Learn English Grammar: The Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)

1,529,804 views ใƒป 2016-11-15

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:01
Hi. Welcome back to www.engvid.com.
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์•ˆ๋…•. www.engvid.com์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:03
I'm Adam.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„๋‹ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:04
In today's lesson we're going to look at the adjective clause.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:08
Now, this is a dependent clause, and if you're not sure what the difference between dependent
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข…์†์ ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…์†์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:14
or independent clause, you can check out my video about the independent clause and my
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๋…๋ฆฝ์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค์™€ ์ข…์†์ ˆ
00:20
introduction video to dependent clauses.
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์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:23
In this lesson we're going to dive a little bit deeper into this particular dependent
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์ด ๋‹จ์›์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ํŠน์ • ์ข…์†์ ˆ์ธ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:28
clause, the adjective clause.
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.
00:30
Now, some of you will have grammar...
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•...
00:33
Different grammar books, and some of you will see this called the relative clause.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ฑ…๋“ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
Relative clause, adjective clause, same thing.
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๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ, ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ, ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ.
00:42
Different books like to call them different things. Okay?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฑ…๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”?
00:45
So we're going to look at this.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
Now, the first thing to remember about an adjective clause before we look at the actual
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์ด์ œ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
00:51
structure of it, the full clause is essentially an adjective.
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์™„์ „์ ˆ์€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
Although it's a clause, means it has a subject, and a verb, and maybe some modifiers - the
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์ ˆ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ์ œ, ๋™์‚ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
whole piece, the whole clause together works like an adjective.
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์ „์ฒด ์ ˆ, ์ „์ฒด ์ ˆ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
So, because it works like an adjective: What does that mean?
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— : ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
01:11
It means that it's giving you some information about a noun somewhere in the sentence.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
01:18
You could have many nouns in a sentence, you could have many adjective clauses in a sentence.
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ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์— ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
There's no limit to how many you can have, although try not to have too many in one sentence
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ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
01:30
because the sentence becomes very bulky, not a very good sentence.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
So let's get right into it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
First of all, we have two types of adjective clause.
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๋จผ์ € ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
We have a defining adjective clause, which means that it's basically pointing to the
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์ •์˜ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๊ณ 
01:46
noun and telling you something necessary about the noun.
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๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
Without the adjective clause, the noun is incomplete.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
I don't know what it is, I don't know what it's doing, etc.
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I don't know what it is, I don't know what it's doing ๋“ฑ.
01:58
The second adjective clause is the modifying, means it is not necessary but we put it in
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ์ˆ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ, ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
02:04
to give a little bit of extra information about the noun.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
02:08
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
02:09
So it's like an adjective that just gives you a little bit more description about the noun.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
Two things to remember: The defining noun.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€: ์ •์˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ.
02:18
Now, one of the biggest questions about adjective clauses is: Do I use a comma or do I not use a comma?
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์ด์ œ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์‰ผํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:25
For defining adjective clauses, no comma.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์‰ผํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
For modifying, like the extra information, the ones that you could actually take out
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์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋นผ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜
02:34
and the sentence is still okay, use a comma.
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์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์‰ผํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
02:37
We're going to look at examples and understand this more.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋” ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
Now, another thing to know about adjective clauses: They all begin with a relative pronoun.
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์ด์ œ, ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ : ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
Okay? A relative pronoun.
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์ข‹์•„์š”? ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ.
02:52
This is basically the conjunction of the clause.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ์˜ ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
It is what begins the clause.
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์ ˆ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
Now, some of these can be also the subject of the clause, which means it will agree with
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์ด์ œ ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:04
the verb; some of them cannot.
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. ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
So these three...
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด 3๊ฐœ...
03:08
Whoa, sorry.
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์™€, ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
"That", "which", and "who" can be both the conjunction and the subject.
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"That", "which", "who"๋Š” ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
03:15
These ones: "whom", "whose", "when", "where", and "why" cannot be the subject of the clause;
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"๋ˆ„๊ตฌ", "๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜", "์–ธ์ œ", "์–ด๋””์—", " ์™œ"๋Š” ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
only the relative pronoun, only the conjunction of the clause.
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๊ด€๊ณ„๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋งŒ, ์ ˆ์˜ ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋งŒ.
03:28
Now, in many cases, "that" can also be removed, but we're going to look at that separately.
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์ด์ œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ "that"๋„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
So, let's look at some examples to get an idea.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
"The man lives next door."
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"๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์˜†์ง‘์— ์‚ฐ๋‹ค."
03:39
So here we have an independent clause.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
Independent clause means it's a complete idea, it stands by itself as a sentence, it doesn't
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๋…๋ฆฝ์ ˆ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
03:49
really need anything else.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
But the problem is "the man".
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” '๋‚จ์ž'๋‹ค.
03:54
Which man?
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์–ด๋–ค ๋‚จ์ž?
03:55
That man, that man, the man across the street?
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๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž, ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž, ๊ธธ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ๋‚จ์ž?
03:58
I don't know.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
So this sentence, although it's grammatically complete, is technically, in terms of meaning,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ
04:05
incomplete because I don't know who this man is.
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๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
I need to identify him.
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๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
So you can think of defining or identifying.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •์˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹๋ณ„์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
Okay? I want to point specifically to one man because I have "the man".
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์ข‹์•„์š”? ๋‚˜๋Š” "๋‚จ์ž"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ •์ธ์„
04:20
I'm looking at somebody specific.
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๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
04:23
So here's one way we can do it: "The man who lives next door"-"who lives next door"
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. " ์˜†์ง‘์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž"-"์˜†์ง‘์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ"
04:29
-"is a doctor". Okay?
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-"์˜์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค". ์ข‹์•„์š”?
04:31
So, again, I still have my independent clause: "The man is a doctor", but now I have my adjective,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ "The man is a doctor"๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ์ œ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ,
04:37
my identifying adjective clause telling me who the man is.
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๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์ œ ์‹๋ณ„ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
Now, because I need this, I need this clause to identify, to define this man amongst all
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์ด์ œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚จ์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์ ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:51
the possible men, then there's no comma here if you'll notice.
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. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์‰ผํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
And "who" is also the subject of the clause.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "who"๋„ ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
Subject: "who", "lives" verb.
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์ฃผ์ œ: "๋ˆ„๊ฐ€", "์‚ด๋‹ค" ๋™์‚ฌ.
05:06
Now, before I continue: What's the difference between "who" and "whom"?
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๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— "๋ˆ„๊ตฌ"์™€ "๋ˆ„๊ตฌ"์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
05:10
"Who" can be a subject, "whom" can only be an object.
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"๋ˆ„๊ตฌ"๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  "๋ˆ„๊ตฌ"๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋งŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
So you can never use "whom" with a verb.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ "whom"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
If you see "whom" beginning an adjective clause, there must be a separate subject in that clause,
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์ ˆ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” "whom"์ด ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ์ ˆ์— ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
otherwise you're using it incorrectly.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ž˜๋ชป ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
Okay?
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05:31
Same with these: "whose", "when", "where", and "why" all must have a separate subject
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
"whose", "when", "where", " why" ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ ˆ์—์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐˆ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:37
to go with the verb in the clause.
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.
05:39
So now, I've identified the man, now I have a complete sentence with complete meaning.
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์ด์ œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
I can go on to my next sentence.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
Let's look at this example: "Dr. Smith, who lives next door, is a retired surgeon."
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๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. " ์˜†์ง‘์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” Smith ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
05:52
Now, here you'll notice...
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์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ...
05:53
Well, let me go back to my red pen, here.
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์ž, ์ œ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ํŽœ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
Here you'll notice I have a comma and a comma.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์‰ผํ‘œ์™€ ์‰ผํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
05:59
What does this mean?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
06:00
It means that "who lives next door" is just extra information.
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"์˜†์ง‘์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ "์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
I can take it out.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊บผ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
"Dr. Smith is a retired surgeon."
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"์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
06:09
Here's my independent clause.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
Complete, doesn't need any more information.
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์™„๋ฃŒ, ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
This is a choice.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ ํƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
I want to give you a little bit of information, tell you where he lives.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
Now, you're thinking: "Well, why don't I need to identify him?"
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ "๊ธ€์Ž„, ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€?"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
Because this is a proper name.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
Dr. Smith, I've already identified him by saying who, Dr. Smith.
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์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜, ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
That's the person, that's his name, that's his honorific.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์กด์นญ์ด์•ผ.
06:35
He's a doctor, Smith.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์•ผ, ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค. ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์ด
06:37
There's not that many Dr. Smiths around here anyway, so we already know who he is.
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์—๋Š” ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
I don't need to identify him, so this is extra information.
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์‹ ์›์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
06:47
Now, you can use all of these with a comma or without a comma.
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์ด์ œ ์ด๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์‰ผํ‘œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์‰ผํ‘œ ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
You can use all the conjunctions, all the relative pronouns I should say more correctly,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
06:57
you can use all of them in both identifying and non-identifying.
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์‹๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋น„์‹๋ณ„ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
We're just modifying uses.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์šฉ๋„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฑด
07:04
By the way, "modifying", just in case, means to change.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ , "์ˆ˜์ •"์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
So when you modify something, basically you're changing the meaning of it because you're
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
giving more information, you're giving a more complete meaning so you're slightly changing it.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
So, for example, if I say: "The car", well, it could be any car, but if I say:
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด "The car"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ฌด ์ฐจ๋‚˜ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:22
"The red car",
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"The red car"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
07:24
then I'm specifically pointing to one and I've changed the meaning of the word "car"
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๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "car"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š”
07:29
because I've made it only one specific car, so I've modified the noun.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŠน์ • ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋งŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
07:33
We're going to look at some more examples and you'll see...
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋” ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค...
07:36
But before that, actually, "that" and "which" we use when we're talking out...
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ „์— ์‚ฌ์‹ค "that"๊ณผ " which"๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค...
07:41
When the noun is a thing.
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๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ผ ๋•Œ.
07:43
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”? ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
07:44
You could use "that" for people, but why?
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"that"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
07:47
You have "who" or "whom".
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"๋ˆ„๊ตฌ" ๋˜๋Š” "๋ˆ„๊ตฌ"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
If you have "who", use "who"; if you have "that", use "that" for things.
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"who"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด "who"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. "์ €๊ฒƒ"์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์— "๊ทธ๊ฒƒ"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
07:53
That way you don't confuse yourself, less chance to make a mistake.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž์‹ ์„ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‹ค์ˆ˜ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
One of the problems with this word: "whose", everybody...
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์ด ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” "๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜", ๋ชจ๋‘...
08:02
Or not everybody, but many people...
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๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด...
08:04
I shouldn't say that, sorry.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
"Who", this word has nothing to do with "who", has nothing to do with person only.
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"๋ˆ„๊ตฌ", ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” "๋ˆ„๊ตฌ"์™€ ์•„๋ฌด ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†๊ณ  ์˜ค์ง ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ๋งŒ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
"Whose" means possession.
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"๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜"๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
08:19
It doesn't have to be about a person.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
A thing can possess something.
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์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
The car whose front door...
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์•ž๋ฌธ์ด...
08:27
Left door is scratched is going to be repaired next week.
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์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ฌธ์ด ๊ธํžŒ ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์— ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
"Whose" means the door belongs to the car.
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"Whose"๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ด ์ฐจ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
The car is a thing, but I can still use "whose".
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์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ "๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
So don't confuse "whose" with people.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ "๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
08:41
It's just possession.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์†Œ์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
"When", time; "where", place; "why".
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"์–ธ์ œ; "์–ด๋””์„œ", ์žฅ์†Œ; "์™œ".
08:47
I put this one in brackets because really you can only say: "The reason why he did that."
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"๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์ด์œ "๋ผ๊ณ ๋งŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด„ํ˜ธ ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
I...
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์ €๋Š”...
08:55
I'm a grammar purist, I'm sorry to say, and some of you might laugh at me, but I hate
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ €๋ฅผ ๋น„์›ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
09:01
when I see: "The reason why."
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"์ด์œ  ์ด์œ "๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์‹ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
It's not wrong, it's commonly used, it's accepted, but reason is a thing.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
So I say: "The reason that he", etc.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” " ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ "๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
There's no need to use "why".
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"์™œ"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
The reason means why, use that.
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์ด์œ ๋Š” ์™œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
But if you use "why", you're okay, that's why I've put it in brackets.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ "์™œ"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ด„ํ˜ธ ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ค์ง€
09:18
I don't like it, but it's acceptable.
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์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
Use at your own discretion.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
09:23
Okay, let's look at some more examples.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋” ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
Okay, let's look at a few more samples, and we'll get into a little bit more detail about
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์ž, ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋” ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:31
what's going on.
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.
09:32
"Jerry went to the same store where Jennifer bought her couch."
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"์ œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ œ๋‹ˆํผ๊ฐ€ ์†ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค."
09:37
So now, Jerry went shopping for a couch, and he went to a particular place.
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์ด์ œ Jerry๋Š” ์†ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‡ผํ•‘์„ ๊ฐ”๊ณ  ํŠน์ • ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ โ€‹โ€‹๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
So he went to the same store where...
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์— ๊ฐ”๊ณ ...
09:46
So now I'm pointing to a place, the store.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
I could say: "The same store that Jennifer bought her couch at", but not a very good sentence.
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"Jennifer๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์†ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
If it's a place, I can point to it as a place.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žฅ์†Œ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
Just use "where".
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ "์–ด๋””"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. "
09:59
I'm going to show you after, I'm going to show you a different way to say it using "at",
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at",
10:03
"which", or whatever, a preposition plus "which".
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"which" ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์™€ "which"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
We're going to get to that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
So, another thing you'll notice: There's no comma here.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‰ผํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
I'm identifying the store.
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๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
The same store as what?
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๋ญ๋ž‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ?
10:16
The same store as she went, the same store as she went? No.
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ”๋˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ”๋˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ? ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”.
10:19
The same store where Jennifer bought her couch.
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Jennifer๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์†ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
So I have to identify which store.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋งค์žฅ์ธ์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
Another thing to keep in mind: The adjective clause must almost always come right after
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๋ช…์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ: ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์ ˆ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ
10:33
the noun that it is modifying.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์— ์™€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
10:36
Sometimes there are exceptions, I will show you those in a minute as well.
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์‹œ ํ›„์— ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
So, no comma means identifying.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‰ผํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹๋ณ„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
"Frank went to study in Boston."
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"ํ”„๋žญํฌ๋Š” ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค."
10:45
Now, Boston, first of all you'll notice a capital B so it's a proper name.
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์ž, ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด, ๋จผ์ € ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž B๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
Everybody knows this city, Boston, I don't need to identify it.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋„์‹œ, ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
So anything that comes in the adjective clause after will follow the comma because it's modifying,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์ ˆ ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ผํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
it's extra information.
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์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
"...where" means Boston, the place, the city.
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"...where"๋Š” ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด, ์žฅ์†Œ, ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
"...where some of the world's best universities are based."
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"...์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ."
11:09
Simple enough.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
But again, right after the noun it's modifying.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ, ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์— ์ˆ˜์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
Now, generally speaking, when you have an identifying or defining clause with no commas,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‰ผํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์‹๋ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์˜ ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
11:19
you're going to use "that".
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"that"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
When you have a modifying clause with commas, you're going to use "which" when we're talking
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์‰ผํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ • ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ "which"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:25
about things.
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.
11:26
But there are occasions where you can use "that" or "which".
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ "that" ๋˜๋Š” "which"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
In many grammar books you will see "which" or "that", you can use them both.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ฑ…์—์„œ "which" ๋˜๋Š” "that"์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
I prefer that you use "that" with identifying, "which" with non-identifying, but there are
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด "that"์„ ์‹๋ณ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  "which"๋ฅผ ๋น„์‹๋ณ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
11:40
occasions where I would use "which" instead.
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๋Œ€์‹  "which"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
"The only effort that matters is that which leads to a win."
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"์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
11:50
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
11:51
Now, what is this?
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ญ์ฃ ?
11:54
Keep in mind that the word "that" is one of the most confusing words in English because
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"that"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋‹จ์–ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ช…์‹ฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”
11:59
it has many functions.
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12:00
In this case, this is a pronoun, a demonstrative pronoun.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ, ์ง€์‹œ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
"That" means "that effort".
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"๊ทธ"๋Š” "๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ"์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
Okay? So, here, it's a noun basically.
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์ข‹์•„์š”? ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
It's a pronoun.
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๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
So I am modifying this noun with this adjective clause.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ๋กœ ์ด ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
12:15
So I could say: "The only effort that matters is that that leads to a win."
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
12:21
Not wrong, it's totally okay, you can say that, but having "that" and "that" can be
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ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ "์ €๊ฒƒ"๊ณผ "์ €๊ฒƒ"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
12:27
a little bit confusing, can sound a little bit off, which is why I prefer to use "which"
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— "์–ด๋–ค"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:32
in this case.
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12:34
Otherwise, I would go with "that" for the identifying clause.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์‹๋ณ„ ์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "that"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
12:39
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
12:40
I'm talking about the effort, the specific effort that leads to a win.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ, ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
Okay? But, again, I don't want to have: "that that", so I'm going to use "which" in this case.
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์ข‹์•„์š”? ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ "์ €๊ฒƒ ์ €"๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” "์–ด๋–ค"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
Otherwise, not. We're going to look at a few more examples to have a better idea of when to use what.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ์ œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋” ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
Okay, let's look at our next examples, and a few things to mention here specifically
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์ž, ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ์™€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•  ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:01
about adjective clauses.
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.
13:03
So first remember I said that the adjective clause must always come right after the noun
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๋จผ์ € ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์— ์™€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”
13:09
it's modifying.
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.
13:10
There are exceptions.
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์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
This is the thing about English, there's exceptions to every rule.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์–ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทœ์น™์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
Let's look at this example:
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๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
"Many students in Mrs. Reynold's class who went on the field trip are home sick..."
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"ํ˜„์žฅ ํ•™์Šต์„ ๊ฐ”๋˜ Mrs. Reynold ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ง‘์— ์•„ํŒŒ์š”..."
13:21
Oh, sorry.
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์•„, ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
"...are home sick with the flu that's going around".
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"... ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์— ์•„ํŒŒ์š” ".
13:25
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
13:26
Now, is this adjective clause: "who went on the field trip"...
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์ž, ์ด ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ "๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฌํ•™์„ ๊ฐ”๋Š”๊ฐ€"...
13:31
A field trip is basically in school when the kids go out to a museum or to a play or whatever,
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๊ฒฌํ•™์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ทน์„ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
that's called a field trip.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฌํ•™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
Is this modifying "class"?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด "ํด๋ž˜์Šค"๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:42
No, of course not.
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์•„๋‹ˆ, ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜์ง€.
13:43
"Class" is not a person, I can't use "who".
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"Class"๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ "who"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
I'm obviously talking about the students.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
I'm modifying the students.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
So it's very far away.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
In this case it's probably okay because: A) I have a prepositional phrase.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. A) ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
Okay?
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13:58
So the prepositional phrase basically completes the idea of students, so "students" is the
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ "ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค"์ด
14:04
actual noun.
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์‹ค์ œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
Now, another thing is it's very clear that "who" is not talking about "class".
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์ž, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์€ "๋ˆ„๊ฐ€"๊ฐ€ "๊ณ„๊ธ‰"์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
In this case, it's very difficult for a reader to get confused.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋…์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
The reader knows that it's about students, and therefore it's okay to do it.
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๋…์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•™์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:20
Try to avoid it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
14:21
If you can write another way, if you can say:
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ,
14:23
"Many students who went on the field trip in Mrs. Reynold's class",
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" Reynold ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์— ๊ฒฌํ•™์„ ๊ฐ„ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
14:27
this actually is a much more confusing sentence.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด๋ฅผ
14:31
If you try to put the modifier...
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๋„ฃ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ...
14:34
If you try to put the adjective clause directly after "students", you would make the sentence
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"students" ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์— ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด
14:38
even more complicated.
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๋”์šฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
If you can put it like this and it's clear and it's easy to understand, leave it.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ช…ํ™• ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜
14:44
If you can't, rearrange the entire sentence to put it a different way so you can put the
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์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋…์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์˜†์— ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ „์ฒด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค
14:49
adjective clause next to the noun if you think the reader will be confused.
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.
14:54
"...are home sick"-this is two words-"with the flu that's going around".
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"...์ง‘์ด ์•„ํ”„๋‹ค"-์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘ ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค-" ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋…๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ".
14:59
Now, the reason I added this...
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์ด์ œ, ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”...
15:01
This is, again: "...that is going", we have another adjective clause identifying which
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ, "...that is going"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋…๊ฐ์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:08
flu we're talking about.
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.
15:09
There's a flu that's going around to all the kids.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๋…๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„
15:12
All I wanted to show you here that you can have a sentence with more than one adjective clause.
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๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
15:17
You can have many adjective clauses.
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๋งŽ์€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
15:20
As many nouns as there are in a sentence, that's how many adjective clauses you can have.
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ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
You can even have an adjective clause inside an adjective clause if that first adjective
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ
15:31
clause has a noun in it.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์— ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ ์•ˆ์— ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
Okay? But again, the more you put in, the more chance there are to confuse your reader.
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์ข‹์•„์š”? ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋„ฃ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋…์ž๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ์ปค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
And again, we're talking more about writing than speaking here.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:41
In speaking you can get away with a lot more.
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๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
Now, another thing: Remember what I said, again, about putting it right behind, right
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์ž, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ: ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค์—, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜†์— ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
15:49
next to the noun you're modifying?
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?
15:51
Except for the case of "which".
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"์–ด๋–ค"์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ .
15:54
An adjective clause with "which" can modify the entire clause before it.
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"which"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์ ˆ์€ ๊ทธ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
So this "which" is not about "test".
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด "์–ด๋–ค"์€ "ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ"์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
16:04
This "which" is modifying the entire clause.
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์ด "which"๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:07
"Larry failed his test," so "which" talks about this situation,
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"Larry๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜์— ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "๊ทธ"๋Š” ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
16:13
"means he'll have to go to summer school".
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"๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:16
Okay?
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16:16
So this "which" is talking about the entire situation, but you can only do it with "which",
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด "which"๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ "which"๋กœ๋งŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
16:22
you can't do it with "that" necessarily.
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๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ "that"์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:25
And, again, we're still doing...
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค...
16:28
We're still doing a comma because when you're doing it like this, "which" above the entire
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‰ผํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ „์ฒด ์ ˆ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” "which"๊ฐ€
16:32
clause, there's always going to be a comma because you're not identifying the noun before it.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‰ผํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ.
16:38
One other thing to look at here:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ:
16:42
"...which means that he'll have to go to summer school".
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"...์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:45
Another thing you have to keep in mind is that the pronoun "that" can also begin a noun clause.
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๋ช…์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ "that"์ด ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:52
If you're not sure about noun clauses, I have a video about those.
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๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™•์‹ ์ด ์„œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:56
You can check that out and you can learn about noun clauses that act...
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค...
17:01
In this particular case, the noun clause acts as an object to the verb "means".
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์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ๋™์‚ฌ "์ˆ˜๋‹จ"์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:07
Means what? "...that he'll have to go to summer school".
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? "...๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ• ๊ฑฐ์•ผ".
17:11
So, again, you have a sentence, you have a clause inside a clause, and the whole clause
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ ˆ ์•ˆ์— ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ ˆ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€
17:16
is about the whole other clause.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ˆ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:19
Confusing.
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ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค.
17:20
No, not really.
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์•„๋‹ˆ ์ •๋ง.
17:21
Everything has to make sense.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:23
That's the beauty about English, it must makes sense.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜์–ด์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
17:27
If you know how to cut everything into its proper pieces, if you know how to relate every
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“ 
17:33
word or every phrase or every clause to everything around it, it all makes sense.
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๋‹จ์–ด, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:38
So be patient, slowly go through every piece.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ธ๋‚ด์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
17:42
Make sure that everything has its place, has its function, has its purpose.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
17:46
Okay.
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์ข‹์•„์š”.
17:47
Last one.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰.
17:48
One last thing you want to know about adjective clauses: Sometimes we can use a preposition
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‚ฌํ•ญ : ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:55
with a conjunction, with a relative pronoun.
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.
17:59
Most commonly you're going to use "who" or "which" to use these, and the thing to remember
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ "who" ๋˜๋Š” "which"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€
18:05
about the preposition: They're regular prepositions.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:08
They still have the same function as a preposition.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ โ€‹โ€‹์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
18:11
So, "about" means regarding something, you're talking about something, you're pointing to something.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ "about"์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ, ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:16
So in this case, a billionaire is the person.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์–ต๋งŒ์žฅ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:19
"...about whom", so: "...the public knows little..."
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"...๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด", ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ: "... ๋Œ€์ค‘์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..."
18:24
Whoa, sorry, I doubled here.
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์šฐ์™€, ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:29
Don't do that.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งˆ.
18:30
Don't put both the preposition at the beginning and the end, only at the beginning.
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ๊ณผ ๋์— ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋„ฃ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋งŒ ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:34
You could say: "...whom the public knows little about".
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"... ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:39
But some grammar teachers will tell you that's bad English, never put "about" at the end
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์œ ์˜์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ ˆ ๋์— "about"์„ ๋„ฃ์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค
18:44
of the clause; always put at the beginning or other places.
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. ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์— ๋‘์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
18:47
"...about whom the public knows little, donated millions to charity".
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"... ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์ž์„  ๋‹จ์ฒด์— ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€".
18:53
So: "The eccentric billionaire donated to charity"-that's your independent clause-
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ: "์ž์„ ๋‹จ์ฒด์— ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ดด์งœ ์–ต๋งŒ์žฅ์ž "-๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ•ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค- "
18:58
"about whom the public knows".
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๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:01
So "knows" is your verb, "...knows little about the billionaire".
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ "์•Œ๋‹ค"๋Š” "... ์–ต๋งŒ์žฅ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:08
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
19:09
The car in which the actor arrived to the party is a Lamborghini.
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋žŒ๋ณด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:17
The car in which, so the actor arrived in the car, in the Lamborghini, in which, about
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ์ฐจ , ๋žŒ๋ณด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ, ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด,
19:24
whom, about which.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด.
19:27
To which, to whom.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ, ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ.
19:29
You can use any combination of preposition with pronoun, but remember that the preposition
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ
19:35
takes the function of a preposition, nothing else.
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์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค .
19:38
Okay, so again, there's lots...
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ...
19:41
A lot more examples that we could go through, but they all basically function in the same way.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:46
An adjective clause is an adjective.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:49
In a different lesson we're going to look at the way that adjective clauses can be reduced
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ด
19:54
to one word or one phrase, but that's a different lesson that you can watch that and learn about that.
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ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋‚˜ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:00
And lots of things you can do.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋“ค.
20:02
Remember that there are three dependent clauses: Noun clause, adjective clause, adverb clause.
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๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ, ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ, ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ ˆ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…์†์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ์—
20:09
There's a lesson for each one of those.
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๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
20:11
You can watch those.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:13
And that's it.
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20:13
If you like this lesson, please subscribe to my YouTube channel.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์•ผ.
์ด ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“œ์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
20:17
If you have any questions about this lesson, please go to www.engvid.com.
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์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹œ๋ฉด www.engvid.com์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
20:21
There's a forum there, you can ask your question and I will be happy to answer you.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํฌ๋Ÿผ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
20:26
There's also a quiz with more sample sentences for you to practice with.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
20:30
And again, do the quiz, ask me the questions, everybody will get ahead in no time.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ณ  ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ์•ž์„œ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:36
Okay?
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์ข‹์•„์š”?
20:37
Thank you very much.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:38
See you next time.
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20:38
Bye-bye.
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๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ณด์ž.
์•ˆ๋…•.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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