Learn English with News: American English Conversation + Vocabulary Training | Free English Lesson

Today we’re going to study some  vocabulary and some idioms together,  

watching a news clip on YouTube. It’s Anderson  Cooper interviewing Bill Gates on Covid-19,  

some of the therapies that are being developed,  and what the fall is going to look like,  

a very current topic, something  that's on a lot of people's minds.

You’re going to hear some words that  relate specifically to Covid-19,  

but also just some more advance vocabulary  words that can help your English sound more  

sophisticated. I think learning English  this way is a great way because when you  

learn a word in a context like this, I  think it makes it easier to remember.

As always, if you like this video or  you learn something new, please like it,  

give it a thumbs up, and subscribe  with notifications, it really helps.  

Let’s talk about the format of this  video. You’re going to watch a clip,  

and onscreen, there will be  white words with a red outline,  

those are the words that we'll study  after we watch the clip. Like this:

That's always been the most  promising therapeutic category.  

The other therapeutic categories, the antivirals,  like Remdesphere has only had modest benefit--  

Then after the clip, you and I will go over it  in-depth, together looking at the pronunciation,  

the meaning, and the context  of the word or phrase so that  

you'll definitely understand it and remember it.

The first clip is the question that Mr. Cooper  asked, it's 45 seconds long, let's take a look.

The coronavirus death toll in the United states  is now more than 212,000 people in this country,  

total number of cases more than seven and a  half million. Staggering numbers of course.  

There's precious little sign of things slowing  down. Add to that, president trump's diagnosis,  

the high infection numbers, the white house,  the overall lag in widespread testing, contact  

tracing, it's certainly a recipe for concern  as the fall begins in the winter, Bill Gates is  

joining us he's co-chair of the Bill and Melinda  Gates foundation, has long put his fortune  

and talent behind searching for cures for this  global health crisis and for other global health  

crisis. He joins me now, Bill, thanks for being  with us. Looking at where the US is right now in  

this pandemic, and during the fall in the winter,  cases on the rise, not just in small clusters, but  

across most of the nation, how concerned  are you about the months ahead?  

Wow, okay, a lot of words there to learn  there. The first was: death toll.  

The coronavirus death toll in the United states  is now more than 212,000 people in this country--

Death toll. This refers to  the number of people who died  

in relation to a particular event. For  example here, the coronavirus pandemic.  

Or it could be a natural disaster  like an earthquake or a tsunami.

Death toll. We have an unvoiced TH, the tongue  tip does have to come through the teeth there.  

Death-- and then you'll go right into a true T.  Now the word 'toll' has the OH as in No diphthong,  

but when it's followed by a Dark  L like it is here, it's not tow--  

towl-- towl-- but it's toh-- ohl--  ohl-- A little bit more rounded,  

tongue pulled back a little bit more,  death toll. Let's watch that clip again.

The coronavirus death toll in the United states  is now more than 212,000 people in this country--

Let's go on to the next clip.

Total number of cases more  than seven and a half million.

Cases. This word has a couple of different  uses. But in this particular case,  

it means an instance of something, an  occurrence of something. In other words,  

one person who has the coronavirus.  That would be a case. And all of the  

people would be a bunch of cases, people who  have the coronavirus. Let's listen again.

Total number of cases more  than seven and a half million. 

Let keep going.

Staggering numbers, of course.

Staggering means overwhelming, a huge amount,  a very large number. Let's watch again.

Staggering numbers, of course.

Our next clip.

There's precious little  sign of things slowing down.

Precious little, you might also hear the  term 'precious few', this means very little,  

a very little amount of something, extremely  low in number, let's watch this clip again.

There's precious little  sign of things slowing down.

'Precious little sign' means really no  sign at all. If anything, just a very,  

very small sign, but there's  precious little evidence  

that the pandemic is slowing  down. Let's go to our next clip.

Add to that, President Trump's diagnosis,  the high infection numbers, the White House.

A couple words here. First, diagnosis. This  is when you figure out a problem or an issue,  

specifically by looking at the different clues.  For example, in medicine. If someone is sick, you  

look at the different ways in which they're sick.  What hurts? What happened? What are their blood  

levels? This kind of thing. And you look at all  of that information and you can make a diagnosis  

based on that information, you think you have this  disease. Um, it can also be used for, for example,  

the word problem, we need to diagnose the problem.  Let's say something is wrong with my car, it's  

not working, I don't know why. I have to get in  there and look at what specifically is happening.  

Well, it looks like nothing  happens when I turn the key. Okay,  

I'm going to make a diagnosis that my car needs  a new battery. Diagnosis. Let's watch again.

Add to that, President Trump's diagnosis,  the high infection numbers, the White House.

Infection and numbers. The number of people  that are infected. What does this mean? Well,  

infected just means sick, in this case, got  the disease. Let's watch that one more time.

Add to that, President Trump's diagnosis,  the high infection numbers, the White House.

Let's go on to our next clip.

The overall lag in widespread  testing, contact tracing, it's--

To lag means to fall behind. So this could be  either a goal that you have, you're falling  

behind your goal, you're lagging, or it can mean  compared to someone else. For example, in a race,  

maybe you're winning the race, and you're  running right next to somebody, and then  

when you're getting close again, you  start to feel tired, you can't keep up,  

you start to lag behind just a little  bit. Let's listen to this example again.

The overall lag in widespread  testing, contact tracing, it's--

A lag in widespread testing. What does widespread  mean? It means something that many people are  

doing or feeling. For example, if a mayor  is very popular of the town, you could say  

that mayor has widespread support. Most of  the people, lots of people support that. So  

widespread testing means most people getting  tested, many tests happening, in this case,  

we're lagging behind, so that's not happening,  we're not meeting the goal of widespread testing.

The overall lag in widespread  testing, contact tracing, it's--

What is contact tracing? This is when someone is  sick and you go back and you look at the window  

where they might have gotten sick. And you try to  find out everyone that they were in contact with.  

Then you reach out to those people. You see  are any of them sick? When you find somebody  

who's sick, you think: okay maybe this is  how that person got sick. So you're going  

back to everyone that somebody was in contact  with and you're trying to find out who's sick,  

who else might have gotten sick, and you find  that path of how the infection was passed  

so you can understand how it's  spreading. Let's listen one more time.

The overall lag in widespread  testing, contact tracing, it's--

And let's move on now.

It's certainly a recipe for concern  as the fall begins and the winter--

If something is a recipe for something,  then that means it's likely to lead to it.  

You may have heard the phrase 'a recipe  for disaster' it's a pretty common phrase,  

and it means what we're seeing makes it seem like  it's very likely that a disaster will happen.  

Let's say for example, you have little kids, um,  your toddler skipped his nap, didn't eat lunch,  

you can say, oh this is a recipe for disaster,  your kid is probably going to have a meltdown  

and you're going to have a difficult day.  Let's listen to how he used it again.

Certainly a recipe for concern as  the fall begins and the winter--

A recipe for concern, so everything that's  going on is leading to a call to be concerned,  

it will likely make people  concerned when they see that there's  

not enough contact tracing, not enough  testing. It's a recipe for concern.

Certainly a recipe for concern as  the fall begins and the winter--

Let's go on to the next clip.

Bill Gates is joining us he's co-chair  of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation--

Co-chair, this means he's sharing the  position of chair. He's not the only  

chair of the foundation. And the chair of the  foundation would be one of the people who leads  

it. You might have also heard the phrase co-pilot.  So that means there's more than one pilot,  

more than one person in charge of flying the  plane. Let's listen to this example again.

Bill Gates is joining us, he's co-chair  of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation--

And let's keep going.

So long put his fortune and  

talent behind searching for cures  for this global health crisis and--

Fortune this means a lot of money, a lot  of wealth, Bill Gates is certainly sitting  

on a fortune, he's made a lot of money in his  lifetime. Let's listen to this example again.

So long put his fortune and  talent behind searching for  

cures for this global health crisis and--

Talent just means skill, something that  you're good at, he's run a company and he  

runs a foundation, and now he's  using that talent, that skill,  

to try to help the world find a cure for  Covid-19, coronavirus. And that takes me  

to cure. What does this word mean? It means to  relieve the symptoms of a disease, you could  

say he's cured of the disease he no longer  has the disease. Let's listen one more time.

So long put his fortune and  

talent behind searching for cures  for this global health crisis and--

And let's keep going.

Health crisis and for other global health crises--

A crisis. It's when things have gotten bad, it's  dramatic. We are desperate to find an answer.  

Let's listen to how he uses it again.

Health crisis and for other global health crises.

So he calls what we're in a health crisis. And  then he goes on to say other global health crises.

Health crisis and for other global health crises.

So really, that probably should have been  plural, and the plural isn't crisis, it's crises.  

So this is a word where the plural changes one  of the vowel sounds in the word. So crisis,  

singular, crises is plural. So it's not crisises,  but crises. Let's listen one more time again,  

the last time he says it, he probably  should have used the plural crises.

Health crisis and for other global health crises.

Let's keep going.

He joins me now, Bill, thanks  for being with us. Looking at  

where the US is right now in this pandemic,  and during the fall and the winter,  

cases on the rise, not just in small  clusters but across most of the nation--

A cluster is a group of something. So  for example, a cluster of bananas it  

grows in a tight bunch a group. So when  the coronavirus is in little clusters,  

then that means it hasn't really  spread too far and wide yet.  

This group of people has it. This group of people  has it. And you hope that that's how it stays. You  

hope it doesn't spread further than that. But  in this case, he's talking about how it has.

Cases on the rise, not just in small  clusters but across most of the nation--

Not just in small clusters. Unfortunately, but  it's really spread. Let's listen one more time.

Cases on the rise, not just in small  clusters but across most of the nation--

Let's keep going.

How concerned are you about the months ahead?

Now I want to talk about the  pronunciation of the word  

months. He dropped the TH sound and instead  made a T sound. Months. Months. Months. Months.  

And this is a common pronunciation,  we'll hear Bill Gates use it later,  

so it's not months, that's a little bit more  work and effort, and most native speakers  

will not put the tongue tip through, we'll  make a t instead months. Let's listen again.

How concerned are you about the months ahead?

One of the things we talked about there was  the pronunciation of the word months. And  

that got me thinking about pronunciation.  I know if you're watching this video,  

if you follow this channel, pronunciation is  something you care a lot about. And I'm excited  

to announce that I have a partnership with an app  called ELSA Speak. This is an app that uses AI,  

artificial intelligence, to give  you feedback on your pronunciation.

So you speak into your phone and you get a score.

Pretty cool! I've been looking for an app for  a while now that uses ai, and I'm so glad I  

partnered with elsa speak. Yes, you will find  my videos from my YouTube channel right there  

in their app as you learn and work on some of  the sounds. All my videos are free on ELSA,  

but if you want even more lessons, they  are offering a deal to all of my Rachel's  

English students who want to unlock a premium  experience, including 80% off a lifetime pass.  

If you get this in the next 72 hours, you  can even give three months free to a friend.

Isn't that exciting? You can speak into your  phone and get a score back. I love this idea.  

Download the app. Do one of the lessons and then  put the score you get in the comments below.  

I'm hoping you get a really great  score that you're happy with,  

if not, the materials are right there to practice  with. Now let's get back to this interview,  

we have the answer. Mr. Gates speaks  for 45 seconds, answering the question.

Well, I'm very concerned. The forecast showed  that the deaths are going to go back up, almost to  

the level they were in the spring. And, you know,  it's people are going to be indoors more, uh, the  

compliance with the distancing and the mask use is  going down in many areas that never got super good  

in some areas, and so except for the innovative  tools that I'm sure we'll talk about, this is  

going to be a very difficult fall because people,  you know, the economic effects, the uh, tiredness,  

the kids not being able to go to school,  this continuation is a very difficult thing.

Well, I'm very concerned--

So concerned means worried, feeling anxious  about something, let's listen again.

Well, I'm very concerned-- very concerned--

Let's keep listening to see what  is Bill Gates very concerned about.

The forecast showed that the  

deaths are going to go back up, almost  to the level they were in the spring.

Forecast means predictions, what we  think will happen, what the experts  

think will happen based on what  they know. Let's listen again.

The forecast showed that the  deaths are going to go back up,  

almost to the level they were in the spring.

Let's keep going.

And, you know, it's people are going  to be indoors more, uh, the compliance  

with the distancing and the mask  use is going down in many areas--

Compliance means following the rules. Are people  doing what they're supposed to be doing? If so,  

then they're compliant. If not, then  we have a problem with compliance.

And, you know, it's people are going  to be indoors more, uh, the compliance  

with the distancing and the mask  use is going down in many areas--

Distancing. Now, this is a word  that I didn't hear or use very much  

prior to the pandemic. Distance as  a noun, so it just means the amount  

of space. Distancing. And you'll hear the  phrase social distancing, and that refers to  

what we're being told to do, which is six feet  apart, maintain six feet apart from other people  

when indoors, if you're not wearing a mask  especially. Distancing. Let's listen again.

And, you know, it's people are going  to be indoors more, uh, the compliance  

with the distancing and the mask use is going  down in many areas, it never got super good  

in some areas, and so except for the innovative  tools that I'm sure we'll talk about--

Innovative means creative, something  that wasn't there before, something very  

new, and so an innovative tool  would be starting from scratch,  

not with what we already have established,  but something brand new. Innovative.

And so except for the innovative tools  that I'm sure we'll talk about, this--

The innovative tools for treating this disease,  

tools that were not there before.  Let's listen one more time.

And so except for the innovative tools  that I'm sure we'll talk about, this--

And let's keep going.

This is going to be a very difficult fall because  people, you know, the economic effects, the,  

uh tiredness, the kids not  being able to go to school--

The economic effects. What are  the impacts that are being felt  

on the economy? Well, a lot of businesses have  shut down. Lots of people have lost their jobs.  

It's a very serious situation. The economic  effect, the economic impact of covid-19.

This is going to be a very difficult fall because  people you know, the economic effects, the, uh,  

tiredness, the kids not  being able to go to school--

Let's keep going--

Uh, this continuation is a very difficult thing--

Continuation. Extension. The fact  that this is still happening.  

You know, a lot of people thought  back in march, when we first had our  

shutdown here in philadelphia, that  it was only going to be a few weeks.  

So it's kind of mind-blowing that here in the  fall, we're still talking about it, we have this  

continuation of the problem, and it's starting  to be harder for people to follow the rules.

Uh, this continuation, is a very difficult thing.

Let's keep going.

You've talked about the, some of the  sophisticated tools, the therapeutics that,  

that are coming, and that some some are here--

Sophisticated. Altered by education, experience,  it might mean more complex, its opposite would  

be basic, something a little lower level versus  higher level, the higher level of sophistication.  

And here, he's talking about sophisticated  therapeutics. Well, a therapeutic is something  

that can help someone feel better, get better,  recover from a disease. Let's listen again.

You've talked about the, some of the  sophisticated tools, the therapeutics that,  

that are coming, and that some some are here--

Let's keep going.

Can you just talk a little bit, I mean,  

let's talk about, uh, regeneron,  you've been optimistic about it--

Regeneron is one of the companies who's making  a drug that we hope will treat coronavirus.  

And he also used the word optimistic. This  means takes a positive view of things,  

feels good about how things could turn out.  The opposite is pessimistic, where you take a  

negative view on things, and you think things  won't turn out. Let's watch this clip again.

Can you just talk a little bit, I  mean, let's talk about, uh, Regeneron,  

you've been optimistic about it--

Optimistic about it, means he's hopeful, he thinks  that it really could work. Let's keep going.

It got, obviously, a big endorsement from  President Trump because he was able to,  

to receive it, he's calling it a cure.

Endorsement. This is like an approval or  recommendation for something. Let's listen again.

It got, obviously, a big endorsement from  president trump because he was able to,  

to receive it, he's calling it a cure.

He received it. He felt the benefit.  He endorses it. Let's keep going.

Uh, he's calling on regulators to  give an emergency use authorization.

Regulators. These are the people in charge of  the regulations, the rules around something, how  

we'll do it, in this case, drugs, how were they  tested? How are they rolled out to the public?  

Emergency use authorization. So this would  say, okay, this is an emergency case, we're in  

a pandemic so even though we have these rules and  these regulations about how we normally do things,  

because we're in this emergency, we're going to  give authorization to do it differently this time,  

probably more quickly. Emergency use  authorization. Let's listen to this clip again.

Uh, he's calling on regulators to  give an emergency use authorization.

Let's keep going.

Do you support the idea of the emergency use  authorization? And I assume it's not a cure.

To assume it means to think something  is true based on what else you know,  

without actually knowing for sure  that it's true. Let's listen again.

Do you support the idea of the emergency use  authorization? And I assume, uh, it's not a cure.

Let's keep going.

Let's hear the answer from Mr. Gates.

No, the, well, the word cure uh, is a bit of  an over promise, you know, that makes it sound  

it looks like works for everyone and the whole  concern about this disease should go away and  

that's the last thing we want people think about.  The monoclonal antibodies, which is what regeneron  

is, that's always been the most promising  therapeutic category. The other therapeutic  

categories, the antivirals, like Remdesphere  has only had modest benefit, there may be one  

more of those you know plasma or hyperimmune  globulin, is still unproven and, that looks  

like it'll be a fairly slow track and so the the  most exciting thing, uh, that for many months, uh,  

our foundation, others have been uh working on and  talking about, are these monoclonal antibodies.

No, the, well, the word cure uh, is  a bit of an over promise, you know,  

that makes it sound it looks like works for  everyone and the whole concern about this  

disease should go away and that's the  last thing we want people think about.

To 'over promise' means to say you can do more  than you actually can. One thing you don't want  

to do is over promise and under deliver. That  means say you'll be able to do more, but when it  

comes to actually doing it do less, because that's  going to leave people disappointed, over promise.

No, the, well, the word cure uh, is  a bit of an over promise, you know,  

that makes it sound it looks like works for  everyone and the whole concern about this  

disease should go away and that's the  last thing we want people think about.

So, Bill Gates is optimistic. He thinks that this  

could really be good for people, but he  says it's an over promise to call it a cure,  

because it's probably not going to be all  the way to curing everybody of this issue.

The monoclonal antibodies,  which is what Regeneron is--

Monoclonal antibodies, now, no, I  cannot claim to know what this means,  

it's just part of the, what's in the drug,  but let's listen to the pronunciation of it.

The monoclonal antibodies,  which is what Regeneron is--

Antibodies, antibodies, did you notice  he didn't say the T? Antibodies,  

it's pretty common to drop T after N and that's  what he does here. Let's listen one more time.

The monoclonal antibodies,  which is what regeneron is--

And let's keep going.

That's always been the most  promising therapeutic category.

If something is promising, then it really looks  like it could be good. We really hope that it's  

what will work in the long run, or that it will be  fantastic. You could also use it for example with  

a young pianist. Learning to play the piano,  looks like he's going to be very, very good,  

you could say this kid has a lot  of promise. Let's listen again.

That's always been the most  promising therapeutic category.

It's a promising therapeutic category. It shows  a lot of hope. He feels very positive about it,  

that it could work out. Let's keep going.

The other therapeutic categories, the antivirals,  like Remdesphere, has only had modest benefit.

Modest benefit. That means not a huge  benefit, not as big maybe as had been  

hoped. You might hear modest also applied  to something like a house. He lives in a  

modest house. That means it's small, it's not  very showy. Let's listen to this clip again.

The other therapeutic categories, the antivirals,  like Remdesphere, has only had modest benefit.

Modest benefit. Not a large  benefit. Let's keep going.

Uh, there may be one more  of those, you know, plasma  

or um, hyper immune globulin is still unproven.

Plasma, the liquid part of the blood. The  other word we saw up there, I'm going to  

be honest with you, it's very medical, I  don't know what it means, but I wanted to  

put it up there in case you couldn't catch  it. Now, the last word we have is unproven.  

Now this means we don't have the results, we  don't know that it works. Let's listen again.

Uh, there may be one more  of those, you know, plasma  

or um, hyper immune globulin  is still unproven and--

Still unproven, we still haven't tested,  we still don't know that those therapies  

could work to help cure or alleviate the  symptoms of covid-19. Let's keep going.

Uh, that looks like it'll be a fairly slow track.

Slow track. It will take time to test and prove  that these therapeutics could potentially help. So  

it's not something we're going to know  soon or quickly. Let's listen again

Uh, that looks like it'll be a fairly slow track.

Let's keep going.

And so the, the most exciting  thing, uh, that for many months--

Again that pronunciation of months  as months, months, let's listen.

And so the, the most exciting  thing, uh, that for many months--

Many months. Let's keep going.

That for many months, our  foundation, others have been  

working on and talking about  are these monoclonal antibodies.

A foundation is an institution that's  funded by donations, in this case,  

Bill Gates' money, and also  maybe other donors and the  

foundation works to give money to other  organizations that help with education,  

maybe environmental issues, or health care, or  whatever, this kind of thing, and Bill Gates  

has the Gates foundation that has done a lot of  work in things like vaccines. Let's listen again.

Our foundation, others have been working on and  talking about, are these monoclonal antibodies.

Let's keep going.

Mr. Gates continues to explain  the drug possibilities.

There are several companies, Eli Lilly,  

Regeneron, are going to be two of the first,  later, AstraZeneca and Vir, and so the supply  

will go up. The early data looks quite good.  Uh, you know, we saw uh in the lilly data that  

uh over 60% of the people who got it early, uh,  there was a reduction in the number that that  

needed to be hospitalized. Now as we get to larger  numbers, our confidence in that, uh, will go up.

The supply. The amount of the drug will go  up as more people are making it. The supply.

There are several companies, Eli Lilly,  Regeneron, are going to be two of the first,  

later, AstraZeneca and Vir,  and so the supply will go up.

Let's keep going.

The early data looks quite good.

The early data. The facts that we know from  the research that has been done into these  

drugs. Data is actually one of the words  that we learned recently in our academic  

word list vocabulary videos, so check that out,  

you can see the playlist here for all  those academic word list vocabulary words.

Now 'early data' means in the early phase of  testing, they haven't done a ton of research,  

but they have some data back, that's their  early data, so they're making some conclusions  

based on what they know now, even though the  research isn't complete. Let's listen again.

The early data looks quite good.

And let's keep going.

Uh in the Lilly data, that over 60  percent of the people who got it early,  

there was a 60% reduction in the number  that that needed to be hospitalized.  

Now as we get to larger numbers,  our confidence in that will go up.

Confidence in, trust in something, belief that  it will work. So before he said something,  

they had some early data, that had promised,  so a little bit of research had been done,  

the results looked good. Now he's  saying as they do even more research,  

they'll have even more confidence, this is  going to be something that can help people.

Now for the whole interview, you can see the  link in the video description. It was quite long,  

and so I only took a little bit of it to learn  with here. What do you think? Will we see a  

vaccine for the coronavirus in the next few  months? Let me know in the comments below.

Now we'll look at all the clips of  the interview that we've studied,  

still with that on-screen text  to reinforce what you've learned.

The coronavirus death toll in the United States  is now more than 212,000 people in this country,  

total number of cases more than seven and a  half million. Staggering numbers of course.  

There's precious little sign of things slowing  down. Add to that, President Trump's diagnosis,  

the high infection numbers, the white house,  the overall lag in widespread testing, contact  

tracing, it's certainly a recipe for concern  as the fall begins in the winter, Bill Gates is  

joining us he's co-chair of the Bill and Melinda  Gates foundation, has long put his fortune  

and talent behind searching for cures for this  global health crisis and for other global health  

crisis. He joins me now, Bill, thanks for being  with us. Looking at where the US is right now in  

this pandemic, and during the fall in the winter,  cases on the rise, not just in small clusters, but  

across most of the nation, how concerned  are you about the months ahead?

Well I'm very concerned. Uh  the forecast showed that the  

deaths are going to go back up, almost to the  level they were in the spring. And you know,  

it's people are going to be indoors more, uh, the  compliance with the distancing and the mask use is  

going down in many areas, that never got super  good in some areas, and so except for the  

innovative tools, that I'm sure we'll talk about,  this is going to be a very difficult fall because  

people, you know, the economic  effects, the uh, tiredness,  

the kids not being able to go to school,  this continuation is a very difficult thing.

You've talked about the, some of the sophisticated  tools, the therapeutics that uh that are coming,  

and that some, some are here can you just talk a  little bit, I mean, let's talk about uh Regeneron,  

you've been optimistic about about it. It got  obviously a big endorsement from President Trump,  

because he was able to to receive  it, he's calling it a cure. Uh,  

he's calling on regulators to give  an emergency use authorization,  

do you support the idea of the emergency use  authorization? And I assume uh it's not a cure.

No, the, well, the word cure  uh is a bit of an over promise,  

you know. That makes it sound it looks like  works for everyone, and the whole concern about  

this disease should go away, and that's  the last thing we want people think about.

The monoclonal antibodies, which is what  Regeneron is, that's always been the most  

promising therapeutic category. The other  therapeutic categories, the antivirals,  

like Remdesphere has only had modest benefit,  there may be one more of those, you know plasma  

or hyperimmune globulin is still unproven, and  that looks like it'll be a fairly slow track.

And so the the most exciting thing, uh,  that for many months, our foundation,  

others have been uh working on and talking  about are these monoclonal antibodies.  

There are several companies, Eli Lilly,  Regeneron, are going to be two of the first,  

later, AstraZeneca and Vir,  and so the supply will go up.

The early data looks quite good. You  know, we saw in the lily data that  

over 60 percent of the people who got it early,  there was a 60% reduction in the number that  

that needed to be hospitalized. Now as we get to  larger numbers, our confidence in that will go up.

There was a lot to learn there, and Mr. Anderson  

really does speak quickly,  did anyone else notice that?

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