How babies learn to talk โฒ๏ธ 6 Minute English

35,349 views ใƒป 2024-11-28

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:07
Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚BBC Learning English ใฎ 6 Minute English ใงใ™ ใ€‚
00:11
I'm Phil, and I'm Georgie.
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็งใฏใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒซใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ—ใฆใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใงใ™ใ€‚
00:13
For most parents, their baby's first word is a special moment.
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎ่ฆชใซใจใฃใฆใ€่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒ ๅˆใ‚ใฆ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่ฉฑใ™็žฌ้–“ใฏ็‰นๅˆฅใช็žฌ้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:17
This happens after an early stage of language development called 'babble',
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
00:21
when babies start making simple sounds like 'ga' or 'ma'.
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่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒ ใ€ŒใŒใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œใพใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅ˜็ด”ใช้Ÿณใ‚’็™บใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œๅ–ƒ่ชžใ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹่จ€่ชž็™บ้”ใฎๅˆๆœŸๆฎต้šŽใฎๅพŒใซ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:25
Babies have to learn to use their mouth muscles to make specific sounds.
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่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใฏ ็‰นๅฎšใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ใŸใ‚ใซๅฃใฎ็ญ‹่‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅญฆใฐใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:30
They experiment with different sounds and mouth shapes.
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ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช้Ÿณ ใ‚„ๅฃใฎๅฝขใ‚’่ฉฆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:34
So, what exactly is happening when babies start learning to speak?
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ใงใฏใ€ ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒ่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใ‚’ๅญฆใณๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
00:39
What do you think, Georgie?
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ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใƒผใ€ใฉใ†ๆ€ใ†๏ผŸ
00:40
Well, Phil, I'm no expert,
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒซใ€็งใฏๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
00:42
but I imagine they watch the adults around them and kind of copy
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ใŒใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅ‘จใ‚Šใฎๅคงไบบใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ใ€
00:45
and imitate what they do.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’็œŸไผผใ—ใŸใ‚Š็œŸไผผใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:47
What do you think?
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ใฉใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:48
I definitely think
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00:49
that's what my children did when they were learning to speak.
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็งใฎๅญไพ›ใŸใกใŒ ่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใ‚’็ฟ’ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใจใใ‚‚ใ€้–“้•ใ„ใชใใใ†ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:53
Um, well, let's compare our ideas with those of an expert,
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ใˆใˆใจใ€ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€็งใŸใกใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’ ใ€
00:57
Professor Julian Pine from Liverpool University,
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01:01
speaking here on BBC Radio 4,
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BBCใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ช4ใง่ฌ›ๆผ”ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒชใƒใƒ—ใƒผใƒซๅคงๅญฆใฎใ‚ธใƒฅใƒชใ‚ขใƒณใƒปใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒณๆ•™ๆŽˆใฎๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถใฎ่€ƒใˆใจๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
01:03
and he lists the skills that babies develop in order to speak.
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ใ€‚ใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒณๆ•™ๆŽˆใฏใ€่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒ่ฉฑใ™ใŸใ‚ใซ็™บ้”ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ‚’ๅˆ—ๆŒ™ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:08
Well, one of the first things the child's got to do
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ ๅญไพ›ใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซใ‚„ใ‚‰ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใฎไธ€ใคใฏใ€
01:10
is they've got to break down the speech stream into words,
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ไผš่ฉฑใฎๆตใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ˜่ชžใซๅˆ†่งฃใ—ใ€ใใฎ
01:13
then they've got to link the words
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ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็’ฐๅขƒๅ†…ใง
01:15
to the things that they refer to in the environment.
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่จ€ๅŠใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็‰ฉใจ็ตใณไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ ใ€‚
01:17
So, they've got to learn what the words mean. Right.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ่จ€่‘‰ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅญฆใฐใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ๅณใ€‚
01:20
In this programme, we'll discover how babies learn to speak.
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ใ“ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใงใฏใ€ ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใ‚’ๅญฆใถใฎใ‹ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
01:23
And as usual, we'll learn some useful new vocabulary.
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ใใ—ใฆใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใคๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚
01:27
And on the subject of words, remember you can find a list
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ๅ˜่ชžใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใŒใ€
01:30
of this programme's vocabulary on our website bbclearningenglish.com
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ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใฎ่ชžๅฝ™ใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฏ ๅฝ“็คพใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ bbclearningenglish.com ใงใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:35
Some people find it helpful to study the vocabulary before listening,
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ใƒชใ‚นใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใฎๅ‰ใซ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใŠใใจๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใจๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:39
And another thing to do before listening is ask my question. Georgie,
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ใƒชใ‚นใƒ‹ใƒณใ‚ฐใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚„ใ‚‹ในใใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎใ“ใจใฏใ€ ็งใฎ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธใƒผใ•ใ‚“ใ€
01:44
We've mentioned the babbling noises that babies make when learning to speak,
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่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒ่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใ‚’่ฆšใˆใ‚‹ใจใใซๅ‡บใ™ๅ–ƒ่ชž้Ÿณใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้€šๅธธ
01:49
but at what age does this usually start?
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ไฝ•ๆญณใ‹ใ‚‰ ๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹?
01:52
Is it: a) around six months old?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ: a) ็”ŸๅพŒ็ด„ 6 ใ‹ๆœˆใงใ™ใ‹?
01:56
b) around nine months old? or c) around one year old?
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b) ็”ŸๅพŒ9ใƒถๆœˆใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹? ใพใŸใฏc) 1ๆญณใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?
02:02
OK, I think my best guess would be a) around six months old.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€็งใฎๆŽจๆธฌใงใฏใ€ a) ็”ŸๅพŒ 6 ใ‹ๆœˆใใ‚‰ใ„ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:06
OK, well, we'll find out a little bit later on in the programme.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€ ็•ช็ต„ใฎๅพŒๅŠใงๅฐ‘ใ—ใ ใ‘ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:10
Let's return to Professor Pine's list.
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ใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒณๆ•™ๆŽˆใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:14
The first thing babies do is recognise where individual words start and end.
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่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ ๅ€‹ใ€…ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใจ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:19
For this, it helps to know that in English at least, words often begin
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ใ“ใฎใŸใ‚ใซใฏใ€ ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ๅ˜่ชžใฏ
02:25
with a stressed syllable, the sound in a word
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ๅผทๅ‹ขใฎใ‚ใ‚‹้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใใจๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ๅผทๅ‹ขใฎใ‚ใ‚‹้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใจใฏใ€ ๅ˜่ชžใฎไธญใง
02:28
which is emphasised by being spoken longer or louder.
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้•ทใใพใŸใฏๅคงใใชๅฃฐใง็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹้Ÿณใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:33
Learning this takes time.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅญฆใถใซใฏๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‹ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:35
And here, Professor Pine
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒณๆ•™ๆŽˆ
02:37
and Michael Rosen, presenter of BBC Radio 4's programme 'Word of Mouth',
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ใจBBC ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ช4ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใ€ŒWord of Mouthใ€ใฎๅธไผš่€…ใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฑใƒซใƒปใƒญใƒผใ‚ผใƒณใŒใ€
02:42
discuss children who haven't quite discovered it yet.
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ใพใ ใใฎ้ญ…ๅŠ›ใซๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅญใฉใ‚‚ใŸใกใซใคใ„ใฆ่ญฐ่ซ–ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:46
And we can see this in the kind of errors that children make,
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅญไพ›ใŸใกใŒ็Šฏใ™้–“้•ใ„ใฎ็จฎ้กžใซใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
02:50
because little kids will often call a giraffe a 'raffe',
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ๅฐใ•ใชๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฏ ใ‚ญใƒชใƒณใ‚’ใ€Œraffeใ€ใจๅ‘ผใถใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ…ธๅž‹็š„ใช่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€
02:54
by leaving off the unstressed syllable because that's not typical English.
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ๅผทๅ‹ขใฎใชใ„้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
02:58
Oh, and I've got an example of this.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใฏไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:00
Um, my son used to call a machine a 'sminge' you just hit the stress.
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ใˆใƒผใจใ€ใ†ใกใฎๆฏๅญใฏๆฉŸๆขฐใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใ€Œใ‚นใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใจๅ‘ผใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใŸใพใฃใŸใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:04
He didn't bother with the 'ma' bit.
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ๅฝผใฏใ€Œใพใ€ใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
03:05
Yeah. Yeah, Exactly.
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ใ†ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใฏใ„ใ€ใใฎ้€šใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
03:07
Or he may have thought it was my 'sminge',
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๅฝผใฏ ใใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎใ€Œใ‚นใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใ€ใ ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
03:08
of course. That's the other thing. Yes.
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ใคใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใฏใ„ใ€‚
03:10
And the classic example, of course, is 'nana' instead of 'banana'.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ…ธๅž‹็š„ใชไพ‹ใฏใ€ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ใ€Œbananaใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œnanaใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:13
Yes, I think I call them that!
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใใ†ๅ‘ผใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:16
One error, or mistake, infants make is calling a giraffe a 'raffe'
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ๅนผๅ…ใŒ็Šฏใ™้–“้•ใ„ใฎไธ€ใคใฏใ€ ใ‚ญใƒชใƒณใ‚’ใ€Œraffeใ€ใจๅ‘ผใถใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
03:21
because they cut off the first syllable 'gi' because it's not stressed.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ€Œgiใ€ใซๅผทๅ‹ขใŒใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ใใฎ้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใ‚’็œ็•ฅใ—ใฆใ—ใพใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:26
The classic example of this is when children say 'nana' instead of 'banana'.
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ใใฎๅ…ธๅž‹็š„ใชไพ‹ใฏใ€ ๅญไพ›ใŸใกใŒใ€ŒใƒใƒŠใƒŠใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ŒใƒŠใƒŠใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใงใ™ใ€‚
03:32
A 'classic example' of something means the best example of it,
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎใ€Œๅ…ธๅž‹็š„ใชไพ‹ใ€ใจใฏใ€ ใใฎ็‰ฉไบ‹ใฎๆœ€่‰ฏใฎไพ‹ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
03:36
one containing all the features you expect such a thing to have.
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ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็‰ฉไบ‹ใซๆœŸๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎ็‰นๅพดใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:41
For example, ants are a classic example of animals working together.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ขใƒชใฏ ๅ‹•็‰ฉใŒๅ”ๅŠ›ใ—ใฆๅƒใๅ…ธๅž‹็š„ใชไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:46
The second skill babies develop as they learn to speak
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่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒ ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅญฆใถใจใใซ่บซใซไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใฏใ€
03:49
is correctly linking a word to the object it refers to.
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ๅ˜่ชžใจ ใใ‚ŒใŒๆŒ‡ใ™็‰ฉใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใ็ตใณไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:53
In other words, knowing what the word means.
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่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใ‚Œใฐใ€ ใใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:55
As adults, we do this without thinking,
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ๅคงไบบใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ€ ็งใŸใกใฏ็„กๆ„่ญ˜ใซใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™
03:57
but it's actually much harder than it sounds.
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ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ ๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใšใฃใจ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
04:00
As Professor Julian Pine explains to BBC Radio 4 programme 'Word of Mouth'.
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ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒชใ‚ขใƒณใƒปใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒณๆ•™ๆŽˆใŒ BBCใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ช4ใฎ็•ช็ต„ใ€ŒWord of Mouthใ€ใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:06
Well, we take for granted the fact
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ใพใ‚ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€็’ฐๅขƒใฎไธญใง่จ€่‘‰ใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‚’ๅฝ“็„ถใฎใ“ใจใจใ—ใฆ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™
04:08
that it's kind of obvious what words refer to in the environment.
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ใ€‚
04:10
But actually, if you if you look at it from the child's point of view,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€ ๅญไพ›ใฎ่ฆ–็‚นใง่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€
04:14
it's really difficult to work out what a word refers to
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ๅ˜่ชžใŒๆŒ‡ใ™
04:17
because there's so many things it could refer to.
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ใ‚‚ใฎใŒๅคšใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ˜่ชž ใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้žๅธธใซๅ›ฐ้›ฃใงใ™ใ€‚
04:19
So, you know, the speech signal is very ambiguous.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ ้Ÿณๅฃฐไฟกๅทใฏ้žๅธธใซๆ›–ๆ˜งใชใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
04:23
Uh, how does the child know that you're talking about the cup in front of you,
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ใˆใƒผใจใ€ๅญไพ›ใฏใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ็›ฎใฎๅ‰ใฎใ‚ณใƒƒใƒ—
04:26
or the... or the pen in front of you?
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ใ‚„ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็›ฎใฎๅ‰ใฎใƒšใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:27
When... when you say pen or cup?
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ใ„ใคโ€ฆใƒšใƒณใ‹ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใ‹ใฃใฆ๏ผŸ
04:29
As adults, we take it for granted that
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ๅคงไบบใซใชใ‚‹ใจใ€
04:32
when a friend says 'apple', they mean that round, red thing on the table.
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ๅ‹้”ใŒใ€Œใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€ ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚‹ไธธใใฆ่ตคใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๅฝ“็„ถใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:37
To 'take it for granted' means to assume something without question.
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ใ€Œๅฝ“็„ถใฎใ“ใจใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใจใฏใ€ ็–‘ๅ•ใ‚’ๆŒใŸใšใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆƒณๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:42
But for a baby,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใซใจใฃใฆใ€
04:44
the link between the word 'apple' and the object is not obvious.
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ใ€Œใƒชใƒณใ‚ดใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใจ็‰ฉไฝ“ใจใฎใคใชใŒใ‚Šใฏ ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆ›–ๆ˜ง
04:49
It's ambiguous, meaning it has more than one possible meaning.
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ใชใฎใงใ€ ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใŒ่žใ„ใŸ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅธๅŽใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ใ‚นใƒใƒณใ‚ธใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช่„ณใฎไธญใงใฏใ“ใ‚“ใชใซใ‚‚
04:53
Wow, who knew so much was going on inside
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ๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚“ใฆใ€่ชฐใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
04:56
Babies' sponge-like brains as they soak up the sounds they hear?
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?
05:00
Right, Phil, isn't it time to reveal the answer to your question?
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒซใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใใ‚ใใ‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ณชๅ•ใฎ็ญ”ใˆใ‚’ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ในใๆ™‚ใงใฏใชใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ ?
05:04
Um, it is indeed.
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€็ขบใ‹ใซใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
05:05
The question was, at what age do babies start to make babbling noises?
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่ณชๅ•ใฏใ€่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใฏไฝ•ๆญณใ‹ใ‚‰ ๅ–ƒ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
05:10
And I said it was around six months.
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ใใ—ใฆ็งใฏ็ด„6ใƒถๆœˆใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:13
And that is the correct answer. Yay!
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ใใ—ใฆใใ‚ŒใŒๆญฃ่งฃใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใƒผใ„๏ผ
05:15
Babies start to do this when they're about six months old.
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่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใฏ ็”ŸๅพŒ6ใ‹ๆœˆใใ‚‰ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:19
OK, let's recap the vocabulary that we've learnt, starting with 'babble',
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใŒๅญฆใ‚“ใ ่ชžๅฝ™ใ‚’ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใพใšใฏใ€
05:25
the meaningless noises babies make as they're learning to speak.
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่ตคใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ ใŒ่ฉฑใ—ๆ–นใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซๅ‡บใ™ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎใชใ„้Ÿณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œๅ–ƒ่ชžใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๅ˜่ชžๅ†…ใฎ
05:29
The stressed syllable in a word is the sound,
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ๅผทๅ‹ขใฎใ‚ใ‚‹้Ÿณ็ฏ€ใฏใ€
05:31
which is emphasised by being longer, louder, or higher.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้•ทใใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคงใใใ€ใพใŸใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ใ็™บ้Ÿณใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚
05:35
An error is a mistake.
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ใ‚จใƒฉใƒผใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:37
The classic example of something is the most typical example of it,
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๅ…ธๅž‹็š„ใชไพ‹ใจใฏ ใ€ใใฎๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใช็‰นๅพดใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅ…ธๅž‹็š„ใชไพ‹ใงใ™
05:41
containing its most important features.
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ใ€‚
05:43
If you take something for granted, you accept or assume it without question.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฝ“็„ถใฎใ“ใจใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ ็–‘ๅ•ใ‚’ๆŒใŸใšใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ๆƒณๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:49
And finally, the adjective ambiguous means having
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž ambiguous ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™
05:53
more than one possible meaning.
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ใ€‚
05:55
Once again, our six minutes are up,
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€6 ๅˆ†ใŒ็ตŒ้Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:57
but if you're ready for more, you'll find the worksheet with a quiz
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
06:00
and a transcript for this program on our website.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใจใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒ—ใƒˆใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ใƒฏใƒผใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ ๅฝ“็คพใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:03
See you there soon. Bye! Bye!
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ใ™ใใซไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰๏ผ
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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