Paul Rothemund: The astonishing promise of DNA folding

72,652 views ・ 2008-09-04

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Lee Shi-Nae κ²€ν† : Dae-won Jeong
00:12
So, people argue vigorously about the definition of life.
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생λͺ…μ˜ μ •μ˜μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” λ§Žμ€ λ…Όλž€μ΄ 있죠.
00:15
They ask if it should have reproduction in it, or metabolism, or evolution.
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그듀은 그게 λ²ˆμ‹μž‘μš©μ΄λ‚˜, μ‹ μ§„λŒ€μ‚¬, ν˜Ήμ€ 진화같은 거냐고 λ¬»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
And I don't know the answer to that, so I'm not going to tell you.
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μ €λŠ” 그것에 λŒ€ν•œ 닡은 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그건 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„κ±°μ—μš”.
00:22
I will say that life involves computation.
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μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄ 수 μžˆλŠ” 것은, 생λͺ…은 μ–΄λ–€ 연산을 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
So this is a computer program.
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이것은 컴퓨터 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μΈλ°μš”.
00:27
Booted up in a cell, the program would execute,
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μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ λΆ€νŒ…μ΄ λΌμ„œ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄ μ‹€ν–‰λ˜λ©΄
00:30
and it could result in this person;
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그것은 이런 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 있고
00:33
or with a small change, it could result in this person;
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ•½κ°„μ˜ λ³€ν™”λ‘œ 이런 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 될 μˆ˜λ„ 있고
00:36
or another small change, this person;
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μž‘μ€ λ³€ν™”λ‘œ 이런 μ‚¬λžŒ,
00:38
or with a larger change, this dog,
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μ•½κ°„ 많이 λ³€ν•˜λ©΄ 이런 개,
00:41
or this tree, or this whale.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 이런 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ‚˜ κ³ λž˜κ°€ 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
So now, if you take this metaphor
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μœ μ „μžμ™€ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이 λΉ„μœ λ₯Ό
00:45
[of] genome as program seriously,
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μ§„μ§€ν•˜κ²Œ 받아듀이신닀면,
00:47
you have to consider that Chris Anderson
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μ €κΈ° μžˆλŠ” 크리슀 μ•€λ”μŠ¨μ”¨λ„ (TED νλ ˆμ΄ν„°)
00:49
is a computer-fabricated artifact, as is Jim Watson,
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컴퓨터가 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 가곡인물이 λ˜λŠ” 것이고,
00:52
Craig Venter, as are all of us.
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그건 짐 μ™“μŠ¨μ΄λ‚˜ (DNA ꡬ쑰발견자) 크레이그 λ²€λ”λ‚˜ (인간 κ²Œλ†ˆκ΄€λ ¨ μƒλ¬Όν•™μž) μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜ λͺ¨λ‘ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€κ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
And in convincing yourself that this metaphor is true,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이런 λΉ„μœ μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ’€ 더 μ„€λͺ…ν•΄λ“œλ¦¬μžλ©΄,
00:57
there are lots of similarities between genetic programs
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사싀 μœ μ „μž ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨κ³Ό 컴퓨터 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ μ‚¬μ΄μ—λŠ”
00:59
and computer programs that could help to convince you.
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ꡉμž₯히 λ§Žμ€ μœ μ‚¬μ„±μ΄ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
01:02
But one, to me, that's most compelling
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κ·Έ μ€‘μ—μ„œλ„ μ €μ—κ²Œ 특히 κ°•ν•œ 인상을 μ€€ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
01:04
is the peculiar sensitivity to small changes
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μž‘μ€ 변화에 λŒ€ν•œ 특유의 λ―Όκ°μ„±μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
that can make large changes in biological development -- the output.
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그것은 μƒλ¬Όμ˜ λ°œμƒκ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ•„μ£Ό 큰 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚¬ 수 있죠.
01:10
A small mutation can take a two-wing fly
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μž‘μ€ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄κ°€ ν‰λ²”ν•œ 파리의 λ‚ κ°œλ₯Ό
01:12
and make it a four-wing fly.
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λ„€μž₯으둜 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
Or it could take a fly and put legs where its antennae should be.
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λ˜λŠ” 닀리가 λ”λ“¬μ΄μ—μ„œ λ»—μ–΄λ‚˜μ˜€λ„λ‘ ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
01:17
Or if you're familiar with "The Princess Bride,"
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ν˜Ήμ‹œ μ˜ν™” ν”„λ¦°μ„ΈμŠ€ λΈŒλΌμ΄λ“œλ₯Ό μ•„μ‹ λ‹€λ©΄
01:19
it could create a six-fingered man.
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(루겐 λ°±μž‘μ²˜λŸΌ) 여섯손가락을 가진 인간을 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
01:21
Now, a hallmark of computer programs
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ν’ˆμ§ˆλ³΄μ¦λœ 컴퓨터 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄λΌλ„
01:23
is just this kind of sensitivity to small changes.
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단지 이런 μž‘μ€ 변화에 λ―Όκ°ν•˜κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
If your bank account's one dollar, and you flip a single bit,
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κ°€λ Ή λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ 은행 κ³„μ’Œμ˜ 1λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό 숫자 ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œ λ°”κΎΈλ©΄
01:28
you could end up with a thousand dollars.
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그것은 μ²œλ‹¬λŸ¬κ°€ 되죠.
01:30
So these small changes are things that I think
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 제 생각에 이런 μž‘μ€ 변화듀은
01:33
that -- they indicate to us that a complicated computation
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λ°œμƒκ³Όμ •μ˜ μ»€λ‹€λž€ λ³€ν™”λ“€ 저변에
01:35
in development is underlying these amplified, large changes.
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 연산이 κΉ”λ €μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•”μ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
So now, all of this indicates that there are molecular programs underlying biology,
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κ²°κ΅­ 생λͺ…μž‘μš©μ—λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ λΆ„μž ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  있고,
01:45
and it shows the power of molecular programs -- biology does.
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그것은 곧, λΆ„μž ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ˜ νž˜μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
And what I want to do is write molecular programs,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 것은 λΆ„μž ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
01:51
potentially to build technology.
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잠재적인 κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ°½μ‘°ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ—μš”.
01:53
And there are a lot of people doing this,
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이 λΆ„μ•Όμ—λŠ” 이미 μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ 많이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
a lot of synthetic biologists doing this, like Craig Venter.
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크레이그 벀더 같은 ν•©μ„± μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€λ„ 많이 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
01:57
And they concentrate on using cells.
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그듀은 세포λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ£Όλ ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
They're cell-oriented.
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세포 지ν–₯적이죠.
02:01
So my friends, molecular programmers, and I
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λΆ„μž ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 저희μͺ½ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
02:03
have a sort of biomolecule-centric approach.
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μΌμ’…μ˜ μƒμ²΄λΆ„μž 쀑심적인 방법을 μ”λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
We're interested in using DNA, RNA and protein,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” DNAλ‚˜ RNA, λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ˜ μ΄μš©μ— ν₯λ―Έκ°€ 있고
02:08
and building new languages for building things from the bottom up,
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그런 μƒμ²΄λΆ„μžλ“€λ‘œ λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:11
using biomolecules,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
02:12
potentially having nothing to do with biology.
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μƒλ¬Όν•™κ³ΌλŠ” μ „ν˜€ 관계가 없을지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œμš”.
02:15
So, these are all the machines in a cell.
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자, 이것은 세포 μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” κΈ°κ³„λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
There's a camera.
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μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ” 건 μΉ΄λ©”λΌκ³ μš”.
02:21
There's the solar panels of the cell,
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νƒœμ–‘ μ „μ§€νŒλ„ 있죠.
02:22
some switches that turn your genes on and off,
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μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μΌœκ±°λ‚˜ λ„λŠ” μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜λ„ 있고,
02:24
the girders of the cell, motors that move your muscles.
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μ„Έν¬μ˜ λΌˆλŒ€μ™€, κ·Όμœ‘μ„ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ”λ° ν•„μš”ν•œ λͺ¨ν„°λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
My little group of molecular programmers
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저희 λΆ„μž ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž˜λ¨Έλ“€μ€
02:29
are trying to refashion all of these parts from DNA.
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DNAλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ 이런 것듀을 μž¬ν˜„ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
We're not DNA zealots, but DNA is the cheapest,
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저희듀은 DNA κ΄‘μ‹ μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ, DNAλŠ” μ €λ ΄ν•˜κ³ 
02:35
easiest to understand and easy to program material to do this.
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잘 μ•Œλ €μ§„ 물질이고 κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ν•˜κΈ°λ„ μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
And as other things become easier to use --
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그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ 것듀도 닀루기 μ‰¬μ›Œμ§„λ‹€λ©΄
02:40
maybe protein -- we'll work with those.
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μ•„λ§ˆ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆκ°™μ€ 것도 저희가 μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 있겠죠.
02:43
If we succeed, what will molecular programming look like?
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λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ„±κ³΅ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ λΆ„μž ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ€ μ–΄λ–€ κ±Έ λ³΄μ—¬μ€„κΉŒμš”?
02:45
You're going to sit in front of your computer.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 컴퓨터 μ•žμ— μ•‰μ•„μ„œ,
02:47
You're going to design something like a cell phone,
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νœ΄λŒ€ν°μ„ λ””μžμΈν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ©΄μš”,
02:49
and in a high-level language, you'll describe that cell phone.
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이런 κ³ κΈ‰ μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ νœ΄λŒ€ν°μ„ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜κ²Œ 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
Then you're going to have a compiler
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ‚˜μ„œ 당신이 컴파일러λ₯Ό (λ³€ν™˜μž₯치) μ‹€ν–‰ν•˜λ©΄
02:53
that's going to take that description
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λ³€ν™˜μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” κ·Έ μ„€λͺ…을 μž…λ ₯ λ°›μ•„
02:54
and it's going to turn it into actual molecules
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μ‹€μ œ λΆ„μžλ“€λ‘œ λ³€ν™˜μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
02:56
that can be sent to a synthesizer
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그것을 μ‹ μ‹œμ‚¬μ΄μ €λ‘œ (ν•©μ„±μž₯치) λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
and that synthesizer will pack those molecules into a seed.
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그러면 ν•©μ„±μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ λͺ¨μ•„ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ”¨μ•—μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
03:01
And what happens if you water and feed that seed appropriately,
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만일 당신이 κ·Έ 씨앗에 물을 μ£Όκ³  양뢄을 곡급해 μ£Όλ©΄
03:04
is it will do a developmental computation,
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그것은 λ°œμƒν•™μ μΈ 연산을 거치게 λ˜λŠ”λ°,
03:06
a molecular computation, and it'll build an electronic computer.
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λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ λΆ„μž μ—°μ‚°μœΌλ‘œ μ „μžμ‹ 컴퓨터가 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
And if I haven't revealed my prejudices already,
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만일 μ œκ°€ 아직 제 νŽΈκ²¬μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€λ©΄,
03:12
I think that life has been about molecular computers
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제 생각에 생λͺ…은 슀슀둜의 λΆ„μž 컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
03:14
building electrochemical computers,
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λ‡ŒλΌλŠ” 전기화학적인 컴퓨터λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
03:16
building electronic computers,
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그것은 μ „μžμ‹ 컴퓨터λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ
03:18
which together with electrochemical computers
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κ·Έ 두 컴퓨터가 νž˜μ„ ν•©ν•˜λ©΄
03:20
will build new molecular computers,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λΆ„μž 컴퓨터λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
which will build new electronic computers, and so forth.
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그게 또 λ‹€μ‹œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ „μžμ‹ 컴퓨터가 되고 계속 κ·ΈλŸ¬λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
03:25
And if you buy all of this,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜μ„œ,
03:26
and you think life is about computation, as I do,
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생λͺ…ν˜„μƒμ΄ μ—°μ‚° μž‘μš©μ΄λΌλŠ” 생각에 λ™μ˜ν•˜μ‹ λ‹€λ©΄,
03:28
then you look at big questions through the eyes of a computer scientist.
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컴퓨터 κ³΅ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠ” 큰 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ‹€ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
So one big question is, how does a baby know when to stop growing?
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κ·Έ μ€‘μ˜ ν•œκ°€μ§€λŠ”, 아기듀은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ„±μž₯을 멈좜 μ‹œμ μ„ μ•„λŠ”κ°€? μΈλ°μš”,
03:35
And for molecular programming,
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λΆ„μž ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž˜λ¨Έλ‘œμ„œ λ³Όλ•Œ κ·Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€
03:37
the question is how does your cell phone know when to stop growing?
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νœ΄λŒ€ν°μ΄ μ–Έμ œ λ°œμ „μ„ κ·Έλ§Œλ‘˜μ§€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•„λŠ”κ°€? 와 κ°™μ£ .
03:39
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:40
Or how does a computer program know when to stop running?
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ν˜Ήμ€ 컴퓨터 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄ μ–Έμ œ λ©ˆμΆœμ§€λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•„λŠ”κ°€? 라든가,
03:43
Or more to the point, how do you know if a program will ever stop?
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더 μ •ν™•νžˆ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄, 당신은 κ·Έ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄ μ–Έμ œ κ³ μž₯날지λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•„λŠ”κ°€? 와 같은 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
There are other questions like this, too.
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이와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 건 많이 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
03:48
One of them is Craig Venter's question.
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크레이그 λ²€λ”μ˜ μ§ˆλ¬Έλ„ κ·Έ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
Turns out I think he's actually a computer scientist.
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사싀 제 생각에 ν¬λ ˆμ΄κ·Έμ”¨λŠ” 컴퓨터 κ³΅ν•™μžμΈ 것 κ°™μ•„μš”.
03:52
He asked, how big is the minimal genome
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κ·Έκ°€ λ¬»λŠ” 것은 μ΄λ ‡κ±°λ“ μš”. 미생물이 κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜κΈ°μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ
03:55
that will give me a functioning microorganism?
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μ΅œμ†Œν•œμ˜ μœ μ „μ²΄μ˜ ν¬κΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λŠ 정도이고
03:57
How few genes can I use?
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μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μœ μ „μžλŠ” λͺ‡κ°œλ‚˜ λ˜λŠ”κ°€?
03:59
This is exactly analogous to the question,
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κ·Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ 이것과 맀우 ν‘μ‚¬ν•˜μ£ .
04:01
what's the smallest program I can write
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MSμ›Œλ“œμ™€ 거의 λ™μΌν•œ κΈ°λŠ₯을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
04:02
that will act exactly like Microsoft Word?
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κ°€μž₯ μž‘μ€ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒ?
04:04
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:05
And just as he's writing, you know, bacteria that will be smaller,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έκ°€ 점점 더 μž‘μ€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό μ¨μ„œ
04:09
he's writing genomes that will work,
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제 κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν•˜λŠ” μœ μ „μ²΄λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ“―μ΄,
04:10
we could write smaller programs
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저희도 더 μž‘μ€ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ
04:12
that would do what Microsoft Word does.
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MSμ›Œλ“œμ²˜λŸΌ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ±°λΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ 
04:14
But for molecular programming, our question is,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λΆ„μž ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ μΈ λ¬Έμ œλŠ”,
04:16
how many molecules do we need to put in that seed to get a cell phone?
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νœ΄λŒ€ν°μ„ μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 씨앗에 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ„£μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”κ°€?
04:20
What's the smallest number we can get away with?
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 적은 수의 λΆ„μžλ‘œλ„ 같은 효과λ₯Ό λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”κ°€? ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
Now, these are big questions in computer science.
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이런 게 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  컴퓨터 κ³΅ν•™μ—μ„œμ˜ 큰 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ΄μ—μš”.
04:24
These are all complexity questions,
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λ°”λ‘œ λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμΈλ°μš”.
04:26
and computer science tells us that these are very hard questions.
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컴퓨터 곡학에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄ 이것듀은 μ•„μ£Ό μ–΄λ €μš΄ μ§ˆλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
Almost -- many of them are impossible.
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κ·Έ 쀑 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€, 닡을 μ°ΎλŠ”κ²Œ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ£ .
04:30
But for some tasks, we can start to answer them.
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그치만 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 일뢀에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 닡을 μ°ΎκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:33
So, I'm going to start asking those questions
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이제 그런 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ
04:34
for the DNA structures I'm going to talk about next.
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DNA ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 가지고 이야기해 λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
So, this is normal DNA, what you think of as normal DNA.
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이것은 일반적인 DNAμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‹€λ“€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ•Œκ³  있죠.
04:40
It's double-stranded, it's a double helix,
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두 κ°€λ‹₯의 이쀑 λ‚˜μ„ μ€,
04:42
has the As, Ts, Cs and Gs that pair to hold the strands together.
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μ•„λ°λ‹Œ(A), ν‹°λ―Ό(T), μ‹œν† μ‹ (C), κ΅¬μ•„λ‹Œ(G)이 짝을 이루어 μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό μ§€νƒ±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
And I'm going to draw it like this sometimes,
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κ·Έ κ΄€κ³„λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œλ„ 그릴 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
04:47
just so I don't scare you.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ‰½κ²Œ λ°›μ•„ λ“€μ΄μ‹œλ„λ‘,
04:49
We want to look at individual strands and not think about the double helix.
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이쀑 λ‚˜μ„ μ€ μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  각각의 κ°€λ‹₯만 보기둜 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
When we synthesize it, it comes single-stranded,
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DNA 합성은 단일 κ°€λ‹₯μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ”λ°μš”,
04:55
so we can take the blue strand in one tube
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νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ κ°€λ‹₯을 νŠœλΈŒμ— λ„£κ³ 
04:58
and make an orange strand in the other tube,
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μ˜€λ Œμ§€ κ°€λ‹₯을 λ‹€λ₯Έ νŠœλΈŒμ— λ„£μœΌλ©΄
05:00
and they're floppy when they're single-stranded.
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단일 κ°€λ‹₯μΌλ•ŒλŠ” νλŠμ κ±°λ¦¬μ§€λ§Œ
05:02
You mix them together and they make a rigid double helix.
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λ‘κ°œλ₯Ό μ„žμœΌλ©΄ λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•œ 이쀑 λ‚˜μ„ μ΄ 되죠.
05:05
Now for the last 25 years,
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ 25λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
05:07
Ned Seeman and a bunch of his descendants
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λ„€λ“œ μ§€λ§Œκ³Ό 그의 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ œμžλ“€μ€
05:09
have worked very hard and made beautiful three-dimensional structures
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μ—΄μ‹¬νžˆ μ—°κ΅¬ν•΄μ„œ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ 3Dꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
using this kind of reaction of DNA strands coming together.
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그듀은 이런 DNA κ°€λ‹₯λ“€ κ°„μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ΄μš©ν–ˆμ£ .
05:15
But a lot of their approaches, though elegant, take a long time.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 방식은 λ©‹μžˆμ„ μ§€λŠ” λͺ°λΌλ„ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 였래 κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
They can take a couple of years, or it can be difficult to design.
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λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ°λ§Œ μˆ˜λ…„μ΄ κ±Έλ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜ μ•„μ˜ˆ ꡬ상 μžμ²΄κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅κ±°λ“ μš”.
05:21
So I came up with a new method a couple of years ago
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ λͺ‡λ…„ 전에 μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ κ³ μ•ˆν•œ 게
05:24
I call DNA origami
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DNA μ’…μ΄μ ‘κΈ°λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:25
that's so easy you could do it at home in your kitchen
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이 방법은 λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ‰¬μ›Œμ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ˜ μ£Όλ°©μ—μ„œλ„
05:27
and design the stuff on a laptop.
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λ…ΈνŠΈλΆ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œλ„ ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
05:29
But to do it, you need a long, single strand of DNA,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이걸 ν•˜λ €λ©΄ μ•„μ£Ό κΈ΄ DNA κ°€λ‹₯ ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:32
which is technically very difficult to get.
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그건 κΈ°μˆ μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” νž˜λ“€μ§€λ§Œ
05:34
So, you can go to a natural source.
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μžμ—°μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 얻을 수 있죠.
05:36
You can look in this computer-fabricated artifact,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€λ„ 보고계신 이 가곡인물은
05:38
and he's got a double-stranded genome -- that's no good.
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이쀑 κ°€λ‹₯의 DNAλ₯Ό κ°–κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ•ˆλΌμš”.
05:40
You look in his intestines. There are billions of bacteria.
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그의 μž₯μ—λŠ” μˆ˜μ–΅μ˜ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„κ°€ μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
05:43
They're no good either.
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μ–˜λ„€λ“€λ„ 이쀑 κ°€λ‹₯이라 μ•ˆλΌμ£ .
05:45
Double strand again, but inside them, they're infected with a virus
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έ μ•ˆμ— κΈ°μƒν•˜λŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ—λŠ”
05:47
that has a nice, long, single-stranded genome
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μ“Έλ§Œν•œ κΈ΄ DNA 단일 κ°€λ‹₯이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
that we can fold like a piece of paper.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έκ±Έ μ’…μ΄μ²˜λŸΌ μ ‘λŠ” κ±°μ—μš”.
05:52
And here's how we do it.
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λ°”λ‘œ 이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:53
This is part of that genome.
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이게 κ·Έ μœ μ „μ²΄μ˜ 일뢀인데,
05:54
We add a bunch of short, synthetic DNAs that I call staples.
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여기에 μ œκ°€ μŠ€ν…Œμ΄ν”Œμ΄λΌ λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 짧은 μž¬μ‘°ν•© DNA κ°€λ‹₯듀을 λ„£μœΌλ©΄
05:57
Each one has a left half that binds the long strand in one place,
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κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ μ ˆλ°˜μ€ κΈ΄ κ°€λ‹₯의 μ™Όμͺ½μ— λΆ™κ³ 
06:01
and a right half that binds it in a different place,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ ˆλ°˜μ€ 였λ₯Έμͺ½μ— λΆ™μ–΄μ„œ
06:04
and brings the long strand together like this.
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ κΈ΄ κ°€λ‹₯을 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λͺ¨μ•„μ£Όμ£ .
06:07
The net action of many of these on that long strand
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이런 μž‘μš©λ“€μ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λ²ˆ λ°˜λ³΅λ˜λ‹€λ³΄λ©΄
06:09
is to fold it into something like a rectangle.
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그것은 μ§μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ²˜λŸΌ 접을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ”κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
Now, we can't actually take a movie of this process,
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이 과정을 μ˜μƒμœΌλ‘œ 찍을 μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μ§€λ§Œ,
06:13
but Shawn Douglas at Harvard
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ν•˜λ²„λ“œμ˜ μˆ€ λ”κΈ€λΌμŠ€λŠ”
06:15
has made a nice visualization for us
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우리λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 멋진 μ‹œκ°μžλ£Œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
06:17
that begins with a long strand and has some short strands in it.
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” κΈ΄ κ°€λ‹₯ ν•˜λ‚˜μ™€ 짧은 κ°€λ‹₯ λͺ‡κ°œλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:21
And what happens is that we mix these strands together.
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그리고 이듀을 μ„œλ‘œ 잘 μ„žμ–΄μš”.
06:25
We heat them up, we add a little bit of salt,
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열을 κ°€ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ†ŒκΈˆλ„ μ•½κ°„ λ„£μ–΄μ£Όκ³ ,
06:27
we heat them up to almost boiling and cool them down,
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거의 λ“λŠ”μ κΉŒμ§€ λ“μ˜€λ‹€κ°€ μ‹ν˜€μ£Όλ©΄
06:29
and as we cool them down,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ‹μ–΄κ°€λŠ” λ™μ•ˆμ—
06:30
the short strands bind the long strands
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짧은 κ°€λ‹₯듀이 κΈ΄ κ°€λ‹₯에 λΆ™μ–΄μ„œ
06:32
and start to form structure.
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점점 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό κ°–μΆ”μ–΄ κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:34
And you can see a little bit of double helix forming there.
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저기에 μ‘°κΈˆμ”© 이쀑 λ‚˜μ„ μ΄ μƒκ²¨λ‚˜κ³  있죠.
06:38
When you look at DNA origami,
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DNA μ’…μ΄μ ‘κΈ°λΌλŠ” 것이
06:40
you can see that what it really is,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ λ³΄μ‹œκΈ°μ—λŠ”
06:43
even though you think it's complicated,
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쑰금 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜λ‹€κ³  생각될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
06:44
is a bunch of double helices that are parallel to each other,
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그것은 이쀑 λ‚˜μ„ λ‹€λ°œμ΄ μ„œλ‘œ ν‰ν–‰ν•˜κ²Œ
06:47
and they're held together
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λ‹¨κ²°λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:49
by places where short strands go along one helix
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짧은 κ°€λ‹₯듀이 κΈ΄ λ‚˜μ„ μ„ 따라 돌고
06:51
and then jump to another one.
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그것이 λ‹€μ‹œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜μ„ μœΌλ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ§€λŠ” ꡬ쑰죠.
06:53
So there's a strand that goes like this, goes along one helix and binds --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ κ°€λ‹₯은 μ΄κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ κΈ΄ λ‚˜μ„ μ„ 타고가닀가
06:56
it jumps to another helix and comes back.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜μ„ μœΌλ‘œ λ›°μ–΄λ„˜μ–΄ λŒμ•„μ˜€λ©΄μ„œ
06:58
That holds the long strand like this.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κΈ΄ κ°€λ‹₯을 μž‘μ•„μ£ΌκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
Now, to show that we could make any shape or pattern
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이제, 이 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ λͺ¨μ–‘μ΄λ‚˜ νŒ¨ν„΄λ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
07:03
that we wanted, I tried to make this shape.
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μ €λŠ” μ‹œν—˜μ‚Όμ•„ 이런 κ±Έ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:06
I wanted to fold DNA into something that goes up over the eye,
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DNAλ₯Ό μ ‘μ–΄μ„œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 눈 μœ„λ‘œ μ˜¬λΌκ°€κ³ 
07:08
down the nose, up the nose, around the forehead,
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μ½”λ‘œ λ‚΄λ €μ™”λ‹€κ°€ λ‹€μ‹œ μ˜¬λΌκ°€κ³  이마λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ„œ
07:11
back down and end in a little loop like this.
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내렀와 이런 μž‘μ€ κ³ λ¦¬κΉŒμ§€μš”.
07:14
And so, I thought, if this could work, anything could work.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ§Œμ•½ 이게 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–΄λ–€ λͺ¨μ–‘도 λ˜κ² λ‹€ μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
So I had the computer program design the short staples to do this.
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μ €λŠ” 짧은 μŠ€ν…Œμ΄ν”Œμ„ λ””μžμΈν•˜λŠ” 컴퓨터 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
07:20
I ordered them; they came by FedEx.
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DNAλŠ” μ£Όλ¬Έλ§Œν•˜λ©΄ 페덱슀둜 λ‚ μ•„μ˜€κ±°λ“ μš”.
07:22
I mixed them up, heated them, cooled them down,
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그것을 λͺ¨λ‘ μ„žμ–΄μ„œ, κ°€μ—΄ν–ˆλ‹€ μ‹νžˆλ©΄
07:24
and I got 50 billion little smiley faces
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μž‘μ€ 슀마일 500μ–΅κ°œ 정도가
07:28
floating around in a single drop of water.
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λ¬Ό ν•œ 방울 μ•ˆμ— λ– λ‹€λ‹ˆκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:30
And each one of these is just
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이 ν•˜λ‚˜ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 겨우
07:32
one-thousandth the width of a human hair, OK?
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머리카락 ꡡ기의 1/1000정도죠, 감이 μ˜€μ„Έμš”?
07:36
So, they're all floating around in solution, and to look at them,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš©μ•‘ μ†μ—μ„œ ν˜λŸ¬λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” 이듀을 κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λ €λ©΄
07:39
you have to get them on a surface where they stick.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μš°μ„  그듀을 ν‘œλ©΄μ— 잘 λΆ™μ—¬μ•Ό ν•΄μš”.
07:41
So, you pour them out onto a surface
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그런 뒀에 μŠ€λ§ˆμΌμ„ λ°”κΉ₯으둜 μŸμ•„λΆ€μœΌλ©΄
07:43
and they start to stick to that surface,
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λˆμ ν•˜κ²Œ μ²˜λ¦¬ν•œ ν‘œλ©΄μ— 달라뢙기 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ³ ,
07:45
and we take a picture using an atomic-force microscope.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ›μžν˜„λ―Έκ²½μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ 사진을 μ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:47
It's got a needle, like a record needle,
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μ›μžν˜„λ―Έκ²½μ€ μž‘μ€ 탐침을 κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
07:49
that goes back and forth over the surface,
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탐침은 ν‘œλ©΄μ—μ„œ μ™”λ‹€κ°”λ‹€ ν•˜λ©° λΆ€λ”ͺ힘으둜써
07:51
bumps up and down, and feels the height of the first surface.
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μœ„ μ•„λž˜μ˜ 높이λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” μž₯μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
It feels the DNA origami.
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DNA 쒅이접기λ₯Ό λŠλΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
07:56
There's the atomic-force microscope working
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μ›μžν˜„λ―Έκ²½μ΄ μž‘λ™ν•˜λ©΄,
07:59
and you can see that the landing's a little rough.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λŒ€λž΅μ μΈ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:00
When you zoom in, they've got, you know,
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이걸 ν™•λŒ€ν•˜λ©΄ λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό
08:02
weak jaws that flip over their heads
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턱이 머리 μœ„λ‘œ μ˜¬λΌκ°„ 것도 있고
08:03
and some of their noses get punched out, but it's pretty good.
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μ½”λ₯Ό μ–»μ–΄λ§žμ•„μ„œ λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ λ‚˜κ°„ 것도 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ 잘 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:06
You can zoom in and even see the extra little loop,
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쒀더 ν™•λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 보면 μ € 밑에 μž‘μ€ 고리도 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
08:08
this little nano-goatee.
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λ‚˜λ…Έν¬κΈ°μ˜ μˆ˜μ—Όμ΄μ£ .
08:10
Now, what's great about this is anybody can do this.
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이 λ°©λ²•μ˜ 강점은 λˆ„κ΅¬λ“ μ§€ μ‰½κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:13
And so, I got this in the mail about a year after I did this, unsolicited.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 이걸 λ§Œλ“  지 1λ…„μ―€ μ§€λ‚˜μ„œ λœ»λ°–μ˜ 이메일을 λ°›μ•˜μ–΄μš”.
08:17
Anyone know what this is? What is it?
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이게 무엇인지 μ•„μ‹œλŠ” λΆ„ κ³„μ„Έμš”? 이건 λ­˜κΉŒμš”?
08:20
It's China, right?
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μ€‘κ΅­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€, κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
08:22
So, what happened is, a graduate student in China,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 된 μΌμ΄λƒλ©΄μš”,
08:24
Lulu Qian, did a great job.
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μ€‘κ΅­μ˜ λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒμΈ 루루 μΉ˜μ—”μ€ λŒ€λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œλ„
08:26
She wrote all her own software
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직접 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ μ§œμ„œ
08:28
to design and built this DNA origami,
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이런 DNA 쒅이접기λ₯Ό λ””μžμΈν•΄λ‚Έ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
a beautiful rendition of China, which even has Taiwan,
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λŒ€λ§Œμ„ 포함해 쀑ꡭ λŒ€λ₯™μ„ μ•„μ£Ό ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜κ²Œ ν‘œν˜„ν–ˆμ£ .
08:33
and you can see it's sort of on the world's shortest leash, right?
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μ„Έμƒμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 짧은 끈으둜 연결돼 μžˆλŠ” μ…ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€, κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
08:36
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:39
So, this works really well
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이 μž‘μ—…μ€ μ•„μ£Ό 성곡λ₯ μ΄ λ†’μ•„μ„œ
08:41
and you can make patterns as well as shapes, OK?
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νŒ¨ν„΄ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ–΄λ–€ λͺ¨μ–‘도 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:44
And you can make a map of the Americas and spell DNA with DNA.
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λ―Έκ΅­ 지도도 그릴 수 있고 DNA둜 DNA라고 μ“Έ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
08:47
And what's really neat about it --
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그런데 μ •λ§λ‘œ λλ‚΄μ£ΌλŠ” 게 λ­λƒν•˜λ©΄
08:50
well, actually, this all looks like nano-artwork,
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사싀상 λ‚˜λ…Έ μ˜ˆμˆ μž‘ν’ˆμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 이 λͺ¨λ“  게
08:52
but it turns out that nano-artwork
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당신이 ν•„μš”λ‘œν•˜λŠ”
08:53
is just what you need to make nano-circuits.
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λ‚˜λ…ΈνšŒλ‘œκ°€ 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:55
So, you can put circuit components on the staples,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μŠ€ν…Œμ΄ν”Œμ—
08:57
like a light bulb and a light switch.
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μ „κ΅¬λ‚˜ μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜ 같은 νšŒλ‘œλΆ€ν’ˆμ„ μž₯μ°©μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:59
Let the thing assemble, and you'll get some kind of a circuit.
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그것을 μ‘°λ¦½μ‹œν‚€λ©΄ 이런 νšŒλ‘œκ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€μ£ .
09:02
And then you can maybe wash the DNA away and have the circuit left over.
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그런 λ‹€μŒ DNAλ₯Ό μ”»μ–΄λ‚΄λ©΄ 회둜만 λ‚¨κ²Œλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
So, this is what some colleagues of mine at Caltech did.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이건 칼텍에 μžˆλŠ” λ™λ£Œλ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ ν•œ μž‘μ—…μ΄μ—μš”.
09:07
They took a DNA origami, organized some carbon nano-tubes,
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DNA 쒅이접기λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ νƒ„μ†Œλ‚˜λ…ΈνŠœλΈŒλ₯Ό μ‘°μ§ν•˜κ³ 
09:10
made a little switch, you see here, wired it up,
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ μž‘μ€ μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 선에 μ—°κ²°ν•œ λ’€
09:12
tested it and showed that it is indeed a switch.
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μ‹€ν—˜μœΌλ‘œ μ‹€μ œ μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜κ°€ μž‘λ™ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 증λͺ…ν–ˆμ£ .
09:15
Now, this is just a single switch
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ν˜„μž¬λ‘œμ„œλŠ” 이같은 μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜μ§€λ§Œ
09:17
and you need half a billion for a computer, so we have a long way to go.
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컴퓨터λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 5μ–΅κ°œ 정도가 ν•„μš”ν•΄μš”. μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 갈 길이 λ©€μ£ .
09:21
But this is very promising
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ λ―Έλž˜λŠ” λ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:23
because the origami can organize parts just one-tenth the size
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ 이 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” λΆ€ν’ˆμ˜ ν¬κΈ°λŠ”
09:28
of those in a normal computer.
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일반적인 컴퓨터 λΆ€ν’ˆμ˜ 1/10정도이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—μš”.
09:29
So it's very promising for making small computers.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μž‘μ€ 컴퓨터λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ°μ—λŠ” 딱이죠.
09:32
Now, I want to get back to that compiler.
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이제, λ‹€μ‹œ λ³€ν™˜μž₯치 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
09:35
The DNA origami is a proof that that compiler actually works.
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DNA μ’…μ΄μ ‘κΈ°λŠ” λ³€ν™˜μž₯치 μž‘λ™μ˜ 증거가 λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
09:39
So, you start with something in the computer.
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무언가λ₯Ό μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ λ„£κ³  돌리면,
09:41
You get a high-level description of the computer program,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 컴퓨터 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μš© κ³ κΈ‰ μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ 바뀐
09:44
a high-level description of the origami.
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쒅이접기 μ„€λͺ…μ„œλ₯Ό μ–»μœΌμ‹€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
You can compile it to molecules, send it to a synthesizer,
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그것을 λΆ„μžλ‘œ λ³€ν™˜ν•˜λ €λ©΄ ν•©μ„±μž₯치둜 보내면 되고
09:49
and it actually works.
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그러면 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μž‘λ™ν•˜μ£ .
09:50
And it turns out that a company has made a nice program
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ν•œ νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” 이런 κ·Όμ‚¬ν•œ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨λ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
09:54
that's much better than my code, which was kind of ugly,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ€ μ’€ 보기 ν‰ν•œ 제 μ½”λ“œλ³΄λ‹€
09:56
and will allow us to do this in a nice,
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훨씬 더 쒋은
09:57
visual, computer-aided design way.
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μΊλ“œλ₯Ό (컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ 섀계) μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:00
So, now you can say, all right,
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이제 당신은 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§μ”€ν•˜μ‹œκ² μ£ . μ’‹μ•„,
10:01
why isn't DNA origami the end of the story?
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그런데 μ–΄μ§Έμ„œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ 끝이 DNA 쒅이접기가 μ•„λ‹Œκ±°μ§€?
10:03
You have your molecular compiler, you can do whatever you want.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 각자의 λΆ„μž λ³€ν™˜μž₯치λ₯Ό 가지고 있고 μ›ν•˜λŠ” 것은 어떀것도 ν•  μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:05
The fact is that it does not scale.
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그것은 μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 규λͺ¨λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
10:08
So if you want to build a human from DNA origami,
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λ§Œμ•½ DNA μ’…μ΄μ ‘κΈ°λ‘œ 인간을 κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λ € ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
10:11
the problem is, you need a long strand
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당신은 길이가 10μžλ‚˜ λ˜λŠ” (μžλŠ” 0이 24κ°œλ‚˜ λΆ™λŠ” 큰 λ‹¨μœ„)
10:13
that's 10 trillion trillion bases long.
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μ–΄λ§ˆμ–΄λ§ˆν•œ κ°€λ‹₯을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Όν•˜λŠ” λ¬Έμ œμ— λΆ€λ”ͺνž™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:16
That's three light years' worth of DNA,
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κ·Έ μ •λ„μ˜ DNA길이면 λΉ›μ˜ μ†λ„λ‘œλ„ 3광년은 κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ”λ°
10:18
so we're not going to do this.
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κ·Έκ±Έ ν•˜κΈ°λž€ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ£ .
10:20
We're going to turn to another technology,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ 기술인
10:22
called algorithmic self-assembly of tiles.
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단계적 μžκ°€μ‘°λ¦½λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 관심을 λŒλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
It was started by Erik Winfree,
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이것은 에릭 μœˆν”„λ¦¬μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ‹œμž‘λλŠ”λ°μš”.
10:26
and what it does,
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그것이 λ­λƒν•˜λ©΄
10:27
it has tiles that are a hundredth the size of a DNA origami.
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DNA μ’…μ΄μ ‘κΈ°μ˜ 1/100정도 λ˜λŠ” 타일을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:31
You zoom in, there are just four DNA strands
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ν™•λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 보면, 이것은 단지 λ„€ 개의 DNA κ°€λ‹₯인데
10:34
and they have little single-stranded bits on them
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κ·Έκ²ƒμ˜ 말단은 단일 κ°€λ‹₯μ΄μ–΄μ„œ
10:36
that can bind to other tiles, if they match.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ νƒ€μΌμ˜ μƒλŒ€λ˜λŠ” 단일 κ°€λ‹₯κ³Ό 묢이기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:38
And we like to draw these tiles as little squares.
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그러면 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 νƒ€μΌλ‘œ μ •μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ„ 그릴 μˆ˜λ„ 있겠죠.
10:42
And if you look at their sticky ends, these little DNA bits,
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이듀 DNA 쑰각듀이 λΆ™λŠ” 말단은
10:44
you can see that they actually form a checkerboard pattern.
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거의 체크판 νŒ¨ν„΄μ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:47
So, these tiles would make a complicated, self-assembling checkerboard.
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타일듀은 이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μžκ°€μ‘°λ¦½ μ²΄ν¬νŒμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
10:50
And the point of this, if you didn't catch that,
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만일 이 μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ μ•Œμ•„μ°¨λ¦¬μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ…¨λ‹€λ©΄,
10:52
is that tiles are a kind of molecular program
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이 타일 ν•˜λ‚˜ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ λΆ„μž ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄κ³ 
10:55
and they can output patterns.
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그듀이 νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ‚°μΆœν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
10:58
And a really amazing part of this is
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그리고 μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ 정말 λ†€λΌμš΄ 뢀뢄은
11:00
that any computer program can be translated
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μ–΄λ–€ 컴퓨터 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μœΌλ‘œλ„ 이런 타일 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„
11:02
into one of these tile programs -- specifically, counting.
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λ²ˆμ—­ν•΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 특히 집계에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œμš”.
11:05
So, you can come up with a set of tiles
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그것은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ œμ•ˆν•œ 타일 μ„ΈνŠΈκ°€ μ„œλ‘œ ν•©μ³μ§ˆλ•Œ
11:08
that when they come together, form a little binary counter
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μ²΄ν¬νŒμ΄λΌκΈ°λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
11:11
rather than a checkerboard.
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2진 κ³„μˆ˜κΈ°μ˜ ν˜•νƒœκ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:13
So you can read off binary numbers five, six and seven.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ΄μ§„λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 쓰여진 숫자 5, 6, 7을 읽어내야 ν•˜μ£ .
11:16
And in order to get these kinds of computations started right,
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이런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 연산을 μ˜¬λ°”λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
11:19
you need some kind of input, a kind of seed.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ νˆ¬μž…κ³Ό 씨앗이 λ λ§Œν•œ 게 ν•„μš”ν•œλ°
11:21
You can use DNA origami for that.
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λ°”λ‘œ 거기에 DNA 쒅이접기λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
11:23
You can encode the number 32
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32라고 μ•”ν˜Έν™”λœ DNA 쒅이접기λ₯Ό
11:25
in the right-hand side of a DNA origami,
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였λ₯ΈνŽΈμ— 두고
11:27
and when you add those tiles that count,
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κ·Έ 타일듀을 μ²¨κ°€ν•˜λ©΄,
11:29
they will start to count -- they will read that 32
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집계가 μ‹œμž‘λ˜κ³  32λ₯Ό μ½λŠ” μˆœκ°„
11:32
and they'll stop at 32.
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그것은 λ©ˆμΆ”κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:34
So, what we've done is we've figured out a way
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κ·Έλž˜μš”, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•΄λƒˆμ–΄μš”.
11:37
to have a molecular program know when to stop going.
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λΆ„μž ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ 가지고 그것이 μ–Έμ œ λ©ˆμΆœμ§€λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμƒν•  수 있게 된 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:40
It knows when to stop growing because it can count.
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μ§‘κ³„λ˜λ‹ˆ μ•Šμ„ λ•Œκ°€ μ„±μž₯을 λλ‚œ λ•Œμ£ .
11:42
It knows how big it is.
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이것이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ 일인지 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:44
So, that answers that sort of first question I was talking about.
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이건 μ œκ°€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•œ 첫번재 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡이죠.
11:47
It doesn't tell us how babies do it, however.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  μ•„κΈ°μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λ„ ν•΄λ‹Ήλ˜λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:50
So now, we can use this counting to try and get at much bigger things
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μ•„λ¬΄νŠΌ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더 큰 DNA 쒅이접기λ₯Ό 가지고
11:54
than DNA origami could otherwise.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 이 집계λ₯Ό μ‹œλ„ν•΄λ΄€μ–΄μš”.
11:55
Here's the DNA origami, and what we can do
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여기에 μžˆλŠ” DNA μ’…μ΄μ ‘κΈ°λŠ”
11:58
is we can write 32 on both edges of the DNA origami,
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μ–‘μͺ½μ— 32라고 쓰여진 녀석이죠.
12:01
and we can now use our watering can
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이제 여기에 타일이 ν•¨μœ λœ 물을 μ£Όλ©΄
12:03
and water with tiles, and we can start growing tiles off of that
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κ·Έ 타일은 μžλΌμ„œ
12:07
and create a square.
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μ •μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:09
The counter serves as a template
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μΉ΄μš΄ν„°λŠ” μ•”ν˜Έν™”λœ 숫자만큼의 ν…œν”Œλ¦Ώμ„ μ œκ³΅ν•΄μ„œ
12:12
to fill in a square in the middle of this thing.
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쀑앙을 μ±„μš°κ²Œ 되죠.
12:14
So, what we've done is we've succeeded
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•œ 일은 μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:15
in making something much bigger than a DNA origami
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DNA 쒅이접기와 νƒ€μΌμ˜ 쑰합을 가지고
12:18
by combining DNA origami with tiles.
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더 큰 DNA 쒅이접기λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒˆμ–΄μš”.
12:21
And the neat thing about it is, is that it's also reprogrammable.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 더 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은, 그것이 μž¬ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ν•˜κΈ° μ‰½λ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:24
You can just change a couple of the DNA strands in this binary representation
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 단지 DNA κ°€λ‹₯의 2μ§„μˆ˜ ν‘œν˜„μ„
12:28
and you'll get 96 rather than 32.
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32μ—μ„œ 96으둜 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 그것을 얻을 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
12:31
And if you do that, the origami's the same size,
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32λ•Œμ™€ 같은 크기의 μ’…μ΄μ ‘κΈ°λ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
12:34
but the resulting square that you get is three times bigger.
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κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ„Έλ°° 크죠.
12:39
So, this sort of recapitulates
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자, μ €λŠ” μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€
12:40
what I was telling you about development.
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이 κ°œμš”μ˜ λ°œμ „μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:42
You have a very sensitive computer program
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당신은 맀우 μ„¬μ„Έν•œ 컴퓨터 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ 가지고 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
12:45
where small changes -- single, tiny, little mutations --
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그것은 μž‘μ€ 변화에도, 예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 맀우 μ•½ν•œ 변이에도
12:48
can take something that made one size square
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μ–΄λ–€ 1크기의 μ •μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ΄λΌλ“ κ°€
12:50
and make something very much bigger.
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더 큰 무언가λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄μ£ .
12:54
Now, this -- using counting to compute
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이제, 이런 λ°œμ „μ μΈ 과정에 μ˜ν•΄μ„œ
12:57
and build these kinds of things
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연산에 집계방식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³ 
12:59
by this kind of developmental process
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그것을 κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜λŠ” 것은
13:01
is something that also has bearing on Craig Venter's question.
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크레이그 λ²€λ”μ˜ μ§ˆλ¬Έκ³Όλ„ κ΄€κ³„λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:05
So, you can ask, how many DNA strands are required
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€, 주어진 μ •μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ„ λ§Œλ“€λ €λ©΄
13:07
to build a square of a given size?
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DNA κ°€λ‹₯이 λͺ‡κ°œλ‚˜ ν•„μš”ν•œκ°€? κ°€ 되겠죠.
13:09
If we wanted to make a square of size 10, 100 or 1,000,
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만일 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” μ •μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ˜ 크기가 10, 100 λ˜λŠ” 1000정도고
13:14
if we used DNA origami alone,
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DNA μ’…μ΄μ ‘κΈ°λ§Œμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
13:16
we would require a number of DNA strands that's the square
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κ·Έ μ •μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ„ λ§Œλ“€λ €λ©΄
13:19
of the size of that square;
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κ·Έ 크기만큼의 DNA κ°€λ‹₯이 λ“€κ²Œ 되고,
13:21
so we'd need 100, 10,000 or a million DNA strands.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 100, 1000 λ˜λŠ” 1000000의 DNA κ°€λ‹₯이 ν•„μš”ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:23
That's really not affordable.
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그것은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 감당할 수 μ—†λŠ” μˆ˜μ€€μ΄μ£ .
13:25
But if we use a little computation --
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ•½κ°„μ˜ 연산을 μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
13:27
we use origami, plus some tiles that count --
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쒅이접기에 타일을 더해 μ§‘κ³„ν•˜λŠ” 법을 μ“΄λ‹€λ©΄
13:31
then we can get away with using 100, 200 or 300 DNA strands.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 100, 200, 300개의 DNA κ°€λ‹₯μœΌλ‘œλ„ ν•΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
13:34
And so we can exponentially reduce the number of DNA strands we use,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 집계방식을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ 연산을 ν•˜λ©΄
13:39
if we use counting, if we use a little bit of computation.
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DNA κ°€λ‹₯을 κΈ°ν•˜κΈ‰μˆ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ μ ˆμ•½ν•  수 있죠.
13:42
And so computation is some very powerful way
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연산은 맀우 κ°•λ ₯ν•œ λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:45
to reduce the number of molecules you need to build something,
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무언가λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ•Œ ν•„μš”ν•œ λΆ„μžμ˜ 수λ₯Ό 쀄여주고,
13:48
to reduce the size of the genome that you're building.
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당신이 λ§Œλ“€ μœ μ „μ²΄μ˜ 크기도 쀄여주죠.
13:51
And finally, I'm going to get back to that sort of crazy idea
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결과적으둜 μ €λŠ”
13:54
about computers building computers.
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컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ„€κ³„ν•˜λŠ” μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λΌλŠ” 독창적인 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:56
If you look at the square that you build with the origami
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κ·Έ 쒅이접기와 μΉ΄μš΄ν„°μ— μ˜ν•΄
13:59
and some counters growing off it,
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μžλž€ μ •μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ„ λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄,
14:01
the pattern that it has is exactly the pattern that you need
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κ·Έ νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ 거의 당신이 μƒκ°ν–ˆλ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄κ³Ό κ°™λ‹€λŠ” 것을
14:04
to make a memory.
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μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„ κ±°μ—μš”.
14:05
So if you affix some wires and switches to those tiles --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 타일듀에 μŠ€ν…Œμ΄ν”Œ κ°€λ‹₯듀이 μ•„λ‹Œ
14:08
rather than to the staple strands, you affix them to the tiles --
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μ–΄λ–€ μ² μ‚¬λ‚˜ μŠ€μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μž₯μ°©ν•˜κ³  λ‚˜λ©΄
14:11
then they'll self-assemble the somewhat complicated circuits,
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그듀은 μžκ°€μ‘°λ¦½ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μ†Œ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ νšŒλ‘œκ°€ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:14
the demultiplexer circuits, that you need to address this memory.
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그것은 역닀쀑화 회둜인데, 이 λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬λŠ” 연ꡬ할 κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ 있죠.
14:17
So you can actually make a complicated circuit
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μ•½κ°„μ˜ μ—°μ‚°μœΌλ‘œ
14:19
using a little bit of computation.
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 회둜λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 게 κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:21
It's a molecular computer building an electronic computer.
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λΆ„μž μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ” μ „μžμ‹ 컴퓨터λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
14:24
Now, you ask me, how far have we gotten down this path?
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μ§€κΈˆ 묻고싢은 게 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ κ·Έ 길에 μ •ν†΅ν•˜λ €λ©΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ©€μ—ˆμ£ ? μΈκ°€μš”?
14:27
Experimentally, this is what we've done in the last year.
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μ‹€ν—˜μƒμœΌλ‘œλŠ”, 이것이 μž‘λ…„μ— (2007λ…„) μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•΄λ‚Έ κ²ƒμΈλ°μš”
14:30
Here is a DNA origami rectangle,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ˜ DNA μ’…μ΄μ ‘κΈ°λŠ” μ§μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ΄κ³ ,
14:33
and here are some tiles growing from it.
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κ·Έ μ™ΈλŠ” 그것이 μžλž€ νƒ€μΌλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:35
And you can see how they count.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ„ κ·Έκ±Έ μ„Έμ–΄ λ³Ό μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
14:37
One, two, three, four, five, six, nine, 10, 11, 12, 17.
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1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17.
14:49
So it's got some errors, but at least it counts up.
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μ—λŸ¬κ°€ μ’€ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ μ–΄μ¨Œκ±°λ‚˜ λ‹€ ν—€μ•„λ Έλ„€μš”.
14:53
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
14:54
So, it turns out we actually had this idea nine years ago,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 아이디어λ₯Ό 9λ…„ μ „λΆ€ν„° κ°–κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
14:57
and that's about the time constant for how long it takes
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μ§€λ‚˜ 온 μ‹œκ°„μ— λΉ„λ‘€ν•˜κ²Œ
15:00
to do these kinds of things, so I think we made a lot of progress.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 진보λ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:02
We've got ideas about how to fix these errors.
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이런 μ—λŸ¬λ₯Ό 고치기 μœ„ν•œ λ¬˜μ•ˆλ„ μƒκ°ν•΄λƒˆκ³ μš”.
15:04
And I think in the next five or 10 years,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 제 생각에 ν–₯ν›„ 5μ—μ„œ 10년이면
15:06
we'll make the kind of squares that I described
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그런 μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μ—μ„œ
15:08
and maybe even get to some of those self-assembled circuits.
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μžκ°€μ‘°λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” 회둜λ₯Ό 얻을 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:11
So now, what do I want you to take away from this talk?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ§€κΈˆ, μ œκ°€ 이 κ°•μ—°μœΌλ‘œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ € ν•˜λŠ” 건 λ­˜κΉŒμš”?
15:15
I want you to remember that
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄μ£Όμ‹œκΈ°λ₯Ό μ›ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:17
to create life's very diverse and complex forms,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ³  λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 삢을 μ°½μ‘°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
15:21
life uses computation to do that.
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연산이 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  있고
15:23
And the computations that it uses, they're molecular computations,
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κ·Έ 연산은 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λΆ„μž 컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
15:27
and in order to understand this and get a better handle on it,
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그리고 그것을 더 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
15:29
as Feynman said, you know,
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파인만 (물리학을 μ‰½κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄μ‹œν‚€κΈ°λ‘œ 유λͺ…ν•œ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μž) 처럼,
15:31
we need to build something to understand it.
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μ΄ν•΄μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 무언가λ₯Ό 보여야 ν•˜κ² μ£ .
15:33
And so we are going to use molecules and refashion this thing,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λΆ„μžλ₯Ό κ°œμ‘°ν•œ λ’€ μž¬νƒ„μƒ μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:37
rebuild everything from the bottom up,
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λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ„ 거꾸둜 μž¬μ„€κ³„ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
15:39
using DNA in ways that nature never intended,
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μžμ—°μ—μ„œλŠ” κ²°μ½” μ˜λ„λ  수 μ—†λŠ” DNA인
15:42
using DNA origami,
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DNA μ’…μ΄μ ‘κΈ°λ‚˜
15:44
and DNA origami to seed this algorithmic self-assembly.
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DNA 쒅이접기λ₯Ό μ”¨μ•—μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” 단계적 μžκ°€μ‘°λ¦½λ²• 같은 κ±Έλ‘œμš”.
15:47
You know, so this is all very cool,
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이것도 κ½€ κ·Όμ‚¬ν•œ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ
15:50
but what I'd like you to take from the talk,
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μ €λŠ” 당신이 이 κ°•μ—°μ—μ„œ κ°€μ Έκ°€λŠ” 것이
15:51
hopefully from some of those big questions,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ 큰 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 깨달은 것이
15:53
is that this molecular programming isn't just about making gadgets.
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κ·Έμ € 가젯을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λΆ„μž ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆκΈΈ λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:56
It's not just making about --
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이것은 단지
15:58
it's making self-assembled cell phones and circuits.
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μžκ°€μ‘°λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” νœ΄λŒ€ν°μ΄λ‚˜ 회둜λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”.
16:00
What it's really about is taking computer science
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μ§„μ‹€λ‘œ 컴퓨터 과학이 μ•žμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜μ•„κ°€λ €λ©΄
16:02
and looking at big questions in a new light,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œκ°μœΌλ‘œ 큰 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ„ λ°”λΌλ΄μ•Όν•˜κ³ ,
16:05
asking new versions of those big questions
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κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μš”κ΅¬λŠ”
16:07
and trying to understand how biology
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μ˜ λ†€λΌμš΄ 일듀을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
16:09
can make such amazing things. Thank you.
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ꡬ할 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:12
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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