Learn English Grammar: The Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)

1,620,781 views ใƒป 2016-11-15

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi. Welcome back to www.engvid.com.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใ ใ€‚
00:03
I'm Adam.
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็งใฏใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:04
In today's lesson we're going to look at the adjective clause.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณ ใงใฏใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:08
Now, this is a dependent clause, and if you're not sure what the difference between dependent
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใจ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ ใฎ้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
00:14
or independent clause, you can check out my video about the independent clause and my
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ใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็งใฎ
00:20
introduction video to dependent clauses.
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ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใจ ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใฎ็ดนไป‹ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:23
In this lesson we're going to dive a little bit deeper into this particular dependent
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€ ใ“ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅพ“ๅฑž
00:28
clause, the adjective clause.
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็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆทฑใๆŽ˜ใ‚Šไธ‹ใ’ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:30
Now, some of you will have grammar...
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธญ ใซใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚
00:33
Different grammar books, and some of you will see this called the relative clause.
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ใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†... ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎๆœฌใงใ€้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’็›ฎใซใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ ใ†ใ€‚
00:39
Relative clause, adjective clause, same thing.
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้–ขไฟ‚็ฏ€ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž ็ฏ€ใ€ๅŒใ˜ใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚
00:42
Different books like to call them different things. Okay?
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ๆœฌใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆๅ‘ผใณ ๆ–นใŒ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
00:45
So we're going to look at this.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:47
Now, the first thing to remember about an adjective clause before we look at the actual
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๆง‹้€ ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใๆœ€ๅˆ
00:51
structure of it, the full clause is essentially an adjective.
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ใฎใ“ใจใฏใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใช็ฏ€ ใฏๆœฌ่ณช็š„ใซๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
00:56
Although it's a clause, means it has a subject, and a verb, and maybe some modifiers - the
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็ฏ€ใงใ™ใŒใ€ไธป่ชž ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใใ—ใฆใŠใใ‚‰ใใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไฟฎ้ฃพๅญ
01:02
whole piece, the whole clause together works like an adjective.
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:08
So, because it works like an adjective: What does that mean?
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใใ‚Œ ใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹?
01:11
It means that it's giving you some information about a noun somewhere in the sentence.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๆ–‡ใฎใฉใ“ใ‹ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:18
You could have many nouns in a sentence, you could have many adjective clauses in a sentence.
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1 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใซๅคšใใฎๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ใพใŸใ€1 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใซๅคšใใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:24
There's no limit to how many you can have, although try not to have too many in one sentence
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01:30
because the sentence becomes very bulky, not a very good sentence.
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ๆ–‡ใŒ้žๅธธใซ ใ‹ใ•ใฐใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ๆ–‡ใงใฏใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€1 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใซๅคšใใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:34
So let's get right into it.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ™ใใซๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:37
First of all, we have two types of adjective clause.
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ใพใšใ€ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใซใฏ2็จฎ้กžใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:40
We have a defining adjective clause, which means that it's basically pointing to the
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ๅฎš็พฉๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅฅใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ
01:46
noun and telling you something necessary about the noun.
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ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—็คบใ—ใ€ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆๅฟ…่ฆใชใ“ใจใ‚’ไผใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:50
Without the adjective clause, the noun is incomplete.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ ใ€ๅ่ฉžใฏไธๅฎŒๅ…จใงใ™ใ€‚
01:54
I don't know what it is, I don't know what it's doing, etc.
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I don't know what it is, I don't know what it's doing ใชใฉ
01:58
The second adjective clause is the modifying, means it is not necessary but we put it in
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02:04
to give a little bit of extra information about the noun.
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.
02:08
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:09
So it's like an adjective that just gives you a little bit more description about the noun.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ ใ€‚
02:15
Two things to remember: The defining noun.
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใ 2 ใคใฎใ“ใจ : ๅฎš็พฉๅ่ฉžใ€‚
02:18
Now, one of the biggest questions about adjective clauses is: Do I use a comma or do I not use a comma?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅคงใฎ็–‘ๅ•ใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:25
For defining adjective clauses, no comma.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ๅฎš็พฉใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:30
For modifying, like the extra information, the ones that you could actually take out
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่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ›
02:34
and the sentence is still okay, use a comma.
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ใฆใ€ๆ–‡ใฏใพใ  ๅคงไธˆๅคซใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:37
We're going to look at examples and understand this more.
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ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:40
Now, another thing to know about adjective clauses: They all begin with a relative pronoun.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใในใใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎใ“ใจ : ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใฏใ™ในใฆ้–ขไฟ‚ไปฃๅ่ฉžใงๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:50
Okay? A relative pronoun.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ้–ขไฟ‚ไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
02:52
This is basically the conjunction of the clause.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ ็ฏ€ใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
02:56
It is what begins the clause.
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ใใ‚Œใฏๆก้ …ใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
02:58
Now, some of these can be also the subject of the clause, which means it will agree with
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฏ็ฏ€ใฎไธป่ชžใซใ‚‚ใชใ‚Šๅพ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจไธ€่‡ดใ—
03:04
the verb; some of them cannot.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:07
So these three...
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ใ“ใฎ 3 ใค.
03:08
Whoa, sorry.
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ๅๅ‰:ใŠใฃใจใ€็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:09
"That", "which", and "who" can be both the conjunction and the subject.
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"That"ใ€"who"ใ€"who" ใฏ ใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใจไธป่ชžใฎไธกๆ–นใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:15
These ones: "whom", "whose", "when", "where", and "why" cannot be the subject of the clause;
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚‚ใฎ๏ผšใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใ€ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ€ ใ€ใ€Œใชใœใ€ใฏ็ฏ€ใฎไธป่ชžใซใฏใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:23
only the relative pronoun, only the conjunction of the clause.
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้–ขไฟ‚ไปฃๅ่ฉžใฎใฟ ใ€็ฏ€ใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใฎใฟใ€‚
03:28
Now, in many cases, "that" can also be removed, but we're going to look at that separately.
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ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚‚ๅ‰Š้™คใงใ ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ€‹ๅˆฅใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:33
So, let's look at some examples to get an idea.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
03:36
"The man lives next door."
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ใ€Œใใฎไบบใฏ้šฃใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:39
So here we have an independent clause.
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ใ“ใ“ใซ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:44
Independent clause means it's a complete idea, it stands by itself as a sentence, it doesn't
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็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใจใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใง ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆ–‡ใจใ—ใฆ่‡ช็ซ‹ใ—ใ€ไป–ใซไฝ•ใ‚‚ๅฟ…่ฆใจใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
03:49
really need anything else.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:51
But the problem is "the man".
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๅ•้กŒใฏใ€Œ็”ทใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:54
Which man?
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ใฉใฎ็”ท๏ผŸ
03:55
That man, that man, the man across the street?
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ใ‚ใฎ็”ทใ€ใ‚ใฎ็”ท ใ€้€šใ‚Šใฎๅ‘ใ“ใ†ๅดใฎ็”ท๏ผŸ
03:58
I don't know.
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็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚
03:59
So this sentence, although it's grammatically complete, is technically, in terms of meaning,
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซใฏ ๅฎŒๅ…จใงใ™ใŒใ€ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒ
04:05
incomplete because I don't know who this man is.
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ไธๅฎŒๅ…จใงใ™ใ€‚
04:09
I need to identify him.
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ๅฝผใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:11
So you can think of defining or identifying.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฎš็พฉใพใŸใฏ่ญ˜ๅˆฅใซใคใ„ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:16
Okay? I want to point specifically to one man because I have "the man".
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็งใฏใ€Œใใฎ็”ทใ€ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€็‰นใซไธ€ไบบใฎ็”ทใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—็คบใ—ใŸใ„.
04:20
I'm looking at somebody specific.
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็งใฏ็‰นๅฎšใฎ่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:23
So here's one way we can do it: "The man who lives next door"-"who lives next door"
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ใ€Œ ้šฃใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใ€-ใ€Œ้šฃใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใ€
04:29
-"is a doctor". Okay?
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-ใ€ŒๅŒป่€…ใงใ™ใ€. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
04:31
So, again, I still have my independent clause: "The man is a doctor", but now I have my adjective,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใฏใพใ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ€Œใใฎ ็”ทใฏๅŒป่€…ใงใ™ใ€ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ไปŠใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž
04:37
my identifying adjective clause telling me who the man is.
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ใ€่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใฎไบบใŒ่ชฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
04:43
Now, because I need this, I need this clause to identify, to define this man amongst all
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฟ…่ฆใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ ่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ—ใ€่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎ็”ทๆ€งใฎไธญใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใฎ็”ทๆ€งใ‚’ๅฎš็พฉใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ“ใฎๅฅใŒๅฟ…่ฆ
04:51
the possible men, then there's no comma here if you'll notice.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:56
And "who" is also the subject of the clause.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใ‚‚ ็ฏ€ใฎไธป่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
05:03
Subject: "who", "lives" verb.
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ไปถๅ: ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ€ใ€Œไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€‚
05:06
Now, before I continue: What's the difference between "who" and "whom"?
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ๅ…ˆใซ้€ฒใ‚€ๅ‰ใซ ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใจใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹?
05:10
"Who" can be a subject, "whom" can only be an object.
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ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใฏไธป่ชžใซใชใ‚Šๅพ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใซใ—ใ‹ใชใ‚Šๅพ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:18
So you can never use "whom" with a verb.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ€Œwhoใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
05:21
If you see "whom" beginning an adjective clause, there must be a separate subject in that clause,
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅฅใฎๅ…ˆ้ ญใซใ€Œwhoใ€ใŒ่กจ็คบใ• ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใใฎๅฅใซๅˆฅใฎไธป่ชžใŒๅฟ…่ฆ
05:28
otherwise you're using it incorrectly.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ†ใงใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€้–“้•ใฃใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:31
Okay?
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05:31
Same with these: "whose", "when", "where", and "why" all must have a separate subject
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใจๅŒใ˜ใงใ™: ใ€Œwhoseใ€ใ€ใ€Œwhenใ€ใ€ใ€Œwhereใ€ใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆใณใ€Œwhyใ€ใฏใ™ในใฆใ€็ฏ€ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใจไธ€็ท’ใซ่กŒใใŸใ‚ใซๅ€‹ๅˆฅใฎไธป่ชžใ‚’ๆŒใŸใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:37
to go with the verb in the clause.
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ใ€‚
05:39
So now, I've identified the man, now I have a complete sentence with complete meaning.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ไปŠใ€็งใฏใใฎ็”ทใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ไปŠใ€็งใฏ ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใคๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™.
05:44
I can go on to my next sentence.
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ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใซ้€ฒใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:46
Let's look at this example: "Dr. Smith, who lives next door, is a retired surgeon."
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ใ€Œ้šฃใซไฝใ‚€ใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นๅšๅฃซใฏ้€€่ทใ—ใŸๅค–็ง‘ๅŒปใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:52
Now, here you'll notice...
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๆฐ—ไป˜ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†...
05:53
Well, let me go back to my red pen, here.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ็งใฎ่ตคใƒšใƒณใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:56
Here you'll notice I have a comma and a comma.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใจใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
05:59
What does this mean?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
06:00
It means that "who lives next door" is just extra information.
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ใ€Œ้šฃใซ่ชฐใŒไฝใ‚“ใง ใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
06:04
I can take it out.
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ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:06
"Dr. Smith is a retired surgeon."
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ใ€Œใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นๅšๅฃซใฏ ้€€่ทใ—ใŸๅค–็ง‘ๅŒปใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:09
Here's my independent clause.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ็งใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ๆก้ …ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:11
Complete, doesn't need any more information.
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ๅฎŒไบ†ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:14
This is a choice.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้ธๆŠžใงใ™ใ€‚
06:15
I want to give you a little bit of information, tell you where he lives.
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ๅฐ‘ใ— ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ๅฝผใŒใฉใ“ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:19
Now, you're thinking: "Well, why don't I need to identify him?"
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ไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ†่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œ ๅฝผใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใชใ„ใฎใฏใชใœใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
06:23
Because this is a proper name.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:26
Dr. Smith, I've already identified him by saying who, Dr. Smith.
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ใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นๅšๅฃซใ€ ่ชฐใ ใ€ใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นๅšๅฃซใจ่จ€ใฃใฆๆ—ขใซๅฝผใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:31
That's the person, that's his name, that's his honorific.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใใฎไบบใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฝผใฎ ๅๅ‰ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅฝผใฎๆ•ฌ็งฐใงใ™ใ€‚
06:35
He's a doctor, Smith.
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ๅฝผใฏๅŒป่€…ใ ใ€ใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นใ€‚ ใจใซใ‹ใใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใฏ
06:37
There's not that many Dr. Smiths around here anyway, so we already know who he is.
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ใ‚นใƒŸใ‚นๅšๅฃซใŒใ‚ใพใ‚Šใ„ใชใ„ ใฎใงใ€ๅฝผใŒ่ชฐใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏใ™ใงใซใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:42
I don't need to identify him, so this is extra information.
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ๅฝผใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใชใ„ ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
06:46
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:47
Now, you can use all of these with a comma or without a comma.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆ ใ‚’ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžไป˜ใใพใŸใฏใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใชใ—ใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:52
You can use all the conjunctions, all the relative pronouns I should say more correctly,
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ใ™ในใฆใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆญฃ็ขบใซ่จ€ใˆใฐใ™ในใฆใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’
06:57
you can use all of them in both identifying and non-identifying.
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ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ™ในใฆใ‚’่ญ˜ๅˆฅใŠใ‚ˆใณ้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅใฎไธกๆ–นใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
07:02
We're just modifying uses.
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็”จ้€”ใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:04
By the way, "modifying", just in case, means to change.
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ใกใชใฟใซใ€ใ€Œๅค‰ๆ›ดใ€ใจ ใฏใ€ๅฟตใฎใŸใ‚ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:08
So when you modify something, basically you're changing the meaning of it because you're
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏ ใใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:12
giving more information, you're giving a more complete meaning so you're slightly changing it.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ‚ใšใ‹ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:17
So, for example, if I say: "The car", well, it could be any car, but if I say:
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€ŒThe carใ€ ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใฉใฎ่ปŠใงใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
07:22
"The red car",
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ใ€ŒThe red carใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†
07:24
then I'm specifically pointing to one and I've changed the meaning of the word "car"
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซ 1 ใคใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Š ใ€ใใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ปŠใ€
07:29
because I've made it only one specific car, so I've modified the noun.
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ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎ ่ปŠใฎใฟใซใ—ใŸใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:32
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ
07:33
We're going to look at some more examples and you'll see...
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™...
07:36
But before that, actually, "that" and "which" we use when we're talking out...
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€ ็งใŸใกใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซ "that" ใจ "which" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
07:41
When the noun is a thing.
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... ๅ่ฉžใŒ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€‚
07:43
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ไบบใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ
07:44
You could use "that" for people, but why?
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ ใŒใ€ใชใœใงใ™ใ‹?
07:47
You have "who" or "whom".
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซใฏใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:50
If you have "who", use "who"; if you have "that", use "that" for things.
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ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใซใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:53
That way you don't confuse yourself, less chance to make a mistake.
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ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใ‚’ๆททไนฑใ•ใ› ใšใ€้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ‚’ๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:58
One of the problems with this word: "whose", everybody...
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ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฎๅ•้กŒ็‚นใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ ใ€Œใ ใ‚Œใ‹ใ€ใ€ใฟใ‚“ใช...
08:02
Or not everybody, but many people...
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ใพใŸใฏๅ…จๅ“กใงใฏ ใชใใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบ...
08:04
I shouldn't say that, sorry.
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่จ€ใ†ในใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:06
"Who", this word has nothing to do with "who", has nothing to do with person only.
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ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใ€ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚‚ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:11
"Whose" means possession.
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ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใฏๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
08:18
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:19
It doesn't have to be about a person.
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ไบบใฎ่ฉฑใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ› ใ‚“ใ€‚
08:21
A thing can possess something.
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็‰ฉใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:24
The car whose front door...
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ใƒ•ใƒญใƒณใƒˆใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒใƒปใƒปใƒป
08:27
Left door is scratched is going to be repaired next week.
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ๅทฆใƒ‰ใ‚ขใซๅ‚ทใŒใคใ„ใŸ่ปŠใฏ ๆฅ้€ฑไฟฎ็†ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚
08:32
"Whose" means the door belongs to the car.
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ใ€Œ่ชฐใฎใ€ใจใฏใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚ข ใŒ่ปŠใฎใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:36
The car is a thing, but I can still use "whose".
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่ปŠใฏ็‰ฉใงใ™ใŒใ€ ใ€Œwhosใ€ใฏใพใ ไฝฟใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
08:38
So don't confuse "whose" with people.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใจใ€Œไบบใ€ใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:41
It's just possession.
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ใŸใ ใฎๆ‰€ๆŒใงใ™ใ€‚
08:44
"When", time; "where", place; "why".
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ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใ€‚ ใ€Œใฉใ“ใ€ใ€ ๅ ดๆ‰€; "ใฉใ†ใ—ใฆ"ใ€‚
08:47
I put this one in brackets because really you can only say: "The reason why he did that."
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‹ฌๅผงใงๅ›ฒใ‚“ใ ใฎ ใฏใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใŸ็†็”ฑใ€ใจใ—ใ‹่จ€ใˆใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:54
I...
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็งใฏ...
08:55
I'm a grammar purist, I'm sorry to say, and some of you might laugh at me, but I hate
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็งใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•ใฎ็ด”็ฒ‹ไธป็พฉ่€…ใงใ™ใ€‚็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธญใซใฏ็งใ‚’็ฌ‘ใ†ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
09:01
when I see: "The reason why."
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ใ€Œใใฎ็†็”ฑใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจๅซŒใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:02
It's not wrong, it's commonly used, it's accepted, but reason is a thing.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ€ ๅ—ใ‘ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€็†็”ฑใฏ้‡่ฆใงใ™.
09:07
So I say: "The reason that he", etc.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œ ๅฝผใฎ
09:11
There's no need to use "why".
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็†็”ฑใ€ใชใฉใ€‚ใ€Œใชใœใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:12
The reason means why, use that.
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reason ใฏใ€ใชใœใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:14
But if you use "why", you're okay, that's why I've put it in brackets.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œwhyใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๆ‹ฌๅผงใงๅ›ฒใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:18
I don't like it, but it's acceptable.
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็งใฏใใ‚ŒใŒๅฅฝใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ใ€่จฑๅฎน็ฏ„ๅ›ฒใงใ™ใ€‚
09:22
Use at your own discretion.
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ใ”่‡ช่บซใฎๅˆคๆ–ญใงใ”ๅˆฉ็”จใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:23
Okay, let's look at some more examples.
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ใงใฏใ€ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:26
Okay, let's look at a few more samples, and we'll get into a little bit more detail about
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ใงใฏใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใ‚ตใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟ
09:31
what's going on.
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ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:32
"Jerry went to the same store where Jennifer bought her couch."
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒชใƒผใฏใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใŒใ‚ฝใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚’่ฒทใฃใŸใฎใจๅŒใ˜ๅบ—ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€
09:37
So now, Jerry went shopping for a couch, and he went to a particular place.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒชใƒผใฏใ‚ฝใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚’่ฒทใ„ ใซ่กŒใใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:42
So he went to the same store where...
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ใใ‚ŒใงๅฝผใฏๅŒใ˜ๅบ—ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ ..
09:46
So now I'm pointing to a place, the store.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ไปŠ็งใฏ ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€ๅบ—ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™.
09:48
I could say: "The same store that Jennifer bought her couch at", but not a very good sentence.
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใŒใ‚ฝใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚’่ฒทใฃใŸใฎใจๅŒใ˜ๅบ—ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ ใŒใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Š่‰ฏใ„ๆ–‡็ซ ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:55
If it's a place, I can point to it as a place.
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใใ‚ŒใŒๅ ดๆ‰€ใชใ‚‰ใ€็งใฏ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ ดๆ‰€ใจใ—ใฆๆŒ‡ใ—็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
09:58
Just use "where".
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ใ€Œใฉใ“ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:59
I'm going to show you after, I'm going to show you a different way to say it using "at",
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ใใฎใ‚ใจใงใ€ ใ€Œatใ€
10:03
"which", or whatever, a preposition plus "which".
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ใ‚„ใ€Œwhichใ€ใชใฉใ€ ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใจใ€Œwhichใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸๅˆฅใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:05
We're going to get to that.
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็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใซๅˆฐ้”ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
10:07
So, another thing you'll notice: There's no comma here.
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคๆฐ—ไป˜ใใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:10
I'm identifying the store.
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ใŠๅบ—ใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:13
The same store as what?
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ไฝ•ใจๅŒใ˜ๅบ—๏ผŸ
10:16
The same store as she went, the same store as she went? No.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใŒ่กŒใฃใŸใฎ ใจๅŒใ˜ๅบ—ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใŒ่กŒใฃใŸใฎใจๅŒใ˜ๅบ—๏ผŸ ใ„ใ„ใˆ
10:19
The same store where Jennifer bought her couch.
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ใ€‚ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใŒใ‚ฝใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚’่ณผๅ…ฅใ—ใŸใฎใจๅŒใ˜ๅบ—ใงใ™ใ€‚
10:22
So I have to identify which store.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฉใ“ใฎๅบ—ใ‹็‰นๅฎšใ—ใชใ„ ใจใ€‚
10:25
Another thing to keep in mind: The adjective clause must almost always come right after
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ๅฟƒใซ็•™ใ‚ใฆใŠใในใใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎใ“ใจ: ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž ๅฅใฏใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ ดๅˆ
10:33
the noun that it is modifying.
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ใ€ไฟฎ้ฃพใ™ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใฎ็›ดๅพŒใซๆฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:35
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
10:36
Sometimes there are exceptions, I will show you those in a minute as well.
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ไพ‹ๅค–ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ™ใใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:40
So, no comma means identifying.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ซใƒณใƒžใชใ—ใฏ่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:43
"Frank went to study in Boston."
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ใ€Œใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฏใฏใƒœใ‚นใƒˆใƒณใซ็•™ๅญฆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
10:45
Now, Boston, first of all you'll notice a capital B so it's a proper name.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใƒœใ‚นใƒˆใƒณใ€ใพใšๆœ€ๅˆใซ ๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฎ B ใซๆฐ—ใŒไป˜ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
10:50
Everybody knows this city, Boston, I don't need to identify it.
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่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒใ“ใฎ่ก—ใ€ใƒœใ‚นใƒˆใƒณใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
10:54
So anything that comes in the adjective clause after will follow the comma because it's modifying,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅฅใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ™ในใฆ ใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฎๅพŒใซ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅค‰ๆ›ดใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
11:01
it's extra information.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ฟฝๅŠ ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
11:02
"...where" means Boston, the place, the city.
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"...where" ใฏใ€ใƒœใ‚นใƒˆใƒณ ใ€ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€้ƒฝๅธ‚ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:05
"...where some of the world's best universities are based."
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ใ€Œ...ไธ–็•Œ ๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎๅคงๅญฆใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใŒๆ‹ ็‚นใ‚’็ฝฎใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
11:09
Simple enough.
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ๅๅˆ†ใซๅ˜็ด”ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:10
But again, right after the noun it's modifying.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ๅ่ฉžใฎ็›ดๅพŒใฏไฟฎ้ฃพใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:13
Now, generally speaking, when you have an identifying or defining clause with no commas,
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใฎใชใ„่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฅใพใŸใฏๅฎš็พฉๅฅใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
11:19
you're going to use "that".
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:21
When you have a modifying clause with commas, you're going to use "which" when we're talking
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ไฟฎ้ฃพๅฅใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€็‰ฉไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€Œwhichใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
11:25
about things.
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ใ€‚
11:26
But there are occasions where you can use "that" or "which".
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ ใ€Œthatใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œwhichใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:31
In many grammar books you will see "which" or "that", you can use them both.
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ๅคšใใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ๆ›ธใงใฏใ€"which" ใพใŸใฏ "that" ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใŒใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
11:35
I prefer that you use "that" with identifying, "which" with non-identifying, but there are
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่ญ˜ๅˆฅใซใฏใ€Œthatใ€ใ‚’ใ€้ž่ญ˜ๅˆฅใซใฏใ€Œwhichใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€
11:40
occasions where I would use "which" instead.
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€Œwhichใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:43
"The only effort that matters is that which leads to a win."
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ใ€Œ้‡่ฆใชๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎๅŠชๅŠ› ใฏใ€ๅ‹ๅˆฉใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
11:50
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
11:51
Now, what is this?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
11:54
Keep in mind that the word "that" is one of the most confusing words in English because
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ใ€Œthatใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ๅคšใใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆœ€ใ‚‚็ด›ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ—ใ„่จ€่‘‰ใฎ 1 ใคใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
11:59
it has many functions.
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ใ€‚
12:00
In this case, this is a pronoun, a demonstrative pronoun.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไปฃๅ่ฉž ใ€ๆŒ‡็คบไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
12:05
"That" means "that effort".
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ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฏใ€ŒใใฎๅŠชๅŠ›ใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:07
Okay? So, here, it's a noun basically.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
12:10
It's a pronoun.
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ไปฃๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
12:11
So I am modifying this noun with this adjective clause.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใ“ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ“ใฎๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฟฎ้ฃพใ—ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:15
So I could say: "The only effort that matters is that that leads to a win."
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏใ€ใ€Œ้‡่ฆใชๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎๅŠชๅŠ› ใฏใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒๅ‹ๅˆฉใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
12:21
Not wrong, it's totally okay, you can say that, but having "that" and "that" can be
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้–“้•ใ„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใพใฃใŸใๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€"that" ใจ "that" ใŒ
12:27
a little bit confusing, can sound a little bit off, which is why I prefer to use "which"
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅฐ‘ใ—ใšใ‚Œใฆ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€ง ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏ "which" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฅฝใฟ
12:32
in this case.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:34
Otherwise, I would go with "that" for the identifying clause.
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ใใ‚Œไปฅๅค–ใฎๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€่ญ˜ๅˆฅๅฅใซใ€Œthatใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:39
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
12:40
I'm talking about the effort, the specific effort that leads to a win.
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็งใŒ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅŠชๅŠ› ใ€ๅ‹ๅˆฉใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชๅŠชๅŠ›ใงใ™ใ€‚
12:44
Okay? But, again, I don't want to have: "that that", so I'm going to use "which" in this case.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œ ใ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ€ใฏไฝฟใ„ใŸใใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:49
Otherwise, not. We're going to look at a few more examples to have a better idea of when to use what.
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ใใ†ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ„ใคไฝ•ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ˆใ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:56
Okay, let's look at our next examples, and a few things to mention here specifically
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใจ ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ็‰นใซใ“ใ“ใง่จ€ๅŠใ™ใ‚‹ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
13:01
about adjective clauses.
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ใ€‚
13:03
So first remember I said that the adjective clause must always come right after the noun
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ๆœ€ๅˆใซใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž ็ฏ€ใฏไฟฎ้ฃพใ™ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใฎ็›ดๅพŒใซๅฟ…ใš็ฝฎใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
13:09
it's modifying.
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ใ€‚
13:10
There are exceptions.
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ไพ‹ๅค–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:11
This is the thing about English, there's exceptions to every rule.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใซใฏไพ‹ๅค–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:14
Let's look at this example:
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†:
13:16
"Many students in Mrs. Reynold's class who went on the field trip are home sick..."
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ใ€Œ้ ่ถณใซ่กŒใฃใŸใƒฌใ‚คใƒŽใƒซใƒ‰ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใฎๅคšใใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใฏ ็—…ๆฐ—ใงๅฎถใซๅธฐใ‚Šใพใ™...ใ€
13:21
Oh, sorry.
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ใ‚ใ‚ใ€ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:22
"...are home sick with the flu that's going around".
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ใ€Œ... ๆต่กŒใ‚Šใฎใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚จใƒณใ‚ถใงๅฎถใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ€.
13:25
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
13:26
Now, is this adjective clause: "who went on the field trip"...
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅฅใฏ ใ€Œ้ ่ถณใซ่กŒใฃใŸไบบใ€ใงใ™
13:31
A field trip is basically in school when the kids go out to a museum or to a play or whatever,
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... ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใƒ—ใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซๅญฆๆ กใงใ€ๅญไพ›ใŸใก ใŒๅš็‰ฉ้คจใ‚„ๆผ”ๅЇใชใฉใซๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใใง
13:37
that's called a field trip.
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ใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใƒ—ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
13:39
Is this modifying "class"?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ€ใ‚’ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
13:42
No, of course not.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“้•ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:43
"Class" is not a person, I can't use "who".
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ใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ€ใฏไบบใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใฏไฝฟใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:46
I'm obviously talking about the students.
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็งใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซ ๅญฆ็”Ÿใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
13:49
I'm modifying the students.
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ๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‚’ๆ”น้€ ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:51
So it's very far away.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ”ใ้ ใ„ใ€‚
13:52
In this case it's probably okay because: A) I have a prepositional phrase.
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A) ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžๅฅใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:58
Okay?
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13:58
So the prepositional phrase basically completes the idea of students, so "students" is the
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžๅฅใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ ใซๅญฆ็”Ÿใฎๆฆ‚ๅฟตใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€ใŒ
14:04
actual noun.
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
14:05
Now, another thing is it's very clear that "who" is not talking about "class".
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅˆฅใฎใ“ใจใฏ ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใŒใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏ้žๅธธใซๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:11
In this case, it's very difficult for a reader to get confused.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€่ชญ่€…ใŒๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้žๅธธใซๅ›ฐ้›ฃ ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:15
The reader knows that it's about students, and therefore it's okay to do it.
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่ชญ่€…ใฏใใ‚ŒใŒๅญฆ็”Ÿใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€ใใ†ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
14:20
Try to avoid it.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’้ฟใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
14:21
If you can write another way, if you can say:
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ๅˆฅใฎ ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใŒใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€
14:23
"Many students who went on the field trip in Mrs. Reynold's class",
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ใ€Œ ใƒฌใ‚คใƒŽใƒซใƒ‰ๅคซไบบใฎใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใง้ ่ถณใซ่กŒใฃใŸๅคšใใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚Œใฐใ€
14:27
this actually is a much more confusing sentence.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ ใ‚‚ใฃใจ็ด›ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ใงใ™.
14:31
If you try to put the modifier...
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ไฟฎ้ฃพ่ชž
14:34
If you try to put the adjective clause directly after "students", you would make the sentence
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ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจโ€ฆ ใ€Œๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€ใฎ็›ดๅพŒใซๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€
14:38
even more complicated.
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๆ–‡ใŒใ‚„ใ‚„ใ“ใ—ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
14:40
If you can put it like this and it's clear and it's easy to understand, leave it.
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ ๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใ‚„ใ™ใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใใฎใพใพใซใ—ใฆใŠใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:44
If you can't, rearrange the entire sentence to put it a different way so you can put the
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใงใใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๆ–‡ๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ไธฆในๆ›ฟใˆ ใฆๅˆฅใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™
14:49
adjective clause next to the noun if you think the reader will be confused.
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ใ€‚ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€่ชญ่€…ใŒๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅ่ฉžใฎ้šฃใซ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:54
"...are home sick"-this is two words-"with the flu that's going around".
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ใ€Œ... ็—…ๆฐ—ใงๅฎถใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ€-ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใงใ™-ใ€Œใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚จใƒณใ‚ถใŒ่”“ๅปถ ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€.
14:59
Now, the reason I added this...
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ใ•ใฆใ€็งใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใŸ็†็”ฑใฏ...
15:01
This is, again: "...that is going", we have another adjective clause identifying which
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œ...ใใ‚Œใฏ้€ฒใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†
15:08
flu we're talking about.
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ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใฉใฎใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚จใƒณใ‚ถใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๅˆฅใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:09
There's a flu that's going around to all the kids.
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ใ‚คใƒณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚จใƒณใ‚ถใŒ ๅญไพ›ใŸใกใซ่”“ๅปถใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:12
All I wanted to show you here that you can have a sentence with more than one adjective clause.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใฏ ใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€
15:17
You can have many adjective clauses.
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ใ‚’ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
15:20
As many nouns as there are in a sentence, that's how many adjective clauses you can have.
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ๆ–‡ไธญใซใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉž ใฎๆ•ฐใ ใ‘ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ใ„ใใคๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใซๅ่ฉžใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
15:25
You can even have an adjective clause inside an adjective clause if that first adjective
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ใฏใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎไธญ ใซๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใ
15:31
clause has a noun in it.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
15:33
Okay? But again, the more you put in, the more chance there are to confuse your reader.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๅ…ฅๅŠ›ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ™ใ‚‹ ใปใฉใ€่ชญ่€…ใ‚’ๆททไนฑใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
15:38
And again, we're talking more about writing than speaking here.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ่ฉฑใ™ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ ใ€‚
15:41
In speaking you can get away with a lot more.
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่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’้€ƒใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
15:44
Now, another thing: Remember what I said, again, about putting it right behind, right
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใค: ไฟฎ้ฃพใ™ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใฎใ™ใๅพŒใ‚ใ€ใ™ใ้šฃใซ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„
15:49
next to the noun you're modifying?
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ใพใ™ใ‹?
15:51
Except for the case of "which".
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ใ€Œใฉใ‚Œใ€ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆใ€‚
15:54
An adjective clause with "which" can modify the entire clause before it.
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"which" ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใฏ ใ€ใใฎๅ‰ใฎ็ฏ€ๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ไฟฎ้ฃพใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
16:00
So this "which" is not about "test".
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใ€Œใฉใ‚Œใ€ใฏ ใ€Œใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ€ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
16:03
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
16:04
This "which" is modifying the entire clause.
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ใ“ใฎใ€Œwhichใ€ใฏ ็ฏ€ๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ไฟฎ้ฃพใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:07
"Larry failed his test," so "which" talks about this situation,
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ใ€Œใƒฉใƒชใƒผใฏ่ฉฆ้จ“ใซ่ฝใกใŸใ€ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใฉใฎใ€ ใŒใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชžใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใจ
16:13
"means he'll have to go to summer school".
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ใ„ใ†ใจใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ ใ‚ตใƒžใƒผใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒผใƒซใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ€.
16:16
Okay?
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16:16
So this "which" is talking about the entire situation, but you can only do it with "which",
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎ "which" ใฏ็Šถๆณๅ…จไฝ“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชžใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€"which" ใงใ—ใ‹
16:22
you can't do it with "that" necessarily.
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ใงใใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ "that" ใงใงใใ‚‹ใจใฏ้™ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
16:25
And, again, we're still doing...
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ใใ—ใฆใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใŸใกใฏใพใ ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™...
16:28
We're still doing a comma because when you're doing it like this, "which" above the entire
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็งใŸใกใฏใพใ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ๅฅๅ…จไฝ“ใฎไธŠใซใ‚ใ‚‹ "which" ใฏใ€
16:32
clause, there's always going to be a comma because you're not identifying the noun before it.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ใฎใงใ€ๅธธใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎๅ‰ใฎๅ่ฉžใ€‚
16:38
One other thing to look at here:
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ใ“ใ“ใงๆณจ็›ฎใ™ในใใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎ็‚นใฏใ€
16:42
"...which means that he'll have to go to summer school".
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ใ€Œ...ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฝผใฏ ใ‚ตใƒžใƒผใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒผใƒซใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
16:45
Another thing you have to keep in mind is that the pronoun "that" can also begin a noun clause.
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ใ‚‚ใ†1ใค่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏ ใ€ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใฏๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™.
16:52
If you're not sure about noun clauses, I have a video about those.
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ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
16:56
You can check that out and you can learn about noun clauses that act...
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่ชฟในใฆ ใ€ไฝœ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
17:01
In this particular case, the noun clause acts as an object to the verb "means".
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... ใ“ใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใงใฏใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œๆ‰‹ๆฎตใ€ใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
17:07
Means what? "...that he'll have to go to summer school".
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œ...ๅฝผใฏ ใ‚ตใƒžใƒผใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒผใƒซใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€.
17:11
So, again, you have a sentence, you have a clause inside a clause, and the whole clause
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ็ฏ€ใฎไธญใซ็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็ฏ€
17:16
is about the whole other clause.
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ๅ…จไฝ“ใŒไป–ใฎ็ฏ€ๅ…จไฝ“ใซใคใ„ใฆใงใ™ใ€‚
17:19
Confusing.
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็ด›ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ—ใ„ใ€‚
17:20
No, not really.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
17:21
Everything has to make sense.
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ใ™ในใฆใŒ็†ใซใ‹ใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
17:23
That's the beauty about English, it must makes sense.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ็พŽใ—ใ• ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็†ใซใ‹ใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใซ้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
17:27
If you know how to cut everything into its proper pieces, if you know how to relate every
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ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ ้ฉๅˆ‡ใชๆ–ญ็‰‡ใซๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎ
17:33
word or every phrase or every clause to everything around it, it all makes sense.
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ๅ˜่ชžใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ€ใพใŸใฏใ™ในใฆใฎ็ฏ€ใ‚’ ใใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใฎใ™ในใฆใจ้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚Œใฐใ€ใ™ในใฆใŒ็†ใซใ‹ใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™.
17:38
So be patient, slowly go through every piece.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰่พ›ๆŠฑๅผทใใ€ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใจ ใ™ในใฆใฎไฝœๅ“ใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
17:42
Make sure that everything has its place, has its function, has its purpose.
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ใ™ในใฆใซใใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ€็›ฎ็š„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚
17:46
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
17:47
Last one.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎไธ€ใคใ€‚
17:48
One last thing you want to know about adjective clauses: Sometimes we can use a preposition
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใใŸใ„ ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚„้–ขไฟ‚ไปฃๅ่ฉžใจไธ€็ท’ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
17:55
with a conjunction, with a relative pronoun.
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ใ€‚
17:59
Most commonly you're going to use "who" or "which" to use these, and the thing to remember
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œwhoใ€ใพใŸใฏ ใ€Œwhichใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใใ“ใจ
18:05
about the preposition: They're regular prepositions.
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ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ้€šๅธธใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
18:08
They still have the same function as a preposition.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใพใ ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใจๅŒใ˜ ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
18:11
So, "about" means regarding something, you're talking about something, you're pointing to something.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็ด„ใ€ใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ— ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
18:16
So in this case, a billionaire is the person.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ๅ„„ไธ‡้•ท่€…ใฏใใฎไบบใงใ™ใ€‚
18:19
"...about whom", so: "...the public knows little..."
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ใ€Œ...่ชฐใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ€ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œ... ๅคง่ก†ใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„...ใ€
18:24
Whoa, sorry, I doubled here.
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ใŠใฃใจใ€ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๅ€ๅข—ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
18:29
Don't do that.
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ใใ†ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
18:30
Don't put both the preposition at the beginning and the end, only at the beginning.
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ๅ…ˆ้ ญใจๆœซๅฐพใฎไธกๆ–นใซ็ฝฎใใฎใงใฏ ใชใใ€ๅ…ˆ้ ญใ ใ‘ใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
18:34
You could say: "...whom the public knows little about".
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ใ€Œ...ๅคง่ก†ใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
18:39
But some grammar teachers will tell you that's bad English, never put "about" at the end
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไธ€้ƒจใฎๆ–‡ๆณ•ๆ•™ๅธซใฏ ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆ‚ชใ„่‹ฑ่ชžใ ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚็ฏ€ใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œaboutใ€ใ‚’ๆฑบใ—ใฆๅ…ฅใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
18:44
of the clause; always put at the beginning or other places.
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ใ€‚ ๅธธใซ ๅ…ˆ้ ญใพใŸใฏไป–ใฎๅ ดๆ‰€ใซ็ฝฎใใพใ™ใ€‚
18:47
"...about whom the public knows little, donated millions to charity".
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ใ€Œ...ๅคง่ก†ใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ ใชใ„ใŒใ€ๆ…ˆๅ–„ๅ›ฃไฝ“ใซไฝ•็™พไธ‡ใƒ‰ใƒซใ‚‚ๅฏ„ไป˜ใ—ใŸใ€.
18:53
So: "The eccentric billionaire donated to charity"-that's your independent clause-
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ้ขจๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใชๅ„„ไธ‡้•ท่€…ใŒ ๆ…ˆๅ–„ๅ›ฃไฝ“ใซๅฏ„ไป˜ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€-ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ๆก้ …ใงใ™-
18:58
"about whom the public knows".
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ใ€Œไธ€่ˆฌใฎไบบใ€…ใŒ่ชฐใซใคใ„ใฆ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใ€‚
19:01
So "knows" is your verb, "...knows little about the billionaire".
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใฏใ€Œ ๅ„„ไธ‡้•ท่€…ใซใคใ„ใฆใปใจใ‚“ใฉ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
19:08
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
19:09
The car in which the actor arrived to the party is a Lamborghini.
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ไฟณๅ„ชใŒ ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸ่ปŠใฏใƒฉใƒณใƒœใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใƒ‹ใงใ™.
19:17
The car in which, so the actor arrived in the car, in the Lamborghini, in which, about
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ไฟณๅ„ชใŒ่ปŠใซๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸ ่ปŠใ€ใƒฉใƒณใƒœใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผใƒ‹ใงใ€
19:24
whom, about which.
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่ชฐใซใคใ„ใฆใ€่ชฐใซใคใ„ใฆใ€‚
19:27
To which, to whom.
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ใฉใ‚Œใซใ€่ชฐใซใ€‚
19:29
You can use any combination of preposition with pronoun, but remember that the preposition
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใจไปฃๅ่ฉžใฎไปปๆ„ใฎ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใ‹ๆŒใŸใชใ„ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
19:35
takes the function of a preposition, nothing else.
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ใ€‚
19:38
Okay, so again, there's lots...
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ใ•ใฆใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
19:41
A lot more examples that we could go through, but they all basically function in the same way.
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...ใ‚‚ใฃใจใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฉฆใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏใ™ในใฆๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
19:46
An adjective clause is an adjective.
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ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ ใฏๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
19:49
In a different lesson we're going to look at the way that adjective clauses can be reduced
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ๅˆฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏ ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€
19:54
to one word or one phrase, but that's a different lesson that you can watch that and learn about that.
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ใ‚’ 1 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใพใŸใฏ 1 ใคใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใซๆธ›ใ‚‰ใ™ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๅˆฅใฎ ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
20:00
And lots of things you can do.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
20:02
Remember that there are three dependent clauses: Noun clause, adjective clause, adverb clause.
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ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใซใฏใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎ 3 ใคใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ
20:09
There's a lesson for each one of those.
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ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚
20:11
You can watch those.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
20:13
And that's it.
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20:13
If you like this lesson, please subscribe to my YouTube channel.
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ไปฅไธŠใงใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใฃใŸใ‚‰ ใ€็งใฎ YouTube ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
20:17
If you have any questions about this lesson, please go to www.engvid.com.
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
20:21
There's a forum there, you can ask your question and I will be happy to answer you.
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ใใ“ใซใฏใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒฉใƒ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ–œใ‚“ใงใŠ็ญ”ใˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
20:26
There's also a quiz with more sample sentences for you to practice with.
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎ ไพ‹ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
20:30
And again, do the quiz, ask me the questions, everybody will get ahead in no time.
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ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ€ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ€็งใซ่ณชๅ•ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒใ™ใใซๆˆๅŠŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
20:36
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
20:37
Thank you very much.
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ใฉใ†ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
20:38
See you next time.
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20:38
Bye-bye.
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ใพใŸใญใ€‚
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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