How to Use the Past Perfect Tense in English - English Grammar Lesson

225,839 views ใƒป 2020-03-06

Oxford Online English


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:01
Hi, Iโ€™m Oli.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:02
Welcome to Oxford Online English!
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์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์˜์–ด์— ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
00:04
In this lesson, you can learn about the past perfect verb form.
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์ด ๋‹จ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:09
What does the past perfect mean?
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:11
When do you need to use the past perfect?
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์–ธ์ œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ
00:15
How do you use the past perfect verb tense correctly in a conversation?
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ? ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์—์„œ
00:20
Youโ€™ll see the answers to these questions in this lesson.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:25
If youโ€™re watching on YouTube, remember to check out our website, too: Oxford Online
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YouTube์—์„œ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €ํฌ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”: Oxford Online
00:29
English dot com.
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English dot com.
00:30
We have video lessons, quizzes to help you practise the topics in our videos, and free
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๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ ˆ์Šจ, ๋น„๋””์˜ค์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ€ด์ฆˆ ๋ฐ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ
00:36
listening lessons.
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๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ๋ ˆ์Šจ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ค‘
00:37
You can also take classes with one of our teachers, in case you need extra help with
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ํ•œ ๋ช…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:41
your English.
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.
00:42
One more thing: turn on subtitles now if you need them.
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋”: ์ž๋ง‰์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ผœ์„ธ์š” . ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋™์˜์ƒ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด
00:47
Click โ€˜CCโ€™ in the bottom right of the video player if you need English subtitles.
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์šฐ์ธก ํ•˜๋‹จ์˜ 'CC'๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์„ธ์š” .
00:52
Also, you can adjust the speed up or down if you need to.
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๋˜ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์žฌ์ƒ ์†๋„๋ฅผ
00:58
Click on the settings button to change the playback speed.
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๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์„ค์ • ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค .
01:02
Ready?
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์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋œ?
01:03
Letโ€™s see how to use the past perfect verb form.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค .
01:11
How was the wedding?
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๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์€ ์–ด๋• ์–ด?
01:12
A disaster!
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์žฌ๋‚œ!
01:14
Iโ€™ve never seen anything go so wrong.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
Why?
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์™œ?
01:19
What happened?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด์—์š”?
01:20
First, they had booked a hall for the ceremony, but it was much too small.
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์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™€์„ ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
Only 30 people could go in, and everyone else had to wait outside.
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30๋ช…๋งŒ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
Really?
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์ •๋ง?
01:32
Thatโ€™s weird.
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์ด์ƒ ํ•˜๋„ค.
01:33
I know!
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์•Œ์•„์š”!
01:34
Surely they knew how many people they had invited?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ?
01:38
I guess not.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
01:39
Sounds bad.
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๋‚˜์˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
01:41
Yes, but thatโ€™s not all.
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์˜ˆ, ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
Theyโ€™d booked a restaurant for the reception, but they hadnโ€™t told them how many people
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฆฌ์…‰์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘์„ ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:48
were coming.
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.
01:49
So, there wasnโ€™t enough food, either!
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Œ์‹๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
01:52
Thatโ€™s not good.
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๊ทธ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.
01:53
And then, as if that wasnโ€™t enough, there were so many long, boring speeches!
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋“ฏ์ด ๊ธธ๊ณ  ์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ ์—ฐ์„ค์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
02:02
You could tell that no one had prepared their speeches, and they were just trying to improvise.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ฆ‰์„์—์„œ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
It just went on and on.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
So, youโ€™re hungry and listening to boring speeches for hours?
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๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”„๊ณ  ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:15
Doesnโ€™t sound like much fun.
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€
02:17
It wasnโ€™t.
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์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
In the dialogue, you heard five examples of the past perfect.
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๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
02:24
Can you remember them?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:27
Here they are.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
Pause the video to read if you need more time.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ผ์‹œ ์ค‘์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝ์œผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
02:35
Think about two questions.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
02:37
One: how do you form the past perfect?
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ํ•˜๋‚˜: ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:41
Two: whatโ€™s the difference between the past perfect and the past simple?
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2: ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:49
First, how do you form the past perfect?
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์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:53
You need โ€˜hadโ€™ or โ€˜hadnโ€™tโ€™ plus a past participle.
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'had' ๋˜๋Š” 'hadn't'์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
For example, โ€˜had goneโ€™, โ€˜hadnโ€™t preparedโ€™, and so on.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, '๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋‹ค', '์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค' ๋“ฑ.
03:02
โ€˜Hadโ€™ can be contracted to apostrophe-d.
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'Had'๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ-d๋กœ ์ถ•์•ฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
Be careful, because โ€˜wouldโ€™ can also be contracted to apostrophe-d.
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'would'๋„ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ-d๋กœ ์ถ•์•ฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
03:12
In spoken language and in informal writing, you should generally use contractions.
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๊ตฌ์–ด์™€ ๋น„๊ณต์‹ ์ž‘๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
This is important, because if you donโ€™t use the contractions, you wonโ€™t hear them
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์ถ•์•ฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
03:22
when other people use them.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ถ•์•ฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
What about the second question?
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:26
Whatโ€™s the difference between the past perfect and the past simple?
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
03:32
To answer this, letโ€™s look at an example from the dialogue.
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์ด์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
03:36
โ€˜They had booked a hall for the ceremony, but it was much too small.โ€™
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'๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™€์„ ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
03:41
Here, you have the past perfect and the past simple
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:47
in the same sentence.
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.
03:49
Can you explain why?
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์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:52
In the dialogue, we were talking about two different times in the past.
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๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
First, Kasia was telling me about a wedding she went to.
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๋จผ์ € Kasia๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ”๋˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
04:01
But, she also talked about things which happened โ€“ or didnโ€™t happen โ€“ *before* the wedding.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹ *์ „์—* ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
She used the past simple to talk about the wedding itself.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
04:11
I used the past simple to ask questions.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
For example: I used the past perfect to talk about things
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์˜ˆ: ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹ *์ „์—* ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:21
which happened *before* the wedding.
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.
04:24
Look at the examples you saw before.
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์ด์ „์— ๋ณธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์•ž์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹
04:28
These are all things related to the preparations for the wedding, which took place earlier.
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์ค€๋น„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
04:36
So, thatโ€™s the basic idea.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
04:38
You use the past perfect when youโ€™re talking about the past, and you need to talk about
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  , ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„
04:43
something which happened โ€“ or didnโ€™t โ€“ *before* the time in the past which youโ€™re talking
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*์ด์ „*์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:48
about.
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.
04:49
Letโ€™s look at this idea in more detail.
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์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
Iโ€™m going to tell you a story.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
This happened to me when I was twelve years old.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋‘ ์‚ด ๋•Œ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
05:00
I was on holiday with my family, and we were walking in a forest.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํœด๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆฒ ์†์„ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
My Dad had told me that there were bears in the forest, but I didnโ€™t really take him
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์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ˆฒ์— ๊ณฐ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:10
seriously.
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.
05:11
I was walking in front; I turned a corner, andโ€ฆ there was a bear!
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์•ž์—์„œ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ‰์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•˜ ๋”๋‹ˆโ€ฆ ๊ณฐ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”!
05:18
I had never seen such a big animal in the wild before.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „์— ์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
05:22
I remembered something I had read about bears: you should stay calm and try to move away
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๊ณฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฝ์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นจ์ฐฉํ•จ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:29
slowly.
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.
05:30
So, I walked backwards, very slowly.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋’ค๋กœ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
Luckily, the bear didnโ€™t seem to care that I was there.
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์šด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ณฐ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
05:39
Later, I felt scared, but at the same time I didnโ€™t feel anything โ€“ I guess because everything
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๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์„œ์› ์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ด
05:46
happened so quickly.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
When you tell a story, you need to talk about several things that happened in a sequence.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
05:58
For this, everything is simple.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์—
06:01
Use the past simple if youโ€™re talking about things which happened one after another
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๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
06:07
For example: โ€˜I bought a new car.
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์˜ˆ: '์ƒˆ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ƒ€์–ด์š”.
06:09
I took it for a drive.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค.
06:11
I crashed it into a tree.โ€™
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ๋ฐ•์•„๋ฒ„๋ ธ์–ด.'
06:14
However, you might want to talk about things which happened *before* the time of your story.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ *์ด์ „์—* ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
This is where you use the past perfect.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
Look at the text of the story.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
06:28
There are three examples of past perfect verbs.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
Can you find them?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:34
Pause the video if you want time to look.
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๋ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ผ์‹œ ์ค‘์ง€ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
06:40
Here are the three past perfect verbs.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
They all refer to things which happened โ€“ or didnโ€™t happen โ€“ before the time of the
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:49
story.
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06:50
So, this is a common reason to use the past perfect: youโ€™re telling a story, and you
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ *์ด์ „*์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ
06:56
need to refer back to times or events which happened *before* the time of the story.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
07:02
Next, letโ€™s look at when you might need the past perfect in an English conversation.
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์˜์–ด ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
When did you start teaching?
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์–ธ์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:13
Actually, it was kind of an accident.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
It was 2005.
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๋•Œ๋Š” 2005๋…„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
I had just graduated, and I wasnโ€™t sure what I wanted to do.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ง‰ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€์ง€ ํ™•์‹ ์ด ์„œ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
So, I took a six-month teaching job, mostly because I wanted to live abroad and travel
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ณ  ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ์ข€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:25
a bit.
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.
07:27
So, you didnโ€™t want to teach?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด?
07:30
Not really!
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์„ค๋งˆ!
07:31
I had never considered it as a career.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
Where did you move to?
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์–ด๋””๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:35
Russia.
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„.
07:36
I had studied a little bit of Russian at university, but not enough to really be able to do anything.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
So, I wanted to learn more, and also just experience living in Russia.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ƒํ™œ๋„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
Had you ever lived abroad before?
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์ด์ „์— ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:50
Briefly.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ.
07:51
Iโ€™d spent some time in Canada, but this was more challenging.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ โ€‹โ€‹๋ณด๋ƒˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
In the dialogue, there were five examples with the past perfect.
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๋Œ€ํ™”์—๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
07:59
Did you hear them?
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๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด?
08:01
Remember: you can go back and listen to the dialogue again if you want.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”: ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
Often, when you have a conversation or tell a story, youโ€™ll see something which fixes
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์ข…์ข… ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ
08:13
the time of the story.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
In the dialogue, the first question fixes the time: โ€˜When did you start teaching?โ€™
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๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . '์–ธ์ œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?'
08:22
In Oliโ€™s answer, thereโ€™s a more specific time reference: โ€˜in 2005โ€™.
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Oli์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์—๋Š” '2005๋…„'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฐธ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
That means that the conversation is about the time I started teaching: 2005.
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์ฆ‰, ๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ 2005๋…„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
But, we also mentioned things that happened before that time.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ด์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ๋„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
08:39
Letโ€™s practise this together.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:41
Look at four sentences from the dialogue.
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๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ๋„ค ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
08:45
A question: do these things refer to 2005, or before 2005?
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์งˆ๋ฌธ: ์ด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด 2005๋…„์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด 2005๋…„ ์ด์ „์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
08:54
Sentences two and three refer to the time we were discussing: 2005, when he started
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ธ 2005๋…„, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:02
teaching.
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09:04
Sentences one and four refer to an earlier time, before 2005.
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๋ฌธ์žฅ 1๊ณผ 4๋Š” 2005๋…„ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋” ์ด๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
You use the past perfect to talk about things which happened *before* the past time which
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ *์ด์ „*์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:19
youโ€™re talking about.
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.
09:22
When youโ€™re telling a story or having a conversation, you might refer to several different
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ๋•Œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:26
points, which happened at different times.
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09:28
So, itโ€™s common to jump between the past simple and past perfect, like you saw in the
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ๊ณผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋›ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:33
dialogue.
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. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„
09:35
Hereโ€™s a good way to remember it: the past perfect is the โ€˜past in the pastโ€™.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋Š” '๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์†์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
You use it when youโ€™re already talking about the past, and you want to refer to something
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์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  *
09:45
which is *further* in the past.
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๋”* ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
Many English learners understand these points, but they still have difficulties using the
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๋งŽ์€ ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์„ ์ดํ•ด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:53
past perfect correctly.
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.
09:55
In the next section, letโ€™s see why that is.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์„น์…˜์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
10:01
Were you late for work *again*?
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*๋˜* ์ผ์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
10:04
Yeahโ€ฆ
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๊ทธ๋ž˜โ€ฆ
10:05
What happened?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด์•ผ?
10:06
My alarm clock didnโ€™t go off this morning.
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๋‚ด ์ž๋ช…์ข…์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ์— ์šธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
10:10
So what time did you get there?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ์— ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:13
Around eleven.
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11์‹œ์ฏค.
10:15
Eleven?!
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์—ดํ•˜๋‚˜?!
10:16
Why did you wake up so late?
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์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์–ด?
10:18
I couldnโ€™t fall asleep last night.
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์–ด์ ฏ๋ฐค์— ์ž ์„ ์ž˜ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
I probably got four hours of sleep.
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์•„๋งˆ ๋„ค ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์žค์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:24
Did you go to bed late?
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๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์žค๋‹ˆ?
10:26
Not really.
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์„ค๋งˆ.
10:28
I think it was around twelve.
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์—ด ๋‘์‹œ์ฏค ๋œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”. ๋Œ€ํ™”
10:31
Did you hear the past perfect verb forms in the dialogue?
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์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ?
10:36
Trick question!
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ํŠธ๋ฆญ ์งˆ๋ฌธ!
10:37
There were no past perfect forms.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
But, why not?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์™œ ์•ˆ๋ผ?
10:42
In the dialogue, we refer to different time periods.
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๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
10:46
We start by talking about being late for work, but then we talk about earlier time periods:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์— ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š”
10:51
the morning when Kasia woke up, and the previous evening.
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Kasia๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์•„์นจ๊ณผ ์ „๋‚  ์ €๋…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋” ์ด๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
So, again, why not use the past perfect?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
11:00
There are places in the dialogue where it is *possible* to use the past perfect, but
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด *๊ฐ€๋Šฅ*ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ
11:06
itโ€™s better not to.
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ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
The most important point is that the order of events, and when things happened, is clear.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ์™€ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
For example, look at four lines from the dialogue.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ๋„ค ์ค„์„ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
11:22
You *could* say โ€˜Why had you woken up so late?โ€™, and โ€˜I had probably only got four
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'์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์–ด ?', '์•„๋งˆ 4
11:28
hours of sleepโ€™, but itโ€™s not necessary, and itโ€™s better not to โ€“ it sounds unnatural.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ฐ–์— ๋ชป ์žค์„ ํ…๋ฐ'๋ผ๊ณ  *ํ•  ์ˆ˜* ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†๊ณ  ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ
11:35
Itโ€™s not necessary because the order of events is clear from the context.
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์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
11:41
Obviously, I woke up before I went to work.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
Equally obviously, I was asleep before I woke up.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ž ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
11:50
When the order that things happened is clear, you donโ€™t need to use the past perfect.
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์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
Another point: using the past perfect is generally less common in US English.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ : ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ๋œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
So, if youโ€™re not sure whether to use the past perfect or not, ask yourself whether
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ํ™•์‹ ์ด ์„œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ธ์ œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”
12:08
itโ€™s necessary to make it clear what happened when.
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.
12:12
If not, use the past simple.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
Sometimes, using the past perfect *is* necessary.
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด *is* ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
Letโ€™s see an example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
Look at two sentences: โ€˜When I moved to the USA, I found a job.โ€™
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๋‘ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. '๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ง์—…์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' '
12:26
โ€˜When I moved to the USA, I had found a job.โ€™
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ง์—…์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .'
12:32
These two sentences have different meanings.
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์ด ๋‘ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
Whatโ€™s the difference?
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์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ๋ญ์•ผ?
12:38
The first sentence means you moved to the USA first, and *then* you found a job, after
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋จผ์ € ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ๊ณ  , ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ํ›„ *๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ* ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:45
you moved.
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.
12:46
The second sentence means you found a job *before* you moved.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์ด์‚ฌ *์ „์—* ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
12:51
In this case, itโ€™s important to use the past perfect, because using the past simple
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
12:57
changes the meaning.
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์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
Thatโ€™s all.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์•ผ.
13:01
Thanks for watching!
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์‹œ์ฒญ ํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
13:03
See you next time!
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๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋งŒ๋‚˜์š”!
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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