How to Build an Equitable and Just Climate Future | Peggy Shepard | TED

翻译人员: Kaiwen Hu 校对人员: Iris Li

It should be no surprise

应该没有任何争议，

that every community should have a right to a clean environment.

所有社区应该有权利 拥有一个干净的环境。

Yet, some are sacrifice zones.

可是目前为止，有一些 “被牺牲的区域，”

Sacrifice zones:

“被牺牲的区域”

communities living on the front lines of pollution and environmental hazards.

指那些住在污染和 环境隐患旁的社区。

But the good news is that we have a unique opportunity

但是好消息是 我们有一个特殊的机会，

to address legacy pollution

去解决这些遗存的污染。

as we together build an equitable and just climate future.

我们可以一起建立起一个 公正平等的未来环境。

Now, this is a story about communities in crisis.

现在，这是一个关于危机中的 社区们的故事，

Mostly, these are communities of Black and brown and Indigenous peoples.

这些社区大多都是 黑人，棕色人种，和原住民的社区，

It's often a story of low-income communities.

这经常被定义为 一个低收入社区的问题。

But race, race is the decisive factor.

但是种族，种族才是 真正的决定性因素。

Now, studies show that an average middle-income Black family

现在，研究表明拥有87500美金收入的

with an 87,500-dollar income

一般中等收入黑人家庭，

is likely to live with more pollution

比收入22500美金的白人家庭

than a white family making 22,500 dollars a year.

更可能住在污染更严重的地区。

Now, my organization, WE ACT for Environmental Justice,

现在，我的组织，“我们为环境正义行动” （WE ACT for Environmental Justice）

works within a movement of hundreds of environmental justice groups,

和几百个环境正义组织合作，

here and abroad,

包括国内和国外，

to address the disproportionate impact of pollution borne by our communities.

来解决被我们的社区 不成比例的承担的污染。

So I'm talking about environmental justice,

我们现在在谈论的是环境正义，

which is a civil rights and a human rights analysis

这是一项对环境决策中 民权和人权的分析，

of environmental decision making,

with a focus on the permitting,

这之中的重点是许可，

the permitting process that gives polluters permission to pollute

对于污染源在对水源，空气，土壤

within a regulatory standard for air, water and soil.

合规排放污染的许可过程。

Now, these permits,

现在，这些许可，

they are an allowance that sacrifices the health of community residents.

他们是牺牲社区居民健康的许可。

The cumulative effect of multiple facilities sited in a community

多家近距离排放大量污染的设施

that emit high levels of pollution in close proximity to where people live.

在社区里的累积影响

That contributes to glaring health disparities.

是导致巨大健康差距的罪魁祸首。

Now, Harvard University studies among Black Americans

近期，哈佛大学对于住在像 哈莱姆，南布朗克斯这样，

living in areas like Harlem and the South Bronx,

没有达到环境保护局设定的 清洁空气标准的

those are communities which do not need clean air standards

美国黑人进行了研究。

set by the Environmental Protection Agency.

And those studies that found

而这些研究发现，

that Black Americans have died of COVID-19

因为住在受空气污染的社区，

at higher rates than others

这些美国黑人死于2019 冠状病毒的几率高于其他人。

due to living in air-polluted communities.

Now, that's not a surprise

今天，这其实并不让人奇怪，

since the majority of people who live in areas

因为大部分住在这些不满足清洁空气标准的人

that do not meet clean air standards

are Latinos and Black Americans.

都是拉丁裔或美国黑人。

And that's the case in an area called "Cancer Alley."

而这也是发生在一个 叫“癌巷”的地方的故事，

Now, there's a song sung by the late Nat King Cole

有首纳·京·科尔(Nat King Cole)唱的歌 叫 “不能忘记的”，

called "Unforgettable."

And that is what "Cancer Alley" is.

而这就是 “癌巷”。

It is unforgettable.

这是不能忘记的。

It's in the worst possible way.

这是最差的情况。

It's a 75-mile corridor between New Orleans and Baton Rouge.

这是一条75英里长在新奥尔良 和巴吞鲁日之间的狭长地带。

It's a continuum of petrochemical and plastics manufacturing facilities

这是一个建立在旧种植园基础上

on acres of former plantations.

石油化工和塑料制品工厂的集合体。

Now, these facilities have created

今天，这些工厂创造了

an intergenerational history of death from cancer,

跨越几代人的因癌症死亡的历史。

with some communities suffering cancer rates

有些社区有着比全国平均高的癌症发病率，

higher than the national rate.

Now communities experience environmental hazards

现在这些社区在不同 方面上承受着环境危害，

and pollution exposure in diverse ways.

和暴露在污染中。

In urban areas,

在市区里，

mobile sources, contaminated sites, they're really the challenge.

移动资源和受污染的场地是真正的挑战。

And local governments generally manage the infrastructure of pollution.

一般来说，地方政府是负责管理 这些受污染的基础建设的，

But in smaller cities and rural areas, industrial and oil refineries,

但是在小城市和乡村地区的 工业和石油提炼场

landfills and incinerators, they're usually the problem.

填埋和焚烧场 这些才是真正的问题。

And in places like Texas and California,

在像得克萨斯和加利福尼亚洲 这样的地方

there may be no zoning laws

可能没有分离

that separate industrial facilities from residential backyards.

工业和居民区的地区规划。

So environmental racism and injustice

所以环境种族歧视和不公是由

results from a complex legacy of housing segregation,

历史上复杂的居住区隔离，

land use and zoning discrimination,

用地和土地规划的歧视，

and from unequal enforcement and policies.

不平等的执法和政策导致的。

Now decades ago,

几十年以前，

policies such as redlining

像在红线区域(redlining)内 拒绝贷款的政策

denied home loans to people of color into certain communities.

拒绝了特定社区的有色人种的 住房贷款申请，

And this government policy reinforced racial segregation in cities

而这政策加深了城市内的种族隔离。

and diverted investments away from those communities,

还将投资带出了这些社区中

creating large disparities in home ownership

创造了住房的巨大差异

as well as urban heat environments.

还有城市应对高温天气的规划，

A few trees and no open space.

就比如说很少绿化和开阔空间。

So today we're still living out the legacy of those racist policies.

而直到今天，我们还住在这些 种族歧视政策的遗产中。

Now, I first began organizing around these issues

我最开始是以一个西哈莱姆社区中的 民主党选区领袖的身份，

as an elected Democratic district leader in my West Harlem neighborhood.

开始组织关于这些问题的活动，

In 1988, I co-founded West Harlem Environmental Action,

1988年，我和其他人共同创立了 “西哈莱姆环境行动“，

known as WE ACT for Environmental Justice.

也就是“我们为环境正义行动” （WE ACT for Environmental Justice）。

And, you know, we began organizing,

然后我们开始组织教育 我们的邻居去了解不平等的选址

educating our neighbors to understand the impact

of the disproportionate siting

和允许在我们社区中排放污染物 的影响。

and permitting of polluting facilities in our communities.

We started out by pressing New York City

我们首先开始催促纽约市政府

to fix the North River sewage treatment plant

去修理哈德孙河的北河污水处理厂，

in the Hudson River

that was ruining our quality of life by emitting toxic fumes.

这个设施通过排放有毒气体 毁灭了我们的生活质量。

And we began to ask ourselves a number of questions.

然后我们开始问我们自己 几个问题。

How could we transform the New York City diesel bus fleet

我们怎样能将纽约的 柴油公交车队，

to clean fuel buses

转换成清洁燃料的公交车，

since we housed over 740 of the city diesel bus fleet in uptown depots?

尤其是当我们在住宅区车站中 有超过 740辆柴油公交车时？

How could we have a waterfront park

我们怎样能够在哈德孙河旁

along the beautiful Hudson River instead of a parking lot?

建立一个滨水公园， 而不是一个停车场？

And how could we get environmental justice on the agenda of New York City,

我们怎样能将环境正义提进纽约市，

the state and the federal government to invest in sustainability

州和联邦政府的日程， 以带来社区内对可持续性发展的投资。

in our communities?

I know that it only takes one person to reimagine what's possible,

我知道的是这只需要一个人 去重新思考可能性，

and some policy change takes decades.

而一些政策则需要上十年。

It took us 18 years

我们用了十八年

to transform the New York City diesel bus fleet to hybrids.

将纽约市的柴油公交车 转换成混合动力。

However, it took only a few months

但是，只需要几个月

to ensure that all New York schools are tested for lead in drinking water.

就能保证纽约学校的饮用水的 铅含量被检测过。

I know that so much is possible when we have the right political moment.

我知道如果我们有正确的政治时机 的话很多事情都有可能，

But to capitalize,

但是要利用这些时机，

we must mobilize a critical mass of people to create real change.

我们必须要调集足够的人手 来创造真正的改变

And to monitor that our policies are implemented

和确定政策真正的在以 原来预想方式实施。

in the way that was intended.

And environmental justice groups have done just that.

而环境正义组织通过不同的方法 做的正是这些。

In a number of ways.

So we've created working groups and campaigns

我们在可能被伤害或者 政策影响到的，还有对后果负责的人中

amongst people who have a real stake in the outcome,

those most affected by harm or new policies.

建立了工作小组和发起了不同的运动。

And we engage them in environmental decision making.

我们鼓励他们做出关于环境的决定。

Those are the people who have the lived experience,

因为他们是真正经历过

who can best advise on climate adaptation and resilience planning.

而且能最好的建议气候适应和 还原计划的人。

Now, if their perspectives had been known and integrated

现在，如果他们的观点 能够被知道而且整合到

into the inter-agency emergency response planning

新奥尔良州来应对卡特里娜飓风的

in New Orleans for Hurricane Katrina,

跨机构应急响应计划的话，

then thousands of families would not have been stranded on their roofs,

成千上万的家庭就不需要 困在他们的房顶上

waiting for rescue

等待救援

or sleeping in a sports stadium,

或者被迫在体育馆里休息，

because the city would have already known

因为城市早已经知道

that lower-income families living in a flood zone

低收入家庭住在洪水易发的区域

did not have a car to evacuate the city

而且他们没有车撤离城市

or a credit card to access a hotel room.

或者用来住酒店的信用卡。

Another tactic we engage is we engage community in educational workshops

另外一个我们做的事是 我们和教育研讨班合作

that help them better articulate the data,

来帮助他们更好展示数据，

testify at hearings,

在听证会上作证，

train residents to become citizen scientists

训练居民们变成自己收集 空气和水资源

who collect their own air and water quality data

质量数据的公民科学家，

to influence policymakers and elected officials.

从而去影响制定政策的人 和民选的官员。

And those officials should resource every community

还有那些应该从各个社区寻找资源

to develop a climate action plan

来开发出解决邻里之间 针对气候变化提出的

that addresses neighborhood level response and challenges

对于极端天气情况 的反应和挑战的行动的计划的官员。

to extreme weather events.

We've also developed strong, strong policy agendas at the city,

我们在市，州，联邦级别还开发了 非常强大的政策日程表，

state and federal levels,

based on community perspectives, experience

它们基于来自社区的角度和经验

and the evolving transition from a fossil fuel economy.

和从基于石油的经济的转化。

And these are tactics that can be applied within local contexts in any community.

而这些技巧可以 适用于各个地方的社区。

So as we transition to renewable energy sources,

所以当我们转化到可再生能源的时候，

we know that energy insecurity will impact millions more households

我们可以提前知道能源安全问题 会影响到上百万的家庭

as utility bills increase.

当我们给账单涨价和 给建筑脱碳之时。

And to decarbonize buildings,

a pre-investment will be needed to upgrade residential buildings

因此，我们需要提前投资 以升级社区中的居民住宅

in frontline communities

before electrification of all buildings will be achieved.

在给建筑电气化之前。

So I challenge you

在这里我呼吁大家

to create the change we need

去创造所需要的改变

by incorporating equity and lived experience

通过考虑政府政策中的 平等和生活经验

into all public and government policies.

My vision is to redress the legacy of pollution

我的目标是通过关注受到污染的社区 来补偿污染所带来的遗产，

by targeting frontline communities,

not for pollution, but to become green zones.

这个不是为了关注污染， 而是为了将这些地方变成绿色社区。

Green zones where we can incentivize community shared solar, electrification,

我们可以补贴社区贡献的太阳能 电力化的绿色社区，

green businesses, good jobs and worker cooperatives.

还有绿色企业，好的工作， 和工人的合作机构。

Because today we are at an inflection point

因为今天我们到了改变的节点。

with an opportunity to achieve that vision.

因为我们有去达到这些理想的能力。

You know, the Biden administration

拜登政府已经通过行政命令

has committed to centering environmental justice

in all government policies

承诺在政府政策中关注环境正义，

through an executive order

that directs at least 40 percent of the benefits

这包括将百分之四十从联邦政府 对于清洁能源的投资

from federal investments in clean energy

to go to disadvantaged communities.

提供给处于 不利条件的社区。

So there is an opportunity

所以这里有一个机会

to implement a transformative and accountable process

去实现一个带来变化和负有责任的过程。

for the fair and just distribution of benefits of Justice40

为了公平公正的分配正义40(Justice40) 对于处于前线社区的

to frontline communities of Black,

brown and Indigenous peoples.

黑人，棕色人种，还有原住民的帮助。

But we must make certain that the investments and the benefits

但是我们一定要确定这些投资和帮助

reach the communities intended,

最终以预定的方式到达各个社区，

given the bias and ambivalence of many state and local governments.

毕竟很多州和联邦政府 都有各自的偏向和矛盾。

But if done effectively,

但是如果正确的执行了，

this can be transformative

这可以是具有改变性的，

and could stop the cycle of exploitation and extraction.

而且可以停止剥削和榨取的循环。

Every community,

在每个社区中，

every community has the right to a clean environment.

每个社区都有权利拥有清洁的环境。

And you do not need to be an environmental champion

而且你不需要变成环境的倡议者

or a climate justice leader to embrace that value.

或者环境正义领袖 去拥抱这些价值观。

So I call on your humanity

所以我呼吁所有人，

to center the voices and perspectives in all policies

在所有对于被污染和气候变化 影响最严重的地方的政策上

of those most affected by environmental hazards

and climate change.

集中你们的声音和观点。

We can create a legacy of environmental quality

我们可以为将来一代所有人 创造环境平等

and climate resilience for all.

还有对于环境的耐受性。

We can do this and we must.

我们可以而且必须做到。

Thank you.

谢谢大家。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）