What is deep tech? A look at how it could shape the future | Antoine Gourévitch

66,562 views ・ 2021-04-05

TED


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Transcriber: Leslie Gauthier Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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In this research lab,
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I discovered a story that is swiftly changing our world.
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A story that has the power to change the way we produce material,
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the way we eat
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and the way we heal.
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It is the story of deep tech.
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Deep tech is a new chapter in the innovation story,
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bringing together science, engineering and design thinking.
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Imagine if another global pandemic happens
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and the drug to combat it was developed
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and approved not in decades or years,
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but in months or even in weeks.
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Deep tech offers this potential.
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Imagine technologies like robotics,
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synthetic biology,
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nanomaterial,
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blockchain,
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quantum computing
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and many others --
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when combined with each other
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and blended with engineering and design science,
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are making what's seemingly impossible possible.
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So what is deep tech?
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I've spent the last 18 months visiting 100 research labs
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and start-ups
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from Shenzhen in China to Haifa in Israel,
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and this is what I learned about deep tech ventures.
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They focus on fundamental issues,
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identifying physical constraints of industries not solved for decades.
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For example,
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in energy, nuclear fusion;
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in mobility, air robotaxi.
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They work as a close hub of emerging technologies.
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Like synthetic biology,
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quantum programming,
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artificial intelligence
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and many others,
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they focus on physical product using data and digital platform
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to accelerate the test-and-run phase.
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They rely on an ecosystem to accelerate the innovation cycle,
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including the build-and-test phase.
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Too many disciplines are necessary to master for one venture to go alone.
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It is about cooperation,
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not competition.
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Deep tech is ultimately transforming discovery
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into a design and engineering exercise.
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So ...
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why does it matter?
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It matters because it is happening now,
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all around us,
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ongoing.
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This approach is changing what was once considered impossible
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into something actively possible today.
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Take SpaceX,
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a deep tech pioneer
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who disrupted the aerospace industry
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by producing reusable rockets and spaceships,
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reducing the cost of going to space by a factor of 10.
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They achieved this by combining advanced materials
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and chemicals developed in the last 20 years
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with vertical integration
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and the modular approach of modern software engineering.
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Or PASQAL,
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the start-up founded by several students of my friend, Alain Aspect,
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creatively using fundamental physics combined with software engineering
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and data science
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to create an analog quantum processor.
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Or take Boston-based Ginkgo Bioworks
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founded by internet pioneer Tom Knight and a group of MIT scientists.
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A visit to Ginkgo showed me a lab I had never seen before.
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I saw a fully automated bioworks lab
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with the latest robotic techniques,
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allowing to test thousands of biological designs.
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They achieved this by building the largest internal metagenomics database
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of cells, enzymes and genetic programming
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by combining robotics,
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protein design,
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both in microorganism
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and mammalian cells
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and data science.
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They have built a cell programming platform
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able to create nearly any organism they want
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by converging science,
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technology
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and data and digital platform
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then to become the Amazon web services of biology,
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letting start-ups and other companies use their facilities.
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This is a perfect example of the ecosystem operating.
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So right now many of you may be thinking,
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how do we manage the technological risk?
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Will investors be ready to play the deep tech game?
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Yes, there is a technological risk.
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And developing deep tech requires to rethink our innovation approach.
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I have seen that four rules govern successful deep tech ventures.
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Rule number one:
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be problem oriented,
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not technology focused.
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This is very important.
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Many deep tech ventures start with a solution in search of a problem.
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Ginkgo partnered with Bayer to solve the nitrogen fertilizer issue.
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Nitrogen is the most-used fertilizer in the world today.
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But it produces three percent of greenhouse gases
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and it pollutes water.
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Many start-ups today are trying to solve this issue
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by applying their solutions.
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Ginkgo tried to solve it by asking the question in another way:
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what if instead of producing nitrogen,
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we create a bacteria that use existing nitrogen
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to fixate it on the roots of the plants,
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just like nature does?
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Rule number two:
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it is about combining, intersecting, converging.
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So you need to bring a cross-disciplinary team early on
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and play the ecosystem.
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What does that mean concretely?
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Take Commonwealth Fusion Systems,
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an energy venture focusing on nuclear fusion.
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They achieved their breakthrough in nuclear fusion
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by combining advances in material and data science
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that enabled them to do calculation and simulation
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that was simply not doable a few years back.
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And they play the ecosystem very well.
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Corporates like ENI and Equinor have invested early on.
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Universities like the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Centers
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are actively collaborating with them.
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VCs like Breakthrough Energy Ventures and others,
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are supporting them,
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and the US government seems interested in working with them.
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Rule number three:
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adopt a design thinking approach powered by deep tech.
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Identify assumptions early on to be tested
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to reduce the risk up front.
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Get to a working prototype as quickly as possible.
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Anticipate friction points at each stage of the innovation cycle.
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Use a data and digital platform
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to reduce the cost of testing them.
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Lilium Aviation,
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a deep tech start-up building all-electric air taxi,
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aiming at solving urban air mobility,
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has started by developing a two-seater prototype,
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then a five-seater using real-time data of every flight
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to design the next version.
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Rule number four:
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adopt a design-to-cost approach.
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Merging science with engineering requires to have the economics in mind
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all the time.
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Zymergen,
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another synthetic biology lighthouse,
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whenever they design a product,
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use a ruthless design-to-cost approach.
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In the design phase,
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even before production starts,
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they look for the right products at the right costs
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with the right parameters.
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Zymergen developed Hyaline
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a transparent, printable circuit for electronics,
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produced by fermentation.
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And this biobased film is cheaper
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and has better properties than the existing one,
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petroleum-based.
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Deep tech is maturing quickly now.
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In 2019, there were more than 5,000 deep tech ventures
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fueled by 50 billion dollars of investors and their money.
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Ventures coming out of research labs
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have the power to solve our most pressing issues.
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Think what you would like to grow in your world.
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Consider how might deep tech help you cultivate that thing,
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maybe by accelerating a drug development
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or by eliminating greenhouse gases
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or perhaps by solving the congestion problem plaguing your city.
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Deep tech is an ever-growing opportunity in front of us,
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waiting to be scaled for this world and more.
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It is the next chapter in the innovation story,
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and today I invite all of you to join me in its creation.
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Thank you.
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