BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'Conflict' English mega-class! 30 minutes of new vocabulary!

120,643 views ใƒป 2024-01-21

BBC Learning English


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
6 Minute English
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00:02
from BBC Learning English.
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BBC ํ•™์Šต ์˜์–ด์˜ 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด.
00:05
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. BBC Learning English์˜ 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ˜์ด์—์š”.
00:09
And I'm Rob.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋กญ์ด์—์š”.
00:10
In this programme, we'll be talking about disagreeing.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:13
Er, no, we won't!
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์–ด, ์•„๋‹ˆ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”!
00:15
I think we will, Rob. We're discussing the following โ€” is it good to disagree?
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๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„, ๋กญ. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์€๊ฐ€์š”?
00:20
I know, but I feel better for having that little disagreement,
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์•Œ์•„์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์€ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„์กŒ์–ด์š”.
00:24
so that proves it is good to disagree!
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ !
00:27
Well, I hate to disagree,
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹ซ์ง€๋งŒ ๋จผ์ € ๋‹ค์Œ 6๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ
00:28
but I think we should explore the subject a little further first
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์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:31
in the next six minutes.
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.
00:33
Er, shouldn't that be five minutes?
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์–ด, 5๋ถ„์ด๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:35
Oh, Rob, you're being 'pedantic' โ€”
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์˜ค, Rob, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ 'ํ˜„ํ•™์ '์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
focusing too much on the small details or formal rules.
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์ž‘์€ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ  .
00:41
Maybe we should agree to disagree
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋™์˜
00:42
and move on to the quiz question I like to set every week.
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ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ฃผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:45
Yes, a good idea.
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๋„ค, ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์—์š”.
00:47
OK. So, do you know which spiritual leader is famous for saying,
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:52
"Disagreement is something normal"? Is it:
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"๋ถˆํ™”๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์˜์  ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:55
a) Pope Francis?
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a) ํ”„๋ž€์น˜์Šค์ฝ” ๊ตํ™ฉ์ธ๊ฐ€?
00:58
b) The Dalai Lama?
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b) ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ด ๋ผ๋งˆ?
01:00
Or c) Ravi Shankar?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด c) ๋ผ๋น„ ์ƒน์นด๋ฅด?
01:02
Hmm, that's tricky, so I'll have a guess and say b) the Dalai Lama.
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ํ , ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถ”์ธกํ•ด์„œ b) ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ด ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
OK, I'll let you know if that was correct at the end of the programme.
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์•Œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
But whoever said, "Disagreement is something normal" is probably right.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ "๋ถˆํ™”๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์˜ณ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
I'm sure we all disagree with someone about something, don't we, Rob?
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, Rob?
01:19
No.
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์•„๋‡จ.
01:20
Ha-ha, just joking! Of course, disagreeing is normal.
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ํ•˜ํ•˜, ๋†๋‹ด์ด์—์š”! ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
It would be boring if we agreed about everything.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋™์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง€๋ฃจํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
However, I guess agreement, on some things, may have prevented a few wars.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
Indeed, but it is a fascinating subject
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์ œ
01:34
and it's something the BBC Radio 4 programme
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์ด๋ฉฐ BBC Radio 4 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
01:36
A Guide To Disagreeing Better looked at.
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A Guide To Disagreeing Better์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
I think we should hear about how not to disagree first.
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๋จผ์ € ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
This is couples therapist, author and speaker Esther Perel,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ปคํ”Œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์ด์ž ์—ฐ์„ค๊ฐ€์ธ Esther Perel์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
who knows a thing or two about that.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•œ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
In a battle, you position yourself in a hierarchy โ€” one is on top of the other.
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์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ ์œ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
And then there is arguing that comes with a contempt
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š”
02:01
in which it's not just that I don't accept your point of view,
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:04
it's that I actually really think you're a lesser human being.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
Right, so Esther explains that bad disagreement is a battle โ€”
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๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์—์Šค๋”๋Š” ๋‚˜์œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ธ์›€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
one person tries to take a higher position in the hierarchy.
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
02:17
A 'hierarchy' is a way of organising people according to their importance.
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'๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ'๋Š” ์ค‘์š”๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
So, a disagreement doesn't go well
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
02:24
if one person thinks they're more important than someone else.
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
And according to Esther, things also don't go well if someone has 'contempt',
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—์Šค๋”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” '๊ฒฝ๋ฉธ'์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ผ๋„ ์ž˜ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:33
which is a dislike or lack of respect for someone or something.
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.
02:37
And contempt in a bad disagreement
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธ์€
02:40
can be more than just not liking somebody's point of view โ€”
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ด€์ , ์ฆ‰
02:43
their perspective on something โ€”
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์ƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
02:45
it could be thinking someone is a lesser human being.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
Ouch! That's not nice.
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์•„์•ผ! ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.
02:50
Let's think more about good disagreement.
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์ข‹์€ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:53
The BBC podcast Seriously has listed some tips for disagreeing better,
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BBC ํŒŸ์บ์ŠคํŠธ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ(Seriously)๋Š”
02:58
including not 'aiming for the middle ground' โ€”
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'์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ', ์ฆ‰
03:01
another way of saying 'compromising'.
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'ํƒ€ํ˜‘'์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŒ์„ ๋‚˜์—ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
It also suggests speaking truthfully, listening 'intently' โ€”
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ง„์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ , '์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ' ๊ฒฝ์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
that means giving all your attention to what's being said โ€”
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์ฆ‰, ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
and aiming for empathy,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ
03:13
but not feeling at the end of a disagreement that you have to agree!
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ๋™์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค !
03:18
I agree and I'm sure former British politician Douglas Alexander would too.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „ ์˜๊ตญ ์ •์น˜์ธ ๋”๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋”(Douglas Alexander)๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
He presented the programme A Guide To Disagreeing Better
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๊ทธ๋Š” A Guide To Disagreeing Better๋ผ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œ
03:26
and explained why he thought disagreeing is a good thing.
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ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
The couple of decades I spent as an elected politician
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ถœ๋œ ์ •์น˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ธ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
03:34
convinced me that disagreement is necessary if society is to progress
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์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”
03:40
and a society that values civility over justice and truth
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ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์˜์™€ ์ง„์‹ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜ˆ์˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์š”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š”
03:43
would simply be a recipe for stagnation.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์นจ์ฒด์˜ ๋น„๊ฒฐ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
But honest conversations involve listening intently as well as speaking truthfully.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ •์งํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—๋Š” ์ง„์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
The thoughts of Douglas Alexander there, who, through his work as a politician,
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์ •์น˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
04:00
is convinced that disagreement is a good thing.
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๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋”๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋”(Douglas Alexander)์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
He says we shouldn't just follow the values of 'civility' โ€”
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
04:06
that means 'polite behaviour'.
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'์˜ˆ์˜๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋™'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” '์‹œ๋ฏผ'์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋งŒ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์—
04:08
It's important to challenge and question thoughts and ideas โ€”
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๋„์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
not just be polite and accept them!
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์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
04:15
Yes, and if we don't challenge things and search for truth and justice,
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์˜ˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์— ๋„์ „ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„์‹ค๊ณผ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:19
he feels it would lead to 'stagnation' โ€” staying the same and not developing.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด '์นจ์ฒด'๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
The verb form is 'to stagnate'.
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๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” '์นจ์ฒดํ•˜๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
But he does say that when we discuss things and disagree
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ
04:30
we must be honest, listen to the other person intently, and speak truthfully.
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์ •์งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ง์„ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๋“ฃ๊ณ , ์ง„์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
But I would add that this should be done politely and with respect.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ผ์ด ์ •์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
04:39
Well, Sam, I've been listening to you intently,
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์Œ, ์ƒ˜, ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ง์„ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ,
04:42
and if I'm honest, I think it's about time
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์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์ œ
04:44
you gave me the answer to today's question.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
We can agree on that, Rob!
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋™์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”, Rob!
04:48
So, earlier I asked you if you knew which spiritual leader
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•ž์„œ
04:52
is famous for saying, "Disagreement is something normal"?
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โ€œ๋ถˆํ™”๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์  ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
Is it a) Pope Francis?
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a) ํ”„๋ž€์น˜์Šค์ฝ” ๊ตํ™ฉ์ธ๊ฐ€?
04:58
b) The Dalai Lama?
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b) ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ด ๋ผ๋งˆ?
05:00
Or c) Ravi Shankar?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด c) ๋ผ๋น„ ์ƒน์นด๋ฅด?
05:02
And, Rob, what did you say?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋กญ, ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”?
05:03
I said it's b) The Dalai Lama.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด b) ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ด ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
And you were right โ€” well done!
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹  ๋ง์ด ๋งž์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž˜ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”!
05:07
Now, if you'll agree,
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์ด์ œ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:09
could we recap some of the vocabulary we've discussed in this programme?
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ ์–ดํœ˜ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:12
Of course. First of all, I was accused of being 'pedantic' โ€”
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๋ฌผ๋ก . ์šฐ์„ , ์ €๋Š” 'ํ˜„ํ•™์ '์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰
05:17
focusing too much on the small details or formal rules.
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์ž‘์€ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜•์‹์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
Then we mentioned 'hierarchy'.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ '๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
This is a way of organising people according to their importance.
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์ด๋Š” ์ค‘์š”๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
05:26
'Contempt' is a dislike or lack of respect for something or someone.
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'๊ฒฝ๋ฉธ'์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
05:31
A 'point of view' describes someone's perspective on something.
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'๊ด€์ '์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
Your point of view might be different from my point of view.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์€ ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
Indeed. And we also mentioned 'civility', which means 'polite behaviour'.
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๋ฌผ๋ก . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '์˜ˆ์˜๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋™'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” '์‹œ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
And 'stagnation' means 'staying the same and not developing'. Would you agree, Sam?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '์นจ์ฒด'๋Š” '๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์˜ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์ƒ˜?
05:48
You are right, Rob.
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๋‹น์‹  ๋ง์ด ๋งž์•„์š”, ๋กญ.
05:49
And that brings us to the end of our discussion about disagreeing!
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
05:53
Don't forget you can find lots more learning English materials
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05:56
on our website at BBC Learning English dot com,
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์ €ํฌ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์ธ BBC Learning English dot com,
05:58
on social media and on our app. Please join us again next time.
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์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด, ์ €ํฌ ์•ฑ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ค์Œ๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ๊ผญ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
06:02
โ€” Bye-bye. โ€” Goodbye.
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- ์•ˆ๋…•. - ์•ˆ๋…•ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
06:05
6 Minute English.
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6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด.
06:06
From BBC Learning English.
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BBC ํ•™์Šต ์˜์–ด์—์„œ.
06:09
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English, the show that brings you an interesting topic,
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์ œ,
06:13
authentic listening practice
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต
06:15
and vocabulary to help you improve your language skills. I'm Dan.
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, ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ธ์–ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‡ผ์ธ 6 Minute English์— ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ €๋Š” ๋Œ„์ด์—์š”.
06:19
And I'm Neil. In this programme, we'll be discussing armed police,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋‹์ด์—์š”. ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ† ๋ก ํ• 
06:22
as well as teaching you six new items of vocabulary, of course.
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๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ดํœ˜ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
06:26
Can we get this done quickly today, Neil?
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด ์ผ์„ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”, Neil?
06:28
Only I've got to shoot off to a party later.
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์— ๊ฐ€๋ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
06:30
'Shoot off' meaning 'leave quickly'. Of course we can.
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Shoot off๋Š” '๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋– ๋‚˜๋‹ค'๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
And it's funny you should mention shooting,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žฌ๋ฐŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
because our topic this week is gun control without guns.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๊ธฐ ์—†๋Š” ์ด๊ธฐ ๊ทœ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
Is that so? I have a question about that for you.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
Fire away then.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
06:43
'Fire away': an expression giving permission
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'Fireaway':
06:45
for someone to ask a question or speak.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
So, which country has the oldest gun control laws in the world?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์ผ๊นŒ์š” ?
06:52
Is it a) The USA?
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a) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
06:54
b) Iceland? Or c) Japan?
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b) ์•„์ด์Šฌ๋ž€๋“œ? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด c) ์ผ๋ณธ?
06:57
I'm going to guess b) Iceland, just because I've never been there.
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๋‚˜๋Š” b) ์•„์ด์Šฌ๋ž€๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
07:00
Well, we'll find out if you're right a bit later on.
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์˜ณ์€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
Now, imagine the scene.
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
07:05
You are a police officer who has been called out to deal with an incident.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถœ๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
When you arrive on scene, you find a dangerous criminal.
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ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
Do you reach for a gun, or a blanket?
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์ด์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ด์š”๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
07:15
It's got to be a gun.
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์ด์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ 
07:16
Well, in most countries in the world, you'd be right, but not in Japan.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹  ๋ง์ด ๋งž์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
Despite carrying guns, Japanese police almost never use them.
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์ด์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
Instead, they rely on a combination of martial arts
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๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฌด์ˆ ์„ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•ด
07:27
and in many cases where a person is violent, they bring out the futon โ€”
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋ถˆ(
07:31
which is a kind of blanket โ€”
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๋‹ด์š”์˜ ์ผ์ข…)์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด ๊ฐ์‹ธ
07:32
and they wrap them up and 'restrain' them or prevent them from moving.
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'์ œ์ง€'ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
07:36
You're pulling my leg.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚ด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
Nope! Listen to Japanese journalist Anthony Berteaux describe the situation.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”! ์ผ๋ณธ ์–ธ๋ก ์ธ Anthony Berteaux๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
07:42
What most Japanese police will do is to get huge futons
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ํ•  ์ผ์€ ํฐ ์ด๋ถˆ์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด
07:47
and essentially roll up the person who is being violent or drunk
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ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ ์— ์ทจํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
07:52
into a little burrito and carry them back to the station, and calm them down.
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์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋˜์— ๋ง์•„ ๋‹ด์•„ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
The response to violence is never violence, it's always to de-escalate it.
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ํญ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ํญ๋ ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ญ์ƒ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
So, they safely restrain the person
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ œ์ง€
08:05
and wait for the situation to 'de-escalate', or become less intense.
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ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด '์™„ํ™”'๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์งˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
Unless a criminal has a gun, Japanese police never fire their weapons.
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๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ, ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
Surely that means that the criminals always have the advantage then?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
08:17
You'd think so, but no.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
It seems that guns don't really feature in crimes much in Japan.
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์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
Well, that's astonishing.
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
So do you think the criminals don't carry guns because the police don't carry guns
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ์ด์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€,
08:28
or that the police don't carry guns because the criminals don't carry guns?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ์ด์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
08:32
Wow, that makes my head hurt!
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์™€, ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์•„ํ”„๋„ค์š”!
08:35
Well, I don't know, but listen to what Iain Overton,
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
08:38
the Executive Director of Action On Armed Violence
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๋ฌด์žฅ ํญ๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์ „๋ฌด์ด์‚ฌ์ธ Iain Overton์ด
08:41
says about armed police in society.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฌด์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
08:44
The American model has been 'militarise the police',
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ '๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌํ™”'ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:47
but the challenge I have is that there is very little evidence
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
08:51
that a more militarised police results in a more peaceful society.
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๋” ๊ตฐ์‚ฌํ™”๋˜๋ฉด ๋” ํ‰ํ™”๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
And I'm very concerned that if you have too many police
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€
08:59
pulling out a gun at the first incidence of crime,
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์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด
09:01
then you lead to a miniature arms race between police and criminals.
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ตฐ๋น„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์šฐ๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
So, America tends to 'militarise' its police,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„ '๊ตฐ์‚ฌํ™”'ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
09:08
meaning 'to equip them and use them as an army'.
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์ด๋Š” '๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„ ๋ฌด์žฅ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค'๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
And that causes an 'arms race' with the criminals,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ '๊ตฐ๋น„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ'์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ,
09:13
which is a competition between two groups
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์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณด๋‹ค
09:15
to have more weapons than the other group.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
09:18
He also said there's not a strong connection
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ
09:20
between armed police and a peaceful society.
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๋ฌด์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๊ณผ ํ‰ํ™”๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
So, does that mean that Japanese society is more peaceful?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ‰ํ™”๋กญ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
09:26
Well, violent crime still happens there,
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๋ญ, ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ 
09:28
but criminals tend to carry other weapons, such as swords and knives,
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์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋“ค์€ โ€‹โ€‹์นผ์ด๋‚˜ ์นผ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:32
but at least it's a step in the right direction.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
Now, can you remember the quiz question I asked?
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์ž, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
09:37
I think so. You asked me which country has the oldest gun control laws in the world?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”. ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ด๊ธฐ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์œผ์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
09:41
Is it a) USA? b) Iceland? Or c) Japan?
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a) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? b) ์•„์ด์Šฌ๋ž€๋“œ? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด c) ์ผ๋ณธ?
09:45
And I said b) Iceland.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” b) ์•„์ด์Šฌ๋ž€๋“œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
Well, I'm sorry Neil, that's not right. But, don't shoot the messenger, OK?
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•ด ๋‹, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์˜ณ์ง€ ์•Š์•„. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฉ”์‹ ์ €๋ฅผ ์˜์ง€๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”, ์•Œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
09:51
It's Japan, which implemented its gun control laws in 1685.
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1685๋…„์— ์ด๊ธฐ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
How interesting. Now, let's take a look at the vocabulary from this programme.
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์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
Sure, we had 'shoot off'.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '์Š› ์˜คํ”„'๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
If you 'shoot off', it means you leave somewhere in a hurry.
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'shoot off'๋ผ๋ฉด ์„œ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
What type of verb is it, Neil? Can you give us an example?
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”, Neil? ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
10:07
It's a phrasal verb,
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์ด๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ
10:08
so it's used conversationally and usually in an informal context.
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๋Œ€ํ™”์ฒด๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ฒฉ์‹์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
As for an example, when he heard his wife was sick, he 'shot off' to the hospital.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ '๊ธ‰ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค'.
10:18
Synonyms could be 'dash off' or 'run off'.
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๋™์˜์–ด๋Š” '๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค' ๋˜๋Š” '๋„์ฃผํ•˜๋‹ค'์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
Next, we had 'fire away'.
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 'Fireaway'๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
Now, 'fire away' is an expression giving permission
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์ด์ œ 'fireaway'๋Š”
10:26
for someone to ask a question or speak.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
Can you think of any other ways to say the same thing, Dan,
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๋Œ„,
10:31
if I said, "Can I ask you a question?"
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ "์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋„ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”? "๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:34
I'd say 'yes, of course', 'go ahead', 'please do', or 'by all means'.
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๋‚˜๋Š” '๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด์ฃ ', '๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์„ธ์š”', '๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”' ๋˜๋Š” '๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
Restrain. If you 'restrain' someone, you prevent them from moving.
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์ œ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ '์ œ์ง€'ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
In another sense, you might restrain yourself from doing something โ€”
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ์„ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:46
for example, eating chocolate!
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!
10:47
Have you ever had to restrain your children from anything, Neil?
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Neil, ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋„ ์ œ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
10:50
I have to restrain my children all the time, Dan,
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๋‚œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‚ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์ œ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š” , ๋Œ„.
10:52
otherwise they would fight like mad.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ์นœ ๋“ฏ์ด ์‹ธ์šธ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:55
I have to pull them apart and restrain them.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋–ผ์–ด ๋†“๊ณ  ์ œ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
10:58
OK: de-escalate. If something 'de-escalates', it becomes less intense.
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ํ™•์ธ: ์—์Šค์ปฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ '๊ฐ์†Œ'๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
This is often used in the context of conflicts or argument.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
11:06
Can you think of a historical example, Dan?
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”, Dan?
11:08
Well, in the 1960s, the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated
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1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ฟ ๋ฐ” ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š”
11:11
over a period of two weeks
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2์ฃผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
11:12
and de-escalated only after diplomatic negotiations were successful.
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์™ธ๊ต ํ˜‘์ƒ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ํ›„์—์•ผ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
But it was pretty close to World War III at one point.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ3์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง์ „์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
11:20
Militarise: if something is 'militarised',
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Militarise: ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด 'militarised'๋˜๋ฉด
11:23
it is equipped and used like an army.
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๊ตฐ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์žฅ๋น„๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์‚ฌํ™”๋œ
11:25
Give me an example of people who have become militarised, Neil.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š” , Neil.
11:27
Yes, when I was a student in the United Kingdom, some of the foreign students
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๋„ค, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ์— ํ•™์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ , ์™ธ๊ตญ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ด‰์‚ฌ์—
11:32
had to go home to take part in national service โ€”
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์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰
11:36
that's join the army for a couple of years โ€” so they became militarised.
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ์ž…๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
Now, an arms race.
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์ด์ œ ๊ตฐ๋น„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
An 'arms race' is a competition between two groups
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'๊ตฐ๋น„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ'์€ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด
11:44
to gain more weapons than the other group.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
Got an example of that, Dan?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”, ๋Œ„?
11:47
The most famous example of this is the Cold War.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋ƒ‰์ „์ด๋‹ค.
11:50
Both the USSR and the USA became involved in an arms race
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์†Œ๋ จ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฐ๋น„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:54
to stockpile as many nuclear weapons as possible.
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.
11:57
Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English. Please join us again soon!
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์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณง ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”!
12:01
And we are on social media too,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—๋„ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
12:03
so make sure to visit us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube.
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Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube๋ฅผ ๊ผญ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
12:07
โ€” Goodbye. โ€” Bye-bye.
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- ์•ˆ๋…•ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”. - ์•ˆ๋…•.
12:09
6 Minute English.
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6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด.
12:11
From BBC Learning English.
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BBC ํ•™์Šต ์˜์–ด์—์„œ.
12:14
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Neil.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”, 6 Minute English์— ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋‹์ด์—์š”.
12:17
And I'm Catherine. Hello.
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์ €๋Š” ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ์ด์—์š”. ์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
12:19
Hello, Catherine! I want to know what sort of things make you feel angry?
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์•ˆ๋…•, ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ! ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ํ™”๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
Many things make me feel angry, Neil,
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํ™”๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, Neil.
12:27
but one thing that makes me regularly angry
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”
12:29
is when people put the wrong rubbish in the wrong bins.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต์— ๋„ฃ์„ ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
โ€” Mm, yes, that makes me angry too. โ€” Does it?
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โ€” ์Œ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ . ์ €๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋„ค์š”. โ€” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:36
โ€” It's not very thoughtful, is it? โ€” Not really, no.
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โ€” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊นŠ์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ ? โ€” ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
12:38
So, you may feel angry about people putting rubbish in the wrong bin,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต์— ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚  ์ˆ˜๋„
12:43
but do you get 'aggressive'?
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์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ '๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ '์ด ๋˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:45
That's behaving in an angry way,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™”๋‚œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์™€
12:47
looking like you want to argue or even fight with someone?
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๋ง๋‹คํˆผ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜์š” ?
12:51
No, I don't really get aggressive about wheelie bins, to be honest.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
12:55
Well, I tend to control my anger too and keep calm, but I have been known to react,
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ €๋„ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์นจ์ฐฉํ•จ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
13:01
especially if someone is damaging some of my property.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์žฌ์‚ฐ์— ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
Wow. Really?
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์šฐ์™€. ์ •๋ง?
13:05
Yeah. I can't stand it. It comes 'out of the blue' โ€” it's completely unexpected.
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์‘. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ' ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ' ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ˜€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
But I'm glad to say that I feel quite calm today.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๊ฝค ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋‹คํ–‰์ด์—์š”.
13:13
I'm glad to hear it, Neil. But today, we are talking about aggression
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๊ทธ ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ป์š”, ๋‹. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ 
13:17
and we'll look at what we can learn about human aggression
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์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:20
by some examples from the animal kingdom.
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.
13:23
That's right. Now, are you ready to answer today's quiz question, Catherine?
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์ž, ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ, ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
13:27
In a very calm and non-aggressive way, I would like you to give me the question.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
When attacked, what does a baboon typically do to show aggression?
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐœ์ฝ”์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:36
Does it a) beat its chest?
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a) ๊ฐ€์Šด์„ ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
13:39
b) yawn and show its teeth?
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b) ํ•˜ํ’ˆ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋นจ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜์š”?
13:42
Or c) laugh and roll on the ground?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด c) ์›ƒ๊ณ  ๋•…๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฅด๋‚˜์š”?
13:45
Well, I'd love to think of an angry baboon laughing and rolling on the ground.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ €๋Š” ํ™”๋‚œ ๊ฐœ์ฝ”์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ์›ƒ๊ณ  ๋•…๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
But I'm going to go for b) yawn and show its teeth.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” b) ํ•˜ํ’ˆ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋นจ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
OK. Well, we'll see if you right or wrong a bit later on.
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์˜ณ์€์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฅธ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
13:59
Now, Catherine, how do you usually act
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์ž, ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ ์”จ, ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์— ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†์ƒํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ณดํ†ต ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”
14:01
when you're angry or upset about something?
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?
14:04
I generally let people know how I feel, to be honest.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”์ง€ ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
I don't go over the top and hit people, but also, I don't sulk about things.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ณผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฃจํ‰ํ•ดํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
14:11
And 'sulk' means when you refuse to smile or speak,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  'sulk'๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด
14:16
because you want to let people know you're upset about something.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์†์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ ์›ƒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
Ah, yeah, sulking is quite childish, isn't it, Catherine?
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์•„, ๊ทธ๋ž˜, ์ฐก๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํ‘œ์ •์€ ๊ฝค ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜, ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ?
14:22
It is childish. Are you a sulker, Neil?
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์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋„ˆ ํ‰๋ช…์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ, ๋‹?
14:24
I don't sulk, I don't think. But as I said I don't often get angry.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฃจํ‰ํ•ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•ž์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž์ฃผ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
14:29
I'm a very well-balanced and grounded person, Catherine.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์ž˜ ์žกํ˜€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ™•๊ณ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—์š”, ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ.
14:32
Really? Very good, I'm pleased to hear it, Neil.
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์ •๋ง? ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์•„, ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๊ธฐ์˜๊ตฌ๋‚˜, ๋‹.
14:35
Anyway, 'well balanced' means 'sensible and in control of your emotions'.
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  '๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์ž˜ ์žกํ˜€ ์žˆ๋‹ค'๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ '๋ถ„๋ณ„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ž˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค'๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
And 'grounded' means 'mentally and emotionally stable'.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '์ ‘๊ทผ'์ด๋ž€ '์ •์‹ ์  , ๊ฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
Is that what you're saying, Neil?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹น์‹  ๋ง์ธ๊ฐ€์š”, ๋‹?
14:47
โ€” Yeah, that's me. โ€” Right.
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โ€” ์‘, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์•ผ. - ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ–‰๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
14:49
Let's listen to Professor Simon Underdown talking about human behaviour.
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Simon Underdown ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค .
14:54
Can you spot a phrase that means 'the opposite side to an idea'?
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'์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
14:59
One of the things humans are incredibly good at doing is being psychologists.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
We're very good at reading situations that we find ourselves in.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
15:06
We're extremely good at picking up on signals.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
What we can then do is trigger the appropriate response.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
If it's an empathetic response, we may well need to then be sympathetic,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์ •์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
15:14
we maybe need to show our sort of fluffy side, if you want.
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์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
But on the flipside, from an evolutionary point of view,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ,
15:20
the reason we're so successful and we're still here
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ์„ฑ๊ณต ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
15:22
is because we can, and when we need to, react aggressively to situations.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
Did you spot the phrase? 'Flipside' means ''the opposite side of an idea.
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๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”? 'Flipside'๋Š” ' ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
And being aggressive is the flipside of being fluffy and sympathetic.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‘น์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์ •์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
And 'fluffy' is an adjective we often use to describe soft animal fur or feathers
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '์†œํ„ธ ๊ฐ™์€'์€ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ํ„ธ์ด๋‚˜
15:44
on young animals or soft toys for children.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊นƒํ„ธ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
But here 'fluffy' means 'behaviour that's soft and unthreatening',
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 'fluffy'๋Š” ' ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ–‰๋™'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
15:52
so it's the opposite of aggressive.
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
Mm, and if you are 'empathetic',
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์Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '๊ณต๊ฐ์ '์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
15:57
you're able to share or understand other people's feelings.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
That sounds like me! I'm an excellent empathiser, aren't I, Catherine?
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์ €๋ž‘ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”! ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ?
16:04
Neil, you are absolutely totally full of...
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๋‹, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ •๋ง ... ๊ณต๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
16:08
empathy.
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.
16:11
โ€” Nice pause. โ€” Thank you.
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โ€” ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์„ธ์š”. - ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:12
Now, Simon also talks about humans being good at 'reading situations'.
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์ด์ œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋จผ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด '์ƒํ™ฉ ์ฝ๊ธฐ'์— ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
What does that mean, Catherine?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด์•ผ, ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ?
16:19
It means understanding what's going on.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
For example, if a male gorilla is screaming and breaking branches,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ˆ˜์ปท ๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋ช…์„ ์ง€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
16:26
other gorillas will probably see this as a show of aggression.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์˜ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
The male gorilla screams and breaks branches,
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์ˆ˜์ปท ๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„๋ช…์„ ์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ ค
16:34
signalling to the other gorillas that he's angry or upset.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:38
'Signal' here means 'a noise or a movement that gives someone information'.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ '์‹ ํ˜ธ'๋Š” ' ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์†Œ์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ์›€์ง์ž„'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
And the male gorilla's signal 'triggers a response'' from the other gorillas.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ปท ๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ๋“ค์˜ '๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ'ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:48
This means one thing causes another thing to happen.
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์ด๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:51
And when a man suddenly punches another man in the face,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์ฃผ๋จน์œผ๋กœ ๋•Œ๋ฆด ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด
16:55
what signal do you think that sends?
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
16:57
Well, I think, for me, that would be a signal to, em, leave!
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ €๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋– ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”!
17:01
Yes. Quickly.
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์˜ˆ. ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ.
17:02
Yes, indeed, yes. And humans usually give signals just like the gorillas do,
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์˜ˆ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
17:08
before they start a fight.
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์‹ธ์›€์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:09
So people might shout, or gesture with their arms.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฅด ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŒ”์„ ์›€์ง์—ฌ ๋ชธ์ง“์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
And a 'gesture' is a movement made with arms or head
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '์ œ์Šค์ฒ˜'๋Š”
17:18
to give someone else information.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒ”์ด๋‚˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
Now then, Neil, let's have our quiz question answer please.
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์ด์ œ Neil, ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
17:24
OK, OK, stop waving your arms around.
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์•Œ์•˜์–ด, ์•Œ์•˜์–ด, ํŒ”์„ ํœ˜๋‘๋ฅด์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
17:27
So I asked when attacked, what does a baboon typically do to show aggression?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐœ์ฝ”์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:33
Does it a) beat its chest? b) yawn and show its teeth?
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a) ๊ฐ€์Šด์„ ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? b) ํ•˜ํ’ˆ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋นจ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜์š”?
17:38
Or c) laugh and roll on the ground?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด c) ์›ƒ๊ณ  ๋•…๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฅด๋‚˜์š”?
17:41
And I said b).
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” b)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:42
That's right. Well done!
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์ž˜ํ•˜์…จ์–ด์š”!
17:44
Now, let's hear today's words once again.
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์ž, ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๋ง์”€์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:46
They are: out of the blue, aggressive,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ, ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ , ๋ถ€๋ฃจํ‰ํ•จ, ๊ท ํ˜•์ด
17:50
sulk, well-balanced,
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์ž˜ ์žกํ˜€ ์žˆ์Œ, ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ, ๋’ค์ง‘์Œ, ํ‘น์‹ ํ•จ,
17:52
grounded, flipside,
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17:55
fluffy, empathetic,
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๊ณต๊ฐ,
17:58
reading situations,
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๋…์„œ ์ƒํ™ฉ,
18:00
signal, triggers a response,
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์‹ ํ˜ธ, ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์œ ๋ฐœ,
18:03
gesture.
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์ œ์Šค์ฒ˜.
18:05
Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English.
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์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ 6๋ถ„์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:07
Check out more programmes at BBC Learning English dot com.
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BBC Learning English ๋‹ท์ปด์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
18:11
โ€” Join us again soon. Bye! โ€” Bye!
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โ€” ๊ณง ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ์•ˆ๋…•! - ์•ˆ๋…•!
18:13
6 Minute English
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18:15
from BBC Learning English.
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BBC ํ•™์Šต ์˜์–ด์˜ 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด.
18:18
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. BBC Learning English์˜ 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋‹์ด์—์š”.
18:23
And I'm Sam.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ˜์ด์—์š”.
18:24
In this programme, we'll be hearing about the extraordinary life
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
18:27
of a well-known BBC journalist, Fergal Keane.
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ BBC ๊ธฐ์ž์ธ ํผ๊ฐˆ ํ‚จ( Fergal Keane)์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:31
As a BBC war correspondent,
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BBC ์ „์Ÿ ํŠนํŒŒ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ
18:33
Fergal witnessed some of the most violent events in recent history.
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Fergal์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:37
Fergal's reporting helped his television audiences
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Fergal์˜ ๋ณด๋„๋Š” ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋“ค์ด
18:40
make sense of the horrors of war,
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์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ
18:42
but underneath there were more personal reasons attracting him to the frontline.
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์ด๋ฉด์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ „์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:47
Despite the danger,
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์œ„ํ—˜์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
18:49
Fergal found himself going back again and again to report from war zones.
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Fergal์€ ์ „์Ÿ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:54
It gave him something he couldn't get anywhere else โ€”
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์ฆ‰
18:57
a massive rush of adrenaline โ€”
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋ถ„์ถœ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ 
19:00
and Fergal started to worry that he was becoming addicted to war.
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Fergal์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ค‘๋…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:04
In his new book, The Madness: A Memoir of War, Fear and PTSD,
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒˆ ์ €์„œ The Madness: A Memoir of War, Fear and PTSD์—์„œ
19:10
Fergal discusses living with PTSD, or post-traumatic stress disorder,
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Fergal์€ PTSD, ์ฆ‰ ์™ธ์ƒํ›„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์žฅ์• , ์ฆ‰
19:16
a type of psychological suffering that results from witnessing extreme violence.
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๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:22
We'll hear about some key events in Fergal's life,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” Fergal์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
19:25
and, as usual, we'll be learning some new vocabulary as well.
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ํ‰์†Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ดํœ˜๋„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:28
But first, I have a question for you, Sam.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จผ์ € ์ƒ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
19:31
The term PTSD is quite new,
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PTSD๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ๊ฝค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์šฉ์–ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ
19:34
but descriptions of the mental suffering of war go back to ancient times.
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์ •์‹ ์  ๊ณ ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:39
Something similar to PTSD is mentioned in Viking sagas
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PTSD์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€์™€
19:43
and in stories about both World Wars.
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๋‘ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:46
So, what was the name of the PTSD-like condition
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด
19:50
suffered by many soldiers during the First World War?
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1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ PTSD์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
19:54
Was it a) nostalgia?
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a) ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜์˜€๋‚˜์š”?
19:56
b) shell shock?
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b) ์‰˜ ์‡ผํฌ?
19:57
Or c) combat stress?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด c) ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋‚˜์š”?
20:00
I think the answer is shell shock.
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๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ์‰˜ ์‡ผํฌ(Shell Shock)์ด๋‹ค.
20:02
OK, Sam, I'll reveal the answer later in the programme.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ƒ˜. ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋‹ต์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
20:06
Fergal Keane, who was born in Ireland,
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์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ํผ๊ฐˆ ํ‚จ(Fergal Keane)์€ ๋ฒจํŒŒ์ŠคํŠธ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์ทจ์žฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ
20:08
had seen violence ever since the early days of his career
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๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
20:12
covering the fighting in Belfast.
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.
20:14
He had already reported from wars all over the world
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๊ทธ๋Š”
20:17
when, in 1994, he was sent to cover the civil war in Rwanda.
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1994๋…„ ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค ๋‚ด์ „์„ ์ทจ์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ทจ์žฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
20:22
But what Fergal saw there shocked him like nothing before,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Fergal์ด
20:26
as he told Mobeen Azhar,
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20:28
presenter of BBC World Service programme Lives Less Ordinary.
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BBC World Service ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ Lives Less Ordinary์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž Mobeen Azhar์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:33
And I began to have nightmares of Rwanda.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค์˜ ์•…๋ชฝ์„ ๊พธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:37
And, of course, at that stage, you know, it was obvious that I was traumatised
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
20:41
but, again, did I go to a psychiatrist?
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๋˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ”๋‚˜์š”?
20:46
No, I didn't.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:48
I kept doing the job.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
20:50
Did you turn to other things?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์„ฐ๋‚˜์š”?
20:51
Booze.
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์ˆ .
20:52
Booze. I mean, how much booze are we talking?
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์ˆ . ๋‚ด ๋ง์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ?
20:55
You know, the truth is, I was an alcoholic long before I got to Rwanda.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €๋Š” ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค์— ์˜ค๊ธฐ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์ค‘๋…์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:58
But I was in the kind of functioning alcoholic โ€” what they call, you know,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์ค‘๋…์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์œ„
21:00
managing it stage of the, of the disease.
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:05
When Fergal returned home from Rwanda,
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ํผ๊ฐˆ์€ ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”์„ ๋•Œ
21:07
he started having 'nightmares' โ€” upsetting and frightening dreams.
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'์•…๋ชฝ', ์ฆ‰ ์†์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:12
It was obvious he was traumatised from the violence he had seen,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ •์‹ ์  ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ,
21:16
but still Fergal didn't go to a 'psychiatrist' โ€”
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํผ๊ฐˆ์€ '์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ', ์ฆ‰
21:19
a medical doctor who specialises in treating mental illness.
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์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:23
Instead, Fergal turned to 'booze' โ€” an informal name for alcohol.
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๋Œ€์‹ , Fergal์€ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์˜ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์ด๋ฆ„์ธ '์ˆ '๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
21:28
Fergal had been addicted to alcohol before he arrived in Rwanda,
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ํผ๊ฐˆ์€ ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์— ์ค‘๋…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
21:32
but now he had another addiction to cope with โ€” the need to keep returning to war.
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทน๋ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘๋…์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๊ณ„์† ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:38
Fergal knew it wasn't healthy, but he couldn't stop.
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Fergal์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฉˆ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:41
Around the year 2001, it seemed that war was everywhere,
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2001๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ ต์—๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ 
21:46
and Fergal kept on reporting โ€” in Sudan, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Lebanon.
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ํผ๊ฐˆ์€ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ , ์ด๋ผํฌ, ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„, ๋ ˆ๋ฐ”๋…ผ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:53
But the nightmares didn't stop and his mental health got worse and worse.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•…๋ชฝ์€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์ •์‹  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์€ ์ ์  ๋” ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:57
Here Fergal takes up the story
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ Fergal์€
21:59
with BBC World Service programme Lives Less Ordinary.
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BBC World Service ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ Lives Less Ordinary์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:04
I reach a point where I can't carry that any more,
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ง€์ ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:06
and it's not dramatic, it's a slow, steady erosion.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทน์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ์นจ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:12
And that ends with a breakdown, and admission to hospital,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ž…์›ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
22:18
and this time, diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์™ธ์ƒ ํ›„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์žฅ์•  ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:23
And fulfilling the kind of essential criteria as the psychiatrist saw it
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ
22:29
of hypervigilance, nightmares, flashbacks.
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๊ฒฝ๊ณ„, ์•…๋ชฝ, ํšŒ์ƒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:34
More nightmares than flashbacks.
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ํšŒ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•…๋ชฝ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:37
And this sense of being under threat, and anger.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:41
How did you feel?
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์–ด๋• ๋‚˜?
22:42
Relief, I think. You know, there's a name to this.
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์•ˆ๋„๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ
22:46
You might expect Fergal to call it a day at this point,
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Fergal์ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„
22:50
but that's not how addiction works.
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์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘๋…์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:51
He just kept getting pulled back in.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:55
Fergal had a 'nervous breakdown' โ€”
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Fergal์€ '์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์‡ ์•ฝ'์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:58
a period of acute mental illness leaving him unable to cope with life.
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๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Fergal์ด
23:03
After the terrible things Fergal had witnessed,
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๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ผ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ํ›„์—๋Š”
23:05
you might expect him to 'call it a day' โ€”
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ '์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘ฌ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”
23:08
a phrase meaning 'to decide to stop what you are doing'.
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'์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
23:11
But Fergal's addiction made that impossible.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Fergal์˜ ์ค‘๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š”
23:14
After his diagnosis of PTSD,
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PTSD ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„
23:16
he got support and was able to stay away from booze and war.
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์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:21
OK, it's time to reveal the answer to my question.
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ๋‚ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
23:24
I asked about the name of the PTSD-like condition
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๋‚˜๋Š”
23:27
suffered by soldiers during World War One.
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1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ PTSD์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:30
And I said it was shell shock.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‰˜ ์‡ผํฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:32
Which was the correct answer.
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์ •๋‹ต์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜์ธ
23:35
Right, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned
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23:37
from the extraordinary life of Fergal Keane, the war correspondent
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23:41
who suffered PTSD or 'post-traumatic stress disorder' โ€”
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PTSD ๋˜๋Š” '์™ธ์ƒ ํ›„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์žฅ์• '๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์€ ์ข…๊ตฐ๊ธฐ์ž ํผ๊ฐˆ ํ‚จ(Fergal Keane)์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ถ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
23:46
a mental illness experienced after violent or shocking events.
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.
23:50
A 'nightmare' is an upsetting or frightening dream.
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'์•…๋ชฝ'์€ ์†์ƒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ๊ฟˆ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:54
A 'psychiatrist' is a type of doctor who specialises in mental illness.
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'์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ'๋Š” ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์ „๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:58
'Booze' is slang for alcohol.
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'Booze'๋Š” ์ˆ ์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ์†์–ด์ด๋‹ค.
24:01
A 'breakdown', is an acute period of psychological illness
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'๊ณ ์žฅ'์€
24:04
leaving you unable to cope with life.
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์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:07
And finally, the phrase 'call it a day'
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ 'call it a day'๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋Š”
24:09
means to stop what you are doing because you no longer want to.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•˜๋˜ ์ผ์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ
24:13
Once again, our six minutes are up. Goodbye for now!
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ, 6๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์•ˆ๋…•!
24:16
Goodbye.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
24:17
6 Minute English.
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6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด.
24:19
From BBC Learning English.
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BBC ํ•™์Šต ์˜์–ด์—์„œ.
24:23
Hello, I'm Rob. Welcome to 6 Minute English.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์ €๋Š” ๋กญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 6๋ถ„์˜์–ด์— ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:25
โ€” I'm joined today by Neil. Hello, Neil! โ€” Hi there, Rob!
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โ€” ์˜ค๋Š˜ Neil์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๋…•, ๋‹! โ€” ์•ˆ๋…•, ๋กญ!
24:28
Today, we're talking about a very serious topic โ€” bullying โ€”
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ 
24:32
and you're going to learn some vocabulary related to this topic.
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์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:35
It's a serious matter, because it can leave people traumatised.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:38
'Traumatised', it means they end up with emotional wounds
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'ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ'๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ •์„œ์  ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋กœ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
24:42
which affect them psychologically. Bullies want to intimidate people.
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. ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:47
To 'intimidate', in other words, to make people fear them.
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'์œ„ํ˜‘'ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์ฆ‰ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:51
Yes, it does make people feel they can't help themselves โ€” they're powerless.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค.
24:55
They feel 'helpless'.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ '๋ฌด๋ ฅ๊ฐ'์„ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค.
24:57
Unfortunately, bullying has been increasing in the workplace,
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„, ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์žฅ ๋‚ด ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
25:00
in spite of laws against it.
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.
25:02
Let's go for some figures. Are you ready for a question, Neil?
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜์š”, ๋‹?
25:05
Yes, I am.
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๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ
25:06
The Workplace Bullying Institute based in the US conducted a survey last year.
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์ง์žฅ ๋‚ด ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
25:11
How much of the American workforce has experienced bullying at work?
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž ์ค‘ ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
25:15
Was it a) 7%? b) 27%? c) 47%?
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a) 7%์˜€๋‚˜์š”? b) 27%? c) 47%?
25:22
Well, I don't know, but I'm going to go for 27%.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ 27%๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
25:27
OK. I'll give you the answer at the end of the programme.
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:29
I'm very keen to know, Rob.
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๋‚œ ์ •๋ง ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด, ๋กญ.
25:31
Intimidating people is a very bad thing,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚˜์œ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
25:34
but some might say that, well, aggression is part of human nature.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:39
Yes, that's an interesting point, Neil.
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๋„ค, ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์ด์—์š”, Neil. ์„๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—
25:40
I can imagine big strong men imposing their will by force in the Stone Age,
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ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜
25:45
but behaving this way now probably isn't a good idea.
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์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:49
The California-based anthropologist Christopher Boehm explains.
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž Christopher Boehm์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:54
Listen and then tell me what made bullying go out of fashion?
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์ž˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ์œ ํ–‰์—์„œ ๋’ค๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
25:59
About a quarter of a million years ago, humans began to hunt zebras and antelope.
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์•ฝ 25๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์— ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์–ผ๋ฃฉ๋ง๊ณผ ์˜์–‘์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:05
And they had to cooperate to do so because their weapons were rather primitive
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ์›์‹œ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
26:10
and they did not want alpha males
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์•ŒํŒŒ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด
26:12
to be dominating the carcass after it was killed.
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์ฃฝ์€ ํ›„ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:15
So the thing that everyone else did was to start killing alpha males.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ์ผ์€ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:20
Bullies simply were not tolerated.
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๊ดด๋กญํž˜์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์šฉ๋‚ฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:23
Ah, people had to 'cooperate' with each other โ€”
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์•„, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ 'ํ˜‘๋ ฅ'ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:26
in other words, to work together for their mutual benefit.
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์ฆ‰, ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:30
They were hunting animals for food.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์Œ์‹์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:32
Yes, and nobody wanted the 'alpha male' โ€”
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์˜ˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ฌด๋„ '์•ŒํŒŒ๋‚จ์„ฑ'(
26:35
the strong man in the group who wanted to dominate everybody else โ€”
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž)์ด
26:38
to take all the meat for himself.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:40
So, about 250,000 years ago, when human society was evolving,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•ฝ 25๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ
26:46
people realised it wasn't good for the community to have a bully around.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
26:50
No. So if we make a big jump in history and back to the 21st century,
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํฐ ๋„์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  21์„ธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉด
26:54
well, modern companies value cooperation. People's wellbeing matters too.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ๋…•๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:59
That's right. Many countries have laws against bullying
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๋Š”
27:02
which is part of the companies' human resources policy.
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ธ์‚ฌ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ธ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. HR์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋‹ˆ์…œ๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„
27:06
'Human Resources' โ€” also known by the initials HR โ€”
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'์ธ์  ์ž์›'์€
27:10
is the department which hires new employees
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์‹ ์ž… ์‚ฌ์›์„ ์ฑ„์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
27:12
and stores information about their career at the company.
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์— โ€‹โ€‹๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:16
And what sort of behaviour is considered bullying in the civilised world?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ๋ช…์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋‚˜์š”?
27:20
Well, that's what Helene Guldberg is about to explain to us.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด Helene Guldberg๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:23
She's a specialist in developmental psychology.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:26
What's the main thing that defines bullying?
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๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž์˜
27:30
Something that is intentional on the part of the perpetrator.
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์˜๋„์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
27:33
It has to involve some kind of power imbalance,
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ
27:36
so it's not an argument between equals, and it's something that is repetitive.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:40
So it's not a one-off rage by one person against another.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ผํšŒ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:45
The intent is to cause harm, which can be psychological or physical.
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์˜๋„๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์  ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:51
To be considered bullying, the behaviour has to be 'intentional',
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๊ดด๋กญํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ํ–‰๋™์ด '์˜๋„์ '์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
27:54
which means it has to be planned or deliberate.
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์ด๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์˜์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:58
And also has to happen many times and involve power.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํž˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:01
Yes, indeed. One person has to have more power than the other.
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๋„ค ํ™•์‹คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:06
You know, Rob, this idea of intention is very important,
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์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, Rob, ์˜๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:09
because some people are just more confident and demanding then others.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:13
They might say that they didn't mean to cause any harm.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น  ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
28:16
They don't mean to bully anyone.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:18
Yes. But it can be interpreted differently.
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์˜ˆ. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‰ด์š•
28:21
Darren Treadway, at the State University of New York,
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์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿฐ ํŠธ๋ ˆ๋“œ์›จ์ด(Darren Treadway)๋Š”
28:24
studied bullying in the workplace.
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์ง์žฅ ๋‚ด ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:25
He uses a word which means
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๊ทธ๋Š”
28:28
'the way someone interprets something they see or hear'. Which word is it?
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'๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹ '์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹จ์–ด์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
28:33
At the end of the day, if the target feels as if they're being bullied,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค๋ฉด
28:37
the corporation needs to make sure they're addressing that feeling.
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๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:41
If you're the supervisor who's...
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ๋…์ž๋ผ๋ฉด...
28:43
your subordinate says that they're being bullied by you or abused by you,
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ง์›์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•™๋Œ€๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
28:47
while you may not feel you're doing that, it's your responsibility as a communicator
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ง์›์ด ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:51
to make sure that they are getting the accurate perception of your behaviour.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ธ์‹.
28:54
Being known as a bully is a stigma that nobody in a corporation wants.
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๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‚™์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ
28:59
It's 'perception'.
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'์ธ์‹'์ด๋‹ค.
29:01
According to Darren Treadway, bullying is a matter of perception โ€”
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Darren Treadway์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์€ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:05
the way some action is interpreted by a person, in this case, a subordinate.
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์ฆ‰, ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰๋™์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ(์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ง์›)์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•ด์„๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:10
And supervisors have to be aware of how their subordinates see their behaviour.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๋…์ž๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ง์›์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:14
It's all a matter of communication.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:16
Yes, indeed. But we are running out of time, I'm afraid.
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๋„ค ํ™•์‹คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์„œ ์œ ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:19
Let's go back to the question I put to you earlier in the programme.
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:23
It's about a survey by the Workplace Bullying Institute.
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์ง์žฅ ๋‚ด ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:26
I asked how much of the American workforce has experienced bullying in the workplace.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ์ค‘ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:31
The options were 7%, 27% and 47%.
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์˜ต์…˜์€ 7%, 27%, 47%์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:36
And I guessed 27%.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” 27%๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ธกํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
29:38
And you guessed very well. The answer is indeed 27%. What do you think about that?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ์ถ”์ธกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋‹ต์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 27%์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”?
29:43
Well, it's depressingly high, isn't it?
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์Œ, ์šฐ์šธํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
29:45
Yes, it is. OK.
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์˜ˆ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”.
29:47
Well, before we go, could you remind us of some of the words that we've heard today?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์–ด ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
29:51
Yes. We heard: traumatised,
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์˜ˆ. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ,
29:54
to intimidate,
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์œ„ํ˜‘,
29:57
helpless,
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๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅ,
30:00
to cooperate,
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ํ˜‘๋ ฅ,
30:03
alpha male,
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์•ŒํŒŒ๋‚จ์„ฑ,
30:06
human resources,
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์ธ์ ์ž์›,
30:08
intentional,
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์˜๋„์ ,
30:11
perception.
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์ง€๊ฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:13
Right. Thanks, Neil.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ. ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ์š”, ๋‹.
30:15
Do log on to BBC Learning English dot com to find more 6 Minute English programmes.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด BBC Learning English ๋‹ท์ปด์— ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
30:20
โ€” Bye. โ€” Bye-bye.
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- ์•ˆ๋…•. - ์•ˆ๋…•.
30:21
6 Minute English
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30:23
from BBC Learning English.
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BBC ํ•™์Šต ์˜์–ด์˜ 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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