The Tipping Point I Got Wrong | Malcolm Gladwell | TED

Translator: Reno Kanti Riananda Reviewer: Indah Setiawan

I want to tell you a story

Saya ingin menceritakan kisah

about when I moved to New York City in 1993.

ketika saya pindah ke New York City pada tahun 1993.

I was 30 years old,

Saya berusia 30 tahun,

and I was moving to what was known

dan saya pindah ke tempat yang dikenal

as one of the most dangerous big cities in the United States.

sebagai salah satu kota besar paling berbahaya di Amerika Serikat.

And every night,

Setiap malam,

I would go out with my friends on a Friday or Saturday night,

saya keluar dengan teman-teman, hari Jumat atau Sabtu malam,

and at the end of every night we would have a little conference

dan di setiap penghujung malam kami akan berunding,

and we would pool all of our money,

mengumpulkan semua uang kami,

and we would figure out how everyone was going to get home,

dan mencari tahu bagaimana kami akan pulang,

karena mustahil pulang sendiri naik kereta bawah tanah,

because you couldn't go home on the subway by yourself

and you couldn't walk home,

apalagi berjalan kaki.

Terlebih jika Anda wanita, Anda pasti tidak diizinkan pulang sendiri

and if you were a woman, you definitely were not allowed to go home by yourself

at one o'clock in the morning on a Saturday night.

pada pukul satu pagi di akhir pekan.

Itulah rasanya hidup di kota menakutkan bernama New York ini.

That's what it meant to be in this very scary city called New York.

I used to live in the sixth floor of a walk-up in the West Village,

Saya dulu tinggal di lantai enam apartemen tanpa lift di West Village,

and my bedroom faced the fire escape.

dan kamar tidur saya menghadap ke tangga darurat.

And even in the summer, I had no air conditioning,

Bahkan, saat musim panas— saya tidak punya AC—

I had to keep my window closed

saya harus menutup jendela

because I was scared that somebody would come down the fire escape

karena saya takut seseorang akan menggunakan tangga darurat

into my apartment.

untuk masuk ke apartemen saya.

And then one day I woke up and I realized that I wasn't scared anymore.

Suatu hari, saya bangun dan sadar bahwa saya tidak takut lagi.

And I kept the window open.

Saya membiarkan jendela terbuka.

And I realized that when I was going out with my friends,

Saya pun menyadari, saat pergi keluar dengan teman-teman,

we weren't having that conference at the end of the evening anymore.

kami tidak lagi berunding di akhir malam.

We were just going home.

Kami langsung pulang.

This city that I had thought, we all thought,

Kota yang semula saya dan kami semua anggap

was one of the scariest in the United States

sebagai salah satu kota yang paling menakutkan di Amerika Serikat,

wasn't scary anymore.

tidak lagi menakutkan.

And I remember at the time

Saya ingat bahwa saat itu

I was absolutely transfixed by this transformation.

saya benar-benar terpesona oleh transformasi ini.

I couldn't understand it.

Saya tidak mengerti.

It was the same city full of the same weird, screwed up people,

Itu kota yang sama dengan orang-orang aneh dan kacau yang sama,

same buildings, same institutions.

bangunan yang sama, dan institusi yang sama.

Only nobody was murdering each other anymore.

Hanya tidak ada yang saling membunuh lagi.

And I would call up criminologists

Saya bertanya pada kriminolog,

and I would ask them, "What's your explanation?"

“Bagaimana Anda menjelaskan ini?”

And no one could give me a good explanation.

Tidak ada yang bisa memberi penjelasan yang baik.

And I remember one day -- I used to go to the NYU,

Lalu saya ingat suatu hari— saya dulu sering ke NYU,

New York University has a library called Bobst Library.

NYU memiliki perpustakaan bernama Perpustakaan Bobst.

I used to go to Bobst to look for ideas.

Saya sering ke sana untuk mencari ide.

And I remember one day I was on the sixth floor in the sociology section,

Suatu hari, saya berada di lantai enam, di bagian sosiologi,

HM-1A6,

HM-1A6,

and I was reading back issues, yes, I was,

saya sedang membaca edisi lama

back issues of the American Journal of Sociology,

dari American Journal of Sociology,

and I ran across an article from 1991

dan saya menemukan sebuah artikel dari tahun 1991

by a guy named Jonathan Crane

yang ditulis oleh Jonathan Crane,

called “The Epidemic Theory of Ghetto Life.”

berjudul “Teori Epidemi Kehidupan Permukiman Kumuh.”

And I'm going to read to you how it began.

Saya akan membacakan bagian awalnya.

"The word epidemic is commonly used to describe

“Kata epidemi umumnya digunakan untuk menggambarkan

the high incidence of social problems in ghettos.

tingginya masalah sosial di permukiman kumuh.

The news is filled with feature stories on crack epidemics,

Berita penuh dengan tajuk unggulan seputar epidemi kokaina,

epidemics of gang violence, and epidemics of teenage childbearing.

epidemi kekerasan geng, dan epidemi kehamilan remaja.

The term is used loosely in popular parlance,

Istilah epidemi digunakan secara bebas dalam ragam bahasa populer,

but turns out to be remarkably apt."

yang dalam kasus ini ternyata sangat mewakili.”

And what Crane was saying

Yang Crane ingin sampaikan adalah,

is that if you look at these kinds of social problems,

jika Anda melihat masalah sosial semacam ini,

they behave, they come and they go,

mereka berperilaku, datang dan pergi,

they rise and they fall exactly like viruses do.

bangkit dan jatuh, persis seperti virus.

He was saying that that term epidemic is not a metaphor.

Dia mengatakan bahwa istilah epidemi bukanlah metafora.

It's a literal description.

Itu adalah deskripsi harfiah.

And I'll never forget when I read that little paragraph

Saya tidak akan pernah lupa waktu saya membaca paragraf itu

and I was standing in this aisle in Bobst Library,

saat berdiri di sebuah lorong di Perpustakaan Bobst,

and, you know, it's a library.

dan, Anda tahulah, itu perpustakaan.

It's got that hush and that musty smell of books.

Ada keheningan dan bau apek dari buku.

And I'm reading this crazy article from 1991,

Saya tengah membaca artikel aneh dari tahun 1991,

and I remember thinking to myself,

dan saya ingat berpikir,

oh my God, that's what happened in New York.

“Oh Tuhan, itulah yang terjadi di New York.”

We had an epidemic of crime.

Kita mengalami epidemi kejahatan.

And what is the hallmark of an epidemic?

Apa ciri khas epidemi?

It's the tipping point.

Titik kritisnya.

It's the moment when the epidemic order goes up all at once

Itu adalah titik saat epidemi meningkat secara bersamaan

or crashes all at once.

atau menurun secara bersamaan.

And so I wrote an article for "The New Yorker" magazine

Saya lalu menulis artikel untuk “The New Yorker”

called "The Tipping Point,"

berjudul, “The Tipping Point”.

which was my attempt to use this theory to explain what happened in New York.

Ini adalah cara saya, menggunakan teori ini,

untuk menjelaskan yang terjadi di New York.

And then I, because of that article,

Karena artikel itu,

got a contract for a book called "The Tipping Point,"

saya dikontrak untuk menulis buku “The Tipping Point,” yang sukses besar.

which did very well.

And that book led to another book and another book and another book.

Dari buku itu, terciptalah buku lain dan buku lain dan buku lain.

And I am standing here today

Saya berdiri di sini, hari ini,

because of that moment in the library 25 years ago.

karena momen di perpustakaan itu, sekitar 25 tahun yang lalu.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

So "The Tipping Point," my first book, was about all kinds of things.

“The Tipping Point,” buku pertama saya, berisi tentang segala macam hal.

I talked about Hush Puppies and Paul Revere and teenage smoking.

Saya berbicara tentang Hush Puppies, Paul Revere, dan perokok remaja.

But at the heart of it was a chapter on why did crime decline in New York.

Namun, kisah utamanya adalah: penyebab menurunnya kejahatan di New York.

And in that chapter

Pada bagian itu,

I talked a lot about a theory called broken windows theory,

Saya banyak berbicara tentang teori jendela pecah,

which was a very famous idea

suatu gagasan yang sangat terkenal

that had been pioneered by two criminologists

yang dirintis oleh dua kriminolog

called George Kelling and James Q. Wilson in the 1980s,

bernama George Kelling dan James Q. Wilson pada 1980-an.

very influential article,

Artikel yang sangat berpengaruh.

in which they argued that very small things in the environment

Mereka berpendapat bahwa hal-hal kecil di lingkungan sekitar

can be triggers for larger crimes.

dapat menjadi pemicu kejahatan yang lebih besar.

That essentially small instances of disorder

Pada dasarnya, kekacauan-kekacauan kecil

are tipping points for very serious things

adalah titik kritis untuk hal-hal yang sangat serius

like murder or rape or any kind of violent crime.

seperti pembunuhan, pemerkosaan atau segala jenis kejahatan kekerasan.

It was an epidemic theory of crime,

Itu adalah teori epidemi kejahatan.

and the New York City Police Department took that idea very seriously.

Departemen Kepolisian Kota New York sangat serius menanggapi gagasan itu.

And one of the things they began to do in the 1990s during this crime drop

Salah satu yang mulai mereka lakukan di tahun ’90-an saat kejahatan berkurang

was to say what this argument means

adalah mengatakan bahwa keberadaan teori tersebut

is that we can't be passive anymore.

menunjukkan bahwa kita tidak bisa pasif lagi.

We have to be proactive.

Kita harus proaktif.

We have to go out there

Kita harus memastikan

and if someone is jaywalking or jumping a turnstile

jika ada yang menyeberang sembarangan,

or doing graffiti or peeing on the sidewalk,

tidak membayar, membuat grafiti, atau kencing di trotoar,

we've got to stop them.

kita harus hentikan.

And if we see a young man walking down the street

Lalu jika kita melihat seseorang di jalan

dan terlihat sedikit mencurigakan,

and he looks a little bit suspicious,

kita harus mencegat dan menggeledahnya untuk mencari senjata.

we've got to stop him and frisk him for his weapons.

That's how the NYPD interpreted

Begitulah cara NYPD menafsirkan

the broken windows theory in New York.

teori tentang jendela pecah di New York.

And my chapter was how millions of people around the world

Bagian dalam buku saya berisi bagaimana jutaan orang di seluruh dunia

came to understand the crime drop in New York,

mulai memahami penurunan kejahatan di New York,

that it was all broken windows.

bahwa semua kejahatan dimulai dari ketidakteraturan.

And here's the thing that I have come to understand

Ternyata, inilah yang akhirnya saya pahami

about that explanation I gave of why crime fell in New York.

terkait penjelasan saya tentang penyebab berkurangnya kejahatan di New York.

I was wrong.

Saya salah.

I didn't understand this until quite recently,

Saya baru saja memahami hal ini

when I went back

ketika saya kembali.

and I decided on the 25th anniversary of my first book, "The Tipping Point,"

Saya memutuskan pada ulang tahun ke-25 buku pertama saya, “The Tipping Point,”

that I would write a sequel.

saya akan menulis sekuel.

It's called "Revenge of the Tipping Point,"

Judulnya, “Revenge of the Tipping Point”.

and I went back and, for the first time in a quarter century,

Saya kembali dan untuk pertama kalinya dalam seperempat abad,

I reread my original book.

saya membaca ulang buku asli saya.

I'm not someone who likes to revisit things, but I did it,

Saya tak suka mengenang masa lalu, tetapi tetap saya lakukan,

and it was a uniquely complicated experience.

dan itu adalah pengalaman yang unik dan rumit.

It was like looking back at your high school yearbook.

Rasanya seperti melihat kembali buku tahunan SMU Anda.

You know, when you see yourself and you have some combination of,

Tahulah, saat melihat diri Anda dan perasaan Anda campur aduk antara:

"Wow, I look young,"

“Wow, saya terlihat muda,”

and also, "Wow, I really wore that?"

dan juga, “Wow, saya memakai itu?”

It was like that.

Hal ini seperti itu.

And what I realized is that in the intervening years

Yang saya sadari adalah, pada tahun-tahun berikutnya

since I wrote that explanation of why I think crime fell in New York,

sejak saya menulis penjelasan tentang mengapa menurut saya

kejahatan di New York menurun,

the theory of broken windows had been tested.

teori ketidakteraturan diuji.

There was a kind of classic natural experiment

Terjadi eksperimen klasik alami

to see whether that theory worked.

yang menguji kebenaran teori tersebut.

And the natural experiment was a court case,

Eksperimen alami tersebut adalah sebuah kasus di pengadilan,

maybe one of the most famous court cases in New York history

mungkin yang paling terkenal dalam sejarah New York,

called Floyd v City of New York.

yang disebut Floyd v City of New York.

It involved a young man named David Floyd,

Kasus ini melibatkan pemuda bernama David Floyd,

who had been stopped a number of occasions by the NYPD

yang telah dicegat beberapa kali oleh NYPD,

and was the face of a class action lawsuit

dan menjadi wajah dari gugatan class action

that said the practice of stopping young men,

yang menyatakan bahwa praktik mencegat pemuda—

largely young men of color,

sebagian besar pemuda kulit berwarna—

just because they look a little suspicious to police

hanya karena mereka terlihat sedikit mencurigakan bagi polisi,

is not constitutional.

bertentangan dengan konstitusi.

Itu tidak boleh, kan?

You can't do that, right?

And to everyone's surprise,

Yang mengejutkan semua orang,

the Floyd lawsuit goes before a federal judge.

gugatan Floyd diajukan ke hakim federal.

And the federal judge rules in David Floyd's favor.

Hakim federal pun memutuskan untuk mendukung David Floyd.

And overnight, the broken windows era

Dalam semalam, era teori ketidakteraturan

in New York City policing ends.

di kepolisian Kota New York berakhir.

And the NYPD goes from --

NYPD berubah dari—

In 2011, they stopped and frisked 700,000 young men, right.

Pada tahun 2011, mereka menghentikan dan menelusuri 700.000 pemuda.

And after the Floyd lawsuit was decided in 2013,

Setelah gugatan Floyd diputuskan pada tahun 2013,

that number drops to less than 50,000.

jumlah itu turun menjadi kurang dari 50.000.

So this is the perfect natural experiment.

Jadi ini adalah eksperimen alami yang sempurna.

You have New York before Floyd and New York after Floyd.

Anda punya New York sebelum Floyd dan New York setelah Floyd.

Before Floyd,

Sebelum Floyd,

the principal tactic of the NYPD is stopping everyone they can.

taktik utama NYPD adalah menghentikan orang sebanyak mungkin.

And after Floyd that goes away.

Setelah Floyd, hal itu terhenti.

They can't do that anymore, right?

Mereka tak bisa lagi melakukan itu.

This is the perfect test case

Ini uji kasus yang sempurna untuk tahu mengapa kejahatan menurun di New York.

for whether you think that's why crime fell in New York.

And if you believe in the power of broken windows policing,

Jika Anda percaya kekuatan dari pengawasan terhadap ketidakteraturan,

then your expectation has to be that after the Floyd case,

maka dugaan Anda pastilah bahwa setelah kasus Floyd ini,

when broken windows goes away,

saat pengawasan semacam itu tak ada lagi,

crime is going to go back up, right?

kejahatan akan meningkat kembali, kan?

And I should tell you that in 2013, in the wake of the Floyd case,

Saya harus memberi tahu Anda bahwa tahun 2013, setelah kasus Floyd,

everybody thought crime was going to go back up.

semua orang memang berpikir kejahatan akan meningkat kembali.

The NYPD thought that,

NYPD berpikir begitu,

the city government thought that,

pemerintah kota berpikir begitu,

the pundits thought that,

para pakar berpikir begitu,

even the judge who wrote the opinion

bahkan hakim yang menulis opini

saying that stop and frisk was unconstitutional,

bahwa aksi mencegat dan menggeledah itu inkonstitusional,

said in her opinion that she strongly suspected

mengatakan dalam opininya bahwa kemungkinan besar

that as a result of this opinion, crime would go back up.

akibat opininya tersebut, kejahatan akan kembali meningkat.

I thought crime was going to go back up, right?

Saya pun berpikir kejahatan akan kembali meningkat.

All of us had internalized the logic of broken windows.

Kita telah menginternalisasi logika teori ketidakteraturan.

We said, yes, we know this strategy poses an incredible burden on young men,

Kita sadar strategi ini menimbulkan beban yang luar biasa bagi para pemuda,

but what choice do we have, right?

tetapi kita tidak punya pilihan, kan?

You know, if the choice is being stopped repeatedly by police or being killed,

Jika pilihannya antara dihentikan berulang kali oleh polisi atau dibunuh,

maybe we're better off with the former than the latter.

maka pilihan pertama lebih baik daripada yang terakhir.

This is the price we pay for a safe New York, right?

Ini harga yang kita bayar demi New York yang aman, kan?

So what happens after the Floyd case?

Jadi, apa yang terjadi setelah kasus Floyd?

Stop and frisk goes away

Aksi cegat dan geledah berhenti

and crime falls.

tetapi tingkat kejahatan menurun.

In fact, crime in New York City undergoes a second,

Faktanya, kejahatan di New York City mengalami penurunan kedua

even more miraculous decline, right?

yang lebih menakjubkan.

And what's interesting about this is, you know,

Yang menarik tentang hal ini adalah,

when the first crime declined in the 1990s,

ketika kejahatan pertama menurun pada tahun ’90-an,

you see that decline almost everywhere in the United States,

penurunan terjadi hampir di seluruh Amerika Serikat.

not quite as steep as New York,

Tdak sebanyak di New York,

but crime goes down everywhere.

tetapi kejahatan menurun di mana-mana.

And then in every other city in the United States, crime plateaus.

Lalu di kota-kota lain di Amerika Serikat, tingkat kejahatan stabil.

But New York gets rid of broken windows,

New York menghentikan strategi jendela pecah,

and crime starts to fall and fall and fall all over again.

tapi tingkat kejahatan terus menerus menurun.

To the point by 2019

Pada tahun 2019,

that New York City is as safe as Paris,

New York City dinyatakan sama amannya dengan Paris.

which is not a sentence I ever thought anyone would ever say in my lifetime.

Kalimat yang tak pernah terpikir akan terucap dalam masa hidup saya.

And what we realize in that second crime decline

Yang kita sadari saat penurunan kejahatan yang kedua adalah,

penyebabnya bukan strategi jendela pecah.

is that it wasn't broken windows.

It's not indiscriminate policing that causes crime to fall.

Pengawasan tanpa pandang bulu tidak menurunkan kejahatan.

Rather, it is the intelligent and thoughtful

Sebaliknya, penerapan otoritas polisi yang cerdas, bijaksana, dan selektiflah

and selective application of police authority

that causes crime to fall.

yang menyebabkan kejahatan menurun.

Now, there's a couple of really puzzling things here.

Ada beberapa hal yang benar-benar membingungkan.

One is that people don't seem to have internalized the fact

Salah satunya adalah bahwa orang-orang tampaknya tidak menginternalisasi fakta

that New York underwent this second,

bahwa New York mengalami penurunan kejahatan kedua

even more dramatic crime fall.

yang lebih dramatis.

People still act like it's the year 2000

Orang-orang masih berperilaku seakan-akan ini tahun 2000

when it comes to making sense of New York.

saat memikirkan New York.

You know, a whole bunch of very, very wealthy hedge fund guys

Sekelompok pelaku lindung nilai yang sangat, sangat kaya

have very loudly left New York for Miami in recent years.

pindah besar-besaran dari New York ke Miami dalam beberapa tahun terakhir.

And they all say,

Mereka semua bilang,

when they're packing up their offices in New York,

saat menutup kantor mereka di New York,

"We can't take the crime anymore."

“Kami sudah tidak tahan dengan tingkat kejahatan di sini.”

Well, violent crime in Miami is twice as high as New York City.

Kejahatan kekerasan di Miami dua kali lebih tinggi dari New York City.

If they were really concerned about violent crime,

Jika mereka benar-benar khawatir akan kejahatan kekerasan,

they would leave Coral Gables before they get murdered

mereka akan pergi dari Coral Gables sebelum terbunuh

and move to the Bronx,

dan pindah ke Bronx,

where it is a whole lot safer.

tempat yang jauh lebih aman.

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

The other even more important thing, though,

Hal lain yang lebih penting,

is that people act like stop and frisk actually worked.

adalah bahwa masyarakat menganggap aksi cegat dan geledah itu berhasil.

No one seems to have internalized the lesson

Tampaknya tidak ada yang menginternalisasi pelajaran

of the great Floyd case natural experiment.

dari eksperimen alami kasus Floyd yang hebat.

If you listen to people -- I'm not going to name their names,

Jika Anda dengar orang-orang— saya tidak akan menyebut nama,

but people going around the country now campaigning for higher office,

tetapi orang-orang yang berkampanye untuk jabatan lebih tinggi—

mereka mengatakan hal-hal seperti,

they will say things like,

"It's time to bring back stop and frisk and broken windows policing.

“Lakukan kembali aksi cegat dan geledah serta pengawasan ketidakteraturan.

It worked so well in New York."

Itu berhasil di New York.”

They're acting as if we didn't have

Mereka bertindak seolah-olah kita tidak memiliki momen pemahaman hebat

that great moment of understanding in 2013.

di tahun 2013.

And for that, for that misunderstanding,

Atas kesalahpahaman itu,

I think I bear some of the blame.

saya merasa bertanggung jawab atas sebagian kesalahan.

I was the one who wrote this book

Saya yang menulis buku ini

saying this was the greatest tactic ever in stopping crime.

dan menyebut ini adalah taktik terbaik dalam menghentikan kejahatan.

Now, how do I make sense of my mistake?

Bagaimana saya memahami kesalahan saya?

Well, I can give you all kinds of excuses.

Saya bisa saja memberi berbagai alasan.

You know, I can say I'm not a fortune teller.

Saya bisa bilang, saya bukan peramal.

I didn't know that David Floyd was going to come along

Saya tidak tahu bahwa David Floyd akan datang

10 years after I wrote my book

10 tahun setelah saya menulis buku itu

and give us this great test case in broken windows policing.

dan melakukan uji kasus atas pengawasan ketidakteraturan.

You know, I could say that, you know,

Saya bisa mengatakan

I was just writing what everybody believed back in the 1996 and 1997.

bahwa saya hanya menulis apa yang semua orang yakini pada tahun 1996 dan 1997.

But I don't think those excuses hold any water whatsoever.

Namun, saya tidak merasa itu alasan yang cukup kuat.

I think that journalists,

Saya pikir wartawan dan penulis

writers need to be held to a higher standard, right?

harus punya standar yang lebih tinggi.

I wrote --

Saya menulis—

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

I told a story about how crime fell in New York,

Saya mengisahkan bagaimana kejahatan menurun di New York,

and I told the story like the story was over.

dan saya mengisahkannya seakan-akan itu sudah berakhir,

And like I knew what the answer to this story was.

seakan-akan saya tahu jawaban dari cerita ini.

And it wasn't over

Itu belum berakhir

and I didn't know the answer, right?

dan saya tidak tahu jawabannya, benar?

I wrote, "I know this is what happened,"

Saya menulis, “Saya tahu inilah yang terjadi.”

and what I should have said is

Yang seharusnya saya katakan adalah,

"This is what I believe happened now," right?

“Inilah yang saya yakini terjadi sekarang.”

And those words "I believe happened now"

Kata-kata “saya yakini terjadi sekarang” itu

have to be at the center of any understanding

harus menjadi pusat pemahaman

of how the world works.

tentang bagaimana dunia bekerja.

We have to acknowledge that we are representing

Kita harus mengakui bahwa kita mewakili

the position of this very moment,

posisi saat ini,

and that that position could change if the facts change, right?

dan posisi itu dapat berubah jika fakta berubah, bukan?

The great desire of any writer is to write a book for the ages,

Keinginan besar setiap penulis adalah: menulis buku yang tak lekang oleh waktu,

that will forever explain the way things are,

yang akan selamanya menjelaskan semua keadaan.

but that's not possible,

Namun, itu tidak mungkin,

and no one should ever try.

dan tidak ada yang harus mencoba.

That was my mistake.

Itu kesalahan saya,

And I'm sorry.

dan saya minta maaf.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

Monique Ruff-Bell: That was some mea culpa, Malcolm.

Monique Ruff-Bell: Itu pengakuan kesalahan yang sangat bagus, Malcolm.

And so I have a couple of questions for you.

Saya punya beberapa pertanyaan untuk Anda.

If you don't mind, I want to take you back 25 years

Jika tidak keberatan, saya ingin membawa Anda ke 25 tahun yang lalu,

to that version of yourself.

ke versi diri Anda saat itu.

And so you talked about how there was a sense of anxiety and fear

Anda berbicara tentang rasa cemas dan takut,

about what crime was happening around that time.

tentang kejahatan macam apa yang terjadi saat itu.

I grew up in New York around that time, 25 years ago.

Saya tumbuh di New York di waktu yang sama, 25 tahun yang lalu.

Being in my early 20s

Di awal usia 20-an

and having these experiences with my friends

dan merasakan pengalaman ini dengan teman-teman saya,

where they experienced unfortunate instances with stop and frisk,

saat mereka dirugikan karena aksi cegat dan geledah,

so much so they had anxiety, hurt and fear.

sedemikian rupa sehingga mereka merasa cemas, sakit hati, dan ketakutan.

And so when you were thinking about this and the support,

Saat Anda merenungkan hal ini dan mendukungnya,

did you ever think about what if they got it wrong,

apakah Anda pernah berpikir tentang bagaimana jika mereka salah,

what if it was wrong

bagaimana jika itu salah

and innocent people were going to have to experience this?

dan orang yang tidak bersalah harus mengalami ini?

What were your thoughts about that back then?

Apa pendapat Anda tentang itu saat itu?

Malcolm Gladwell: Well, I wasn't thinking about that.

Malcolm Gladwell: Saya tidak berpikir ke sana.

I mean, it's funny,

Itulah anehnya.

I went, when I was sort of trying to figure out

Saat saya mencoba mencari tahu

what I did wrong in that chapter,

apa yang keliru di bagian itu,

I went down to Philadelphia

saya pergi ke Philadelphia

and I went and met with a group of doctors,

dan bertemu dengan sekelompok dokter,

all of them Black, at University of Pennsylvania,

semuanya berkulit hitam, di University of Pennsylvania.

because they had done some really interesting work on crime,

Mereka telah melakukan pekerjaan menarik terkait kejahatan,

and I wanted to get their sense.

dan saya ingin memahami itu.

And one of the doctors had read that chapter on crime.

Salah satu dokter telah membaca buku saya.

And she said, "You know, when I read your chapter on crime,

Katanya, “Ketika saya membaca bagian tentang kejahatan,

you were exceedingly interested --"

Anda sangat tertarik—”

I opened that chapter with the famous story of Bernie Goetz,

Saya membuka bagian itu dengan kisah Bernie Goetz,

the guy who shot the kids on the subway.

pria yang menembak anak-anak di kereta bawah tanah.

And she said, "Go back and reread the way you wrote that story,

Dia berkata, “Kembalilah dan baca kembali cara Anda menulis cerita itu,

and you'll realize you spent a lot of time talking about the fear of the white guy,

Anda terlalu banyak berbicara tentang ketakutan pria kulit putih,

and you have two sentences on the kids.

dan hanya dua kalimat tentang anak-anak.

And the kids were every bit as damaged as the guy who shot them."

Padahal anak-anak itu sama rusaknya seperti orang yang menembak mereka.”

And I realized, I think I was just in --

Saya menyadari, saya ada di dalam—

like so many of us, I was in a little bubble,

seperti kebanyakan orang, saya berada dalam gelembung kecil,

and I was seeing the problem from one perspective.

dan saya melihat masalah dari satu perspektif.

And like many, you know,

Selayaknya, tahulah,

middle- and upper-class professionals in Manhattan,

kalangan profesional kelas menengah dan atas di Manhattan,

I wasn't thinking about the world

saya tidak memikirkan dunia

through the eyes of someone in the Bronx or Brooklyn.

melalui mata seseorang di Bronx atau Brooklyn.

And some of that has to do with youth,

Sebagian karena saya masih hijau,

and some of that has to do with foolishness.

dan sebagian lagi karena kebodohan.

And I'd like to think I'm a little wiser now.

Saya merasa sedikit lebih bijaksana sekarang.

MRB: Right. So you had a quote --

MRB: Benar. Mengutip perkataan Anda—

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

"I told this story like I knew the answer and it wasn't over."

“Saya menceritakan kisah ini seakan tahu jawabannya, padahal ini belum berakhir.”

How has that insight affected your thinking and your writing now?

Bagaimana wawasan itu memengaruhi pemikiran dan tulisan Anda sekarang?

MG: I've tried to be, I mean, I realize when I look back at my younger self,

MG: Saya menyadari, ketika saya melihat kembali diri saya yang lebih muda,

I was way too certain about the ideas that I was putting forth.

saya terlalu yakin tentang ide-ide yang saya kemukakan.

And I thought that if you wanted to win over an audience,

Saat itu saya bepikir, jika ingin memenangkan audiens,

you had to communicate certainty.

saya harus mengomunikasikan kepastian.

And now I realize that's actually backwards,

Sekarang saya menyadari itu sebenarnya terbalik,

that you're more willing,

bahwa Anda lebih bersedia,

you're more capable of winning over an audience

lebih mampu memenangkan audiens

when you admit to the uncertainty and the fragility of your position.

ketika Anda mengakui ketidakpastian dan kerapuhan posisi Anda.

People want that.

Orang-orang menginginkan itu.

They like that,

Mereka suka itu,

they appreciate that spirit far more.

mereka lebih menghargai semangat itu.

And people are much more likely, I think,

Orang-orang jauh lebih mungkin

to be suspicious of someone who seems falsely certain.

untuk curiga terhadap seseorang yang terlalu yakin.

MRB: Well, we appreciate you bringing your thoughts to this platform

MRB: Kami menghargai pemikiran yang Anda bawa ke platform ini

and sharing that.

dan berbagi dengan kami.

And so thank you to Malcolm Gladwell for doing that.

Untuk itu, terima kasih kepada Malcolm Gladwell.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)