The Invisible Networks Shaping Your Everyday Life | Deb Chachra | TED

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Hani Eldalees
00:08
I'm going to tell you about the most boring part of my day.
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ุณุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุนู† ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู…ู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† ูŠูˆู…ูŠ.
00:12
So on a typical evening,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุฃู…ุณูŠุฉ ุนุงุฏูŠุฉุŒ
00:14
I come home to my apartment in Cambridge, Massachusetts,
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ุฃุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ ููŠ ุดู‚ุชูŠ ููŠ ูƒุงู…ุจุฑูŠุฏุฌุŒ ู…ุงุณุงุชุดูˆุณุชุณุŒ
00:16
and I turn on the lights.
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ูˆุฃุดุนู„ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุฑ.
00:18
I stream music to my stereo from my phone.
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ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุจุซ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุณุชุฑูŠูˆ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูŠ ู…ู† ู‡ุงุชููŠ.
00:22
I head into the kitchen to make dinner.
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ุฃุชูˆุฌู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุทุจุฎ ู„ุฅุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุนุดุงุก.
00:24
If Iโ€™m making something like pasta,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุฃุตู†ุน ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู…ุนูƒุฑูˆู†ุฉุŒ
00:26
I would get water from the sink, and Iโ€™d put it on the stove to heat up.
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ูุณุฃุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูˆุถุŒ ูˆุณุฃุถุนู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุฏ ู„ุชุณุฎูŠู†ู‡.
00:29
I'd get vegetables out of the fridge,
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ูƒู†ุช ุฃุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ุฎุถุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซู„ุงุฌุฉุŒ
00:31
I would get olive oil, spices, out of the pantry.
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ุณุฃุญุถุฑ ุฒูŠุช ุงู„ุฒูŠุชูˆู† ูˆุงู„ุชูˆุงุจู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุฒู†.
00:35
I can have dinner on the table in about 20 minutes,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุดุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุงูˆู„ุฉ ููŠ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 20 ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
00:37
I'm pretty good at this.
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ุฃู†ุง ุฌูŠุฏ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง.
00:38
And then it takes me maybe another 10 to clean up, right?
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ุซู… ูŠุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ 10 ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ู„ุชู†ุธูŠูุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
00:41
So thatโ€™s like, scraps in the garbage, wash the dishes, and Iโ€™m done.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุซู„ุŒ ุงู„ุฎุฑุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุงู…ุฉุŒ ูˆุบุณู„ ุงู„ุฃุทุจุงู‚ุŒ ูˆุงู†ุชู‡ูŠุช.
00:46
Boring, right?
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ู…ู…ู„ุฉุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
00:47
But here's the thing.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดูŠุก.
00:49
When I come in the door, and I flip that light switch,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุฏุฎู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุงุจุŒ ูˆุฃู‚ู„ุจ ู…ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ู‚ุฏ ุชุญุตู„
00:52
those electrodes might be getting their push from a nuclear reactor,
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ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุทุงุจ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏูุนุฉ ู…ู† ู…ูุงุนู„ ู†ูˆูˆูŠุŒ
00:55
from a hydroelectricity project a thousand miles away.
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ู…ู† ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ูƒู‡ุฑูˆู…ุงุฆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู„ู ู…ูŠู„.
00:59
The gas in my stove comes from national and local pipelines,
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ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุงู„ุบุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ู…ูˆู‚ุฏูŠ ู…ู† ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠุฉุŒ
01:03
it heats my house.
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุฏูุฆุฉ ู…ู†ุฒู„ูŠ.
01:04
It also heats the hot water that I do the dishes in.
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ูƒู…ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุณุฎู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุณุงุฎู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุบุณู„ ุงู„ุฃุทุจุงู‚ ููŠู‡.
01:07
And then that water drains
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ุซู… ูŠุชู… ุชุตุฑูŠู ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡
01:09
to one of the largest wastewater treatment plants in the country,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ุญุทุงุช ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุตุฑู ุงู„ุตุญูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏุŒ
01:12
and then out to Boston Harbor.
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ุซู… ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูŠู†ุงุก ุจูˆุณุทู†.
01:13
So, alone in my kitchen,
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ู„ุฐุงุŒ ูˆุญุฏูŠ ููŠ ู…ุทุจุฎูŠุŒ
01:16
I am a continent-spanning colossus, right?
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ุฃู†ุง ุนู…ู„ุงู‚ ูŠู…ุชุฏ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
01:19
Like, I am a cyborg,
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ู…ุซู„ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุณุงูŠุจูˆุฑุบุŒ
01:21
I have these technological systems at my literal fingertips.
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ู„ุฏูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ุญุฑููŠุฉ.
01:25
So these are infrastructural utilities, right?
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ุฅุฐู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุฑุงูู‚ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
01:27
It's energy, it's fuel, it's electricity, it's water,
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏุŒ ูˆุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุกุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡
01:31
it's sewage, it's telecommunications.
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ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุตุฑู ุงู„ุตุญูŠุŒ ูˆุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ุงุช.
01:33
It's the supply chains behind that.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุณู„ุงุณู„ ุงู„ุชูˆุฑูŠุฏ ูˆุฑุงุก ุฐู„ูƒ.
01:36
And these are the systems that make my life as I know it possible.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌุนู„ ุญูŠุงุชูŠ ูƒู…ุง ุฃุนุฑูู‡ุง ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ.
01:39
And on that typical night,
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ูˆููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงุฏูŠุฉุŒ
01:42
they're basically invisible or at least invisible to me, right?
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ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฑุฆูŠูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
01:45
There are thousands of people whose life and time and work
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุขู„ุงู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุชุฎุตุต ุญูŠุงุชู‡ู… ูˆูˆู‚ุชู‡ู…
01:49
and care goes into making sure these systems function.
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ูˆุนู…ู„ู‡ู… ูˆุฑุนุงูŠุชู‡ู… ู„ู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ.
01:52
They are the real world of technology in which we all live.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ู„ู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠู‡ ุฌู…ูŠุนู‹ุง.
01:57
So Amartya Sen, he's a developmental economist,
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ุฃู…ุงุฑุชูŠุง ุณูŠู†ุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุฎุจูŠุฑ ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ ุชู†ู…ูˆูŠุŒ
02:00
and he is known for studying some of the poorest communities on the planet.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุนุฑูˆู ุจุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุจุนุถ ุฃูู‚ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
02:04
He made the case that the reason why we want money
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃูˆุถุญ ุฃู† ุณุจุจ ุฑุบุจุชู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุนุงุฏุฉ
02:08
is usually not because we want it for its own sake
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ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏู‡ ู„ู…ุตู„ุญุชู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ
02:11
but because it gives us agency.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ู†ุญู†ุง ุงู„ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ.
02:13
In his words, it gives us the freedom to live the kind of life
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ููŠ ูƒู„ู…ุงุชู‡ุŒ ูŠู…ู†ุญู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฃู† ู†ุนูŠุด ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
02:17
that we have reason to value.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุณุจุจ ู„ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑู‡.
02:19
So my parents moved from India to Canada before I was born.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ ูˆุงู„ุฏุงูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒู†ุฏุง ู‚ุจู„ ูˆู„ุงุฏุชูŠ.
02:23
I grew up in Canada.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู†ุดุฃุช ููŠ ูƒู†ุฏุง.
02:25
And I think about the way that my foremothers would have spent
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ูˆุฃููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชู‚ุถูŠ ุจู‡ุง ุฌุฏุชูŠ
02:30
so much of their day getting clean water, getting fuel for cooking.
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ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ูŠูˆู…ู‡ู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู†ุธูŠูุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ู„ู„ุทู‡ูŠ.
02:36
And I actually think about the fact
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ูˆุฃููƒุฑ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ููŠ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
02:38
that a very large fraction of the planet that is still true today.
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ุฃู† ุฌุฒุกู‹ุง ูƒุจูŠุฑู‹ุง ุฌุฏู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ุตุญูŠุญู‹ุง ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
02:42
And that is especially true for the people who look pretty much like me, right?
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠู†ุทุจู‚ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฎุงุต ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุดุจู‡ูˆู†ู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
02:46
This is the main thing that they do with their days.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูุนู„ูˆู†ู‡ ููŠ ุฃูŠุงู…ู‡ู….
02:50
The difference between my life and theirs
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ู„ุง ูŠูƒู…ู† ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ุญูŠุงุชูŠ ูˆุญูŠุงุชู‡ู…
02:52
is not so much that I have a bank account,
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ููŠ ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠ ุญุณุงุจู‹ุง ู…ุตุฑููŠู‹ุงุŒ
02:54
how much I get paid,
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุจู„ุบ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุชู‚ุงุถุงู‡ุŒ
02:56
is a lot more to do with where I am.
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ุจู„ ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง ุจุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃู†ุง ููŠู‡.
02:58
Because my individual agency,
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ู†ุธุฑู‹ุง ู„ุฃู† ูˆูƒุงู„ุชูŠ ุงู„ูุฑุฏูŠุฉุŒ ูุฅู†
03:01
my ability to do things in the world
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ู‚ุฏุฑุชูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
03:03
is really underpinned by these shared infrastructural networks.
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ู…ุฏุนูˆู…ุฉ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุจุดุจูƒุงุช ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡.
03:06
I'm going to give you an example,
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ุณุฃู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒู… ู…ุซุงู„ุงู‹ุŒ
03:08
because the most significant example of this is artificial light, right.
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ู„ุฃู† ุฃู‡ู… ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุงุตุทู†ุงุนูŠุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ.
03:11
So having light on demand
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุถูˆุก ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุทู„ุจ
03:14
means that you can kind of do what you want when you want to do it.
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ู†ูˆุนู‹ุง ู…ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู…ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
03:17
It's a superpower.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู‚ูˆุฉ ุฎุงุฑู‚ุฉ.
03:19
And this is what I mean by agency, right?
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุฃุนู†ูŠู‡ ุจุงู„ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
03:21
It's that ability to act in the world.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
03:23
So these infrastructural networks make our life possible
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ุดุจูƒุงุช ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุฌุนู„ ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ
03:26
by bringing these resources to where we are and to where we use them.
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฌู„ุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญูŠุซ ู†ุญู† ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠู† ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง.
03:30
So as you heard, I'm an engineering professor,
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ู„ุฐุง ูƒู…ุง ุณู…ุนุชู…ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุฃุณุชุงุฐ ู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉุŒ
03:32
and that means, I think a lot about the physical reality of the world.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃููƒุฑ ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู….
03:36
And one of the great truths is that energy is the thing that we need
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ูˆุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุญุชุงุฌู‡
03:41
for anything to work, right?
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ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุกุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
03:42
Like we pay for it in dollars,
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ู…ุซู„ู…ุง ู†ุฏูุน ุซู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุŒ
03:44
but energy is the true currency of the material world.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠ.
03:48
And in many cases,
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ูˆููŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุชุŒ
03:49
the most efficient or the most powerful way
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ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰
03:53
to harness and distribute resources is through networks.
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ู„ุชุณุฎูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ูˆุชูˆุฒูŠุนู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุงุช.
03:57
And networks are intrinsically collective, right?
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ูˆุงู„ุดุจูƒุงุช ุฌู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌูˆู‡ุฑู‡ุงุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
04:00
So if you think about like roads and rails,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ูˆุงู„ุณูƒูƒ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏูŠุฉุŒ
04:03
they have to go somewhere.
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ูุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง.
04:04
Telecommunication systems become more valuable
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ุชุตุจุญ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ุงุช ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ
04:06
when more and more people are connected to them.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุตู„ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต.
04:09
Electricity is cheaper.
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ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ุฃุฑุฎุต.
04:11
For thousands of years, people have had shared water supplies
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุขู„ุงู ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†ุŒ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠุชุดุงุฑูƒูˆู† ุฅู…ุฏุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡
04:14
because if you have a bunch of people living close together,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ุจุงู„ู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู† ุจุนุถู‡ู…ุŒ
04:17
everybody needs water every day,
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ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ูŠุญุชุงุฌูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูƒู„ ูŠูˆู…ุŒ
04:19
water flows downhill, right?
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ูˆุชุชุฏูู‚ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู„ุฃุณูู„ ุงู„ุชู„ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
04:21
So it makes sense to cooperate to build a reservoir,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุชุนุงูˆู† ู„ุจู†ุงุก ุฎุฒุงู†ุŒ
04:24
to build an aqueduct,
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ูˆุจู†ุงุก ู‚ู†ุงุฉุŒ
04:25
to build pipelines, to bring water to where your shared community is.
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ูˆุจู†ุงุก ุฎุทูˆุท ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจุŒ ูˆุฌู„ุจ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญูŠุซ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนูƒ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ.
04:29
And of course, you have a bunch of people living close together,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุนุŒ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ุจุงู„ู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู† ุจุนุถู‡ู…ุŒ
04:32
the value of some kind of shared sewage treatment
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ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุตุฑู ุงู„ุตุญูŠ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ
04:34
very quickly also becomes clear.
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ูŠุตุจุญ ูˆุงุถุญู‹ุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ.
04:37
So our infrastructural systems connect us to each other,
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุชุฑุจุทู†ุง ุจุจุนุถู†ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถุŒ
04:41
but they also connect us to the land around us.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุชุฑุจุทู†ุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู…ู† ุญูˆู„ู†ุง.
04:45
And this is now true really on a global scale, right?
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญ ุงู„ุขู† ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
04:48
So if we think about the internet, we think about mobile phones,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ููƒุฑู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุชุŒ ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู ุงู„ู…ุญู…ูˆู„ุฉุŒ
04:52
we think about particularly sort of shipping and transportation, aviation.
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ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ู†ูˆุน ุฎุงุต ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุญู† ูˆุงู„ู†ู‚ู„ ูˆุงู„ุทูŠุฑุงู†.
04:57
These are now planetary networks.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุขู† ุดุจูƒุงุช ูƒูˆูƒุจูŠุฉ.
05:00
And our infrastructural systems also connect us to our past and to our future,
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ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุชุฑุจุทู†ุง ุจู…ุงุถูŠู†ุง ูˆู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ู†ุงุŒ
05:04
because the networks that we live in today
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุดุจูƒุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
05:08
are the physical manifestation of the values and choices
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠู… ูˆุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช
05:11
that were made by people who came before us, right?
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุชุฎุฐู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุณุจู‚ูˆู†ุงุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
05:13
It's like, what are those networks going to be?
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ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูƒู…ุง ู„ูˆุŒ ู…ุงุฐุง ุณุชูƒูˆู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุงุชุŸ
05:16
How will we use them?
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ูƒูŠู ุณู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุงุŸ
05:18
Who would benefit from them?
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ู…ู† ุณูŠุณุชููŠุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุงุŸ
05:19
And of course, who would be harmed by them?
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ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุนุŒ ู…ู† ุณูŠุชุถุฑุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุŸ
05:21
And of course, you know, we look at these networks today and we're like,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุนุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุงุช ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ูˆู†ู‚ูˆู„
05:25
that seems like a really uneven distribution of benefits
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ุฅู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชุณุงูˆู ุญู‚ู‹ุง ู„ู„ู…ู†ุงูุน
05:27
or even an unjust distribution of benefits.
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ุฃูˆ ุญุชู‰ ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุบูŠุฑ ุนุงุฏู„ ู„ู„ู…ู†ุงูุน.
05:30
That's worth keeping in mind, because, of course,
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู…ุฑ ูŠุณุชุญู‚ ุฃู† ูŠุคุฎุฐ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑุŒ
05:33
we are the people who are now making the decisions
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุชุฎุฐูˆู† ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุช
05:35
for those who are going to come after us, right?
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ู„ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุณูŠุฃุชูˆู† ุจุนุฏู†ุงุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
05:37
So I think of this as infrastructural citizenship,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃููƒุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ูˆุงุทู†ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉุŒ
05:40
the idea that we have a relationship to each other,
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ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู†ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถุŒ
05:45
actually, we have a responsibility to each other
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุชุฌุงู‡ ุจุนุถู†ุง
05:47
that has nothing to do with what it says on our passport,
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ุงู„ุจุนุถ ู„ุง ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ุจู…ุง ูˆุฑุฏ ููŠ ุฌูˆุงุฒ ุณูุฑู†ุงุŒ
05:51
but it has everything to do with the fact that we are like physical,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุจุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉ
05:54
living beings that are located somewhere on the planet.
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ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ุน ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
05:58
So, you know, I said that infrastructure is how we get our agency,
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ู„ุฐุงุŒ ู‚ู„ุช ุฅู† ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุญุตู„ ุจู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูˆูƒุงู„ุชู†ุง
06:01
our freedom to act in the world to do things.
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ูˆุญุฑูŠุชู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
06:04
And it's all powered by energy because everything is powered by energy.
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ูˆูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุฏุนูˆู… ุจุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ู„ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ.
06:07
And that means that for most of us,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู…ุนุธู…ู†ุงุŒ
06:09
most of our energy usage is then mediated.
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ูŠุชู… ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูˆุณุท ููŠ ู…ุนุธู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู†ุง ู„ู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ.
06:12
It goes through these infrastructural systems because they shape
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชู…ุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุดูƒู„
06:15
and they enable what we can do every day.
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ูˆุชุชูŠุญ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ูƒู„ ูŠูˆู….
06:18
So it's things like, where does your electricity come from?
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‡ูŠ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„ุŒ ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ุชุฃุชูŠ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูƒุŸ
06:21
How is it generated,
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ูƒูŠู ูŠุชู… ุฅู†ุดุงุคู‡ุงุŒ
06:22
what kind of transportation options do you have?
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ู…ุง ู†ูˆุน ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠูƒุŸ
06:25
Do you drive,
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ู‡ู„ ุชู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุฉุŒ
06:26
do you take public transit, do you fly?
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ู‡ู„ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุŒ ู‡ู„ ุชุทูŠุฑุŸ
06:29
Things like, where does your water come from,
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ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„ุŒ ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ุชุฃุชูŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูƒุŒ
06:31
or how do you heat or cool your home?
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ุฃูˆ ูƒูŠู ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุฏูุฆุฉ ุฃูˆ ุชุจุฑูŠุฏ ู…ู†ุฒู„ูƒุŸ
06:33
So, many of these these physical systems, then they both enable what we can do,
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ู„ุฐุงุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ุซู… ูƒู„ุงู‡ู…ุง ูŠุชูŠุญ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุŒ
06:38
but they also make it really hard to do other things,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
06:41
to do alternatives to those things.
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ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุจุฏุงุฆู„ ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
06:43
Our infrastructural systems,
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ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุงุŒ
06:45
basically because of the way that we use energy
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ุฃุณุงุณู‹ุง ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ
06:47
and because they shape and enable what we can do,
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ูˆู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุดูƒู„ ูˆุชู…ูƒู† ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุŒ ูู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ
06:50
it means that they also constrain the things that we can't do, right?
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชู‚ูŠุฏ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุงุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
06:53
It makes it much harder to do things
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุฌุนู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฃุดูŠุงุก
06:55
that are not the things that are made possible by these systems.
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ู„ูŠุณุช ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุตุจุญุช ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ ุจูุถู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ.
06:58
And what that means is actually,
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ
07:00
this is a thing we're all familiar with, right?
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ู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ุฌู…ูŠุนู‹ุงุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
07:02
Because we know how hard it is
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนู„ู… ู…ุฏู‰ ุตุนูˆุจุฉ
07:04
to move the needle on climate change as individuals,
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ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุจุดุฃู† ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎ ูƒุฃูุฑุงุฏุŒ
07:08
that our individual personal decisions like,
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ูˆุฃู† ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ ุงู„ูุฑุฏูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ุŒ
07:10
it's hard for them to do anything because there's really no such thing
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุดูŠุก
07:14
as a personal carbon footprint
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุจุตู…ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ
07:16
because things go through these systems.
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุชู…ุฑ ุนุจุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ.
07:19
So what that means is that we know that we need to decarbonize these systems.
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ู„ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุฒุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ.
07:23
But these are physical systems that are embedded in the landscape.
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ู…ุถู…ู†ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุธุฑ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ.
07:26
And that means that we need to think about these sort of landscapes as a whole.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุธุฑ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ูƒูƒู„.
07:31
As we think about decarbonizing these systems,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ุฅุฒุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉุŒ
07:33
we can think about making them resilient and transformative.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ู…ุฑู†ุฉ ูˆุชุญูˆูŠู„ูŠุฉ.
07:36
The reason why this matters is that these physical systems
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ุณุจุจ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ
07:39
that are embedded in our landscapes,
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ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุถู…ู†ุฉ ููŠ ู…ู†ุงุธุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉุŒ
07:41
we think of them as boring and reliable.
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ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู…ู„ุฉ ูˆู…ูˆุซูˆู‚ุฉ.
07:44
But our landscapes, of course, have been stable.
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ู†ุงุธุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉุŒ ุจุงู„ุทุจุนุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉ.
07:47
And we know that that's not the case anymore, right?
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
07:49
Climate change, that's what climate change is.
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ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎ.
07:52
It's making our landscapes less stable.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฌุนู„ ู…ู†ุงุธุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุฃู‚ู„ ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุฑู‹ุง.
07:55
And that means this is a longer heat wave,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ูˆุฌุฉ ุญุฑ ุฃุทูˆู„ุŒ
07:58
this is stronger hurricanes,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃุนุงุตูŠุฑ ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ุŒ
07:59
this is fires, this is flooding.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุญุฑุงุฆู‚ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ููŠุถุงู†ุงุช.
08:02
Everything that we think about as extreme weather events,
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ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠู‡ ูƒุฃุญุฏุงุซ ู…ู†ุงุฎูŠุฉ ู…ุชุทุฑูุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง
08:05
you know, this idea of a natural disaster, right?
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ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงุฑุซุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
08:08
The thing that makes it a disaster is precisely that it's not natural, right?
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ูƒุงุฑุซุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
08:12
It's that it affects humans and human communities.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุคุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ.
08:16
You know, we talk about the severity of natural disasters
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุดุฏุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงุฑุซ
08:19
and we often feel that severity through the impact
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ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ูˆุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ู…ุง ู†ุดุนุฑ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ
08:22
on infrastructural systems.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ.
08:24
So we think about what systems go down,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุนุทู„ุŒ
08:26
how long they go down for,
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ูˆูƒู… ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุชุณุชุบุฑู‚ู‡ุงุŒ
08:28
how long it takes for them to come back up again,
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ูˆูƒู… ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุชุณุชุบุฑู‚ู‡ุง ู„ุชุนูˆุฏ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
08:30
how big the outage is, right?
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ูˆูƒู… ูŠุจู„ุบ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุทุงุนุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
08:33
And then who's affected.
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ุซู… ู…ู† ูŠุชุฃุซุฑ.
08:34
And because our landscapes are becoming less stable,
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ูˆู„ุฃู† ู…ู†ุงุธุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุฃุตุจุญุช ุฃู‚ู„ ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุฑู‹ุงุŒ
08:37
sooner or later, the "who's affected" will be all of us.
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ุนุงุฌู„ุงู‹ ุฃู… ุขุฌู„ุงู‹ุŒ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ยซู…ู† ูŠุชุฃุซุฑยป ู†ุญู† ุฌู…ูŠุนู‹ุง.
08:42
But we can flip this around.
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู‚ู„ุจ ู‡ุฐุง.
08:44
Because as we decarbonize these systems,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุฒุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉุŒ
08:48
as we transform them,
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ุงุŒ
08:49
we have the opportunity to make them resilient,
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ู…ุฑู†ุฉุŒ
08:52
to make them responsive, to make them more equitable.
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ู„ุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ู…ุณุชุฌูŠุจุฉุŒ ู„ุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅู†ุตุงูู‹ุง.
08:56
I mean, our infrastructure systems,
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ุฃุนู†ูŠุŒ
08:57
they are the most powerful tool that we have
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ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุงุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ุฃุฏุงุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง
09:01
for how we can respond to climate change.
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ู„ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ู„ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎ.
09:04
And we know that we can do this right,
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ูˆู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุจุดูƒู„ ุตุญูŠุญุŒ
09:06
because after decades of policy commitments,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉุŒ
09:08
we've done the research.
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุจุญุซ.
09:09
We have the renewable energy technology to transform this.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุฌุฏุฏุฉ ู„ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ู‡ุฐุง.
09:13
We know that there's at least a pathway.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุณุงุฑู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„.
09:16
And once we know that a pathway exists,
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ูˆุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุนุฑู ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ
09:18
we know that many pathways exist.
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ูุฅู†ู†ุง ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฑุงุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ.
09:21
But we can only choose to walk those pathways together.
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ูู‚ุท ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ุณูŠุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฑุงุช ู…ุนู‹ุง.
09:23
This is no longer an engineering problem to be solved.
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ู„ู… ุชุนุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠุฉ ูŠุฌุจ ุญู„ู‡ุง.
09:27
And this is where being an infrastructural citizen comes in,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู† ููŠ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉุŒ
09:30
It's this idea that we can sort of stand together to identify
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู†ูˆุนู‹ุง ู…ุง ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆู ู…ุนู‹ุง ู„ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ
09:33
and articulate the benefits of these systems,
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ูˆุชูˆุถูŠุญ ููˆุงุฆุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉุŒ
09:36
starting with the fact that they're really not economic, right?
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ุจุฏุกู‹ุง ู…ู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ ุญู‚ู‹ุงุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
09:39
The way that these make our lives work is not just a question of money.
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ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌุนู„ ุจู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ู…ุงู„.
09:44
And that's even more true for the harms, right?
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠู†ุทุจู‚ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุถุฑุงุฑุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
09:47
That we can't think of these as sort of monetary harms,
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ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุถุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ
09:50
the harms that we do to each other,
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ูˆุงู„ุฃุถุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู„ุญู‚ู‡ุง ุจุจุนุถู†ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถุŒ
09:51
the harms that we do to our communities,
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ูˆุงู„ุฃุถุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู„ุญู‚ู‡ุง ุจู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุชู†ุงุŒ
09:55
the harms that we do to our shared ecosystem.
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ูˆุงู„ุฃุถุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู„ุญู‚ู‡ุง ุจู†ุธุงู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ.
09:57
So I said, I think a lot about the physical reality, right?
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ู„ุชุŒ ุฃููƒุฑ ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
10:00
So the physical reality of our planet is that energy is decentralized,
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠ ู„ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ู„ุง ู…ุฑูƒุฒูŠุฉุŒ
10:05
it's distributed, it's abundant, it's endlessly renewing.
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ูˆู…ูˆุฒุนุฉุŒ ูˆููŠุฑุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุชุฌุฏุฏุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ.
10:11
But that's not the case for matter.
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ.
10:13
Our planet is mostly a closed system for matter.
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ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ู†ุธุงู… ู…ุบู„ู‚ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ.
10:16
And we know that we're really hitting these kind of physical limits
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ุญู‚ู‹ุง ู†ุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉ
10:20
of the idea that we can take stuff out of the ground and we transform it
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ู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฅุฎุฑุงุฌ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ุง
10:23
and we consume it, and then we dump those atoms somewhere else, right?
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ูˆุงุณุชู‡ู„ุงูƒู‡ุงุŒ ุซู… ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชูุฑูŠุบ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
10:26
Because this is what happens with CO2 in the atmosphere from fossil fuels,
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ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ู…ุน ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฌูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃุญููˆุฑูŠุŒ
10:30
it's e-waste in landfills,
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ูุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฏุงูู† ุงู„ู†ูุงูŠุงุชุŒ
10:33
it's microplastics in the ocean.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุณุชูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท.
10:36
The thing that's changed is that we can now make the decision
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุบูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุงุชุฎุงุฐ ู‚ุฑุงุฑ
10:40
to get off this one-way conveyor belt from extraction to pollution,
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ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฒุงู… ุงู„ู†ุงู‚ู„ ุฃุญุงุฏูŠ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณุชุฎุฑุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู„ูˆุซุŒ
10:45
because we can use renewable energy to close these materials loops.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุฌุฏุฏุฉ ู„ุฅุบู„ุงู‚ ุญู„ู‚ุงุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ.
10:49
And we know that we really want to do this.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
10:51
We actually really need to do this,
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ู†ุญู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒุŒ
10:53
because what we're looking at doing is transforming
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ู„ุฃู† ู…ุง ู†ุชุทู„ุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุชุญูˆูŠู„
10:56
the entire technological basis of human civilization, right?
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ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ ู„ู„ุญุถุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
10:59
No biggie.
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ู„ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ.
11:01
So this is the work,
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ุฅุฐู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุŒ
11:02
and we are just at the beginning of this work.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„.
11:06
And that means we know we donโ€™t have all the answers.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ู…ู„ูƒ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุงุช.
11:09
But we do know that we want infrastructural networks
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุดุจูƒุงุช
11:12
that embody an ethics of care
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ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ุชุฌุณุฏ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ
11:15
and not the utilitarian calculus of harms and benefits.
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ุญุณุงุจ ุงู„ู†ูุนูŠ ู„ู„ุฃุถุฑุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ููˆุงุฆุฏ.
11:19
Because we know we donโ€™t have all the answers.
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ู…ู„ูƒ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุงุช.
11:21
We actually expect to get better answers.
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ู†ุชูˆู‚ุน ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฌุงุจุงุช ุฃูุถู„.
11:23
It makes sense for us to build out systems that are small-scale,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุจู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุฌู…ุŒ
11:26
that are reversible, that are responsive, that are exploratory,
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ูˆู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุงู†ุนูƒุงุณุŒ ูˆุณุฑูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉุŒ ูˆุงุณุชูƒุดุงููŠุฉุŒ
11:30
and then to connect these together to make these larger networks.
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ุซู… ุฑุจุทู‡ุง ู…ุนู‹ุง ู„ุฅู†ุดุงุก ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุงุช ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ.
11:34
And they need to make sense for who they're for,
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ูˆู‡ู… ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ูู‡ู… ู…ู† ู‡ู… ู…ู† ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ู‡ู…ุŒ
11:36
because they give us the freedom to live the kind of lives
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠู…ู†ุญูˆู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุญุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฃู† ู†ุนูŠุด ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
11:39
that we have reason to value.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุณุจุจ ู„ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑู‡.
11:41
We want to do this at a local scale,
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ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠุŒ
11:43
and we also want to do it at a global scale.
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ูˆู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ.
11:45
Because if you can't solve a problem with the same mindset that created it,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ุชุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุญู„ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃูˆุฌุฏุชู‡ุงุŒ ูู„ู†
11:49
you also can't solve a problem if you're not thinking on the same scale
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ุชุชู…ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู…ู† ุญู„ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู„ุง ุชููƒุฑ ุจู†ูุณ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ
11:53
as the problem, right?
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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
11:54
So this is not a do-it-yourself thing.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ุชูุนู„ู‡ ุจู†ูุณูƒ.
11:56
This is about do it together, but everywhere.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุนู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุนู‹ุงุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†.
12:01
So in the 20 century,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†ุŒ
12:02
we built out these kind of massive monolithic systems.
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุจู†ุงุก ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุฌุงู†ุณุฉ ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉ.
12:05
And I have to say, like I am a fan of our charismatic mega structures.
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ูˆูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ุŒ ูƒุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู…ุนุฌุจ ุจู‡ูŠุงูƒู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฐุงุจุฉ.
12:09
So in the US,
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ุฅุฐู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉุŒ
12:10
that's the Golden Gate Bridge, it's the Hoover Dam, right?
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฌุณุฑ ุงู„ุจูˆุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุจูŠุฉุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ุณุฏ ู‡ูˆูุฑุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
12:13
These were built as monuments, and they were built to endure.
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ุชู… ุจู†ุงุคู‡ุง ูƒู†ุตุจ ุชุฐูƒุงุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุชู… ุจู†ุงุคู‡ุง ู„ุชุฏูˆู….
12:17
But in the 21 century,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† 21ุŒ
12:18
our infrastructural systems will need to endure
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ุณุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตู…ูˆุฏ
12:20
not like monuments -- but like forests.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุขุซุงุฑ - ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุบุงุจุงุช.
12:23
So if you think about a forest ecosystem, it's powered by the sun.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠ ู„ู„ุบุงุจุงุชุŒ ูู‡ูˆ ู…ุฏุนูˆู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู…ุณ.
12:28
It's rooted in the Earth.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุชุฌุฐุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
12:30
There's no waste.
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ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ู†ูุงูŠุงุช.
12:32
Everything is basically used to grow new things.
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ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
12:35
It endures, but it actually evolves and changes with time.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฏูˆู…ุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุชุชุทูˆุฑ ูˆุชุชุบูŠุฑ ุจู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
12:39
And of course, it provides a place where all who live there can thrive.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุนุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠูˆูุฑ ู…ูƒุงู†ู‹ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃู† ูŠุฒุฏู‡ุฑูˆุง ููŠู‡.
12:44
Our infrastructural systems are how we take care of each other at scale,
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ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนุชู†ูŠ ุจู‡ุง ุจุจุนุถู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ ูˆุงุณุนุŒ
12:48
so that we can take care of each other as individuals.
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ุญุชู‰ ู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุนุชู†ุงุก ุจุจุนุถู†ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ ูƒุฃูุฑุงุฏ.
12:50
They underpin our agency.
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฏุนู…ุงู† ูˆูƒุงู„ุชู†ุง.
12:53
And they really foster
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุนุฒุฒ ุญู‚ู‹ุง
12:55
and allow us to develop our social relationships with each other.
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ูˆุชุณู…ุญ ู„ู†ุง ุจุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู†ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
12:59
And that's especially true with things like global communications, right?
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠู†ุทุจู‚ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฎุงุต ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
13:02
That means that this is now culture on a global scale.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ.
13:07
All of these are about what it means to be human, right?
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ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฅู†ุณุงู†ู‹ุงุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
13:10
And that means that a commitment to a shared infrastructural future
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุงู„ุชุฒุงู… ุจู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ
13:14
is a commitment to our shared humanity.
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฒุงู… ุจุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุชู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ.
13:17
So this is the world that we can create together.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฅู†ุดุงุคู‡ ู…ุนู‹ุง.
13:20
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑู‹ุง ู„ูƒู….
13:21
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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