๅฎŸใซไพต้ฃŸใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
22:12
And that ends with a breakdown, and admission to hospital,
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ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใฏๆ•…้šœใ—ใฆ ๅ…ฅ้™ขใ—ใ€
22:18
and this time, diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder.
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ไปŠๅบฆใฏๅฟƒ็š„ๅค–ๅ‚ทๅพŒใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚น้šœๅฎณใจ่จบๆ–ญใ•ใ‚Œใฆ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
22:23
And fulfilling the kind of essential criteria as the psychiatrist saw it
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ็ฒพ็ฅž็ง‘ๅŒปใŒ่ฆ‹ใŸ
22:29
of hypervigilance, nightmares, flashbacks.
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้Ž่ฆš้†’ใ€ๆ‚ชๅคขใ€ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใชใฉใฎ้‡่ฆใชๅŸบๆบ–ใ‚’ๆบ€ใŸใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
22:34
More nightmares than flashbacks.
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ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๆ‚ชๅคขใฎๆ–นใŒๅคšใ„ใ€‚
22:37
And this sense of being under threat, and anger.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€่„…ๅจใซใ•ใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„Ÿ่ฆš ใจๆ€’ใ‚Šใ€‚
22:41
How did you feel?
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ใฉใ†ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
22:42
Relief, I think. You know, there's a name to this.
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ๅฎ‰ๅ ตใ—ใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏๅๅ‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
22:46
You might expect Fergal to call it a day at this point,
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใŒใ“ใฎๆ™‚็‚นใงใ‚‚ใ†็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ†ใจๆœŸๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„
22:50
but that's not how addiction works.
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ใŒใ€ไพๅญ˜็—‡ใฏใใ†ใฏใ„ใ‹ใชใ„ใ€‚
22:51
He just kept getting pulled back in.
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22:55
Fergal had a 'nervous breakdown' โ€”
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ€Œ็ฅž็ตŒ่กฐๅผฑใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
22:58
a period of acute mental illness leaving him unable to cope with life.
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ๆ€ฅๆ€งใฎ็ฒพ็ฅž็–พๆ‚ฃใฎไธ€ๆ™‚ๆœŸใ‚’ๆ‚ฃใ„ใ€ ็”Ÿๆดปใซๅฏพๅ‡ฆใงใใชใใชใฃใŸใ€‚
23:03
After the terrible things Fergal had witnessed,
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ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใŒ็›ฎๆ’ƒใ—ใŸๆใ‚ใ—ใ„ๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใฎๅพŒใ€
23:05
you might expect him to 'call it a day' โ€”
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฝผใŒใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใ ใ€ใจๆœŸๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ
23:08
a phrase meaning 'to decide to stop what you are doing'.
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ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆฑบๆ–ญใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใงใ™ใ€‚
23:11
But Fergal's addiction made that impossible.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซใฎไธญๆฏ’ใŒ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไธๅฏ่ƒฝใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
23:14
After his diagnosis of PTSD,
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PTSDใจ่จบๆ–ญใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅพŒใ€
23:16
he got support and was able to stay away from booze and war.
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ๅฝผใฏๆ”ฏๆดใ‚’ๅพ—ใฆใ€ ้…’ใ‚„ๆˆฆไบ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰้ ใ–ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ€‚
23:21
OK, it's time to reveal the answer to my question.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ็งใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใŒๆฅใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
23:24
I asked about the name of the PTSD-like condition
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็งใฏใ€
23:27
suffered by soldiers during World War One.
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็ฌฌไธ€ๆฌกไธ–็•Œๅคงๆˆฆไธญใซๅ…ตๅฃซใŒ่‹ฆใ—ใ‚“ใ PTSDใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็Šถๆ…‹ใฎๅๅ‰ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‹ใญใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
23:30
And I said it was shell shock.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ทใ‚งใƒซใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ฏใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
23:32
Which was the correct answer.
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ใฉใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃ่งฃใงใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚
23:35
Right, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€
23:37
from the extraordinary life of Fergal Keane, the war correspondent
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23:41
who suffered PTSD or 'post-traumatic stress disorder' โ€”
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PTSD ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฟƒ็š„ๅค–ๅ‚ทๅพŒใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚น้šœๅฎณใ€๏ผˆ
23:46
a mental illness experienced after violent or shocking events.
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ๆšดๅŠ›็š„ใพใŸใฏ่กๆ’ƒ็š„ใชๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใฎๅพŒใซ็ตŒ้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹็ฒพ็ฅž็–พๆ‚ฃ๏ผ‰ใซ่‹ฆใ—ใ‚“ใ ๅพ“่ป่จ˜่€…ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใ‚ฌใƒซ ใ‚ญใƒผใƒณใฎไธฆๅค–ใ‚ŒใŸไบบ็”Ÿใ‹ใ‚‰ๅญฆใ‚“ใ ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
23:50
A 'nightmare' is an upsetting or frightening dream.
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ใ€Œๆ‚ชๅคขใ€ใจใฏใ€ๅ‹•ๆบใ— ใŸใ‚Šๆใ‚ใ—ใ„ๅคขใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
23:54
A 'psychiatrist' is a type of doctor who specialises in mental illness.
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ใ€Œ็ฒพ็ฅž็ง‘ๅŒปใ€ใฏ ็ฒพ็ฅž็–พๆ‚ฃใ‚’ๅฐ‚้–€ใจใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒปๅธซใฎไธ€็จฎใงใ™ใ€‚
23:58
'Booze' is slang for alcohol.
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ใ€Œใƒ–ใƒผใ‚บใ€ใจใฏใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ไฟ—่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
24:01
A 'breakdown', is an acute period of psychological illness
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ใ€Œใƒ–ใƒฌใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒ€ใ‚ฆใƒณใ€ใจใฏใ€็ฒพ็ฅž็–พๆ‚ฃใฎๆ€ฅๆ€งๆœŸใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
24:04
leaving you unable to cope with life.
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็”Ÿๆดปใซๅฏพๅ‡ฆใงใใชใใชใ‚‹็Šถๆ…‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
24:07
And finally, the phrase 'call it a day'
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ†ใ‚„ใ‚ใฆใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฏใ€
24:09
means to stop what you are doing because you no longer want to.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใใชใ„ใฎใงไปŠใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
24:13
Once again, our six minutes are up. Goodbye for now!
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ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ 6 ๅˆ†ใŒ็ตŒ้Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใจใ‚Šใ‚ใˆใšใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผ
24:16
Goodbye.
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ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
24:17
6 Minute English.
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6ๅˆ†้–“ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใ€‚
24:19
From BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning Englishใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€‚
24:23
Hello, I'm Rob. Welcome to 6 Minute English.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใƒญใƒ–ใงใ™ใ€‚ 6ๅˆ†้–“่‹ฑ่ชžใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
24:25
โ€” I'm joined today by Neil. Hello, Neil! โ€” Hi there, Rob!
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โ€” ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใŒๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซ๏ผ โ€” ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใƒญใƒ–๏ผ
24:28
Today, we're talking about a very serious topic โ€” bullying โ€”
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€ ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใจใ„ใ†้žๅธธใซๆทฑๅˆปใชใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
24:32
and you're going to learn some vocabulary related to this topic.
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ใ“ใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
24:35
It's a serious matter, because it can leave people traumatised.
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ไบบใ€…ใซใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒžใ‚’ๆฎ‹ใ™ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆทฑๅˆปใชๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚
24:38
'Traumatised', it means they end up with emotional wounds
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ใ€Œใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒžใ‚’ๆŠฑใˆใŸใ€ใจใฏใ€ๅฟƒ็†็š„ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ ๅฟƒใฎๅ‚ทใ‚’่ฒ ใฃใฆใ—ใพใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™
24:42
which affect them psychologically. Bullies want to intimidate people.
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ใ€‚ ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใฃๅญใฏไบบใ€…ใ‚’่„…่ฟซใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
24:47
To 'intimidate', in other words, to make people fear them.
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ใ€Œๅจๅœงใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ไบบใซๆๆ€–ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€‚
24:51
Yes, it does make people feel they can't help themselves โ€” they're powerless.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไบบใ€…ใซ่‡ชๅˆ† ่‡ช่บซใ‚’ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใชใ„ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š็„กๅŠ›ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
24:55
They feel 'helpless'.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œ็„กๅŠ›ใ€ใ ใจๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
24:57
Unfortunately, bullying has been increasing in the workplace,
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ๆฎ‹ๅฟตใชใ“ใจใซใ€ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใ‚’
25:00
in spite of laws against it.
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็ฆๆญขใ™ใ‚‹ๆณ•ๅพ‹ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€่ทๅ ดใงใฏใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใŒๅข—ๅŠ ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
25:02
Let's go for some figures. Are you ready for a question, Neil?
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ•ฐๅญ—ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ่ณชๅ•ใฎๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใงใใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซ๏ผŸ
25:05
Yes, I am.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็ฑณๅ›ฝใซๆ‹ ็‚นใ‚’็ฝฎใ
25:06
The Workplace Bullying Institute based in the US conducted a survey last year.
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่ทๅ ดใ„ใ˜ใ‚็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ใฏ ๆ˜จๅนด่ชฟๆŸปใ‚’ๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
25:11
How much of the American workforce has experienced bullying at work?
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ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใฎๅŠดๅƒๅŠ›ใฎใ†ใกใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใŒ ่ทๅ ดใงใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใ‚’็ตŒ้จ“ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?
25:15
Was it a) 7%? b) 27%? c) 47%?
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a) 7%ใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ b) 27%? c) 47%?
25:22
Well, I don't know, but I'm going to go for 27%.
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ใพใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ 27๏ผ…ใ‚’็›ฎๆŒ‡ใ™ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
25:27
OK. I'll give you the answer at the end of the programme.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ็ญ”ใˆใฏ ็•ช็ต„ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใŠไผใˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
25:29
I'm very keen to know, Rob.
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ใจใฆใ‚‚็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€ใƒญใƒ–ใ€‚
25:31
Intimidating people is a very bad thing,
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ไบบใ‚’่„…ใ™ใฎใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๆ‚ชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใŒใ€
25:34
but some might say that, well, aggression is part of human nature.
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ๆ”ปๆ’ƒๆ€งใฏไบบ้–“ใฎๆœฌๆ€งใฎไธ€้ƒจใ ใจ่จ€ใ†ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
25:39
Yes, that's an interesting point, Neil.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„็‚นใงใ™ใญใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€‚ ็Ÿณๅ™จๆ™‚ไปฃใซๅคงๆŸ„ใง
25:40
I can imagine big strong men imposing their will by force in the Stone Age,
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ๅฑˆๅผทใช็”ทใŸใกใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ„ๅฟ—ใ‚’ๅŠ›ใšใใงๆŠผใ—ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ„ใŸๅงฟใฏๆƒณๅƒใงใใพใ™
25:45
but behaving this way now probably isn't a good idea.
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ใŒใ€ไปŠใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆŒฏใ‚‹่ˆžใ†ใฎใฏ ใŠใใ‚‰ใๅพ—็ญ–ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
25:49
The California-based anthropologist Christopher Boehm explains.
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ใ‚ซใƒชใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒซใƒ‹ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆ‹ ็‚นใจใ™ใ‚‹ไบบ้กžๅญฆ่€… ใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใƒปใƒ™ใƒผใƒ ๆฐใฏใ“ใ†่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
25:54
Listen and then tell me what made bullying go out of fashion?
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่žใ„ใฆใ€ ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใŒๆ™‚ไปฃ้…ใ‚ŒใซใชใฃใŸ็†็”ฑใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
25:59
About a quarter of a million years ago, humans began to hunt zebras and antelope.
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็ด„25ไธ‡ๅนดๅ‰ใ€ ไบบ้กžใฏใ‚ทใƒžใ‚ฆใƒžใ‚„ใ‚ขใƒณใƒ†ใƒญใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’็‹ฉใ‚Šๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
26:05
And they had to cooperate to do so because their weapons were rather primitive
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ ใฎๆญฆๅ™จใฏใ‹ใชใ‚ŠๅŽŸๅง‹็š„ใงใ‚ใ‚Š
26:10
and they did not want alpha males
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ใ€
26:12
to be dominating the carcass after it was killed.
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ๆฎบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅพŒใซใ‚ขใƒซใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚ชใ‚นใŒๆญป้ชธใ‚’ๆ”ฏ้…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœ›ใพใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅ”ๅŠ›ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
26:15
So the thing that everyone else did was to start killing alpha males.
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ใใ“ใงไป–ใฎ็š†ใŒใ‚„ใฃใŸใฎใฏใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚ชใ‚นใ‚’ๆฎบใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ“ใจใ ใ€‚
26:20
Bullies simply were not tolerated.
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ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใฏๅ˜ใซๅฎน่ชใ•ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
26:23
Ah, people had to 'cooperate' with each other โ€”
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏไบ’ใ„ใซใ€Œๅ”ๅŠ›ใ€ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใ‚Œใฐใ€
26:26
in other words, to work together for their mutual benefit.
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็›ธไบ’ใฎๅˆฉ็›ŠใฎใŸใ‚ใซๅ”ๅŠ›ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
26:30
They were hunting animals for food.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ้ฃŸ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚’็‹ฉใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
26:32
Yes, and nobody wanted the 'alpha male' โ€”
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ—ใฆ่ชฐใ‚‚ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒซใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚ชใ‚นใ€ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šไป–ใฎๅ…จๅ“กใ‚’ๆ”ฏ้…ใ—
26:35
the strong man in the group who wanted to dominate everybody else โ€”
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ใŸใ„ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฎไธญใงใฎๅผทใ„็”ทใŒใ€
26:38
to take all the meat for himself.
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ใ™ในใฆใฎ่‚‰ใ‚’่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœ›ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
26:40
So, about 250,000 years ago, when human society was evolving,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็ด„ 25 ไธ‡ๅนดๅ‰ใ€ ไบบ้–“็คพไผšใŒ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸ้ ƒใ€
26:46
people realised it wasn't good for the community to have a bully around.
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ไบบใ€…ใฏใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใฃๅญใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใƒ†ใ‚ฃใซใจใฃใฆ่‰ฏใใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
26:50
No. So if we make a big jump in history and back to the 21st century,
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๆญดๅฒใ‚’ๅคงใใ้กใฃใฆ 21 ไธ–็ด€ใซๆˆปใฃใฆใฟใ‚‹ใจใ€
26:54
well, modern companies value cooperation. People's wellbeing matters too.
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็พไปฃใฎไผๆฅญใฏๅ”ๅŠ›ใ‚’้‡่ฆ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไบบใ€…ใฎๅนธ็ฆใ‚‚้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
26:59
That's right. Many countries have laws against bullying
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ๅคšใใฎๅ›ฝใงใฏใ€ไผๆฅญใฎไบบไบ‹ๆ”ฟ็ญ–ใฎไธ€็’ฐใจใ—ใฆ ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใ‚’็ฆๆญขใ™ใ‚‹ๆณ•ๅพ‹ใŒๅฎšใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
27:02
which is part of the companies' human resources policy.
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ใ€‚
27:06
'Human Resources' โ€” also known by the initials HR โ€”
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ใ€Œไบบไบ‹ใ€๏ผˆ ้ ญๆ–‡ๅญ— HR ใจใ‚‚ๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹๏ผ‰ใฏใ€
27:10
is the department which hires new employees
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ๆ–ฐๅ…ฅ็คพๅ“กใ‚’้›‡็”จใ—
27:12
and stores information about their career at the company.
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ใ€ ไผš็คพใงใฎใ‚ญใƒฃใƒชใ‚ขใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ไฟ็ฎกใ™ใ‚‹้ƒจ้–€ใงใ™ใ€‚
27:16
And what sort of behaviour is considered bullying in the civilised world?
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ใใ—ใฆๆ–‡ๆ˜Žไธ–็•Œใงใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่กŒ็‚บใŒใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใจใฟใชใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ ๏ผŸ
27:20
Well, that's what Helene Guldberg is about to explain to us.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใƒ˜ใƒฌใƒณใƒปใ‚ฐใƒซใƒ‰ใƒใƒผใ‚ฐใŒ ็งใŸใกใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
27:23
She's a specialist in developmental psychology.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ ็™บ้”ๅฟƒ็†ๅญฆใฎๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใ‚’ๅฎš็พฉใ™ใ‚‹
27:26
What's the main thing that defines bullying?
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ไธปใชใ‚‚ใฎใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹ ?
27:30
Something that is intentional on the part of the perpetrator.
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ๅŠ ๅฎณ่€…ๅดใฎๆ„ๅ›ณ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
27:33
It has to involve some kind of power imbalance,
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ใใ‚Œใซใฏใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎๅŠ›ใฎไธๅ‡่กกใŒ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฏใšใช
27:36
so it's not an argument between equals, and it's something that is repetitive.
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ใฎใงใ€ๅฏพ็ญ‰ใช่€…ๅŒๅฃซใฎ่ญฐ่ซ–ใงใฏใชใใ€ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
27:40
So it's not a one-off rage by one person against another.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบใŒๅˆฅใฎไบบใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ่ตทใ“ใ™ไธ€ๅ›ž้™ใ‚Šใฎๆ€’ใ‚Šใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
27:45
The intent is to cause harm, which can be psychological or physical.
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ใใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใฏใ€ ็ฒพ็ฅž็š„ใพใŸใฏ่บซไฝ“็š„ใชๅฑๅฎณใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
27:51
To be considered bullying, the behaviour has to be 'intentional',
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ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใจใฟใชใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใใฎ่กŒ็‚บใŒ ใ€Œๆ„ๅ›ณ็š„ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
27:54
which means it has to be planned or deliberate.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ ่จˆ็”ป็š„ใพใŸใฏๆ„ๅ›ณ็š„ใซ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
27:58
And also has to happen many times and involve power.
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ใพใŸใ€ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‚‚็™บ็”Ÿใ— ใ€ๅŠ›ใŒ้–ขไธŽใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
28:01
Yes, indeed. One person has to have more power than the other.
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ใฏใ„ใ€็ขบใ‹ใซใ€‚ ไธ€ไบบใฎไบบใŒ ไป–ใฎไบบใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅคงใใชๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
28:06
You know, Rob, this idea of intention is very important,
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ใ”ๅญ˜็ŸฅใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€ใƒญใƒ–ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ„ๅ›ณใจใ„ใ†่€ƒใˆๆ–นใฏ ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
28:09
because some people are just more confident and demanding then others.
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎไบบใฏ ไป–ใฎไบบใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚่‡ชไฟกใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€่ฆๆฑ‚ใŒๅŽณใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
28:13
They might say that they didn't mean to cause any harm.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€ๅฑๅฎณใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
28:16
They don't mean to bully anyone.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
28:18
Yes. But it can be interpreted differently.
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ใฏใ„ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅˆฅใฎ่งฃ้‡ˆใ‚‚ๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒจใƒผใ‚ฏ
28:21
Darren Treadway, at the State University of New York,
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ๅทž็ซ‹ๅคงๅญฆใฎใƒ€ใƒฌใƒณใƒปใƒˆใƒฌใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚คใฏ ใ€
28:24
studied bullying in the workplace.
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่ทๅ ดใงใฎใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใ‚’็ ”็ฉถใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
28:25
He uses a word which means
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ๅฝผใฏใ€Œ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚Š่žใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่งฃ้‡ˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
28:28
'the way someone interprets something they see or hear'. Which word is it?
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ใ€‚ ใฉใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
28:33
At the end of the day, if the target feels as if they're being bullied,
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็ตๅฑ€ใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฒใƒƒใƒˆใŒ ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€
28:37
the corporation needs to make sure they're addressing that feeling.
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ไผๆฅญใฏใใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซ็ขบๅฎŸใซๅฏพๅ‡ฆใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
28:41
If you're the supervisor who's...
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไธŠๅธใงใ€
28:43
your subordinate says that they're being bullied by you or abused by you,
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้ƒจไธ‹ใŒ ใ‚ใชใŸใซใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€่™ๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ
28:47
while you may not feel you're doing that, it's your responsibility as a communicator
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ใฏใใ†ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒใใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใจใ—ใฆใฎใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ฒฌไปปใงใ™ใ€‚
28:51
to make sure that they are getting the accurate perception of your behaviour.
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซ่ช่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€‚
28:54
Being known as a bully is a stigma that nobody in a corporation wants.
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ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใฃๅญใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ ไผๆฅญๅ†…ใฎ่ชฐใ‚‚ๆœ›ใ‚“ใงใ„ใชใ„ๆฑšๅใงใ™ใ€‚
28:59
It's 'perception'.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œ่ช่ญ˜ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
29:01
According to Darren Treadway, bullying is a matter of perception โ€”
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ใƒ€ใƒฌใƒณใƒปใƒˆใƒฌใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚ฆใ‚งใ‚คใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใฏ่ช่ญ˜ใฎๅ•้กŒใ€ใคใพใ‚Š
29:05
the way some action is interpreted by a person, in this case, a subordinate.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹่กŒๅ‹•ใŒ ไบบใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏ้ƒจไธ‹ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่งฃ้‡ˆใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใฎๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚
29:10
And supervisors have to be aware of how their subordinates see their behaviour.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ไธŠๅธใฏ ้ƒจไธ‹ใŒ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ใฉใ†่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ„่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
29:14
It's all a matter of communication.
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ใ™ในใฆใฏใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎๅ•้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚
29:16
Yes, indeed. But we are running out of time, I'm afraid.
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ใฏใ„ใ€็ขบใ‹ใซใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚‚ใ† ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
29:19
Let's go back to the question I put to you earlier in the programme.
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ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใฎๅ‰ๅŠใง็งใŒ่กŒใฃใŸ่ณชๅ•ใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
29:23
It's about a survey by the Workplace Bullying Institute.
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่ทๅ ดใ„ใ˜ใ‚็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่ชฟๆŸปใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
29:26
I asked how much of the American workforce has experienced bullying in the workplace.
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็งใฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซใฎๅŠดๅƒๅŠ›ใฎใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใŒ ่ทๅ ดใงใ„ใ˜ใ‚ใ‚’็ตŒ้จ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ๅฐ‹ใญใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
29:31
The options were 7%, 27% and 47%.
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้ธๆŠž่‚ขใฏ 7%ใ€27%ใ€47% ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
29:36
And I guessed 27%.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏ27๏ผ…ใจๆŽจๆธฌใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
29:38
And you guessed very well. The answer is indeed 27%. What do you think about that?
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใๆŽจๆธฌใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ็ญ”ใˆใฏ ็ขบใ‹ใซ 27% ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใฉใ†ๆ€ใ†๏ผŸ
29:43
Well, it's depressingly high, isn't it?
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ๆฐ—ใŒๆป…ๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใปใฉ้ซ˜ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
29:45
Yes, it is. OK.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
29:47
Well, before we go, could you remind us of some of the words that we've heard today?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅ่žใ„ใŸ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹ ใ€‚
29:51
Yes. We heard: traumatised,
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ใฏใ„ใ€‚ ็งใŸใกใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใใพใ—ใŸ๏ผšใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒžใ‚’ๆŠฑใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€
29:54
to intimidate,
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ๅจๅœงใ™ใ‚‹ใ€
29:57
helpless,
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็„กๅŠ›ใ€
30:00
to cooperate,
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ๅ”ๅŠ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€
30:03
alpha male,
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ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ก็”ทๆ€งใ€
30:06
human resources,
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ไบบๆใ€
30:08
intentional,
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ๆ„ๅ›ณ็š„ใ€
30:11
perception.
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่ช่ญ˜ใ€‚
30:13
Right. Thanks, Neil.
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ๅณใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒซใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅคšใใฎ 6 ๅˆ†้–“่‹ฑ่ชžใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€
30:15
Do log on to BBC Learning English dot com to find more 6 Minute English programmes.
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BBC Learning English ใƒ‰ใƒƒใƒˆใ‚ณใƒ ใซใƒญใ‚ฐใ‚ชใƒณใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
30:20
โ€” Bye. โ€” Bye-bye.
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- ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚ - ใƒใ‚คใƒใ‚คใ€‚
30:21
6 Minute English
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30:23
from BBC Learning English.
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BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute Englishใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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