Learn English Grammar: How to use SO & SO THAT

879,684 views ใƒป 2015-03-06

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi. Welcome again to www.engvid.com. My name's Adam. Today's lesson is a grammar lesson,
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏ ใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใ€
00:07
and it's about words or expressions that are very often confused or mixed up. We're going
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ใ‚ˆใๆททๅŒใ—ใŸใ‚ŠๆททๅŒใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใŒใกใชๅ˜่ชžใ‚„่กจ็พใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
00:12
to look at "so", "so that", "so something that", usually "so adjective", or: "so adverb
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ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ ไฝ•ใ‹ใ€ใ€้€šๅธธใฏใ€Œใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž
00:20
that". I can actually put that in here. Adjective, adverb, that.
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ใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŸใฏใ“ใ“ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€ใใ‚Œใ€‚
00:27
So, before we look at what usually gets mixed up, and how the things get mixed up, and the
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€้€šๅธธไฝ•ใŒๆททๅŒ ใ•ใ‚Œใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆททๅŒใ•ใ‚Œใ€
00:31
confusions, let's do a quick review of what all of these expressions or words mean, or
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ๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎ่กจ็พใ‚„ๅ˜่ชžใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ
00:37
how they are used. We're going to start with "so". Now, "so" has quite a few functions,
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็ฐกๅ˜ใซ็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใŠใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†. ใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œsoใ€ใซใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šใฎๆ•ฐใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใŒ
00:43
quite a few uses in grammar. One is to agree. Okay? So you say: "I love English." That's
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใงใ‹ใชใ‚Šใฎ็”จ้€”ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€ใคใฏใ€ๅŒๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใ„ใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œ็งใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œ
00:50
why you come to engVid. Right? "So do I. I love English, that's why I come to engVid
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ใŒengVidใซๆฅใ‚‹็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ็งใ‚‚ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชžใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใชใฎใงใ€engVid ใซใ‚‚ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—
00:55
as well." So I agree with you. "So do I."
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ "็งใ‚‚ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚"
00:58
To refer to. -"I think that something is beautiful. I think that that woman is beautiful." -"Well,
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ๅ‚็…งใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ -ใ€Œ็งใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ็พŽใ—ใ„ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใใฎๅฅณๆ€งใฏ็พŽใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ โ€•โ€•ใ€Œ
01:06
if you think so, you should go talk to her." "So" means referring to what I just said.
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ใใ†ๆ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€่ฉฑใ—ใซ่กŒใฃใŸๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใ‚ˆใ€ ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใจใฏใ€็งใŒไปŠ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
01:12
"If you think so. If you think she is beautiful, go speak to her." Right? So, "so" is sort
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ใ€Œใใ†ๆ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚ๅฝผๅฅณใŒ็พŽใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€ ๅฝผๅฅณใซ่ฉฑใ—ใ‹ใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œsoใ€ใฏ
01:18
of like a pronoun, but not exactly. It's referring to something. It stands in the place of something
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ไปฃๅ่ฉžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅŽณๅฏ†ใซใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ— ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใ€
01:24
that was already mentioned and understood.
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ใ™ใงใซ่จ€ๅŠใ•ใ‚Œใ€็†่งฃใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ็ซ‹ใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:27
As a quantifier. As a quantifier, basically, "so" means "very". "I am so hungry." Means
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ๆ•ฐ้‡่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ€‚ ๆ•ฐ้‡่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ ใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใฏใ€Œ้žๅธธใซใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ "ใจใฆใ‚‚ใŠ่…นใŒ็ฉบใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚"
01:35
I am very hungry. Okay? All we do is we quantify it. We give a quantity to the adjective. We
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ใจใฆใ‚‚ใŠ่…นใŒ็ฉบใ„ใŸใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็งใŸใกใŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ•ฐๅ€คๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใซ้‡ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ง
01:42
make it stronger, more intense, "very".
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ใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผทใใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผท็ƒˆใซใ€ใ€Œ้žๅธธใซใ€ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:46
"So much", "so many" just means a lot. "So few" means a few, very little. Right? So,
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ใ€Œใจใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใ€ใ€ŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใจใฆใ‚‚ ๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใจใฏใ€ๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€้žๅธธใซๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
01:53
this is basically used like an adverb. We can use it "so much" or "so many noun". We
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œso muchใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œso many nounใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:58
can say: "So much", "so many adjective and noun". So, we use this as an adverb. And again,
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ใ€ŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ€ใ€ŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใจๅ่ฉžใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€
02:05
it's like a quantifier; I'm just giving you more quantity or less quantity, or more degree
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ•ฐ้‡่ฉžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ้‡ใ‚’ๅข—ใ‚„ใ—ใŸใ‚Šๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€็จ‹ๅบฆใ‚’ไธŠใ’ใŸใ‚Šไธ‹ใ’ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™
02:11
or less degree.
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ใ€‚
02:12
Now, this is the one we want to focus on, "so" as a conjunction, because this is what
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ใ“ใ“ใงๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใฏใ€ ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใฎใ€Œsoใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
02:19
gets confused with these two. Okay? So, "so" as a conjunction, basically we use it like...
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ใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ 2 ใคใจๆททๅŒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใฏๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
02:25
Like "because", except "because" is an adverb clause conjunction. We use an adverb clause.
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ใ€‚ ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:33
"So" is just an independent clause joining two... Oh, sorry, it's a coordinating clause
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ใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใฏใ€ 2 ใคใฎ็ฏ€ใ‚’
02:38
joining two independent clauses. Okay? So: "I was late, so I missed the meeting." It
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็ตๅˆใ—ใŸ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€2 ใคใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ‚’็ตๅˆใ—ใŸ่ชฟๆ•ด็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผš ใ€Œ็งใฏ้…ๅˆปใ—ใŸใฎใงใ€ไผš่ญฐใซๅ‡บๅธญใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ
02:45
basically shows you a result of something that came before. You could say: "Because...
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ€ๅ‰ใซๆฅใŸไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ็ตๆžœใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“๏ผšใ€Œใชใœใชใ‚‰โ€ฆ
02:55
Because I missed..." Sorry. "Because I was late, I missed the meeting.", "I was late,
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้€ƒใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰โ€ฆใ€ ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ้…ๅˆปใ—ใŸใฎใงใ€ไผš่ญฐใซๅ‡บๅธญใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ้…ๅˆปใ—ใŸ
03:02
so I missed the meeting." So this is a coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses,
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ใฎใงใ€ไผš่ญฐใซๅ‡บๅธญใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ 2 ใคใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใŸๅฅใ‚’็ตๅˆใ™ใ‚‹่ชฟๆ•ดๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใง
03:07
and talks... Shows you result. So far, so good.
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไผš่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™... ็ตๆžœใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใพใงใฏ้ †่ชฟใงใ™ใญใ€‚
03:12
That's another expression. "So far" means until now.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅˆฅใฎ่กจ็พใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒไปŠใพใงใ€ใฏไปŠใพใงใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:15
"So that", "so that" is an adverb clause marker or an adverb clause conjunction. It shows
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"so that"ใ€"so that" ใฏใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใƒžใƒผใ‚ซใƒผ ใพใŸใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ็›ฎ็š„ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:22
purpose. Okay? Remember: an adverb clause joins two actions, in the independent clause,
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผšๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ ใฏใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใจๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎ2ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’็ตๅˆใ—
03:30
and in the adverb clause, and it's the relationship between the clauses is purpose. So, whatever
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ใ€็ฏ€้–“ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒ็›ฎ็š„ใงใ™. ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
03:36
comes after "so that" shows the purpose of what you did in the previous clause. Here's
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ใ€ŒใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใฎๅพŒ ใซ็ถšใใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ€ๅ‰ใฎ็ฏ€ใง่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:43
an example. "I worked overtime this week"-why?-"so that I could take time off next week." Okay?
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏไปŠ้€ฑๆฎ‹ๆฅญใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€-ใชใœใงใ™ใ‹-ใ€Œ ๆฅ้€ฑไผ‘ใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:53
So, this is the purpose of this. Okay? Remember: adverb clause, there's always going to be
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ไปŠๅ›žใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผš ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€
04:01
a relationship between the adverb clause and the independent clause.
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใจ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใฎ้–“ใซใฏๅธธใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:05
Okay? That relationship is one of purpose.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ ใฏ็›ฎ็š„ใฎ 1 ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
04:09
Lastly, we have "so adjective", "so adverb that". Now, this is a bit of a combination
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œso adjectiveใ€ใ€ใ€Œso adverb thatใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ2ใคใฎ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฎใƒ“ใƒƒใƒˆใงใ™
04:15
of the two. You have a quantifier, so you're making this very something, and you want to
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ้‡ๆŒ‡ๅฎšๅญใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ ไฝ•ใ‹ใซใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—
04:22
give a little bit extra information. What does this mean? Right? You want to complete
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ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใชๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ไธŽใˆใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™
04:26
the meaning of this. Okay? Let's look at this example. I'm going to go right through that
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’้€šใ‚ŠๆŠœใ‘ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Š
04:31
one. "I am so tired that I might pass out." Pass out, faint. Okay? Now, I could say:
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏใจใฆใ‚‚็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๆฐ—็ตถใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ ๅคฑ็ฅžใ€ๅคฑ็ฅžใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ไปŠใ€็งใฏ
04:42
"I am so tired." This is a complete sentence; you don't need anymore. I have the quantifier,
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใจใฆใ‚‚็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็งใฏๆ•ฐ้‡่ฉž
04:49
I have the adjective, I've completed my meaning.
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ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€็งใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€็งใฏ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใพใ—ใŸ.
04:52
But I want you to understand how tired I am. "Very tired" is not enough. I want you to
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŒใฉใ‚Œใปใฉ็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œใจใฆใ‚‚็–ฒใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใงใฏ่ถณใ‚Šใชใ„ใ€‚
04:59
understand more. I want to complete this meaning, so I add another clause. We call this a "that
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใŸใ„ ใฎใงใ€ๅˆฅใฎๅฅใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€Œ
05:06
clause", a complement clause. It completes the meaning. "I am so tired that I might pass
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ใใฎ็ฏ€ใ€ใ€่ฃœ็ฏ€ใจๅ‘ผใณใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ› ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏใจใฆใ‚‚็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๆฐ—็ตถใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›
05:13
out." Okay? That's how tired I am.
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ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œ ใใ‚‰ใ„็–ฒใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:17
Now, you notice I put "that" in brackets. In these types of sentences, "that" you can
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ๆ‹ฌๅผงใงๅ›ฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
05:23
take out. "I am so tired I might pass out." It's understood. The point is: don't confuse
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็–ฒใ‚Œใ™ใŽใฆๆฐ—็ตถใ—ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฏใ€
05:31
this "so" with this "so", conjunction. This is not a conjunction. It is also not a quantifier.
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ใ“ใฎใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใ‚’ใ“ใฎใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใจๆททๅŒใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉž. ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ๆ•ฐ้‡่ฉžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:38
It is a quantifier, but it's not part of that, it's not part of this guy. Okay?
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆ•ฐ้‡่ฉžใงใ™ใŒใ€ ใใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ“ใฎ็”ทใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
05:45
Now... Now we understand all these things. The question is: how do these get confused
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ไปŠ... ไปŠใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ•้กŒใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆททไนฑใ—
05:50
and how can you avoid confusing these? Let's look at some examples.
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ใ€ใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐๆททไนฑใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:54
Okay, so let's look at some examples of some sentences that might be a little bit confusing
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่กจ็พใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟ
05:59
when we're using these expressions. But before we look at these sentences, for all you sharp
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ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€้‹ญใ„
06:04
eyed viewers out there, you may have noticed that I made a mistake with the word "quantifier",
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็›ฎใ‚’ๆŒใค่ฆ–่ด่€…ใฎ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฏ ใ€็งใŒใ€Œๆ•ฐ้‡่ฉžใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’้–“้•ใˆใŸใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€Œๆ•ฐ้‡่ฉž
06:09
I wrote "quantier". Okay? Let me just make sure everybody understands it's "quantifier",
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ใ€ใจๆ›ธใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚ŒใŒใ€Œ้‡ๆŒ‡ๅฎšๅญใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅ…จๅ“กใŒ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ช
06:15
add the "fi" to the one you saw before, and we're good to go.
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ใ—ใฆใ€ๅ‰ใซ่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใซใ€Œfiใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ— ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:19
Okay, now, let's look at some example sentences using each of these expressions. "Bill worked
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎ่กจ็พใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸไพ‹ๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒ“ใƒซใฏ
06:26
hard, so he was promoted." Promoted means given a higher title or a better position
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ไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใฎใงๆ˜‡้€ฒใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ๆ˜‡้€ฒใจใฏใ€ไผš็คพใง ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ใ„ๅœฐไฝใพใŸใฏๅœฐไฝใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
06:30
in the company. "Bill worked hard so that he would be promoted.", "Bill worked so hard
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒ“ใƒซใฏ ๆ˜‡้€ฒใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒ“ใƒซใฏไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใฎใงใ€
06:37
that he had to be promoted." Now, each of these sentence is grammatically correct, and
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ๆ˜‡้€ฒใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซๆญฃใ—ใใ€
06:43
each one has its own meaning. The meanings are different. Okay? They're related, but
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใซ็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้–ข้€ฃใ—
06:49
they're different. Let's look at each one separately.
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ€‹ๅˆฅใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
06:52
"Bill worked hard." The result of this hard work was that he was promoted. Okay? What...?
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ใ€Œใƒ“ใƒซใฏไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใฎๅŠชๅŠ›ใฎ็ตๆžœ ใ€ๅฝผใฏๆ˜‡้€ฒใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ไฝ•...๏ผŸ
06:59
Because he worked hard, he was promoted. Okay? Hard work, promotion is the result. Good.
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ๅฝผใฏไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใฎใงใ€ๆ˜‡้€ฒใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅŠชๅŠ›ใ€ๆ˜‡้€ฒใฏ็ตๆžœใงใ™ใ€‚ ่‰ฏใ„ใ€‚
07:06
"Bill worked hard so that he would be promoted." Now, Bill wants to be the president of the
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ใ€Œใƒ“ใƒซใฏๆ˜‡้€ฒใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒ“ใƒซใฏไผš็คพใฎ็คพ้•ทใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™
07:12
company. How will he become the president? He will work hard. So, he worked hard because
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ใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆๅคง็ตฑ้ ˜ใซใชใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ ๅฝผ ใฏไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฝผใฏ
07:17
he wanted to be promoted. He would be. Okay? This was the purpose for this. This was the
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ๆ˜‡้€ฒใ—ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใ€‚ ๅฝผใฏใใ†ใชใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็›ฎ็š„ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ
07:25
result of this. So, you notice, we have the same verb and adverb, same verb and adverb.
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ใ“ใฎ็ตๆžœใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใŠๆฐ—ใฅใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ๅŒใ˜ๅ‹•่ฉžใจๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€ๅŒใ˜ๅ‹•่ฉžใจๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:32
This was the result of this, this was why he did this.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ“ใฎ็ตๆžœใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅฝผใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸ็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
07:36
"Bill worked so hard that he had to be promoted." Okay? What does it mean "had to"? It means
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ใ€Œใƒ“ใƒซใฏไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใฎใงใ€ๆ˜‡้€ฒใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ใจใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใฏ
07:43
the company had to give him a promotion because he worked harder than everyone else. So, he
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ใ€ๅฝผใŒ่ชฐใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใฎใงใ€ไผš็คพใŒๅฝผใ‚’ๆ˜‡้€ฒใ•ใ›ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๅฝผใฏ
07:49
almost left them no choice. Okay? "Bill worked so hard". Everybody worked hard, but Bill
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉๅฝผใ‚‰ใซ้ธๆŠžใฎไฝ™ๅœฐใ‚’ๆฎ‹ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใƒ“ใƒซใฏ ไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใ€. ่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใŒใ€ใƒ“ใƒซ
07:57
worked so hard... They need to complete the meaning of "so hard", that he had to be given
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ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸ. ๅฝผใ‚‰ ใฏใ€ๅฝผใŒๆ˜‡้€ฒใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใปใฉใ€ใ€Œใจใฆใ‚‚ไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝใ€ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹
08:04
a promotion. Okay? He had to be promoted to complete this meaning, "so hard".
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. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅฝผใฏใ“ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๆ˜‡้€ฒใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใงใ—ใŸ.ใ€Œใจใฆใ‚‚้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ€.
08:09
So now you see the differences between them. But wait, let's look at another example. I
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ‚‚ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๅพ…ใฃใฆใ€ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ็ง
08:13
want to show you something else.
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ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซไฝ•ใ‹ไป–ใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ›ใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:15
"Jill is smart, so all the boys like her." Okay? Boys like smart girls. Jill is smart.
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒซใฏ้ ญใŒใ„ใ„ใฎใงใ€็”ทใฎๅญใฏใฟใ‚“ใชๅฝผๅฅณใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็”ทใฎๅญใฏ่ณขใ„ๅฅณใฎๅญใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ธใƒซใฏ่ณขใ„ใ€‚
08:23
The result of her being smart, they like her. Because she's smart, they like her. This is
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ๅฝผๅฅณใŒ้ ญใŒ่‰ฏใ„็ตๆžœใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฝผๅฅณใŒๅฅฝใใ ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ณขใ„ใฎใงใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฝผๅฅณใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ
08:29
her situation. Notice I have a "be" verb here.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฎ็Šถๆณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:33
"Jill studies regularly so that she can beat the boys." Jill is very determined, she's
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒซใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใŸใกใซๅ‹ใฆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ธใƒซใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๆ„ๅฟ—ใŒๅผทใใ€
08:40
very ambitious, she wants to be better than the boys. So, she studies regularly. Why?
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้‡Žๅฟƒ็š„ใงใ€็”ทใฎๅญใŸใกใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ไธŠๆ‰‹ใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ
08:46
So that she can beat the boys, get a better position or do better on tests.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใŒ็”ทใฎๅญใ‚’ๆ‰“ใก่ฒ ใ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ใƒใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’็ฒๅพ—ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใงใ‚ˆใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ๆˆ็ธพใ‚’ๅŽใ‚ใŸใ‚Šใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ.
08:51
One thing you must realize right away or notice right away is that, here, I'm using an active
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ใ™ใใซ่ช่ญ˜ใพใŸใฏใ™ใใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฎ 1 ใค ใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
08:56
verb. I don't... I can't use a "be" verb. Why? Because I'm using an adverb clause that
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ใ€‚ I don't... "be" ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏไฝฟใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใชๅ‹•่ฉžใจ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
09:03
has a relationship with an active verb, with an action. There's a relationship, so I have
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ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
09:09
to use an active verb here.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:11
Here, I'm back to the "be" verb. "Jill is so smart", Jill is very, very smart. Okay.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒซใฏ ใจใฆใ‚‚้ ญใŒใ„ใ„ใ€ใ‚ธใƒซใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้ ญใŒใ„ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
09:20
So? "That all the boys are afraid of her." She's so smart that she scares the boys, or
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ใใ†๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใฎ็”ทใฎๅญใŒๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’ๆใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€‚ใ€ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใจใฆใ‚‚่ณขใ„ใฎใงใ€็”ทใฎๅญใ‚’ๆ€–ใŒใ‚‰ใ›ใŸใ‚Š
09:26
that the boys are afraid of her. This completes the meaning of this. If you say: "She's so
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ใ€็”ทใฎๅญใŒๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’ๆ€–ใŒใฃใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใงๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใจใฆใ‚‚
09:33
smart." Well, lots of girls are very smart. Right? "But she's so smart that all the boys
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้ ญใŒใ„ใ„ใ€ใ€‚ ใˆใˆใจใ€ๅคšใใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้ ญใŒใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้ ญใŒใ„ใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎ็”ทใฎๅญ
09:38
are afraid." Other girls are very smart, but the boys are not afraid of them. She's so
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ใŒๆ€–ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ไป–ใฎๅฅณใฎๅญใฏใจใฆใ‚‚่ณขใ„ใงใ™ใŒ ใ€็”ทใฎๅญใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใจใฆใ‚‚
09:43
smart that they're afraid.
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่ณขใ„ใฎใงใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:45
Now, one thing you can also notice here: "Bill worked hard so he would be promoted." I can
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคๆฐ—ไป˜ใใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใƒ“ใƒซ ใฏไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใฎใงใ€ๆ˜‡้€ฒใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
09:52
take out that because I have a subject. This is understood. "Bill worked so hard he had
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้กŒๆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏ็†่งฃใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒ“ใƒซใฏไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸใฎใง
09:59
to be promoted.", "Jill studies regularly so she can beat the boys.", "Jill is so smart
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ใ€ๆ˜‡้€ฒใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒซใฏ็”ทใฎๅญใŸใกใซๅ‹ใฆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒซใฏใจใฆใ‚‚่ณขใ„ใฎใง
10:07
all the boys are afraid of her." Okay? In all these cases, you can take out "that",
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ใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎ็”ทใฎๅญใŒๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’ๆใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€
10:12
it's understood. There are many examples of clauses that you can take out the conjunction
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็†่งฃใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉž
10:19
"that" or the pronoun "that" because you have your subject, you have your subject, you have
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใพใŸใฏไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ›ใ‚‹็ฏ€ใฎไพ‹ใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Š
10:25
your subject. So that "that" can come out. The only thing is don't confuse this "so"
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใŒๅ‡บใพใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€‚ ๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ“ใฎใ€Œใใ†ใ€
10:31
with this "so", or this "so", or this "so". Each one has its own purpose.
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ใ‚’ใ“ใฎใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ“ใฎใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ“ใฎใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใจๆททๅŒใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™. ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใซ็‹ฌ่‡ชใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:38
But now, why is this important to understand? In writing, you have to be correct in the
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ไปŠใ€ใชใœใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใชใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏใ€
10:45
way you use the word "so", or "so that", or "so adjective/adverb that". Here, by the way,
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ใ€Œsoใ€ใ€ใ€Œso thatใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œso adjective/adverb thatใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใกใชใฟใซใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ
10:52
"so smart", adjective; "so hard", "worked so hard", adverb. Both okay. Adjective, adverb
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ใ€Œใจใฆใ‚‚่ณขใ„ใ€ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใจใฆใ‚‚ไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝใ€ใ€ใ€Œไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใŸ ใ€ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€‚ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚
10:58
with "so". In writing, it makes a big difference in the meaning of the sentence. If I'm reading
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ใ€Œใใ†ใ€ใ‚’ไผดใ†ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€‚ ๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏใ€ๆ–‡็ซ ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใซๅคงใใช้•ใ„ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใง
11:03
a sentence and I see: "so smart", I'm expecting a clause to follow. If one doesn't and a period
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ใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€Œใจใฆใ‚‚่ณขใ„ใ€ใจ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅฅใŒ็ถšใใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœŸๅพ…ใ—ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็‰‡ๆ–นใŒใใ†ใงใชใใ€็”Ÿ็†
11:11
doesn't, then I get confused. Okay? In speaking, you can get away with it. In writing, you can't.
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ใŒใใ†ใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€็งใฏๆททไนฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ›ž้ฟ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ›ธ้ขใงใฏใ€ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:18
Now, if you have any questions about this, go to www.engvid.com and ask me, and I will
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆ็งใซ
11:22
be happy to answer any questions. Do the quiz there as well. Subscribe to my channel on YouTube.
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่ณชๅ•ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐๅ–œใ‚“ใงใŠ็ญ”ใˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บ ใ€‚ YouTube ใง็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’่ณผ่ชญใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
11:29
And, of course, come back. See us again. Bye.
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๆˆปใฃใฆใใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใพใŸไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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