Anil Seth: How your brain invents your "self" | TED

109,651 views ใƒป 2021-11-24

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Transcriber:
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Woori Suh ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:04
Who am I? Who is anyone, really?
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง„์งœ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:09
When I wake up in the morning and open my eyes,
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์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋œจ๋ฉด ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:11
a world appears.
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00:12
These days, since I've hardly been anywhere,
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์š”์ฆ˜ ์ €๋Š” ํ†ต ์–ด๋”” ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์งˆ ๋ชป ํ•ด์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
it's a very familiar world:
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00:16
there's the wardrobe beyond the end of the bed,
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์นจ๋Œ€ ๋์— ์˜ท์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:18
the shuttered windows and the shrieking of seagulls,
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์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ซํ˜€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ๋งค๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ฝฅ๊ฝฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:21
which drives Brighton residents like me absolutely crazy.
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์ € ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ดํŠผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:26
But even more familiar is the experience of being a self,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์•„, ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด์ฃ .
00:29
of being me,
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00:31
that glides into existence at almost the same time.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์‹œ์— ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋“ฏ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
Now this experience of selfhood is so mundane
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์ด ์ž์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ด์–ด์„œ
00:39
that its appearance, usually, just happens without us noticing at all.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
We take our selves for granted,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋‹น์—ฐ์‹œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
but we shouldn't.
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00:49
How things seem is not how they are.
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โ€˜์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๊ฐ€โ€˜๋Š” โ€˜๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€โ€™์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
For most of us, most of the time,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—
00:54
it seems as though the self, your self, is an enduring and unified entity --
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์ž์•„, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ž์•„๋Š” ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๋…๋ฆฝ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ
๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
in essence, a unique identity.
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01:03
Perhaps it seems as though the self is the recipient
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์•„๋งˆ ์ž์•„๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:05
of wave upon wave of perceptions,
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์ธ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
as if the world just pours itself into the mind
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์ •์‹ ์— ์Ÿ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
01:12
through the transparent windows of the senses.
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01:14
Perhaps it seems as though the self is the decision-maker in chief,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ž์•„๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:19
deciding what to do next and then doing it,
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๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
or, as the case may be, doing something else.
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ํ˜น์€, ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋“ ๊ฐ€์š”.
01:25
We sense, we think and we act.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ํ–‰๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
This is how things seem.
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โ€˜์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๊ฐ€โ€™๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
How things are is very different,
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โ€˜๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€โ€™๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
and the story of how and why this is so
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  โ€˜์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ, ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฐ€โ€™๊ฐ€
01:36
is what I want to give you a flavor of today.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๋‹จ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
In this story, the self is not the thing that does the perceiving.
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ž์•„๋Š” ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
The self is a perception too,
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์ž์•„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€์ด๊ณ , ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
01:46
or rather, it's the collection of related perceptions.
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๊ด€๋ จ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
Experiences of the self and of the world
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์ž์•„์™€ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€
01:54
turn out to be kinds of controlled hallucinations,
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ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ํ™˜๊ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
brain-based best guesses
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๋‡Œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์ถ”์ธก์œผ๋กœ์„œ
02:00
that remain tied to the world and the body
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์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ชธ์— ์—ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
02:02
in ways determined not by their accuracy,
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์ •ํ™•๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:05
but by their utility,
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์“ธ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
by their usefulness for the organism in the business of staying alive.
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์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋กœ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ์š”.
02:13
Now the basic idea is quite simple,
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์ด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
and it goes back a very long way in both science and philosophy --
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๊ธด ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ”Œ๋ผํ†ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
all the way back, in fact, to Plato
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02:21
and to the shadows cast by firelight on the walls of a cave,
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๋ชจ๋‹ฅ๋ถˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋™๊ตด ๋ฒฝ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
02:25
shadows which the prisoners within took to be the real world.
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๋™๊ตด ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๋ฅผ ์ง„์งœ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:30
Raw sensory signals,
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์›๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š”
02:32
the electromagnetic waves that impinge upon our retinas,
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๋ง๋ง‰์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์žํŒŒ๋‚˜,
02:35
the pressure waves that assault our eardrums, and so on,
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๊ณ ๋ง‰์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ์••๋ ฅํŒŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
02:38
well, they're always ambiguous and uncertain.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•ด์š”.
02:41
Although they reflect really existing things in the world,
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
02:45
they do so only indirectly.
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์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
The eyes are not transparent windows from a self out onto a world,
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๋ˆˆ์€ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์„ธ์ƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ฐฝ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๊ท€๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
nor are the ears,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
nor are any of our senses.
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02:55
The perceptual world that arises for us in each conscious moment --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์  ์„ธ์ƒ,
03:00
a world full of objects and people,
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๋งŒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐฌ ์„ธ์ƒ,
03:02
with properties like shape, color and position --
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๋ชจ์–‘, ์ƒ‰, ์œ„์น˜ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
03:06
is always and everywhere created by the brain,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋””๋“  ํ•ญ์ƒ, ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
03:09
through a process of what we can call โ€œinference,โ€
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โ€˜์ถ”๋ก โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ
03:12
of under-the-hood, neurally implemented brain-based best guessing.
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๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ, ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ์ถ”์ธก์ด์ฃ .
03:17
Now ...
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์ด์ œ...
03:19
Here's a red coffee cup.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ปต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
When I see this red coffee cup, when I consciously see it,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ปต์„ ์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:26
that's because "red coffee cup" is my brain's best guess
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โ€˜๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ปตโ€™์ด ์ œ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ์ถ”์ธก์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
of the hidden and ultimately unknowable sensory signals that reach my eyes.
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์ œ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋‹ฟ๋Š”, ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„, ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ•ด๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ์„œ์š”.
03:36
And just think about the redness itself, for a moment.
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์ด์ œ ๋นจ๊ฐ• ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž ๊น ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:39
Does the color red exist in the world?
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๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
03:42
No, it doesn't.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ณผํ•™์ด ํ•„์š”์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
And we don't need neuroscience to tell us this.
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์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์— ๋‰ดํ„ด์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ‰๊น”,
03:45
Newton discovered long ago that all the colors we experience,
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03:48
the rainbow of the visible spectrum,
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์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋น›๋ ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ๊ฐ€
03:50
are based on just a few wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์ž๊ธฐํŒŒ ํŒŒ์žฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:54
which itself is, of course, entirely colorless.
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๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋Š”, ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ, ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
For us humans,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์€
03:59
a whole universe of color is generated from just three of these wavelengths,
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๊ทธ์ € ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŒŒ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:05
corresponding to the three types of cells in our retinas.
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ง๋ง‰์˜ ์„ธํฌ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
Color-wise, this thin slice of reality, this is where we live.
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์ƒ‰๊น”๋กœ๋งŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์ด ์–‡์€ ํ‹ˆ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
Our experience of color --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ‰๊น”, ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€
04:16
indeed, our experience of anything --
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04:18
is both less than and more than whatever the real world really is.
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์‹ค์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“ ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ดํ•˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
Now what's happening when we experience color
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ณ€์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
is that the brain is tracking an invariance,
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04:29
a regularity in how objects and surfaces reflect light.
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์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ๋น›์„ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์ด์ฃ .
04:36
It's making a best guess,
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์œ„์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ์ถ”์ธก์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
a top-down, inside-out prediction,
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04:39
about the causes of the relevant sensory signals,
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด
04:42
and the content of that prediction --
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04:44
that's what we experience as red.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋นจ๊ฐ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
Does this mean that red is in the brain, rather than the world?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋นจ๊ฐ•์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹จ ๋‡Œ ์†์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
04:52
Well, no.
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์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
The experience of redness requires both the world and a brain,
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๋นจ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‡Œ์™€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
unless you're dreaming, but let's not worry about that for now.
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๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ง์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฑด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:01
Nothing in the brain is actually red.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‡Œ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋นจ๊ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
Cรฉzanne, the great impressionist painter,
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์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ž”์€
05:06
once said that color is where the brain and the universe meet.
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์ƒ‰๊น”์€ ๋‡Œ์™€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:11
Now the upshot of all this
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๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ์ธ์ง€์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋ž€
05:13
is that perceptual experience is what I've come to call,
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05:15
drawing on the words of others,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด โ€˜ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ํ™˜๊ฐโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
a โ€œcontrolled hallucination.โ€
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05:20
Now this is a tricky term, prone to misunderstandings,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ข€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์šฉ์–ด์ด๊ณ 
์˜คํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šฐ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
05:23
so let me be clear.
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05:24
What I mean is that the brain is continuously generating predictions
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์ œ ๋ง์€, ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
about the causes of sensory signals,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
05:31
whether these come from the world or from the body,
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๊ทธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋“ ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ชธ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋“ ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์—์š”.
05:34
and the sensory signals themselves serve as prediction errors,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธก ์˜ค์ฐจ๋กœ์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
05:38
reporting a difference
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•ด์š”.
05:39
between what the brain expects and what it gets,
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05:42
so that the predictions can be continuously updated.
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์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก์š”.
05:47
Perception isn't a process of reading out sensory signals
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์ธ์‹์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜์ƒ๋‹ฌ์‹์ด๋‚˜
05:51
in a bottom-up or outside-in direction.
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๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
It's always an active construction,
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๋Š˜ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ์„œ
05:57
an inside-out, top-down neuronal fantasy
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์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜, ์ƒ์˜ํ•˜๋‹ฌ์‹ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์  ํ™˜์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
06:00
that is yoked to reality
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ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋งค์ธ ์ฑ„ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ถค์„ ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:02
in a never-ending dance of prediction and prediction error.
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06:07
Now I call this process controlled hallucination
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ํ™˜๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:09
to emphasize just this point.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
All of our experiences are active constructions
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
06:14
arising from within,
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06:15
and there's a continuity here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ
06:17
between normal perception and what we typically call hallucination,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
where, for example, people might see or hear things that others don't.
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์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋“ฃ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:26
But in normal perception,
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์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹์—์„œ๋Š”
06:28
the control is just as important as the hallucination.
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ํ†ต์ œ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฐ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
Our perceptual experiences are not arbitrary.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์ž„์˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
The mind doesn't make up reality.
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์ •์‹ ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊พธ๋ฉฐ๋‚ด์ง„ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
06:38
While experienced colors need a mind to exist,
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๊ฒฝํ—˜๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ •์‹ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—,
06:43
physical things, like the coffee cup itself,
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์ด ์ปต์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
06:46
exist in the world whether we're perceiving them or not --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋“  ๋ชป ํ•˜๋“  ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
itโ€™s the way in which these things appear in our conscious experience
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์‹์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€
06:53
that is always a construction,
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์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ํ•ด์„์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์ถ”์ธก์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ํ–‰๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
always a creative act of brain-based best guessing.
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07:00
And because we all have different brains,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:02
we will each inhabit our own distinctive, personalized inner universe.
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๊ฐ์ž ๊ณ ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
Now I've digressed quite far from where we began,
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฝค ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋–„๋ฌธ์—
07:11
so let me end by returning to the self,
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์ž์•„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
to the experience of being you,
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โ€˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜โ€˜์ด๋‚˜ โ€˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ฒƒโ€™์ด์š”.
07:16
or being me.
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07:17
They key idea here is that the experience of being a self,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋˜ํ•œ
07:21
being any self,
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07:22
is also a controlled hallucination, but of a very special kind.
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์—ญ์‹œ ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ํ™˜๊ฐ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ฃผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
Instead of being about the external world,
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์™ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๊ณ 
07:29
experiences of selfhood are fundamentally about regulating and controlling the body.
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์ž์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
And whatโ€™s important here is that the experiences of being a self
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
07:41
are composed of many different parts
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๋Œ€๊ฐœ ํ†ต์ผ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
that normally hang together in a unified way,
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07:46
but which can come apart in, for instance, psychological or neurological disorders,
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์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์ •์‹ ์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
07:52
There are experiences of being a continuous person over time,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋„ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
with a name and a set of memories
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์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋นš์–ด์ง„ ์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
shaped by our social and cultural environments.
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08:02
There are experiences of free will,
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์ž์œ  ์˜์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€
๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
of intending to do something,
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08:06
or of being the cause of things that happen.
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08:09
There are experiences of perceiving the world
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:11
from a particular perspective, a first-person point of view.
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์ผ์ธ์นญ ์‹œ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
And then, there are deeply embodied experiences,
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์•„์ฃผ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์ธ๋œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:19
for instance of identifying with an object in the world
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‚ด ๋ชธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
08:22
that is my body.
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08:23
These hands, they're my hands.
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์ด ์†์€ ์ œ ์†์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
And then, of emotion and mood.
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๊ฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
08:28
And at the deepest-lying, most basal levels,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊นŠ์€ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—๋Š”
08:31
experiences of simply being a living body,
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:36
of being alive.
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์š”.
08:38
Now my contention is that all these aspects of being a self
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์ œ ๋…ผ์ ์€, โ€˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ฒƒโ€™์˜ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์–‘์ƒ๋“ค์ด
08:42
are all perceptual predictions of various kinds.
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๋‹ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ธ์‹์  ์ถ”์ธก์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
And the most basic aspect of being any self
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“  โ€˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ฒƒโ€™์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์€
08:49
is that part of perception
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08:51
which serves to regulate the interior of the body to keep you alive.
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์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
And when you pull on this thread, many things follow.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
Everything that arises in consciousness is a perceptual prediction,
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์˜์‹์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ์‹์  ์ถ”๋ก ์ด๋ฉฐ
09:05
and all of our conscious experiences,
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์ž์•„๋“ ์ง€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด๋“ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜์‹์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€
09:08
whether of the self or of the world,
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09:11
are all deeply rooted in our nature, as living machines.
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
09:16
We experience the world around us and ourselves within it,
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09:20
with, through and because of our living bodies.
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
So who are you, really?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
09:28
Think of yourself as being like the color red.
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์ž์‹ ์„ ๋นจ๊ฐ•์ƒ‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:32
You exist, but you might not be what you think you are.
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์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธด ํ•ด๋„, ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
David Biello: A stand-in for the audience. Anil Seth: David is clapping.
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๋ฐ์ด๋น— ๋น„์—˜๋กœ: ์ฒญ์ค‘ ๋Œ€์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„๋‹ ์„ธ์Šค: ๋ฐ์ด๋น—์ด ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜์น˜๋„ค์š”.
09:43
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:45
AS: That makes me feel better. DB: It was great. Thank you for that.
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์•„๋‹: ๊ธฐ๋ถ„ ์ข‹์•„์ง€๋„ค์š”.
๋ฐ์ด๋น—: ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ด์š”.
09:49
I have to say that the thought of my brain floating around in a bony prison
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๋ผˆ๊ฐ์˜ฅ ์†์— ๋– ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋‡Œ๋ผ๋‹ˆ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด ์“ฐ์ด๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
09:53
is a disturbing one.
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09:55
But how do all those billions and trillions of neurons
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€
10:01
give rise to this experience of consciousness,
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๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์˜์‹์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
10:05
in your view?
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10:07
AS: First, I mean, consciousness is experience,
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์•„๋‹: ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ์ผ๋‹จ ์˜์‹์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
so I'd use the two terms synonymously there.
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์ „ ๊ทธ ๋‘ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋™์˜์–ด๋กœ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
It's the same thing.
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๋‘˜์€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
And by the way,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ,
10:17
the idea of your brain wobbling around in its bony vault of a skull
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ธˆ๊ณ  ์†์—์„œ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
10:21
is presumably less disturbing than it doing something else
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹จ ๋‚ซ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”.
10:24
and doing something outside of the skull. (Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:27
That would be the more worrying situation.
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๊ทธ๊ฑฐ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ๊ฑฑ์ •์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
10:29
But the question, of course, this is the big question.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์ฃ .
10:32
You start off with a simple question, "How does it all happen?"
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โ€œ์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€?โ€
10:35
And this is why there is a long way to go here.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐˆ ๊ธธ์ด ๋จผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
And there are, I think, two ways to approach this mystery.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
10:42
So the fundamental question here is ...
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
10:45
What is it about a physical mechanism,
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ž‘๋™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€,
10:48
in this case, a neurobiological mechanism,
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—”, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ž‘๋™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฃ .
10:51
86 billion neurons and trillions of connections,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ 860์–ต ๊ฐœ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€
10:54
that can generate any conscious experience?
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์˜์‹ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
10:57
Put that way, it seems extremely hard,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
because conscious experiences seem to be the kinds of things
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์˜์‹ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
11:02
that cannot be explained in terms of mechanisms,
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์„ค๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:05
however complicated those mechanisms might be.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“  ๊ฐ„์—์š”.
11:07
This is the intuition that David Chalmers famously called "the hard problem."
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ์ด๋น— ์ฐฐ๋จธ์Šค๊ฐ€ โ€˜๋‚œ์ œโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋˜ ์ง๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
But my approach, as hinted at in this talk,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ €๋Š”, ์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์—์„œ ์ž ๊น ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
11:16
is that we can characterize different properties of consciousness --
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์˜์‹ ๋‚ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํŠน์ง•์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด์š”.
11:20
what a perceptual experience is like,
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์ธ์‹์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋Š๋‚Œ์ธ์ง€,
11:22
what an experience of self is like,
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์ž์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋Š๋‚Œ์ธ์ง€,
11:25
what the difference between sleep and wakefulness is like.
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๊นจ์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ž ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๊ฐ™์ด์š”.
11:29
And in each of those cases, we can tell a story
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
11:31
about how neural mechanisms explain those properties.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ 
11:36
In the part of the story we've touched on today,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š”
11:39
it's all about predictive processing,
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์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
so the idea is that the brain really does encode within it
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
11:45
a sort of predictive generative model of the causes of signals from the world,
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์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:50
and it's the content of those predictions
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๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ธก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค์ด
11:52
that constitutes our perceptual experience.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์‹ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
And as we sort of develop and test explanations like this,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹œํ—˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:00
the intuition is that this hard problem
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์ด โ€˜๋‚œ์ œโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,์ฆ‰,
12:03
of how and why neurons, or whatever it is, in the brain,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜ ์™œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค, ํ˜น์€ ๋‡Œ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด
12:06
can generate a conscious experience,
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์˜์‹ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ํ’€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ž€ ์ง๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
won't be solved directly -- it will be dissolved.
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๋…น์•„ ์—†์–ด์ง€๊ฒ ์ฃ .
12:11
It will gradually fade away and eventually vanish
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์ ์  ํฌ๋ฏธํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค๊ฐ€
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์  ์•ˆ๊ฐœ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ง๊ฒ ์ฃ .
12:14
in a puff of metaphysical smoke.
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12:16
DB: Katarina wants to talk about anesthesia,
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๋ฐ์ด๋น—: ์นดํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ทจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋„ค์š”.
12:20
that experience of having your consciousness kind of turned off.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์˜์‹์ด ๊บผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด์š”.
12:25
What do we know about this ability to switch a person off,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ „์›์„ ๋„๋Š” ์ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
12:28
in a matter of seconds?
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12:30
What is actually happening there, do you think?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
12:33
AS: Firstly, I think it's one of the best inventions of humanity, ever.
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์•„๋‹: ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช… ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
The ability to turn people into objects and then back again into people --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๋‹ˆ,
12:41
I wouldn't want to live at a time in history without it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
12:44
Whenever we have this, like,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿด ๋•Œ ์žˆ์ž–์•„์š”,
12:46
"Wouldn't it be nice to live in Greek antiquity or something,
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โ€œ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ฐ™์€ ๋•Œ ์‚ด๋ฉด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ,โ€
12:49
when people swum around, philosophizing, drinking wine?"
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โ€œ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒ ํ•™ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์™€์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์•ผ.โ€
12:52
Yes, but what about anesthesia?
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์ข‹์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ทจ๋Š” ์–ด์ฉŒ๊ตฌ์š”?
12:54
(Laughs)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:55
That's my response.
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์ œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ๋งˆ์ทจ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์ฃ .
12:56
It does work, this is a fantastic thing.
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12:58
How?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ์š”?
12:59
Here's an enormous opportunity for consciousness science,
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์˜์‹ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๊ถ๋ฌด์ง„ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์š”.
13:02
because we know what anesthetics do at a very local level.
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๋งˆ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ง€๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
13:07
We know how they act on different molecules and receptors in the brain.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‡Œ๋‚ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์ฃ .
13:13
And of course, we know what ultimately happens,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์•Œ์•„์š”.
13:16
which is that people get knocked out.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์š”.
13:18
And by the way, it's not like going to sleep.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์ž ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์š”.
13:20
Under general anesthesia, you're really not there.
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์ „์‹ ์„ ๋งˆ์ทจํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ •์‹ ์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์—†์–ด์š”.
13:23
It's an oblivion comparable with the oblivion before birth
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์ƒ์ „์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์˜ ๋ง๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ฃ .
13:27
or after death.
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13:30
So the real question is, "What is happening?"
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์ง„์งœ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ โ€˜๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๊ฐ€?โ€™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
How is the local action of anesthetics affect global brain dynamics
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๋งˆ์ทจ์˜ ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ์ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด์„œ
13:38
so as to explain this disappearance of consciousness?
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์˜์‹์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
13:42
And to cut a long story very short, what seems to be happening
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์งง๊ฒŒ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด,
๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋ƒ๋ฉด
13:47
is that the different parts of the brain
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๋‡Œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
become functionally disconnected from each other,
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ด๋ƒ๋ฉด, ์„œ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ๋œ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
and by that I mean, they speak to each other less.
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์ง€๋งŒ
13:57
The brain is still active,
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13:59
but communication between brain areas becomes disrupted in specific ways.
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๋‡Œ ์˜์—ญ๋“ค ๊ฐ„ ์†Œํ†ต์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
and thereโ€™s still a lot we need to learn
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์ด ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ฃ .
14:06
about the precise ways in which this disconnection happens --
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๋‹จ์ ˆ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด,
14:10
what are the signatures of the loss of consciousness?
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์˜์‹์„ ์žƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
๋งˆ์ทจ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
14:15
There are many different kinds of anesthetic,
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14:17
but whichever variety of anesthetic you take,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋งˆ์ทจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋“  ๊ฐ„์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
when it works, this is what you see.
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14:21
DB: I think some folks such as Jasmine and more anonymous folks
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๋ฐ์ด๋น—: ์žฌ์Šค๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์€
14:25
are troubled by this idea that what I call red
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๋นจ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋Š” ๋นจ๊ฐ•์ด
14:30
might be a different color for you and for everyone else.
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๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
14:34
Is there a way of knowing if we're all hallucinating reality
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
14:39
in a similar way or not?
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์š”.
14:42
AS: Again, this is a lovely topic,
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์•„๋‹: ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์ด๊ณ 
14:44
and it really gets to the heart of how I've been thinking
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์‹์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
about perception,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ์‹์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
14:50
because one of the aspects of perception that I think is easy to overlook
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14:53
is that the contents of perception seem real, right?
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์ธ์‹์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์ง„์งœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
The redness of this coffee cup,
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์ด ์ปต์˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ•์€ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†๊ณ 
15:00
it seems to be a mind-independent,
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15:03
really existing property of the external world.
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์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์ง„์งœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
Now, certain aspects of this coffee cup are mind-independent.
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์ด ์ปต์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
Its solidity is mind-independent.
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์ปต์˜ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•จ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
15:13
If I throw it at you, David, across the Atlantic,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ปต์„ ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์„ ๋„˜์–ด ๋ฐ์ด๋น— ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์ง€๊ณ 
15:16
and you don't see it coming, it will hit you in the head, it will hurt.
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๋‚ ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋งž๊ณ , ์•„ํ”Œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
That doesn't depend on you seeing it,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ณด๋“  ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
15:21
but the redness does depend on a mind.
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๋นจ๊ฐ•์€ ์ธ์‹์— ์ขŒ์šฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
And to the extent that things depend on a mind,
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์ธ์‹์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”์ง€๋Š”
15:28
they're going to be different for each of us.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
Now, they may not be that different.
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๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง„ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
15:33
In philosophy, there's this argument of the inverted spectrum,
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์ฒ ํ•™์—์„ , ์—ญ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
15:38
so if I see red, is that the same as you seeing green or blue, let's say?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๊ฐ•์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํŒŒ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์ดˆ๋ก์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:42
And we might never know.
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์ด๊ฑด ์˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
I don't have that much truck with that particular thought experiment.
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง„ ์•Š์•„์š”.
15:47
Like many thought experiments, it pushes things a little bit too far.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:52
I think the reality is that we see things like colors,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ง„์‹ค์€
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ‰๊น” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์•„๋งˆ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋“ค ๋ณด์ง€๋งŒ
15:55
maybe we see them similar, but not exactly the same,
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
and we probably overestimate the degree of similarity
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹์  ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ
๊ทธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:04
between our perceptual worlds,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ธ์‹์  ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
16:06
because they're all filtered through language.
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16:09
I mean, I just used the word โ€œred,โ€ and there are many shades of red;
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด๋ƒ๋ฉด, ๋นจ๊ฐ•์ด๋ž€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์ง€๋งŒ ๋นจ๊ฐ•์—๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
16:12
painters would say, "What red?"
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ํ™”๊ฐ€๋ผ๋ฉด โ€˜๋ฌด์Šจ ๋นจ๊ฐ•?โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๊ฒ ์ฃ .
16:14
I remember when I was decorating my house,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์„ ๊พธ๋ฐ€ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
16:16
it's like, "I want to paint the walls white."
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โ€˜๋ฒฝ์„ ํ•˜์–€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์น ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹คโ€™๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
16:19
How many shades of white are there?
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ํ•˜์–€์ƒ‰์—๋„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
16:21
This is too many.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ฃ .
16:23
And they have weird names, which doesn't help.
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์“ธ๋ฐ์—†์ด ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
16:25
We will overestimate the similarity of our universe.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:29
And I think it's a really interesting question,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ์ •๋ง ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
how much they do indeed diverge.
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16:33
You will probably remember this famous dress,
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์€ ๊ทธ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์˜ท ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ํŒŒ๋ž‘๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ •์ƒ‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
16:36
this photo of a dress half the world saw as blue and black,
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฐ˜์€ ํ•˜์–‘๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์ƒ‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
16:40
and the other half saw as white and gold.
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16:42
AS: You're a white and gold person? DB: Yeah, yeah.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€.
์•„๋‹: ํ•˜์–‘๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์…จ๋‚˜์š”? ๋ฐ์ด๋น—: ๋„ค, ๋„ค.
16:47
AS: I'm a blue and black person.
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์•„๋‹: ์ „ ํŒŒ๋ž‘๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งž์•„์š”, ๊ทธ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ž‘๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ •์ƒ‰์ด์—์š”.
16:49
I was right, the real dress is actually blue and black.
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16:51
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
16:52
AS: Never mind ...
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์•„๋‹: ์•„๋ฌดํŠผ...
16:55
DB: We could argue about that.
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๋ฐ์ด๋น—: ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
16:57
AS: We couldn't. It really is blue and black.
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์•„๋‹: ์—†์–ด์š”, ์ •๋ง ํŒŒ๋ž‘ ๊ฒ€์ •์ƒ‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
16:59
I talked to the dress designer. The actual one is blue and black.
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์˜ท ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ ์ •๋ง ํŒŒ๋ž‘๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ •์ƒ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:03
There's no argument there.
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๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์š”.
17:05
But the thing that made that so weird
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฑด
17:08
is that it's not that we vaguely see it as one color or the other,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰์„ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
17:13
we really see that blueness and blackness or whiteness and goldness
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์ •๋ง ํŒŒ๋ž‘๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ •, ํฐ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์ƒ‰์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:17
as really existing in the world.
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์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์ •๋ง ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
17:18
And that was an interesting lever
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹์  ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€
17:21
into a recognition of how different our perceptual universes might be.
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๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:26
And in fact, a study we're doing at Sussex over the next year or two,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์„œ์„น์Šค์—์„œ ํ•  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
17:30
we're trying to characterize the amount of perceptual diversity
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์ธ์‹์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ
๋ฐํžˆ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:36
that is just there to be discovered.
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์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—์š”.
17:39
We're usually only aware of it at the extremes,
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒ ์•„๋Š”๋ฐ
17:41
people call things like neurodiversity,
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์†Œ์œ„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š”
17:44
where people have experiences that are so different,
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๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:47
they manifest in different behaviors.
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17:49
But I think there's this, sort of, big dark matter
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•”ํ‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
17:52
of individual diversity in perception that we know very little about,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ธ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋งž์•„์š”.
17:55
but it's there.
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17:56
DB: I'm glad we could put to rest a major internet debate
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๋ฐ์ด๋น—: ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ๋œจ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๊ตฐ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ 
18:00
and come down firmly on the blue and black side of things.
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ํŒŒ๋ž‘๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชป ๋ฐ•์•„์„œ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:05
Daniella wants to know,
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๋Œ€๋‹ˆ์—˜๋ผ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:06
"Could you explain how memory is involved in this perception of a self?"
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โ€œ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?โ€
18:13
AS: Just as there are many different aspects of selfhood,
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์•„๋‹: ์ž์•„์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด
18:16
there are many different kinds of memory, too.
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๊ธฐ์–ต์—๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:18
I think colloquially, in everyday language,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๊ตฌ์–ด๋กœ ์ฆ‰, ์ผ์ƒ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ
18:21
when we talk about memory,
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18:22
we often talk about autobiographical memory or episodic memory,
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์ž์ „์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต ํ˜น์€ ์ผํ™”์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋“ค์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:27
like "What did I have for breakfast?"
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โ€œ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์•„์นจ์œผ๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ๋จน์—ˆ์ง€?โ€
18:29
"When did I last go for a walk?"
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โ€œ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ฑ…ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์ œ์ง€?โ€
18:32
These kinds of things.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ์š”.
โ€œ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ด๋น—๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฝƒ์„ ํ”ผ์šด ๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์ œ์˜€์ง€?โ€
18:34
"When did I last have the pleasure of talking to David?"
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18:37
These are the memories of things that pertain to me
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋“ค์€
์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์†๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ธ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ต๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:40
as a continuous individual over time.
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18:43
That's one way in which memory plays into self,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์ž์•„์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:47
and that part of memory can go away, and self remains --
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
์ž์•„๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„์„œ ์•ž์„  ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:51
back to the earlier point.
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18:52
There's a famous case I talk about in the book,
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์ฑ…์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ํด๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์›จ์–ด๋ง์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
18:55
of a guy called Clive Wearing,
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18:57
who had a brain disease, an encephalopathy,
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๋‡Œ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ ์•“์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:01
which basically obliterated his ability to lay down new autobiographical memories.
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์ž์ „์  ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
19:08
He lost his hippocampus,
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๋‡Œ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์–ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ ํ•ด๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ณค๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
19:10
which is a brain region very important for this function.
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19:14
His wife described it as him living in a permanent present tense,
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๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
๊ทธ๋Š” 7์ดˆ์—์„œ 30์ดˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์˜์›ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:19
of between seven to 30 seconds.
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19:22
And then, everything was new.
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์—”, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
19:23
It's very, very difficult to put yourself in the shoes of somebody like that.
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์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต์ฃ .
19:27
But other aspects of his self remained.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ž์•„์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:30
But then, there are all sorts of other aspects of memory
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด
19:33
that probably also play into what it is to be you or to be me.
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๋‚˜์ธ ๊ฒƒ ํ˜น์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:39
We have semantic memory.
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์˜๋ฏธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:42
We just know things,
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19:43
like we know what the capital of France is, who the president is,
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ์ง€ ์•Œ๋“ฏ์ด์š”.
19:48
I hope so, I don't know.
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๋ณดํ†ต ์•Œ์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”, ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€.
19:50
Sometimes, that's a good thing. Sometimes, that's not a good thing.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
๊ธฐ์–ต์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
19:54
And all of these things that get encoded in memory
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19:57
shape our self too.
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์ž์•„๋„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:59
And then finally, there's perceptual memory.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ธ์‹์  ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋…นํ™” ์˜์ƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์žฌ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
20:03
It's not that experience is like a video recording that we can replay,
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20:08
but everything we experience changes the way we perceive things in the future,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:12
and the way we perceive things is also, in my view,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€์˜ˆ์š”.
20:15
part of what it is to be a self.
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20:16
Actually, I just want to say,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ •๋ง ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€,
20:18
one of the really interesting questions here,
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20:20
and one of the things we're working on --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋ฐ์š”,
20:23
Imagine a typical day.
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์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋‚ ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
20:27
You go through your typical day,
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์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
20:30
you're experiencing a continuous stream of inputs.
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์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํ๋ฆ„๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:33
Now you blink, of course, and so on, but more or less,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊นœ๋นก์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
20:35
there's this continuous stream of inputs.
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
20:38
Yet when we remember a day,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ญ‰ํ……์ด๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์ฃ .
20:40
it's usually in chunks, these autobiographical chunks:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž์ „์  ๋ญ‰ํ……์ด๋“ค์„์š”.
20:43
"I did this, I did that, I did the other, this happened."
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โ€œ์ด๊ฑธ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ €๊ฑธ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.โ€
20:46
So a really important question
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:49
is, "How does this chunking process happen?"
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โ€œ์ด ๋ญ‰ํ……์ดํ™”๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€?โ€œ
20:52
"How does the brain extract meaningful episodes
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โ€œ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
20:56
from a relatively continuous flow of data?"
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์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผํ™”๋ฅผ ์••์ถ•ํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€?โ€
20:59
And it's kind of disturbing,
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋‹ˆ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
21:01
how little of any given day we remember.
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21:04
So it's a very selective process,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•„์ฃผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๊ณ 
21:06
and that's something that I think is going to be useful
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์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ
21:09
not only for basic neuroscience,
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๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์—๋„ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ํ…Œ์ง€๋งŒ
21:11
but, for instance, in helping people with memory loss and impairments,
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๊ธฐ์–ต ์ƒ์‹ค์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
21:15
because you could, for instance, have a camera,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
21:17
and then, you could predict what aspects of their day would constitute a memory,
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ธฐ์–ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
21:21
and that can be very, very useful for them and for their carers.
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21:24
DB: The brain clearly has a good editor.
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๋ฐ์ด๋น—: ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋‡Œ์˜ ํŽธ์ง‘ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ตฐ์š”.
21:28
You call us, people, "feeling machines" in your book.
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๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์˜ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ โ€˜๊ฐ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ณ„โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
21:33
Care to expand on that?
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๋” ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
21:35
AS: Yeah, that's right.
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์•„๋‹: ๋„ค, ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:36
Well, we're not cognitive computers, we are feeling machines.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:40
And I think this is true at the level of making decisions,
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๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋งž๋Š” ๋ง์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
21:43
but for me, it's really at the heart of how to understand life,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฒ, ์ธ์ƒ์„, ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‹์„
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:49
mind and consciousness.
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21:51
And this, really, is the idea that --
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๋ฉด.
21:55
In consciousness science, we tended to think things like vision --
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์˜์‹ ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์˜์‹์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์™•๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ.
21:59
Vision as being the royal road to understanding consciousness.
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22:02
Vision is easy to study, and we're very visual creatures.
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์‹œ๊ฐ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:05
But fundamentally,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
22:07
brains evolved and develop and operate from moment to moment
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋งค ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:11
to keep the body alive,
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๋ชธ์„ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
22:12
always in light of this deep physiological imperative
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์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
22:16
to help the organism persist in remaining an organism,
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์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ธธ ๋„์™€์„œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:22
in remaining alive.
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22:24
And that fundamental role of brains,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‡Œ์˜ ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์ด
22:29
that's what, in my view, gave rise to any kind of perception.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜์‹์„ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:34
In order to regulate something,
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:36
you need to be able to predict what happens to it.
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22:38
It's this whole apparatus of prediction and prediction error
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์ด ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
22:42
that undergirds all of our perceptual experiences,
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์ž์•„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ธ์‹์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋‹จ๋‹จํžˆ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ณ 
22:44
including the self,
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22:46
has its origin in this role
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์€
22:48
that's tightly coupled to the physiology of the body.
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๋ชธ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์—ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:51
And that's why, I think, we're feeling machines,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณ ,
22:54
we're not just computers
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์”€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:56
that happen to be implemented on meat machines.
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22:59
DB: Thank you, Anil, for chatting with us today.
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๋ฐ์ด๋น—: ์•„๋‹, ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €ํฌ์™€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:02
AS: Really enjoyed it.
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์•„๋‹: ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:03
AS: Thanks a lot, David. DB: Thank you.
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์•„๋‹: ๋ฐ์ด๋น—, ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ด๋น—: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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