Direct, Indirect Speech (Narration) - Reported Speech - English Grammar - with Exercises & Quiz

1,416,039 views ใƒป 2018-04-10

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Hello, and welcome back.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:02
In this lesson, you will learn all about direct and indirect (or reported speech).
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์ด ๋‹จ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„์ ‘(๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ํ™”๋ฒ•)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:08
We will look at converting the three main types of sentences: statements, questions,
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๋ฌธ์žฅ, ์งˆ๋ฌธ
00:14
and requests, instructions or advice from direct to indirect speech.
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๋ฐ ์š”์ฒญ, ์ง€์‹œ ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์–ธ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
There are lots of examples and exercises throughout the video for you to practice.
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๋น„๋””์˜ค ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ์™€ ์—ฐ์Šต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
And make sure the watch all the way to end, because there is a final quiz to test your
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋„๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ€ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜์„ธ์š”
00:28
understanding.
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.
00:29
So, letโ€™s get started.
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์ž, ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
So, what do we mean by direct and indirect speech?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ์—ฐ์„ค์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:44
Well, these are two ways of saying what someone else said in the past.
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
For example, last weekend, some friends and I were planning to go see a movie.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ง€๋‚œ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐˆ ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
But, one friend, Ben, couldnโ€™t join us.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ Ben์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
Ben said, โ€œI have a dental appointment this evening.โ€
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Ben์€ โ€œ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋…์— ์น˜๊ณผ ์•ฝ์†์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
Meaning he had to go to the dentist, so he couldnโ€™t come with us.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์น˜๊ณผ์— ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
Now, here, I am repeating Benโ€™s words exactly or directly without making any changes.
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์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ €๋Š” Ben์˜ ๋ง์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
This is called direct speech.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ์„ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
But, we donโ€™t always repeat the other personโ€™s words exactly because the words are not important;
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ง์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ง์„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
the message is important.
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๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
So, we can say it like this instead: Ben said that he had a dental appointment that evening.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Ben์€ ๊ทธ๋‚  ์ €๋…์— ์น˜๊ณผ ์•ฝ์†์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
This form is called indirect speech.
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์ด ํ˜•์‹์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ์—ฐ์„ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
Itโ€™s also called reported speech because like a news reporter, we are reporting that
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๋‰ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:37
other personโ€™s words.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณด๋„ ์—ฐ์„ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
Now, I want you to notice a couple of differences between the direct and indirect sentences.
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์ด์ œ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‘์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
When we write direct speech, we always put quotation marks around the original words.
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์ง์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์›๋ž˜ ๋‹จ์–ด ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์ธ์šฉ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
This is to show that we are repeating the words exactly without any change.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„ ์—†์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
But in indirect speech, we donโ€™t use quotation marks.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํ™”๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ๋”ฐ์˜ดํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
The second point is the word โ€œthatโ€.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์š”์ ์€ "์ €๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
This is used in indirect speech, but it is never used in direct speech.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
Now, in informal situations, we can often leave it out in reported speech like this:
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์ด์ œ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ์ƒ๋žตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
Ben said he had a dental appointment that evening.
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Ben์€ ๊ทธ๋‚  ์ €๋…์— ์น˜๊ณผ ์•ฝ์†์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
Informally, thatโ€™s OK, but in formal situations, donโ€™t leave out โ€œthatโ€.
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๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋Š” "์ €๊ฒƒ"์„ ๋นผ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
02:23
These are the two basic differences.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
So, now letโ€™s talk about how to convert a sentence from direct to indirect speech.
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์ด์ œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:31
There are three steps for doing this: Change the pronouns, Backshift the tense, and Change
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ์‹œ์ œ ๋ฐฑ์‹œํ”„ํŠธ,
02:37
the time and place expressions.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์†Œ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์˜ ์„ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
In the example, you see that the pronoun โ€œIโ€ in direct speech has become โ€œheโ€ in the
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์ด ์˜ˆ์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ "I"๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ "he"๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:45
reported sentence.
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02:47
โ€œHeโ€ refers to Ben.
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"๊ทธ"๋Š” ๋ฒค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค.
02:49
This is the first step.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
Next, the tense has changed from โ€œhaveโ€ to โ€œhadโ€.
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ "have"์—์„œ "had"๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
When Ben spoke, his words were in the present tense, but now, when we report those words,
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Ben์ด ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ง์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•  ๋•Œ
03:01
we change them to the past tense.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
This is called backshifting, that is, shifting the tense back to the past.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฑ์‹œํ”„ํŒ…, ์ฆ‰ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
And we also see that the word โ€œthis eveningโ€ (which is a time expression) has become โ€œthat
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋…"(์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‘œํ˜„)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ "๊ทธ๋‚  ์ €๋…"์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:14
eveningโ€.
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03:15
These are the three main changes that we make when converting a sentence from direct to
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:19
indirect speech.
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03:20
Alright, letโ€™s now practice doing these steps with an exercise.
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:24
Weโ€™re going to go through fifteen sentences.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 15๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
Hereโ€™s the first one: Sarah said, โ€œI drink black coffee every morning.โ€
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Sarah๋Š” "๋งค์ผ ์•„์นจ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
How would you change this to indirect speech?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:36
Stop the video and think about it, then play the video again and continue.
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๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
03:43
The indirect speech sentence is Sarah said that she drank black coffee every morning.
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๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ• ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ Sarah๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ผ ์•„์นจ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์…จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
โ€œIโ€ becomes โ€œsheโ€ (thatโ€™s step number one: change the pronouns), โ€œdrinkโ€ (which
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"I"๋Š” "she"๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ (1๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ), "drink"(
03:54
is in the present simple tense) becomes โ€œdrankโ€ (past simple).
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ)๋Š” "drank"(๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ)๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
This is the second step: backshift the tense.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
There are no time or place expressions here, so we donโ€™t need step three.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ์†Œ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
OK, letโ€™s move on to sentence number two: Naveen said, โ€œI am learning to play the
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์ž, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค. Naveen์ด ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์ €๋Š”
04:11
guitar.โ€
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๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
04:12
How would you change this?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:14
Stop the video and try it.
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์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:17
Naveen said that he was learning to play the guitar.
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๋‚˜๋นˆ์€ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
โ€œIโ€ changes to โ€œheโ€, โ€œam learningโ€ (present continuous tense) changes to was
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"I"๋Š” "he"๋กœ, "am learning"(ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•)์€ was
04:28
learning (past continuous).
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learning(๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•)์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
Next sentence: โ€œMy son is graduating next week,โ€ she said with great excitement.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ: โ€œ์ œ ์•„๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์— ์กธ์—…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
04:36
We see the reporting clause โ€œshe said with great excitementโ€ at the end of the sentence.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋์— โ€œ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํฐ ํฅ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ  ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
This is very common.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
So, how would you change this?
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:47
When we change a sentence to indirect speech, we almost always put that reporting clause
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๋•Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ ˆ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:53
at the beginning: She said with great excitement thatโ€ฆ
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: ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€ฆ
04:57
The words โ€œmy sonโ€ become โ€œher sonโ€ and we backshift the tense.
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05:03
So โ€œmy son is graduatingโ€ becomes โ€œher son was graduatingโ€, and โ€œnext weekโ€
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ โ€œmy son is graduatingโ€์€ โ€œher son was graduatingโ€์ด ๋˜๊ณ  โ€œnext weekโ€๋Š”
05:09
is a time expression.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
We can either say โ€œthe next weekโ€ or โ€œthe following weekโ€.
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"๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ" ๋˜๋Š” "๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
So, She said with great excitement that her son was graduating the next week / the following
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์— ์กธ์—…์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:20
week.
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.
05:22
Number four: โ€œI quit my job a week ago,โ€ he confessed to his wife.
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4๋ฒˆ: โ€œ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ์ „์— ์ง์žฅ์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋’€์–ด์š”.โ€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‚ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
โ€œConfessedโ€ means that he admitted the truth to his wife.
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"๊ณ ๋ฐฑ"์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‚ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
So, how do we change it?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:34
He confessed to his wife that he had quit his job a week before.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ์ „์— ์ง์žฅ์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•„๋‚ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
Notice that in the direct quote, the verb is already in the past simple tense (quit).
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์ง์ ‘ ์ธ์šฉ์—์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ(quit)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
When we backshift a past simple tense verb, it changes to the past perfect: โ€œhad quitโ€.
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๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์ธ โ€œhad quitโ€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
And โ€œagoโ€ changes to โ€œbeforeโ€ in indirect speech; thatโ€™s just a rule.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "ago"๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์—์„œ "before"๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทœ์น™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
OK, next sentence: โ€œHema didnโ€™t come to work yesterday,โ€ the manager told me.
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์ž, ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œHema๋Š” ์–ด์ œ ์ผํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
Try to change it.
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๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
06:05
The answer is: The manager told me that Hema hadnโ€™t come to workโ€ฆ โ€œdidnโ€™t comeโ€
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๋Œ€๋‹ต์€: ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ Hema๊ฐ€ ์ผํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€ฆ
06:11
is a past simple negative which changes to โ€œhadnโ€™t comeโ€ (past perfect negative).
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06:17
Then we have โ€œyesterdayโ€, which becomes either โ€œthe previous dayโ€ or โ€œthe day
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ "์–ด์ œ"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” "์ „๋‚ " ๋˜๋Š” "
06:21
beforeโ€ (both are correct).
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์ „๋‚ "์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค).
06:23
So, The manager told me that Hema hadnโ€™t come to work the previous day / the day before.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €๊ฐ€ ํ—ค๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‚ /์ „๋‚  ์ถœ๊ทผ์„ ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
06:30
Sentence number six is a little challenging: The kid told his parents, โ€œI was watching
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6๋ฒˆ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์—๊ฒŒ "TV๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:35
TV and the power went out.โ€
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์ „์›์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์–ด์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
How would you change it?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:41
The kid told his parents that he had been watching TV and the power had gone out. โ€œwas
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์—๊ฒŒ TV๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ •์ „์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ
06:48
watchingโ€ is a past continuous verb; it gets backshifted to a past perfect continuous
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๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹คโ€๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜• ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜• ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ์—ญ์ด๋™๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:54
verb: โ€œhad been watchingโ€.
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: "๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค".
06:56
And โ€œthe power went outโ€ is past simple; it becomes โ€œthe power had gone outโ€.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "์ „์›์ด ๊บผ์กŒ๋‹ค"๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ „์›์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค"๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
Next one: โ€œI have seen the movie three times already,โ€ I explained.
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๋‹ค์Œ: โ€œ์ €๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์จ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋ดค์–ด์š”.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
Answer: I explained that I had seen the movie three times already.
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๋‹ต๋ณ€: ์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
โ€œHave seenโ€ becomes โ€œhad seenโ€.
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"๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค"๋Š” "๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
So, this means that if you have a present perfect verb, it changes to the past perfect
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์ฆ‰, ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹œํ”„ํŠธํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:21
when you backshift it.
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.
07:22
So, what about this sentence: โ€œWe have been waiting for over two hours,โ€ they complained.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด โ€œ2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๋‹คโ€๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
They complained that they had been waiting for over two hours.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถˆํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
โ€œHave been waitingโ€ is a present perfect continuous verb; it gets backshifted to โ€œhad
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โ€œHave been Waitingโ€์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜• ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "
07:40
been waitingโ€ (past perfect continuous).
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๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค"(๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ์†)๋กœ ์—ญ์ด๋™๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
Number nine: โ€œI will pick you up at the airport tomorrow,โ€ he promised.
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9๋ฒˆ: โ€œ๋‚ด์ผ ๊ณตํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
He promised that he would pick me up at the airport the next / following day.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ / ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
Here, we see that the modal verb โ€œwillโ€ has been changed to its past form โ€œwouldโ€,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ โ€œwillโ€์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜• โ€œwouldโ€๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:01
and โ€œtomorrowโ€ has become the next day or the following day (both mean the same thing).
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โ€œtomorrowโ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ ์ด ๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž„).
08:07
Now, with the verb โ€œpromiseโ€, you can also make the sentence like this: He promised
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์ด์ œ "์•ฝ์†ํ•˜๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š”
08:12
to pick me up at the airport the following day.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
This is a special use of the verb โ€œpromiseโ€: using to + an infinitive verb.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "์•ฝ์†"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์šฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: to + ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ ๋™์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ.
08:21
Thatโ€™s also correct.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
OK, number ten: โ€œI would like to buy this necklace,โ€ she told the shop assistant.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, 10๋ฒˆ: "์ด ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”." ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ ์›์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
Here, the modal verb โ€œwouldโ€ is used.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ "would"๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
This is already a past form and thereโ€™s no way to backshift it (thereโ€™s no past
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์ด๊ณ  ๋’ค๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(
08:38
perfect for modal verbs), so we just say: She told the shop assistant that she would
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์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค). ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:43
like to buy the/that necklace.
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.
08:47
We can change โ€œthis necklaceโ€ to โ€œthe necklaceโ€ or โ€œthat necklaceโ€ (both are
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"์ด ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด"๋ฅผ "๊ทธ ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด" ๋˜๋Š” "์ € ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด"๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๋‘˜ ๋‹ค
08:50
OK).
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ).
08:52
Next sentence: The girl said, โ€œMy brother and I are going to have pizza tonight.โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ: ์†Œ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
This oneโ€™s a little tricky.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊นŒ๋‹ค ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
We start with The girl said thatโ€ฆ
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The girl said that... ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
And then we have My brother and I.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ My brother and I๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
This becomes โ€œShe and her brotherโ€.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "She and her brother"๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
Only with โ€œIโ€, we put the other person first โ€“ โ€œMy brother and Iโ€, โ€œMy friend
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โ€œIโ€๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๋จผ์ € ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“ โ€œMy brother and Iโ€, โ€œMy friend
09:15
and Iโ€, โ€œJohn and Iโ€ etc.
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and Iโ€, โ€œJohn and Iโ€ ๋“ฑ.
09:17
But with other pronouns, we put the pronoun first โ€“ โ€œShe and her brotherโ€.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“ โ€œShe and her brotherโ€ ".
09:22
โ€œAre going toโ€ becomes โ€œwere going toโ€.
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"~ํ• ๊ฑฐ์•ผ"๋Š” "~ํ• ๊ฑฐ์•ผ"๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
Now, if we had โ€œamโ€ or โ€œis going toโ€, we would change that to โ€œwas going toโ€.
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์ด์ œ "am" ๋˜๋Š” "is going to"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด "was going to"๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
But here, we have โ€œareโ€ and that becomes โ€œwereโ€.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” "are"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ "were"๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
โ€œTonightโ€ becomes โ€œthat nightโ€.
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"์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค"์€ "๊ทธ ๋ฐค"์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
So, The girl said that she and her brother were going to have pizza that night.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์™€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์˜ค๋น ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋‚  ๋ฐค ํ”ผ์ž๋ฅผ ๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
Next one: โ€œI can speak four languages,โ€ Chad boasted.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ: โ€œ์ €๋Š” 4๊ฐœ ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.โ€ Chad๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
โ€œBoastโ€ means to brag or talk proudly about yourself.
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"์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋‹ค"๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
Try to change this.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
09:55
The indirect speech sentence is Chad boasted that he could speak four languages.
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๊ฐ„์ ‘ํ™”๋ฒ• ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์ฑ„๋“œ๊ฐ€ 4๊ฐœ ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž๋ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
Notice that โ€œcanโ€ has become โ€œcouldโ€.
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"can"์ด "could"๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
10:04
Sentence number thirteen: Shannon said, โ€œWe may go to Japan on vacation.โ€
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13๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ: Shannon์€ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํœด๊ฐ€ ๋•Œ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
The answer: Shannon said that they might go to Japan on vacation.
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๋Œ€๋‹ต: Shannon์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํœด๊ฐ€ ๋•Œ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
โ€œWeโ€ has become โ€œTheyโ€.
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ"๋Š” "๊ทธ๋“ค"์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
โ€œMayโ€ has changed to โ€œmightโ€ because thatโ€™s the past form.
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"May"๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— "might"๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
Next sentence: His driving instructor told him, โ€œYou must obey traffic laws.โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ: ๊ทธ์˜ ์šด์ „ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ตํ†ต ๋ฒ•๊ทœ๋ฅผ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
The answer: His driving instructor told him that he must obey/he had to obey traffic laws.
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๋Œ€๋‹ต: ๊ทธ์˜ ์šด์ „ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ /๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต๋ฒ•๊ทœ๋ฅผ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
โ€œMustโ€ can either stay the same or you can say โ€œhad toโ€.
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"Must"๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ "had to"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
But, if you have โ€œmustnโ€™tโ€ in the sentence, then you have to say โ€œmustnโ€™tโ€.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์— "~ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด "~ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
For example: The police officer said, โ€œYou mustnโ€™t park here.โ€
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์˜ˆ: ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์ด โ€œ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
The reported sentence is The police officer said that I mustnโ€™t park there.
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์‹ ๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ์ € ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:55
So, โ€œmustnโ€™tโ€ stays as โ€œmustnโ€™tโ€.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "์•ˆ๋ผ"๋Š” "์•ˆ๋ผ"๋กœ ๋‚จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
Alright, hereโ€™s the last sentence in this exercise: Her father said, โ€œYou should take
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ด ์šด๋™์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” "
11:03
your studies more seriously.โ€
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๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋” ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
Answer: Her father said that she should take her studies more seriously.
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๋Œ€๋‹ต: ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋” ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
โ€œShouldโ€ is already the past tense of โ€œshallโ€, so we leave it unchanged.
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"Should"๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ "shall"์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
This is true of all the past tense modals โ€“ we saw โ€œwouldโ€ before; similarly,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์— "would"๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
11:23
we donโ€™t backshift โ€œcouldโ€ or โ€œmightโ€.
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"ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค" ๋˜๋Š” "ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค"๋ฅผ ๋ฐฑ์‹œํ”„ํŠธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
We leave them as they are.
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๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
Now, before we move on, I want to point out a couple of things: first, about backshifting
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์ด์ œ ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฐฑ์‹œํ”„ํŒ…
11:33
tenses.
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์‹œ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
In some situations, when we go from direct to indirect speech, we donโ€™t backshift the
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:39
tense.
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.
11:40
For example, letโ€™s say that at the workplace, I ask a colleague of mine, Tanya, to help
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ Tanya์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:45
me with something.
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.
11:46
But, Tanya says, โ€œI canโ€™t help you, sorry.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํƒ€๋ƒ๋Š” โ€œ๋„์™€์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค, ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•˜๋‹ค.
11:49
I have a lot of work to do.โ€
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๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค.โ€
11:51
If I want to convey this message to someone else IMMEDIATELY, then I might say Tanya says
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์ด ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด Tanya๊ฐ€
11:58
she canโ€™t help me because she has a lot of work to do.
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ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
Notice that the reporting verb is in the present tense: โ€œsaysโ€, and the other verbs in
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๋ณด๊ณ  ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ์ธ "says"์ด๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™์‚ฌ
12:07
the sentence also stay in the present: โ€œcanโ€™t helpโ€ and โ€œhasโ€.
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๋„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ์ธ "ca n't help"์™€ "has"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€
12:12
This is because I am reporting her words immediately.
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์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ์‹ ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
12:15
Thereโ€™s not much time delay, so backshifting is not all that important.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์‹œํ”„ํŒ…์ด ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
We also see this form in the news a lot when current events are being reported.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ณด๋„๋  ๋•Œ ๋‰ด์Šค์—์„œ ์ด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
These are both indirect speech sentences: The retail chain has announced that it will
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋งค ์ฒด์ธ์€
12:32
open two more stores next month.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์— ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋งค์žฅ์„ ๋” ์—ด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
The police chief said that the investigation is still ongoing.
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ์žฅ์€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
In sentence number two, the reporting verb is โ€œhas announcedโ€ (a present perfect
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” "์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค"(ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ
12:45
form), and in number three, the reporting verb is โ€œsaidโ€ (past simple) โ€“ maybe
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ํ˜•)์ด๊ณ  ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” "said"(๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„
12:50
the police chief said these words in a recent interview.
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์žฅ์ด ์ด ๋ง์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
But in both sentences, thereโ€™s no backshifting of the tense in reported speech because the
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‘ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‰ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ์‹œ์ œ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹œํ”„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:59
news is recent.
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.
13:01
Also, in the second sentence, we see the time expression โ€œnext monthโ€ has not been changed
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ "๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด
13:07
to โ€œthe nextโ€ or โ€œthe following monthโ€.
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"๋‹ค์Œ" ๋˜๋Š” "๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ"๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
Thatโ€™s because next month is still in the future for us when we report this.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์€ ์•„์ง ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
So, this is the first point.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์š”์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
The next point is about the verbs โ€œsayโ€ and โ€œtellโ€.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์š”์ ์€ ๋™์‚ฌ "say"์™€ "tell"์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
You may have noticed in some of the previous examples that โ€œtellโ€ is followed by a
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์ด์ „ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ "tell" ๋’ค์—
13:25
person (like โ€œmeโ€, โ€œhimโ€, โ€œherโ€ etc.).
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ(์˜ˆ: "me", "him", "her" ๋“ฑ)์ด ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
I have a few sentences here from the last exercise.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์—ฐ์Šต์—์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ช‡ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:32
The first one says, The manager told me.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” '๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
In the second, She told the shop assistant, and in the third, The kid told his parents.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ ์›์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
Grammatically, this person is called an indirect object.
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
The rule is that the verb โ€œtellโ€ must take an indirect object (that is, some person).
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๊ทœ์น™์€ ๋™์‚ฌ "tell"์ด ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด(์ฆ‰, ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ)๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
So, if you remove that indirect object, itโ€™s grammatically incorrect.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
Now, the verb โ€œsayโ€ is the opposite of this.
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์ž, ๋™์‚ฌ "say"๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
โ€œSayโ€ must not take an indirect object.
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"Say"๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
In all of these examples, we CAN use โ€œsayโ€, but then we have to remove the indirect object.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ˆ์—์„œ "say"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
In fact, many English learners make the common mistake of putting an indirect object after
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์€ "say" ๋’ค์— ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ํ”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:16
โ€œsayโ€ (like โ€œsaid meโ€ or โ€œsaid him); thatโ€™s wrong, and you should avoid it.
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(์˜ˆ: "said me" ๋˜๋Š” "said him). ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
In some situations, you might see this form: The manager said to me, She said to the shop
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: The manager said to me, She said to the shop
14:27
assistant, The kid said to his parents, etc.
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assistant, The kid said to his parents, etc.
14:31
This is grammatically correct, but itโ€™s not very common.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ”ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
Iโ€™m showing it to you so that you are aware of it.
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
But if you need to include an indirect object, use โ€œtellโ€.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ "tell"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
If you donโ€™t need an indirect object, use โ€œsayโ€.
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๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด โ€œsayโ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
14:43
Alright, letโ€™s now move on and talk about changing questions from direct to indirect
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
14:48
speech.
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.
14:49
Hereโ€™s an example: โ€œWhat do you want?โ€, she asked me.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด "๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์›ํ•˜์„ธ์š”?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
Thatโ€™s the direct speech question.
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์ง์„คํ˜• ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
In indirect or reported speech, this becomes She asked me what I wanted.
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๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด๋„๋œ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ She ask me what I want๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:01
The first thing to notice here is that weโ€™ve used the reporting verb โ€œaskโ€ and not
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ "๋งํ•˜๋‹ค" ๋˜๋Š” "๋งํ•˜๋‹ค"๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋™์‚ฌ "์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋‹ค"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:06
โ€œsayโ€ or โ€œtellโ€.
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.
15:08
Second, just like in statements, we have changed the pronoun from โ€œyouโ€ to โ€œIโ€, and
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๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ "you"์—์„œ "I"๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ 
15:14
weโ€™ve backshifted the tense: โ€œwantโ€ has become โ€œwantedโ€.
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์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์—ญ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "want"๊ฐ€ "wanted"๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
This sentence has no time or place expressions, but if there are any in a question, then we
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์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ์†Œ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
15:23
change those too.
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๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
But there is another important change weโ€™ve made here: the word order.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์–ด ์ˆœ์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
When going from direct to indirect speech, weโ€™ve kept the question word โ€œwhatโ€,
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์ง์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋‹จ์–ด "what"์€ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
15:36
but weโ€™ve removed the auxiliary verb โ€œdoโ€.
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์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ "do"๋Š” ์ œ๊ฑฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
Then, โ€œyouโ€ becomes โ€œIโ€, and โ€œwantโ€ becomes โ€œwantedโ€.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด '๋„ˆ'๋Š” '๋‚˜'๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  '์›ํ•˜๋‹ค'๋Š” '์›ํ•œ๋‹ค'๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.
15:42
So, what we have here is not a question form, but a statement: โ€œI wantedโ€ โ€“ this has
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ˜•์‹์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ "I wants"๋ผ๋Š” ์ง„์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
15:49
the same word order as a past simple tense statement.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ ์ง„์ˆ ๊ณผ ์–ด์ˆœ์ด ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
And for that reason, we donโ€™t put a question mark at the end of a reported question.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋์— ๋ฌผ์Œํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
Notice that there is only a period or full stop at the end.
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๋์—๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจํ‘œ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์นจํ‘œ๋งŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:04
If you put a question mark after an indirect question, thatโ€™s wrong.
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๊ฐ„์ ‘ ์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ ๋’ค์— ๋ฌผ์Œํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
OK, next example: He asked, โ€œWhere did Salman go yesterday?โ€
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ: ๊ทธ๋Š” "์–ด์ œ Salman์€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:13
Letโ€™s convert this: We keep the question word โ€œwhereโ€.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋‹จ์–ด "where"๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
So, He asked whereโ€ฆ
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—โ€ฆ
16:19
Now, the direct speech question is in the past simple tense.
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์ง€๊ธˆ, ์ง์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ• ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:23
This needs to get backshifted to the past perfect, and we need to put it in statement
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์—ญ์ด๋™๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง„์ˆ  ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:28
form.
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.
16:29
So, He asked where Salman had gone the day before / the previous day.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” Salman์ด ์ „๋‚  / ์ „๋‚  ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:35
Both are OK.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:36
Iโ€™d like you to notice something with the verb โ€œaskโ€.
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"ask"๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:40
In the first example, we saw โ€œShe asked meโ€, and in this example, just โ€œHe askedโ€
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” "๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค"๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ  ์ด ์˜ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด ์—†์ด "๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค"๋งŒ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:46
with no object.
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.
16:48
Both of these are correct because the verb โ€œaskโ€ can be used with or without an object.
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๋™์‚ฌ โ€œaskโ€๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
Just keep that in mind.
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๋ช…์‹ฌํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
16:55
Alright, hereโ€™s one more question, but youโ€™ll notice that thereโ€™s something different
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:00
about it: โ€œDo you like coffee?โ€ she asked.
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. "์ปคํ”ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์„ธ์š”?" ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
17:03
Whatโ€™s different?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฐ€์š”?
17:04
Well, thereโ€™s no question word like โ€œwhatโ€, โ€œwhereโ€, โ€œwhyโ€ etc.
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์Œ, "๋ฌด์—‡", "์–ด๋””์„œ", "์™œ" ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:10
So, this is a yes/no question.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ˆ/์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
How do we change this to reported speech?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์—ฐ์„ค๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋‚˜์š”?
17:16
The process is almost the same.
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ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:18
We start with the reporting verb: She askedโ€ฆ
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹คโ€ฆ
17:22
And now, because we donโ€™t have a question word, we use either โ€œifโ€ or โ€œwhetherโ€.
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17:27
Iโ€™m going to use โ€œifโ€ here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” "if"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:30
And then, we just put the rest of the sentence in the form of a statement, and we backshift
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ง„์ˆ  ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:35
the tense: She asked if I liked coffee.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:38
Again, no question mark.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ์Œํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:40
OK, letโ€™s do an exercise now to practice changing questions from direct to indirect
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ด์ œ ์ง์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
17:46
speech.
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.
17:47
We will go through nine sentences; hereโ€™s the first one: He asked her, โ€œWhy is the
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ "์™œ
17:53
baby crying?โ€
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์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:54
How would you change this to indirect speech?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
17:58
First, He asked her whyโ€ฆ
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๋จผ์ € ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:02
Now, we need to convert the question into a statement form.
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์ด์ œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ง„์ˆ  ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:05
Itโ€™s in the present continuous tense, so we backshift that to a past continuous statement.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์‹œ์ œ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์‹œ์ œ๋กœ ์—ญ์ด๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:12
So, He asked her why the baby was crying.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:16
The baby was crying is a past continuous tense statement.
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The baby was cry๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜• ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:21
Number two: โ€œDoes this hotel have a swimming pool?โ€ the guests inquired.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ: โ€œ์ด ํ˜ธํ…”์— ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?โ€ ์†๋‹˜์ด ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
18:25
Try to change it.
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๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
18:29
This is a yes/no question, so we need โ€œifโ€ or โ€œwhetherโ€.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ˆ/์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ "๋งŒ์•ฝ" ๋˜๋Š” "์—ฌ๋ถ€"๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:32
Iโ€™ll use whether this time: The guests inquired whetherโ€ฆ
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์†๋‹˜์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€...
18:37
And now the question which is in the present simple tense needs to be backshifted to the
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ œ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„
18:42
past simple: The guests inquired whether the hotel had a swimming pool.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†๋‹˜์ด ํ˜ธํ…”์— ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:48
You could also say โ€œthat hotelโ€ instead of โ€œthe hotelโ€.
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"the hotel" ๋Œ€์‹  "the hotel"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:52
Alright next one: โ€œWho has eaten all the cookies?โ€ asked Rickโ€™s mother.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ: "๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด?" ๋ฆญ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
18:59
The reported question is Rickโ€™s mother asked who had eaten all the cookies.
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๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ Rick์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋จน์—ˆ๋А๋ƒ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:05
Next sentence: โ€œAre they leaving tomorrow morning?โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ: "๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด์ผ ์•„์นจ์— ๋– ๋‚  ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?"
19:08
Shivani asked.
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์‹œ๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
19:11
It changes to Shivani asked if they were leaving the next morning / the following morning.
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๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์•„์นจ / ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์•„์นจ์— ๋– ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š” Shivani๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:17
In the place of โ€œifโ€, you can use โ€œwhetherโ€ if you want.
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"๋งŒ์•ฝ" ๋Œ€์‹  "์—ฌ๋ถ€"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:21
Number five: He asked, โ€œHow long should I boil an egg?โ€
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๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ: ๊ทธ๋Š” "๊ณ„๋ž€์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‚ถ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:27
The reported question is He asked how long he should boil an egg.
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๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ณ„๋ž€์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‚ถ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:32
Remember: โ€œshouldโ€ does not backshift.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”: "should"๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹œํ”„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:36
Next question: Colton asked me, โ€œHave you received the package?โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ: Colton์ด "ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:40
Now, Iโ€™m a little tired of using the verb โ€œaskโ€, so Iโ€™m going to use a different
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์ด์ œ "ask"๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ฒจ์›Œ์กŒ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
19:47
question-report verb: Colton wanted to know if I had received the package.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Colton์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:52
So, instead of โ€œaskedโ€, Iโ€™ve said โ€œwanted to knowโ€.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ '๋ฌป๋‹ค'๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ '์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค'๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๋‹ค.
19:56
Then, thereโ€™s โ€œifโ€ because this is a yes/no question.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ/์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— "๋งŒ์•ฝ"์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:00
And the present perfect question in direct speech gets backshifted to a past perfect
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๋กœ ์—ญ์ด๋™๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
20:06
tense statement.
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.
20:08
OK, next one: โ€œWhen will your sister get here?โ€ she asked her husband.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ: "๋„ค ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์€ ์–ธ์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๊ฑฐ์•ผ?" ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚จํŽธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
20:15
She asked her husband when his sister would get there.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์ด ์–ธ์ œ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
20:20
Number eight: โ€œWhy didnโ€™t you attend the meeting?โ€
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์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๋ฒˆ์งธ: โ€œ์™œ ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?โ€
20:22
my boss questioned.
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๋‚ด ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
20:26
My boss questioned why I hadnโ€™t attended the meeting.
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์ƒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:30
The question in direct speech here is a negative form.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ์„ค์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํ˜•์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:35
We backshift it to a past perfect negative statement.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:40
And the last one: โ€œDidnโ€™t Nicole tell you we were coming today?โ€ he asked.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์งˆ๋ฌธ: "๋‹ˆ์ฝœ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‚˜์š”?" ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
20:46
He asked whether Nicole hadnโ€™t told us that they were coming that day.
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๊ทธ๋Š” Nicole์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋‚  ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:51
OK, letโ€™s move on to the next topic now: reporting requests, instructions, and advice.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญ, ์ง€์นจ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:58
When people make a polite request, they often phrase it in the form of a yes/no question.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ •์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์š”์ฒญํ•  ๋•Œ ์˜ˆ/์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:04
For example: Arjun asked me, โ€œCan you lend me $200?โ€
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์˜ˆ: Arjun์ด "200๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋นŒ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:09
This is a request for a loan.
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๋Œ€์ถœ์‹ ์ฒญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:11
You can report it just like a yes/no question: Arjun asked me if I could lend him $200.
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์˜ˆ/์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‹ ๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Arjun์ด 200๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋นŒ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:19
This is correct, but thereโ€™s another way to do it.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งž์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:21
We can say: Arjun asked me to lend him $200.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค : Arjun์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ $ 200๋ฅผ ๋นŒ๋ ค๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:26
The structure of this sentence is the verb ask + an object; object is a grammatical term;
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์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ ask + ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์šฉ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:33
what we mean here is a person (like โ€œasked meโ€ in this sentence) + a to-infinitive
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ(์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ "asked me"์™€ ๊ฐ™์€) + to ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ
21:39
verb, that is, the preposition โ€œtoโ€ + a verb in its base form (like โ€œto lendโ€).
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๋™์‚ฌ, ์ฆ‰ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ "to" + ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ(์˜ˆ: "to ๋นŒ๋ ค์ฃผ๋‹ค")์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:46
Hereโ€™s the next example: โ€œTurn off the TV!โ€ his mother told him.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "TV๋ฅผ ๋„์„ธ์š”!" ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
21:51
Obviously, this is not a polite request; itโ€™s an instruction (in fact, itโ€™s a command).
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต์†ํ•œ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…๋ น์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ช…๋ น์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค).
21:57
So, instead of the verb โ€œaskโ€, weโ€™re going to use the stronger verb โ€œtellโ€:
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ "ask"๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— "tell"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:02
His mother told him to turn off the TV.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ TV๋ฅผ ๋„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:05
So, the guideline here is use โ€œaskโ€ for requests and โ€œtellโ€ for instructions,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ง€์นจ์€ ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "์งˆ๋ฌธ"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์นจ, ๋ช…๋ น ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "๋งํ•˜๋‹ค"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
22:12
orders, or commands.
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22:14
If a request or command is negative, you just add โ€œnotโ€ before โ€œtoโ€: โ€œDonโ€™t
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์š”์ฒญ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ช…๋ น์ด ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด๋ฉด "to" ์•ž์— "not"์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "
22:20
feed the animals,โ€ the zookeeper told us.
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๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”." ์‚ฌ์œก์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:23
We change this to indirect speech like this: The zookeeper told us not to feed the animals.
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์œก์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:30
This next example, which we saw in a previous exercise, expresses advice: Her father said,
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์ด์ „ ์—ฐ์Šต์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š”
22:37
โ€œYou should take your studies more seriously.โ€
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"๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋” ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:40
If you remember from the exercise, we can convert this to indirect speech as Her father
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์šด๋™์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋” ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
22:46
said that she should take her studies more seriously.
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22:50
But since her father is giving her advice, we can use the verb โ€œadviseโ€: Her father
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” โ€œadviseโ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š”
22:55
advised her to take her studies more seriously.
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๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋” ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:59
Simple.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ.
23:00
Alright, itโ€™s time for another exercise to practice all of this.
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:05
I have six sentences for you this time.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:07
Some of these sentences are requests, others are instructions or commands, and some express
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์š”์ฒญ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ง€์นจ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์ด๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
23:13
advice.
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.
23:14
And you have to change them all to reported speech.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์Œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:17
Hereโ€™s the first one: He asked Jazmyn, โ€œWould you be able to take care of my pets while
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” Jazmyn์—๊ฒŒ "๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์• ์™„ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:23
Iโ€™m away?โ€
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23:24
How would you change this?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
23:28
This is a polite request, so we need to use the verb โ€œaskโ€ here.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •์ค‘ํ•œ ์š”์ฒญ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ "ask"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:33
So, He asked Jazmyn to take care of his pets while he was away.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” Jazmyn์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์• ์™„ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ๋ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:38
OK, number two: โ€œPlease leave your bags with the bellhop,โ€ the receptionist told
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ: โ€œ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์€ ๋ฒจ๋ณด์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ฒจ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.โ€ ์•ˆ๋‚ด์›์ด
23:43
us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:44
Try to change it.
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๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
23:46
Now, this is a polite request, but itโ€™s also an instruction for the guests at the
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •์ค‘ํ•œ ์š”์ฒญ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜ธํ…” ํˆฌ์ˆ™๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
23:53
hotel.
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23:54
So, you can use both โ€œaskโ€ and โ€œtellโ€ (you can use โ€œaskโ€ because this is quite
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ "ask"์™€ "tell"์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค("ask"๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ •์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜
23:59
polite, but at the same time, itโ€™s also an instruction, so โ€œtellโ€ is also OK).
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์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง€์‹œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ "tell"๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค).
24:04
Iโ€™m going to use โ€œtellโ€: The receptionist told us to leave our bags with the bellhop.
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"tell"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์•ˆ๋‚ด์›์ด ๋ฒจ๋ณด์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:11
Next one: โ€œPlease do not bring food into the park,โ€ said a sign at the entrance.
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๋‹ค์Œ: โ€œ๊ณต์›์— ์Œ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ž…๊ตฌ์— ํŒป๋ง์ด ์“ฐ์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:16
How would you change it?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
24:20
This is an instruction, and we can say โ€œA sign at the entrance told us not to bring
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์นจ์ด๋ฉฐ "์ž…๊ตฌ์— ์Œ์‹์„ ๊ณต์›์— ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ง€ํŒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜
24:25
food into the park,โ€ but itโ€™s a general sign meant for everybody.
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์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ‘œ์ง€ํŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:29
So, in this case, we can just use the verb โ€œsayโ€ as in the direct speech sentence:
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ํ™”๋ฒ• ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋™์‚ฌ โ€œsayโ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
24:34
A sign at the entrance said not to bring food into the park.
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.
24:39
Because weโ€™re using the verb โ€œsayโ€, there is no object.
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๋™์‚ฌ โ€œsayโ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:42
Remember: โ€œsayโ€ does not take an indirect object.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”: โ€œsayโ€๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:47
Next sentence: โ€œGet out of my office!โ€ her boss yelled.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ: "๋‚ด ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€!" ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ณ ํ•จ์„
24:51
To yell means to shout with anger.
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์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:54
Try to change it.
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๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
24:57
Her boss told her to get out of his office.
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:00
If you want to make it stronger, you can even say, Her boss ordered her to get out of his
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๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
25:05
office.
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.
25:06
Now, in this reported sentence, the boss is male; thatโ€™s why weโ€™ve said, โ€œto get
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์ด์ œ ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด์Šค๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ "
25:11
out of HIS office.โ€
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๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:12
But, of course, if the boss were female, that pronoun would be โ€œherโ€.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” "her"๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:17
Number five: Philipโ€™s doctor told him, โ€œYou should exercise more.โ€
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๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ: ํ•„๋ฆฝ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ โ€œ์šด๋™์„ ๋” ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:24
You can say, Philipโ€™s doctor told him to exercise more.
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ํ•„๋ฆฝ์˜ ์ฃผ์น˜์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์šด๋™์„ ๋” ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:28
But better is: Philipโ€™s doctor advised him to exercise more.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์ ์€ ํ•„๋ฆฝ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์šด๋™์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์กฐ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:33
And last one: โ€œI wouldnโ€™t eat that pizza if I were you,โ€ her friend said to her.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ "๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ํ”ผ์ž๋ฅผ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฑฐ์•ผ. "๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:39
Now, this sentence looks like a conditional, and it is, but this is a common way of giving
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์ž, ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
25:46
advice.
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.
25:47
โ€œI would do this, or I wouldnโ€™t do that if I were you.โ€
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
25:50
So, we can once again use the verb โ€œadviseโ€: Her friend advised her not to eat the pizza.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋™์‚ฌ โ€œadviseโ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ผ์ž๋ฅผ ๋จน์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:58
You can also say that pizza; means the same thing.
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ํ”ผ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:01
Alright, good job.
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์ข‹์•„, ์ž˜ํ–ˆ์–ด.
26:03
Up to now, we have practiced converting statements, questions, requests, instructions and advice
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„์ˆ , ์งˆ๋ฌธ, ์š”์ฒญ, ์ง€์‹œ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์–ธ์„
26:10
from direct to indirect speech.
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์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ์—ฐ์„ค๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:11
So, if youโ€™re ready, weโ€™re going to put all of this together with a final quiz.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ€ด์ฆˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ฉ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:18
There are ten sentences on the screen.
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ํ™”๋ฉด์—๋Š” 10๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:20
I want you to change each one from direct to indirect speech.
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์ง์ ‘๋ฐœ์–ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘๋ฐœ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์ฃผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:24
Stop the video now, do the exercise, then play the video again and check.
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์ด์ œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ์šด๋™์„ ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์žฌ์ƒํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
26:31
Alright, here are the answers.
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์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹ต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:36
How many did you get right?
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋งž์ถ”์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
26:37
Let me know in the comments below.
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์•„๋ž˜ ๋Œ“๊ธ€๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
26:39
I hope you enjoyed this lesson.
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์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์ฆ๊ฒผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:41
As always, happy learning, and I will see you in another lesson soon.
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๋Š˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ํ•™์Šต์ด ๋˜์‹œ๊ณ  ๊ณง ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•์˜์—์„œ ๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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