English Sentence Structure - English Grammar Lesson

英语语法 - 句型结构

Hi, I’m Olivier.

嗨，我是Oliver。

Welcome to Oxford Online English!

欢迎来到Oxford Online English！

In this lesson, you can learn about sentence structure in English.

在这节课中，您会学习英语的句型结构。

You’ll learn how to construct all kinds of sentences in English, from the simplest

您能学到怎样构建各种类型的英语句型， 从尽可能最简单的

possible sentences, to long, complex sentences which contain many different ideas.

句子开始，到包含了很多不同想法 的更长及更复杂的句子。

To begin, a question:

最开始，我想问一个问题

What’s the simplest sentence you can make in English?

您可以造的最简单的 英语句子是什么？

What does every sentence in English need?

每个英语句子需要些什么成分？

Every sentence needs a verb.

每个句子需要一个动词。

The simplest sentence is an imperative, which means when you tell someone to do something.

最简单的句子是当您想让某人去做 一些事情时用的一个祈使句。

For example:

举例来说：

Run!

Run!

Leave!

Leave!

Work!

Work!

These are the simplest complete sentences you can make in English; they’re just one

您能造的英语句子中，这些是 最简单的，它们只有一个

word long!

单词的长度！

Of course, most sentences are longer than this.

当然，大多数句子都会比这个长。

Most sentences that are longer than one word also need a noun before the verb.

大多数长于一个单词的句子， 也需要在动词前有个名词。

This noun is the subject.

这个名词是主语。

With a subject plus a verb, you can make simple sentences like:

有了主语加动词，您就能造 简单的句子，例如：

He runs.

He runs.

She left.

She left.

They’re working.

They’re working.

You can see that the verb can be in different forms: past or present, simple or continuous.

您可以看到这里的动词有不同的形式：过去式 或者现在式，简单式或者连续式。

The verb form doesn’t change the structure of the sentence.

动词的形式不会改变句子的结构。

These are all the same: subject plus verb.

都是一样的：主语加动词。

Of course, these sentences aren’t very interesting.

当然，这些句子都很没趣。

You can’t say much with short sentences like these.

您用短句不能表达很多东西。

Let’s add a little more information.

让我们再增加一点信息。

Take the sentence he runs.

拿这个句子来说：he runs。

What could you add after runs to make it longer?

您可以在runs后面加点什么，让句子变得更长？

You could add an adverb of place:

您可以增加一个方位副词。

He runs around the park.

He runs around the park.

You could add an adverb of time:

您可以增加一个时间副词。

He runs every morning.

He runs every morning.

You could add both:

您也可以两个都加上。

He runs around the park every morning.

He runs around the park every morning.

You could add an adverb of manner:

您也可以增加一个情态副词。

He runs slowly.

He runs slowly.

You can see that you have many choices, but your choices are also limited.

您可以看到，您有很多选择， 但是您的选择也是有限的。

In this case, you can use different kinds of adverbs, but there are also things you

在这个例子中，您可以使用不同 类型的副词，但是也有一些东西

can’t use.

是您不能用的。

For example, you can’t use another verb after run, you can’t use an adjective, and

举例来说，您不能在run的后面用另外一个 动词，您也不能使用形容词

you can’t use a noun, or at least you can’t use a noun with this meaning of run.

并且，您不能使用名词，或者至少， 您不能使用有跑步意思的名词。

This is an important point, so let’s look at it in more detail.

这点很重要，所以让我们 看看更多的细节。

To build grammatically complete sentences in English, there’s one important question:

为了造一个语法上完整的英语 句子，有一个重要的问题：

what needs to come next?

接下来要有些什么？

For example, you saw the sentence he runs.

例如，当您看到he runs这个句子时，

That’s a complete sentence.

那是一个完整的句子。

You can put a full stop after runs, and it’s correct.

您完全可以在runs的后面 就停下来，并且这是正确的。

It’s very basic, but it’s correct.

虽然句型很基本，但这是正确的。

What about these:

那这些句子呢？

She likes He wants

She likes He wants

We go

We go

These aren’t complete sentences.

这些不是完整的句子。

Can you explain why not?

您可以解释是为什么吗？

They aren’t complete, very simply, because they aren’t finished.

它们不是完整的，很简单， 因为它们还没有结束。

Look at the first sentence: She likes.

看下第一个句子: She likes.

She likes…what?

She likes....什么呢？

She has to like something.

她必须喜欢某事。

He wants…

He wants…

What does he want?

他想怎样呢？

You can’t just ‘want’, you have to want something.

您不能只是 ‘want’，您必须想要某事。

We go…

We go…

Where?

哪?

At this point, we want to teach you a word: complement.

关于这点，我们想教您一个词：补语

The complement is the thing you add after a verb to make a sentence complete.

补语是您要加在动词之后 让一个句子变得完整的成分。

A complement can have many different forms.

补语可以有很多不同的形式。

It can be a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb.

它可以是一个名词、一个动词、 一个形容词或是一个副词。

These things can be single words or phrases.

这些可以是简单的单词或短语。

For example, when we say ‘noun’, we also mean noun phrases.

例如，当您想说“名词”，我们也指名词短语。

So, table is a noun, and the wooden table which my grandmother gave me is also a noun.

那么，table是一个名词，我祖母 给我的木桌也是一个名词。

Both nouns refer to one object—one table.

两个名词都指向同一个物体—一张桌子。

For this lesson, a noun can be one word, or a phrase.

出于这个原因，一个名词可以是 一个单词或一个短语。

Okay, let’s practice.

好的，我们来练习一下。

Look at the first sentence: she likes.

看下第一个句子：she likes。

How could you finish this?

您要怎么让这个句子更完整呢？

What are the possible complements?

可能的补语有哪些呢？

Pause the video and write down three endings for your sentence.

暂停视频，给您的句子写下 三个可能的结尾。

Try to use different ideas and structures.

试着用不同的想法和结构。

Ready?

准备好了吗？

Let’s look at some possible answers.

让我们看下一些可能的答案。

These are just our suggestions; of course there are many possibilities!

这些只是我们的建议；当然， 还是有很多的可能性。

She likes strawberries.

She likes strawberries.

She likes swimming.

She likes swimming.

She likes getting up before the sun rises.

She likes getting up before the sun rises.

She likes to listen to music while she works.

She likes to listen to music while she works.

You can see that there’s more than one possible complement: you can use a noun, a gerund (a

您会发现，这里有远不止一种补语， 您可以使用一个名词、动名词

verb with -ing which acts like a noun), a gerund phrase, or an infinitive verb with

（一个末尾有ing的动词，担当像是一个名词）、 一个动名词短语，或者是一个带

‘to’.

“to”的不定式动词。

So, you have many choices!

所以，您有很多选择。

However, like before, your choices are also limited.

然而，和刚才一样，您的选择 也是有限的。

Only certain structures are possible.

只有特定的句型才是可以用的。

The idea of complements isn’t just for the first verb in the sentence.

补语的想法不仅对于句子中的 第一个动词适用。

Many words need a complement.

许多单词都需要一个补语。

For example, look at one of the sentences you just saw:

举例来说，来看下我们刚才看的一个句子：

She likes getting up before the sun rises.

She likes getting up before the sun rises.

Technically, you can say She likes getting up.

从技术角度来说，您可以说， She likes getting up。

It’s a grammatically complete sentence, but you’d never say it.

语法上，这是完整的， 但是您永远不会这样说。

Why not?

为什么呢？

Because it doesn’t make any sense.

因为这样没有什么意义。

You need more information.

您需要更多的信息。

She likes getting up… when?

She likes getting up....什么时候？

Why?

为什么？

How?

怎么样？

You need a complement after getting up to complete the idea.

您要在getting up后面增加一个补语， 才能让整个想法完整。

She likes getting up before…

She likes getting up before...

Before also needs a complement.

Before也需要一个补语。

You can’t stop there.

您不能在这停止。

Before what?

Before什么呢？

She likes getting up before the sun….

She likes getting up before the sun….

This also doesn’t work, because it doesn’t make sense.

这也是不行的，因为还是没意义。

It doesn’t make sense because the sun needs a complement.

之所以没有意义，是因为 the sun也需要一个补语。

Before the sun does what?

Before the sun怎么样呢？

She likes getting up before the sun rises.

She likes getting up before the sun rises.

Ok, finally we have a sentence which is both grammatically complete and which communicates

好，最终，我们有了一个同时具备 语法完整性以及

meaning.

能够传达意义的句子。

What should you remember from this?

您需要记住些什么呢？

Remember that when you use a particular word, you have limited choices in what kind of word

请记住，当您使用一个具体的单词时， 您接下来要用什么样的词

you use next.

是有所限制的。

To speak or write in clear, correct English, you don’t just need to know English words.

为了用正确、清晰的英语说或写， 您不仅要了解英语单词。

You need to know what can come next.

您也要知道要接些什么内容。

For example, with a verb like like or want, it’s not enough to know the verb.

例如，有像是like或want的单词， 对于了解动词来说，还是不够的。

You also need to know whether the verb needs a complement, and what complements are—or

您也要了解，是否这个单词需要一个补语， 以及什么样的补语是可行的，

aren’t—possible.

或是不可行的。

This is why it’s good to learn vocabulary in full phrases and sentences.

这就是为什么在完整的短语或句子中 学习词汇会更好的理由。

That way, you’ll know how to use the words you learn to make sentences you can use in

那样的话，您会知道如何 用学的单词在口语

your spoken or written English.

或写作中造句。

Using what you’ve seen up to now, you can build many simple English sentences.

用您目前为止所学到的，您可以 造很多简单的英语句子了。

Let’s see how you can add more information and more detail to these simple sentences.

我们来看下，您如何才能在这些简单句中， 增加更多的信息和细节。

You can add information to a simple sentence in two ways: you can add adjectives or adverbs.

您可以有两种方式：您可以 增加形容词或是副词。

Let’s look at an example, using a sentence we started before, but we didn’t finish:

让我们看一个例子，用我们之前开始的， 但还没有完成的一个句子。

He wants…

He wants…

Actually, you should do some work!

事实上，您应该做点什么！

Pause the video, and finish this sentence in three different ways.

暂停视频，以三种不同的方式 完成这个句子。

Start again when you have your answers.

当您有了答案后，我们再开始。

Ready?

准备好了吗？

Here’s our suggestion:

这里是我们的建议：

He wants to buy a car.

He wants to buy a car.

Now, let’s add some description using adjectives and adverbs.

现在，让我们用形容词和副词 来增加一些描述。

Can you see how you could add adjectives to this sentence?

您可以看下怎么能在 这个句子中增加形容词吗？

You could add adjectives before the word car, like this:

您可以在car这个单词前增加 一个形容词，像这样：

He wants to buy a new car.

He wants to buy a new car.

He wants to buy a second-hand car.

He wants to buy a second-hand car.

He wants to buy a bright red car.

He wants to buy a bright red car.

What about adverbs?

如果是用副词呢？

Could you add adverbs to these sentences to add some details?

您能在句子中增加副词来 增加一些细节吗？

There are many possibilities; for example:

这里有很多可能性；例如：

Apparently, he wants to buy a new car.

Apparently, he wants to buy a new car.

He wants to buy a second-hand car next month.

He wants to buy a second-hand car next month.

He wants to buy a bright red car for his new girlfriend.

He wants to buy a bright red car for his new girlfriend.

You can see that adverbs can be single words or phrases.

您可以看到，副词可以是 一个单词或者短语。

Adjectives can go before the noun they describe, or after some verbs.

形容词可以放在它所描述的名词 前面，或者一些动词后面。

Adverbs are more complicated, and can go in many different positions.

副词会更复杂一点，可以放在 很多不同的位置。

However, this is the important point: using adjectives and adverbs like this doesn’t

但是，重要的一点是；像这样 使用形容词和动词

change whether a sentence is complete or not.

不会影响一个句子的完整性。

If you say:

如果您说：

He wants to buy a car.

He wants to buy a car.

That’s a complete sentence.

这是一个完整的句子

You can add adjectives and adverbs to it to make it more detailed:

您可以增加形容词和副词 让这个句子有多细节：

Apparently, he wants to buy a second-hand car for his new girlfriend.

Apparently, he wants to buy a second-hand car for his new girlfriend.

However, if a sentence is incomplete, then you can’t make it complete by adding adjectives

但是，如果一个句子是不完整的， 并不能用增加形容词或副词

or adverbs:

的方式让这个句子变得完整：

He wants to buy…

He wants to buy…

This sentence is incomplete.

这个句子是不完整的。

Adding adjectives and adverbs won’t make it complete.

增加形容词和副词， 不能让它变得完整。

So, at this point, you can build a simple sentence.

所以，出于这点，您可以 构建一个简单的句子。

You also hopefully understand something about complements and why they’re important for

您也希望对补语更为了解，并且知道 为什么他们对于造完整的句子

making complete sentences, and now you can also add description to a complete sentence

很重要，现在，您也能用副词和 形容词给一个完整的

using adjectives and adverbs.

句子增加描述。

Let’s see how you can combine these simple sentences into complex ones.

让我们看一下，您要如何把这些简单 的句子组合成复杂的句子。

First, let’s define some words.

首先，让我们定义一些单词。

A conjunction is something which joins two sentences or two parts of a sentence together.

一个连接词，是用来把两个句子或者一个 句子的两个部分连接起来的

Words like and, but, if, although, because or which are conjunctions.

单词，像and、but、if、although、 because或which，是连接词。

A complex sentence contains two or more parts joined with a conjunction.

一个包含有两个或者更多部分的复杂 句子，是由连接词进行连接的。

These parts are called clauses.

这些部分，叫做从句。

An independent clause expresses a complete idea, and could stand by itself.

一个独立从句，表达了一个完整的想法， 并且只通过其自身，就能成立。

A dependent clause would not make sense if it were by itself.

一个附属从句，仅通过 其自身，是没意义的。

A dependent clause depends on an independent clause in the same sentence in order to have

附属从句需要依附于同一个 句子中的独立从句

meaning.

来产生意义。

Don’t worry if this is new—you don’t need to remember everything right now.

不用担心这是否是新知识，您不需要 现在就把它们都记住。

You’ll see lots of examples of these ideas in this section and the next section, too.

在本单元和下一单元中，您会看到 关于这些想法的很多例子。

In this section, you’re going to learn about complex sentences with two independent clauses.

在这个单元中，您将会学到由两个独立 从句所组成的复杂句子。

Okay, enough abstract talk!

好的，抽象的话说得有点多了！

Let’s see some examples:

让我们看一些例子吧：

He runs around the park every morning, so he’s in pretty good shape.

He runs around the park every morning, so he’s in pretty good shape.

She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them.

She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them.

You should write to her and thank her for the present.

You should write to her and thank her for the present.

These are simple examples of complex sentences.

这些是复杂句子的简单例子。

Here’s your recipe: independent clause + conjunction + independent clause.

这里是给您的规律： 独立从句+连接词+独立从句。

You generally need a comma at the end of the first clause, before the conjunction, but

通常，您需要在第一个独立从句的后面 和连接词的前面，加一个逗号，但是

comma rules are quite flexible in English, so you won’t always need a comma.

在英语里，逗号的使用规则是很宽松的， 所以您并不一定要加一个逗号。

Look at the first example:

看下第一个例子：

He runs around the park every morning, so he’s in pretty good shape.

He runs around the park every morning, so he’s in pretty good shape.

Which word is the conjunction?

哪个词是连接词呢？

The conjunction is so.

连接词是 so。

You can split this sentence into two full, meaningful sentences:

您可以把这个句子分割成两个 意义完整的句子。

Let’s look at one more:

让我们再看一个：

She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them.

She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them.

Again, you can split this into two full sentences.

再一次，您可以把它分割成两个完整的句子

You might think that the second sentence

您或许觉得第二个句子

here isn’t complete or doesn’t make sense by itself.

不是很完整，无法独自产生意义。

As it is, you’d be right.

就是这样，您是对的。

However, you can change them to strawberries, and then it’s a complete, meaningful sentence:

但是，您可以把 them 换成 strawberries，这时， 它就是一句完整的、有意义的句子了。

But, she hardly ever eats strawberries.

But, she hardly ever eats strawberries.

You can keep adding conjunctions and clauses for as long as you want:

只要您想，您可以继续增加连接词和从句。

She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them, and she doesn’t earn much money,

She likes strawberries, but she hardly ever eats them, and she doesn’t earn much money,

so she has to be careful how much she spends on groceries, and fresh food is generally

so she has to be careful how much she spends on groceries, and fresh food is generally

more expensive than canned or frozen produce, so…

more expensive than canned or frozen produce, so…

Of course, just because you can, it doesn’t mean it’s a good idea.

当然，只是因为您能这么说，并不意味着 您这么做会是个好主意。

Sentences with too many clauses are difficult to follow, so it’s generally better to limit

有太多从句的句子会让人跟不上， 一般来说，更好的做法是

your complex sentences to two or, maximum, three clauses.

把您的从句限制在两个以内， 或者最多不超过三个。

Now, you know how to build complex sentences using independent clauses.

现在，您知道了如何用独立从句来构建句子。

What about dependent clauses?

那么，附属从句呢？

Do you remember the definition of a dependent clause?

您还记得附属从句的定义是什么吗？

A dependent clause is a part of a sentence which would not make sense by itself.

附属从句是一个完整句子的一部分， 它不能独立产生意义。

Let’s see an example:

让我们看一个例子：

She’s taller than I am.

She’s taller than I am.

This short sentence has two clauses.

这个短句有两个从句。

Can you see where the two clauses start and end, and which one is dependent?

您能看出每个从句的开头和结尾吗？ 哪个是附属从句呢？

The two clauses are:

这两个从句分别是：

She’s taller.

She’s taller.

And: Than I am.

和 Than I am.

They’re linked with the conjunction than.

它们是用 than 这个连接词来连接的。

The second clause, than I am, is dependent.

第二个从句，than I am，是附属从句。

It doesn’t make sense by itself.

它无法独立产生意义。

Let’s see some other ways to build complex sentences with dependent clauses.

让我们看一下用附属从句 造复杂句的其它方式。

You can add a dependent clause with conjunctions like if, because, although, unless, or wherever.

您能用一个连接词来增加附属从句，比如 if、because、although、unless或者wherever。

For example:

例如：

If you’re late, I’ll leave without you.

If you’re late, I’ll leave without you.

He’s broke because he spent all his money on beer.

He’s broke because he spent all his money on beer.

Although she spends a lot of time at work, she doesn’t get much done.

Although she spends a lot of time at work, she doesn’t get much done.

I won’t do it unless you come with me.

I won’t do it unless you come with me.

We can meet wherever you want.

We can meet wherever you want.

Often, you can change the order of the two clauses if you want, so you can say:

通常，如果您想，您可以改变两个从句 的顺序，所以您可以说：

If you’re late, I’ll leave without you.

If you’re late, I’ll leave without you.

Or: I’ll leave without you if you’re late.

或: I’ll leave without you if you’re late.

Notice that there’s a comma between the two clauses if the dependent clause is first,

注意到没有，如果附属从句放前面， 两个从句之间会有一个逗号，

but not if the independent clause is first.

但是，如果独立从句在前， 就不是这样了。

What’s the difference between these complex sentences and the ones you saw in part four?

这些复杂句子和您在第四个部分 看到的有什么区别？

Here, you can’t split the sentence in two.

这里的，您无法把它们分割成两个句子。

Well, you can, but one of the two parts won’t make sense:

好吧，其实您可以的， 但是，只是没有意义而已：

If you’re late.

If you’re late.

I’ll leave without you.

I’ll leave without you.

I’ll leave without you is an independent clause, so it makes sense by itself.

I’ll leave without you是一个独立从句， 所以它能独立产生意义。

But the other clause—if you’re late—is dependent, and it doesn’t make sense by

但是另一个从句，if you’re late， 是附属从句，它无法独立

itself.

产生意义。

It needs something more to make it complete.

需要更多的内容，让它变得完整。

What other common ways are there to build complex sentences with dependent clauses?

还有什么其他的用附属从句 造复杂句子的常见方式吗？

Another common structure is relative clauses, using relative pronouns like who, which or

另一个常见结构是关系从句， 用关系名词，像who、which或者

what to link two clauses.

what来连接两个从句。

For example:

例如：

That’s the guy who shouted at me.

That’s the guy who shouted at me.

I have no idea what’s going on.

I have no idea what’s going on.

They gave us a cake which was made from dried beetroot.

They gave us a cake which was made from dried beetroot.

In these cases, the dependent clause goes after the independent clause.

在这些例子中，附属从句位于 独立从句的后面。

Let’s review what you’ve learned in this lesson.

让我们复习下您在 这节课中学了些什么。

You can build a very simple sentence, with just a verb:

您可以仅仅用一个动词来 构建一个非常简单的句子。

Work!

Work!

You can add a subject and complement to make a simple sentence:

您可以增加一个主语或者补语 来造一个简单句：

She works in a zoo.

She works in a zoo.

You can use adjectives and adverbs to add description.

您可以用形容词和 副词来增加描述。

Apparently, she works in a private zoo.

Apparently, she works in a private zoo.

You can make a complex sentence by adding a second independent clause, with a conjunction.

您可以用连接词来增加一个独立 从句，从而造一个复杂句。

Apparently, she works in a private zoo, so she must know a lot about animals.

Apparently, she works in a private zoo, so she must know a lot about animals.

You can also make a complex sentence by adding a dependent clause, or even several dependent

您也可以再用连接词去连接增加一个 附属从句，或者几个附属从句

clauses, again using conjunctions to connect them.

的方式来造复杂句。

Apparently, she works in a private zoo, so she must know a lot about animals, which surprises

Apparently, she works in a private zoo, so she must know a lot about animals, which surprises

me because as far as I know she studied economics at university, although I guess I could be

me because as far as I know she studied economics at university, although I guess I could be

wrong.

wrong.

This is a big topic, and it will take you time to learn everything about these points.

这是一个很大的话题， 您要花一些时间学会这些内容。

Studying conjunctions and how they work can help you to build complex sentences which

学习连接词以及怎样使用他们， 能帮您造清晰且正确

are clear and correct.

的复杂句子。

Relative clauses are another useful topic if you want to improve your sentence grammar.

如果您想要在句子语法上有进步， 关系从句是另一个很有用的话题。

Learning about relative clauses can help you to connect your ideas in complex sentences.

学习关系从句，能帮您用 复杂句子去连接你的想法。

It’s also a good idea to study verb complements and learn what structures you can or can’t

学习动词的补语，以及了解在一个动词后 什么样的句型可以或者不可以

use after a verb.

用，也是个不错的想法。

Remember that a lot of sentence structure is being able to answer the question: “What

记住，许多句型结构都能回答一个问题：

needs to come next?”

接下来需要什么内容？

We hope this lesson was useful for you.

我希望这节课对您是有用的。

Check out our website for more free English lessons: Oxford Online English dot com.

看一下我们的网站，Oxford Online English dot com， 那里有更多免费的英语课程。

Thanks for watching!

感谢观看！

See you next time!

再见！