María Teresa Kumar: How the new generation of Latinx voters could change US elections | TED

翻译人员: Xinyun Zheng 校对人员: Bruce Wang

玛丽亚·特蕾莎·库玛（María Teresa Kumar）: 2020年美国大选取得了许多。

现在，只是一周后，

民意调查员在发表致歉，

民主党大概在庆祝，

María Teresa Kumar: Much has been made of the 2020 US election.

共和党在一起大发雷霆，

Right now, just over a week later,

律师比以往任何时候都要忙碌，

pollsters are issuing mea culpas,

选票技术员还在努力工作，

Democrats are tentatively celebrating,

人口统计学家绝望地尝试理解

Republicans are blowing their collective tops,

谁，在哪里，为了什么，投给了谁。

lawyers are busier than ever,

ballot-counters are still hard at it,

有关选举中拉丁裔的 投票有诸多讨论，

and demographers are desperately trying to understand

关于这我略有了解，

who voted, for whom, where and why.

鉴于过去 16 年我 痴迷般地在研究它。

Much has been said of the Latino vote in this election,

拉丁裔是最快增长的族群，

which is something I know a little bit about,

也有着美国最大的选票人注册量。

having been working obsessively over it for the last 16 years.

每 30 秒，就有 一个拉丁裔成年。

Latinos are the fastest-growing demographic,

白色人种年龄最多的是 58 岁，

with the largest voter registration cap in America.

而拉丁裔年龄最多的是11岁。

A Latino youth turns 18 every 30 seconds.

你没听错。

正是这些新投票人

While the mode for whites in America is 58,

和帮他们的移民家庭翻译美国年轻人

the mode for Latinx is 11 years old.

引领着这样大胆的改变。

You heard that right.

据统计，73% 的拉丁裔 年轻人投给了拜登。

And it's these new voters

and the youth who are translating America for their immigrant families

作为全球最大的一代的一员，

who are leading the charge for audacious change.

这些拉丁裔年轻人 反映出他们的同龄人，

寻求对于气候平等的介入，

An estimated 73 percent of Latinx youth voted for Biden.

种族正义

和性别平等。

As members of the largest generation globally,

现在我们在美国和全球所听到的

these Latino youth mirror their peers,

seeking intervention for climate equity,

是对于重启 21 世纪 我们统治方式的需求

racial justice

and gender parity.

为了一个宜居的、

What we're hearing right now in America and around the globe

公平的、正义的世界。

is a demand for a massive reset on how we will govern in the 21st century

在美国，太多的年轻人 被淹没在学生贷款中，

他们的家庭被疫情摧残，

for a world that is livable,

equitable and just.

家人丢失了工作、生计和住房，

Too many young people are drowning in student debt

但他们在 2020 年依然 为了一个可相信的美国现身。

here in America,

their families have been ravaged by the pandemic,

who have lost jobs, lives and housing,

许多人说，1914，一战前夕，

and still, in 2020, they showed up for an America to believe in.

定义了美国的 20 世纪。

意味着罗斯福的新政 在公民上加倍下注

Many say that 1914, the eve of World War I,

通过建设国家，

为中产阶级提供道路，

defined the 20th century in America.

通过公众作业，教育和 赞助艺术家和音乐家，

That meant FDR's New Deal that doubled down on its citizens

建造道路以提供就业， 和赞助科技推动的蓝图

by nation-building,

offering pathways to the middle class

through public works, education and sponsoring artists and musicians,

让将近 40 年后的人

能抬头看月亮，说他想去那边。

building roads to provide jobs and sponsoring science-driven blueprints

我们做到那些用到的科技 比录制这个讲话的智能手机都要少。

that allowed a man almost 40 years later

to look up at the Moon and say that he wanted to go there.

我的愿望是 21 世纪

会从 2020 年 二月开始被铭记，

And we did that with less technology than the smartphone feeding this talk.

不是因为那是新冠开始摧残我们

并暴露出让我们痛心的真实的、 深刻的社会经济和种族不平等的时候

So my hope is that the 21st century

will be remembered as starting February 2020,

not because that was when COVID ravaged us

而是因为那是美国开始 为了未来的投票的时刻，

and in doing so, exposed the real, deep socioeconomic and racial disparities

开始相信解决气候危机，

相信医疗是权利，

that ail us,

but because that was when Americans cast a ballot for the future

相信种族不平等阻挡了我们所有人。

我们有了窗口来复制 最伟大的一代创造的先例

that believes in addressing the climate crisis,

that health care is a right,

并定义我们的世纪

that racial inequities hinder us all.

成为一个平等的、可持续发展的。

We have a window to meet the precedent set by the Greatest Generation

我，作为一个人，为开始工作激动。

我希望你们会加入我来一起 在这样大胆的变化中带路。

and define our century

as one that is equitable and sustained.

比安卡·德赫苏斯（Bianca DeJesus）： 玛丽亚·特蕾莎（María Teresa）谢谢你的见解。

I, for one, am excited to get to work.

MTK：谢谢，比安卡（Bianca)。 谢谢你带来这段对话。

I hope you'll join me to usher in this audacious change together.

BD：这是我的荣幸。

Bianca DeJesus: María Teresa, thank you so much for that.

一些评论家似乎有些困惑，

在一些地区，

MTK: Thank you, Bianca. Thank you for this conversation.

共和党得到了明显数量的拉丁裔选票。

BD: It is an honor.

So, some commentators seem to be confounded

自然，想象任何一个族裔的政治倾向 是单一的都是有些愚蠢的，

that in certain places,

Republicans received meaningful numbers of Latinx votes.

在我们的社群中， 也有着许多的不同。

Of course, it's kind of silly to imagine that any demographic is a monolith,

什么是考虑拉丁裔族群、

或任何社群中异质性 最有效的方法呢？

and within our community, there are so many differences.

So what is the most productive way to think about heterogeneity

MTK：如果我们 没有公共选举的官员

within the Latinx, and really, within any community?

来向我们的社群讲话， 尤其是一个新的社群，

一个刚成年的社群，

一个对于民主过程较新的社群，

MTK: If we don't have public elected officials

其他人会填补这个空白。

talking to our community, especially a new community,

但我可以与你们分享，

that is coming of age,

一件我们所知的 Voto Latino组织的事情，

that is relatively new to the democratic process,

那就是年轻的拉丁裔在 为了他们的家庭而带领美国的方向。

someone else will fill that vacuum.

那些年轻人开始保护他们的家庭，

But I can share with you

one of the things that we knew at Voto Latino

这不只是在亚利桑那州，

was that young Latinos are navigating America for their families.

我们同样也在内达华州、 宾夕法尼亚州见到了这样的事情，

Those youth turned up to protect their families,

我们在佐治亚州、北卡罗莱纳州 见到了这样的事。

and it was not just in Arizona,

如果你想有广泛的美国，

but we also saw it Nevada, we also saw it in Pennsylvania,

你需要为选票而斗争，

we saw it in Georgia and in North Carolina.

这就是现在我们所需要见到的。

但当我们和年轻人交流时，

And if you want to have an inclusive America,

他们的投票不成比例， 因为他们想要气候变化，

you have to fight for the vote,

他们想要医疗保障的权力，

and that is basically what we need to see right now.

他们想要谈论真正的种族不平等。

But when we talk to young people,

they voted disproportionately because they wanted climate change,

当乔治·弗洛伊德被悲剧地杀害，

拉丁裔与非洲裔美国人社群站在了一起

they wanted access to health care,

and they wanted to talk about the real racial inequities.

因为我们意识到这是一件

真正在侵蚀我们美国的存在的事情

When George Floyd sadly was murdered tragically,

并且，如果我们想要前进， 我们就一定要解决它。

Latinos were side by side with the African American community

BD：那是当然。

because we recognize that that is something

你有见到体现

that truly plagues our American existence

第一、第二代拉丁裔投票者 的变化规律的证据吗，

and that we have to address it if we want to move forward.

以及同化是如何在

BD: Absolutely.

So do you see evidence that patterns change

长期的投票趋势中体现出来的？

regarding first- and second- generation Latinx voters,

MTK：这很有趣。

在Voto Latino，

and how does assimilation play out

我们不相信有着同化的存在。对吗？

in terms of long-term voting trends?

我们想要的是美国文化的进步。

MTK: That's interesting.

就像我们庆祝圣帕特里克节，

So at Voto Latino,

我们希望我们能够庆祝我们的根

we don't believe that there's an assimilation. Right?

并认识到它的多样的重要性。

What we want is an enhancement of American culture.

我们处在一个美国独特的时候，

Just like we celebrate St. Patrick's Day,

我们有着世界上最多样化的人口，

we want to be able to celebrate our roots

and recognize the importance of that richness.

We are in a very unique moment in America,

有些人说这就是为什么 有些人不希望我们成功，

where we have the most diverse population in the world,

因为我们的人力资本，

我们的视野，

我们前进的能力，

and one can argue that that is why some people don't want us to succeed,

和我们的多样性，

帮我们准备好迎接这个世纪。

当我们在谈论拉丁裔 社区中的不同之处时，

because it's our human capital,

our vision,

our ability to move forward

也是美国中的不同

and our diversity

让我们更富有，

that prepares us for this century.

在我们的想象力的帮助下，

And so when we talk about the differences in the Latino community,

在我们创业的能力的帮助下，

it's also the differences in America

我们需要用它，并 利用它创造出价值。

that makes us so much richer

有些人说种族是我们的阿喀琉斯之踵。

with our imagination,

with our ability to have entrepreneurship,

and we have to use that and harness it for good.

事实上，我认为我们的 种族和文化的多样性

Some people will say race is what is our Achilles' heel.

让我们准备好在 21 世纪

I actually believe that it's the diversity of our races and our cultures

这个已经全球化的环境下竞争。

我们要越多地利用那多样性的魅力，

that actually prepares us to battle the 21st century

那才能让我们能够 竞争、定义 21 世纪。

that it's already interglobal.

BD：哇哦。的确。我认为 那是一件美好的事情，并完全同意。

And the more that we harness that beauty of that diversity,

that is what prepares us to compete and define the 21st century.

我们怎样可以让第一次 投票的人跟随那些

BD: Wow. Yeah. I think that's beautiful and totally agree.

参与到未来选举中

不只是总统选举

So how can we make first-time voters repeat voters

也是当地政府选举的投票者中呢？

MTK：我们注意到

who are engaged in future elections

有更多年轻人竞选官员，

and not just for presidential elections

越多的人们精选政府职务，

but for local government as well?

人们意识到当地政府 才是能带来最大改变的，

MTK: One of the things that we are seeing

最起码在美国是这样。

is that we're seeing more young people run for office,

如果你想要，比如果说，一些种族改革

and the more people start running for office,

在你的司法系统中，

they realize that local government is what makes the most impact,

投给你的地区律师，

at least here in America.

投给你的市议员。

So if you want, for example, some racial reform

如果你觉得我们的 教育系统中有不公正，

in your judicial system,

竞选你的学校董事会。

vote for your district attorney,

这是其中一点。

另一间要清晰传递给政治家的是

vote for your city councilman.

If you think that there's disparities in our education system,

当年轻

美国人真心地投票。

run for your school board.

So that's one.

年轻拉丁裔，总体上的年轻人，

But the other thing to send very clearly to politicians

否决了他们之前的人，

is that when young --

但他们在投给一个 他们生活会改变的赌注，

Americans voted their heart out.

Young Latinos, youth in general,

因为过去四年不能再混乱了。

outvoted the people before them,

如果选出的人们

but they're voting on making a bet that their life will change,

不能胜任解决气候变化、

because the last four years could not have been rockier.

种族平等、性别平等、

And if the folks that are elected

和全员医保的挑战，

那他们 2024 年就面临 没有那群人再选他们的风险了，

don't meet the challenges of addressing climate change,

addressing racial equity and gender parity

我们需要所有人在一条船上。

and health care for all,

我们作为民众的工作

they run the risk of not having those people vote again in 2024,

就是确保我们给我们 刚刚选举任职的人

勇气来做正确的事，

and we need everybody on deck.

这意味着继续集会，

And so our job as citizens

继续呼吁国会的成员，写那些信，

is to ensure that we give the people that we just voted into office

我们自己来竞选政府职位。

the courage to do the right thing,

and that means to continue the rallies,

BD：我想问一个有关 今年TED Women

continue calling our members of Congress, writing those letters

的主题 — “无畏”的问题。

and running for office ourselves.

我觉得可以较为准确地说

拉丁裔社群中

BD: So one question that speaks to the theme of this year's TED Women,

在过去几年有许多恐惧。

它现在是如何开始改变的？

"Fearless,"

I think it's accurate to say

that there's been a lot of fear within the Latinx community

MTK：我会与你们分享，

唐纳德·特朗普当选后的一天，

over the last few years.

How does that begin to change now?

所有我们最恐怖的噩梦都成真了。

我们目睹家人分离，

MTK: I will share with you,

我们国家历史最残酷的一个形式

the day after Donald Trump was elected,

又回来折磨着我们，

all of our worst nightmares came to fruition.

因为我们以前做过这样的事，

每个人都生活在恐惧中。

We saw family separation,

one of the cruelest forms of our nation's history

乔·拜登周六的声明后一天，

came back to haunt us,

because we've done it before,

我确信，我们有了一个集体，

and everyone lived in fear.

And the day after Joe Biden's declaration on Saturday,

我们屏息了那么久，

终于有了集体的放松， 不仅因为我们会变好，

I can tell that there was a collective --

还因为我们美国人站起来了，

we've been holding our breath for so long,

there was a collective release of not only that are we going to be OK

成了联盟，

说：“不再有任何一个。”

这样一个呕心取得投票优势的

but that fellow Americans stood up

团结的美国

as allies

给了我希望，

and said, "Not one more."

因为我们看到庆祝我们国家的未来

And so that is what gives me hope,

是相信民主的，

is that this was a collective America

相信权力的过渡，

who outvoted their hearts out,

相信最多的选票获胜， 并且选举团和我们站在一边，

because we see that in our celebration of our country's future

is believing in democracy,

更重要的是，

特朗普尝试第二次当总统

believing in a transition of power,

believing that the most votes won and the electoral college was on our side,

所伴随的问题

基于种族歧视的问题，

and more importantly,

基于区别对待人们和妇女的迂腐，

that these issues that Trump tried to ascend his presidency

for the second time

它们将不再被忍受。

that were based on racism,

我们需要重建，

that were based on the callousness of treating people and women differently,

但这不是因为特朗普执政的四年。

如果有的话，我认为他 只是暴露出我们许多弱点。

that they were not going to withstand.

And so we do have to rebuild,

我们需要在过去的 20 年上重建。

but we have to rebuild not because of the four years of Donald Trump.

If anything, I think he just exposed a lot of our fractures.

好在投票者在支持着这一切，

年轻人在支持这一切。

We have to rebuild based on the last, I would say, 20 years.

我不需要改变一个年轻人的

我们处于气候危机中的心态。

But the great thing is that the voters are here for it,

他们能做到。

文化改变是最难完成的，

and young people are here for it.

但我们有一代又一代的人 来完成这个使命，

I don't have to change a young person's mind

因为他们支持、并有能力做到。

that we are in a climate crisis.

BD：（呼气）那真让我 心上的石头落了地。

They get it.

Cultural change is the hardest to do,

你自己一直是无畏般的直率。

but we have generations there with us,

because they're there and they get it.

是什么让你个人一直前进？

BD: (Exhales) That's a relief.

So, you yourself have been fearlessly outspoken.

MTK：我深深地—我 不知道我算不算无畏—

我深深地相信我们的国家，

What drives you forward personally?

我深深地相信我们，

我深深地相信但我们在一起，

MTK: I deeply -- I don't know if I've been fearless --

没有什么是我们做不了的。

当我这样说时，我们

I deeply believe in our country,

and I deeply believe in us,

作为一代人，我们没有机会

and I deeply believe that when we are present,

来在脑中重构我们的国家 将会是什么样，

there's nothing we can't do.

我们的政府系统将会是什么样，

And when I say that, we ...

以后会有人—

我的孩子一个六岁一个八岁，

As a generation, we will not have an opportunity

会在接下来 15 年问我， “你都做了什么？”

to reimagine what our country looks like,

our systems of governments look like,

我想说我和同盟以及 美国人民站在一起

and there will be people --

you know, my children are six and eight,

来更好地重建，

来更好地重构。

who will ask me 15 years from now, "What did you do?"

我们一直以来都是一个创业的国家，

And I want to say that I was alongside allies and the American people

一个设计、想象的国家，

一个绝佳的开始的地方，

to rebuild better

and to reimagine better.

当全体美国人都和我们在一起。

And we have always been a country of entrepreneurship,

BD：毫无疑问。

好的，衷心地感谢你， 玛丽亚·特蕾莎（María Teresa）。

design and imagination,

MTK：谢谢。

and what a perfect place to start

when the majority of Americans are with us.

BD: Absolutely.

Well, thank you so, so much, María Teresa.

MTK: Thank you.