BECOME FLUENT IN 2 HOURS! Learn English Through Story (Beginner to Advanced Reading Lesson)

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2024-04-05 ・ JForrest English


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BECOME FLUENT IN 2 HOURS! Learn English Through Story (Beginner to Advanced Reading Lesson)

31,411 views ・ 2024-04-05

JForrest English


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

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Hello, my wonderful students.
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Today you're going to learn  English through stories.
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We're going to review four  different short stories,  
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and these stories are going to progress  from more beginner to more advanced.
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Welcome back to JForrest English.
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Of course, I'm Jennifer.
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Now let's get started.
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1st I'll read the.
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Headline Fred the Pig caught  after mischief rampage.
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So in this picture it looks like this is Fred  the pig and he was caught after mischief rampage.
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First I want you to notice my pronunciation here.
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Mischief.
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Jeff, Jeff, Mischief.
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So here you don't hear this E sound  because we do have a word that you  
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may be familiar were with which is chief chief.
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Same spelling at this end, but this  here is a long E sound EFF chief.
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But here you don't hear that long E and it's.
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Just like if you were.
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Saying if mischief, mischief.
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So notice that pronunciation.
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And what exactly is mischief?
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Mischief essentially means  bad behavior, bad behavior.
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We use this a lot with children.
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Of course the children got into  mischief while I was working.
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Now let's talk about Rampage.
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Rampage.
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What is this?
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This is OK.
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This is when you go through an area and you do  that making a lot of noise and causing damage.
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So this pig went through an area and as  he was going around he was either making  
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noise or causing damage or doing  both of those at the same time.
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That would describe a rampage, A mischief rampage.
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Now notice the sentence structure.
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Fred, the pig caught after mischief rampage.
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Now what do you notice about  this part of the sentence?
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Is this an active sentence or a passive sentence?
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It might be difficult for you to identify this  because in headlines of newspaper articles or  
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short stories, they often omit certain  words that are only there grammatically.
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So in this case, to identify the passive,  you would normally see the verb to be,  
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because that's the correct grammatical structure.
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Now correct grammar would be Fred the  pig was caught after mischief rampage.
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But native speakers understand the sentence  structure without the auxiliary verb,  
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And headlines and short story titles  always try to be as short as possible.
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And they do that by omitting these  words that are there for grammar  
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but not essential to understand the  meaning but the sentence structure.
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If you were writing this in any other context,  you in need was caught the past simple.
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Of the verb to be.
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Now that's our passive sentence.
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If you wanted to turn this into an  active sentence, what could you say?
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Think about that.
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Fred the pig was caught.
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Well, we don't know who caught Fred the Pig,  
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but we could just say people, because  I don't know who the subject is.
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People or maybe officials caught Fred the pig.
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Now this is our active sentence because  the subject is doing the action,  
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where in this case Fred the  pig is receiving the action.
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So this is our active sentence  and this is our passive sentence.
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I wrote that there for you.
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And don't worry about writing all  these notes down because I summarize  
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everything in a free lesson PDF so you  can look in the description for the link.
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Now let's continue and learn about Fred's  mischief rampage after numerous complaints.
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Numerous is another way of saying  many after numerous complaints.
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After many complaints and a complaint  is when you see something negative.
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So if you went to a restaurant and you  didn't like the food and then you told the.
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The server, The waiter.
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This isn't very good.
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You are making a complaint, making a complaint.
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So that's the verb that goes  with the noun complaint.
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I made a complaint.
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About the food.
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Now complain is the verb  form, and this I'll complain.
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That's a noun.
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As a noun.
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Notice it has an article in our sentence  here, after numerous complaints.
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There's no article because you don't  use an article when it's a plural noun.
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But if you were to use the verb.
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Form, I complained.
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About the food.
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So when you dislike something or you  have a negative experience and you  
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make that known to someone,  you are making a complaint.
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Or you are.
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Complaining the noun form or the verb form.
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After numerous complaints of mischief, we  know what this means and the pronunciation.
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Remember, mischief is simply bad behavior.
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Mischief.
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Jeff.
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Mischief in the city of Aurora, a £400 LB.
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This is the short form to  identify pound a 400 LB Culprit.
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Culprit.
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Well what or who is a culprit?
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Well, Fred the pig is the culprit.
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And a culprit is someone,  
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or in this case something a pig who  has done something wrong, a £400.
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Culprit Fred the Pig.
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Has finally been caught loitering  outside a shopping center.
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Now in this case, it is still the passive  voice because the culprit who is Fred the Pig,  
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is receiving the action and they're not.
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The story isn't focusing  on who caught Fred the Pig,  
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which is why we don't even  know who caught Fred the Pig.
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And that's why I had to just  write people or officials,  
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because that's not the purpose of the story.
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The purpose of the story is learning  about how Fred the Pig was caught.
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A £400 culprit has finally been caught  loitering outside a shopping center.
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Let's talk about.
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This verb to loiter.
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Loiter is the verb.
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Notice that pronunciation oy  oy loy loiter loiter loiter.
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Now when you.
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Loiter you stay.
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In a public place, this could be a mall,  
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a restaurant, a school without  an obvious reason to be there.
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Well, what's the obvious?
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Reason to be at a mall?
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To.
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Purchase something, but oftentimes younger  people and maybe older people as well.
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Will go to the.
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Mall as a form of an activity, but they  have no intention of buying something.
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They don't even have any money, but they're  in the mall and they're just staying there.
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So they're taking up space.
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Maybe they're making noise,  disturbing people and they're  
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not actually customers because  they are not buying anything.
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So in that case, those people are loitering.
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And a lot of public places like malls, schools,  will have a sign that says no loitering, which is  
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telling you unless you're here to buy something,  I don't want you here and you shouldn't be here.
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Which makes sense because you shouldn't go to  a location unless you plan to buy something,  
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right from the mall's perspective.
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Personally, I also go to the mall sometimes with  friends without the intent of buying something.
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So in that case, I am loitering.
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But this pig, Fred the Pig, has finally been  caught loitering outside a shopping center.
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So this looks like perhaps  it's the shopping center.
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And obviously he has no reason  to be there, so he's loitering.
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Fred the Pig was loitering.
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All right, let's continue.
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Officials say Fred, who  dodged them for several days.
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Let's talk about the verb dodge.
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This is a great verb to have in your vocabulary.
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When you dodge dodge odge.
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When you dodge something or someone  you avoid, you avoid that something.
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I'll add.
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Or someone, because it's  very common to dodge someone.
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And why do you avoid that something or someone?
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Usually because if you get that something or  that someone, it will be unpleasant in some way.
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So Fred the pig dodged them.
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So in this case, it's officials, the  officials who were trying to catch him.
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Fred the pig dodged.
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Officials avoided officials.
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Why?
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Because if the officials caught him,  he would be in danger, potentially.
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Of course, that's what the pig would think.
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Now, this is a very common word  that you can use in your speech.
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For example, I've been  dodging my boss's phone calls.
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So this is the exact same thing as saying I've  been avoiding avoiding my boss's phone calls.
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So my phone rings.
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I look at it, it's my boss and I press  silence or decline, or I just let it ring.
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That's how I dodge my boss's phone calls.
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Why would I do that?
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Because if I talk to my boss, something  unpleasant is going to happen.
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Maybe I did a bad job with the report and  I know my boss is mad about the report,  
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so if I pick up that call, he's just going to say  Jennifer, why did you do that report like that?
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And is going to be unpleasant for me,  so obviously I want to avoid that.
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I want to dodge that.
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Officials say Fred, who  dodged them for several days,  
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is always hungry and loves his belly scratches.
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So this is scratch and then his belly.
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I don't know if you have any pets.
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Do you have any pets?
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So notice, that's how you would ask that.
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Do you have any pets?
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I'll write this for you.
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Do you have any pets?
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A very common question to ask and to answer.
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You can say I have and then  whatever your pets are.
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I have two cats, a dog, a bird  and a £400 pig for example.
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Or you can simply say no I don't.
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Or you might talk about a pet you had in the past.
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I had a dog, but now I don't have any pets.
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Technically, you don't even need  to say this because if you said  
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I had a dog because this verb is in the past.
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I know now you don't, but I'm just showing  you if you wanted to expand on your answer.
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So share your answer to this  question in the comments below.
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Do.
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You have any pets?
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And this is true for me.
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I have two cats.
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I have two cats.
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What about you?
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What about you?
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Share that in the comments below.
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Are you enjoying this lesson?
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If you are, then I want to tell you  about the finely fluent Academy.
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This is my premium training program where we  study native English speakers from TV the.
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Movies, YouTube, and the news so you  can improve your listening skills of  
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fast English, expand your vocabulary with natural  expressions, and learn advanced grammar easily.
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Plus, you'll have me as your personal coach.
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You can look in the description  for the link to learn more,  
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or you can go to my website and  click on Finally Fluent Academy.
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Now let's continue with our lesson.
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It took about 8 people and  five hours to capture him.
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Capture is another way of  saying catch, capture, catch.
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And you can use capture specifically with animals.
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They now hope to find his  forever home, his forever home.
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So in this case, forever is being used as  an adjective to describe the type of home.
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And you see this a lot now when animal shelters  are trying to to find homes for their animals.
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They might have these really adorable pictures of  a cat, or a puppy, or a pig, apparently, and say  
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Fred is looking for his forever home, which means  that they want someone to adopt Fred permanently.
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Notice how adopt is used with animals.
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You're probably familiar with  the verb adopt for children.
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You can adopt A child if you're unable to  
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have children of your own or  simply because you want to.
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You can adopt A child, but  you can also adopt A pet.
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And obviously when you adopt A  child is a permanent situation.
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So that's why they're using this verb  as well, 'cause they want you to know  
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that when you take his dog home with  you, that's a permanent situation.
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That dog now has his forever home.
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Let's continue.
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City officials first became aware  of Fred on September 24th when they  
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received a call about a pig that  was tearing up a person's yard.
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All right, let's talk about  the phrasal verb to tear.
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Up.
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In this context, tear up means cause damage to  because they're talking about a person's yard.
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A yard is the area in front  of one's house or behind  
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one's house where there's grass, trees, flowers.
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That's your yard.
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You can have your front yard or your  backyard, or you can simply say yard.
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So yard, grass, flowers, trees, bushes.
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And then if he was tearing it  up, maybe he was digging a.
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Hole he was.
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Eating the flower so he was causing  damage to that person's yard.
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Now a tear up can also be used.
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With a piece of paper.
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Right now I'm tearing up this piece of paper.
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I'm taking a whole piece of paper  and it's going into smaller pieces,  
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so that's to tear up in the  sense of a piece of paper.
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Now look at this sentence  and notice my pronunciation.
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First, notice is the exact same spelling  as we just saw here for tear up a person's.
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Yard or tear up a piece of.
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Paper, but listen to the pronunciation I.
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Teared up.
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Ear.
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So I wrote it out phonetically for you.
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Ear so that long E sound, I tear it up.
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When I watch the sad movie, I tear it up.
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Oh, so when you tear up you.
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Get.
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Tears in your eyes.
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I tear it up when I watch the sad movie.
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I always tear up when I watch sad movies.
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You don't want to watch a sad movie  with me because I always tear up.
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OK, so notice that same exact same phrasal verb,  
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but different pronunciation  and different meanings.
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But the context will make it  obvious it's not possible that.
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Tears were produced.
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In this person's yard, so it  doesn't make sense that this.
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Would be tear.
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Up.
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So it's always the context  that will make it obvious.
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So a pig that was tearing up  causing damage to a person's yard,  
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the area in front of their house or behind  their house with grass, trees, flowers.
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Bushes, Shrubs.
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A.
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Fence, but when animal officers arrived on  the scene they were not able to find him.
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More calls came in the next day.
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Notice you need the for next day, the next day.
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Sometimes I see students forget the and they just  
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say Next day more calls came in the  next day, this time about a pig in.
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Traffic, so traffic of course with all the.
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Cars on the road in traffic.
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Then another call about a pig that  was ruining someone's landscaping.
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Landscaping.
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Is what you do to a yard.
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To make it beautiful.
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So landscaping is when you add flowers,  a garden, trees in specific areas,  
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some decorative rocks and other  decor to make your yard beautiful.
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That is called landscaping.
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Now, this pig, Fred the pig.
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Oh, that Fred the pig.
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He was ruining to ruin.
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Ruin is also when you cause damage too.
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But if you describe something as ruined,  
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it means that the damage was permanent and  you can't save it, so it's no longer useful.
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So permanent damage to something so  tear up to me sounds less severe.
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The amount of damage is about here,  but ruin the amount of damage is here.
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So to cause permanent damage to  something, I'll write that for you.
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Let's continue.
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He was then spotted again.
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When you spot something or someone,  it means you identify them.
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You identify them by seeing that  person or that something visibly.
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So let's say you're at a conference  and there are many, many people,  
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but then all of a sudden you spot your colleague.
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Oh, I.
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Spotted.
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Joan, my colleague Joan.
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I spotted Joan.
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So you were able to identify Joan in  this large area of many other people.
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Here's another example with SPOT.
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Can you spot the mistake in this report?
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So again, can you identify the mistake?
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Can you see it?
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Can you notice it?
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But the important part is, and I wrote it here  for it for you, it's because you're trying to.
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So I was trying to identify Joan in the crowd.
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I was trying to spot Joan.
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And you're reading a report carefully because  you're trying to identify to spot the mistake.
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So you're trying to do this.
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It's not just things you see  because they're around you.
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You have to be trying to identify it to use Spot.
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He was then spotted again three  days later on September 27th.
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So this makes sense because they're trying to see  
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Notice identify Fred the Pig  in the early morning hours.
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This time Fred was in a position where  he could be captured, captured again.
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Remember, we can use caught, which this  article has used quite a lot as well,  
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where he could be captured,  caught, Miss Allen said.
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Still, it was no easy task.
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Notice the sentence structure here,  because to make this negative,  
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generally we don't just add no  before something in English.
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Generally you need an auxiliary verb.
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Still, it's wasn't an easy task.
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This is the standard way  to make something negative.
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Was not was not an easy task.
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And then the contraction of was not  which native speakers very commonly used.
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Is wasn't.
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It wasn't an easy task.
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This to say, it was no easy task.
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This is an alternative structure that  we use mainly to emphasize the negative,  
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so I wanna make it sound stronger.
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If I just say oh it.
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Wasn't an easy task.
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It was no easy task.
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It's more forceful to emphasize  that no, it wasn't an easy task.
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It was no easy task.
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So you could say maybe learning English was  no easy task until I found Jennifer's videos.
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Learning English was no easy task  until I found Jennifer's videos.
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And now hopefully it is an easy task.
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Was no easy task, was not an easy thing to do.
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So feel free to put.
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This in the comments.
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23:35
If you agree that now it's easier because you have  my lessons to help you, and by putting this in  
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the comments, you're practicing this alternative  sentence structure, so put that in the comments.
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Learning English was no easy  task until I found Jennifer.
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'S videos, all right.
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23:55
Let's continue.
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He he just wasn't ready to give up  his holiday of running around the  
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city and eating what he wanted to eat, she said.
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24:09
So of course the he is Fred the Pig  and this is talking about the fact  
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how he didn't want to be captured,  caught and it was no easy task.
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Well, and remember, before the  pig, Fred, the Pig was dodging,  
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was dodging them, which made  it no easy task to capture him.
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Dodge is a void now.
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Why?
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Because he wasn't ready to give up his holiday.
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This is a useful phrasal  verb to give something up.
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In this case, the something is his holiday,  
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and when you give something  up, you simply stop doing it.
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You stop doing the something or  you stop using the something.
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24:59
So a lot of people use this  when they quit smoking.
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Oh, I need to give up smoking.
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25:06
I need to stop smoking, stop doing  the activity or using the activity.
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So in this case, stop his holiday.
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He wasn't ready to give up his holiday of running  around the city and eating what he wanted to eat.
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She.
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Said Of course he wasn't ready to give it up.
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After he was captured, staff  affectionately gave him the name Fred.
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So when you do something affectionately,  you do it with love, love, friendliness,  
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admiration and affectionately.
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This is an adverb, and it modifies the verb Gave  him the name because at the beginning the story  
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sounded like, oh, this pig is causing damage,  this pig is ruining yards, this pig is loitering.
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So these negative things about the pig.
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But.
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The staff feel affection towards the pig,  
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so they affectionately gave him the name  Fred to show that they're not mad at the pig.
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They are, they feel.
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26:23
Friendliness or love towards the pig.
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So the staff affectionately gave  him the name Fred and he has been  
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26:32
staying at the Aurora Animal Shelter ever since.
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So because this isn't in the present perfect  
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26:39
continuous Burton's, I know  the pig is still there now.
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The pig, Fred, the pig is still at the  Aurora Animal Shelter now, Miss Allen said.
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He is an unusual addition to  the shelter animal shelter.
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26:57
This is an area where they they care for  abandoned pets or pets without homes.
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27:04
They call that a shelter to the shelter,  which more commonly houses cats and dogs.
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27:10
Of course, they don't get many  pigs at animal shelters in cities.
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27:15
Of course, staff are not sure how he  ended up on the streets of Aurora.
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27:23
When you end up to use the phrasal verb,  
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27:27
it talks about your your final  state or your final decision.
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27:33
So he's on the streets of Aurora, but they have  no idea how that became his final location.
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27:43
How did he get there?
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27:45
How did he end up there?
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27:48
So you can use that.
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27:49
This is a very common phrasal verb.
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27:52
For example, I might say I ended  ended up staying home last night.
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28:00
This implies that my final decision or action  was to stay home, but because I used ended up.
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28:10
It implies that I was considering other  options, but I ended up staying home.
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28:18
So this was out of all the  option options I was considering.
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28:23
This is my final option.
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28:25
I ended up staying home last night.
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28:31
I ended up adopting a pig named Fred, which I  don't think I'll end up doing, but I guess it's  
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28:42
a possibility, 'cause I do love animals, but I  don't think I can take Fred home for his forever.
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28:49
Home staff are not sure how he  ended up on the streets of Aurora,  
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28:53
how that became his final position.
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28:56
They have speculated that he  may have been a backyard pet.
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29:01
Remember I explained backyard already a backyard  
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29:06
pet that grew to be a much  bigger size than expected.
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1746200
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29:11
You're probably wondering  about the verb speculate.
402
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5520
29:16
It has the same meaning as the verb guess.
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29:20
When you guess an answer, for  example, it means you're not  
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1760360
5120
29:25
100% certain what the correct answer  is, but you're just going to guess.
405
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29:32
So when you speculate, you  don't know 100% what the answer?
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29:38
Is, but you're just, you're.
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29:39
Guessing you're using the information  that you have to provide an explanation,  
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29:44
but you're not 100% certain.
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3240
29:48
So they're.
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29:48
Guessing that he was a backyard pet that  grew to be much bigger than expected,  
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29:53
but they're not 100% sure if this is correct.
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29:58
They probably got him as a little piglet.
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30:01
So a baby pig is called a piglet, Baby pig.
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30:06
Just like a baby cat is a  kitten, a baby dog is a puppy.
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30:11
So this is a baby pig is a piglet, little piglet,  and he just continued to grow, Miss Allen said.
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30:19
Nobody has claimed Fred, so this  means nobody has said Fred is my pig.
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30:27
If someone said Fred is my pig,  then that person claimed Fred.
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7440
30:34
But unfortunately nobody has said that  and he seems to like his new home for now.
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30:40
But staff are hoping to find a farm for him where  he can play and be at ease, at ease, At ease.
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30:49
You need the preposition at.
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30:51
This would be another way of  saying be relaxed, relaxed.
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30:57
If you're at ease it means you're relaxed.
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30:59
There's no tension and they're  looking for a farm that can be.
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31:05
Remember the expression we we learned as well.
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31:08
That can be his forever home.
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31:12
His forever home.
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31:14
I don't know.
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31:14
About you, But I love animal stories.
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31:17
I love animals.
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1000
31:18
I always tear up when I hear about animals.
431
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31:21
So let's all say in the comments,  good luck Fred, Good luck Fred.
432
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4960
31:26
And hopefully Fred will find his forever home.
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3120
31:29
So put Good luck Fred in the comments.
434
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31:33
And that was the end of the article.
435
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31:35
So what I'll do now is I'll read  the article from start to finish  
436
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31:38
and this time you can focus on my pronunciation.
437
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31:42
So let's do that now.
438
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31:44
Fred.
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31:44
The pig caught after mischief rampage After  numerous complaints of mischief in the city  
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6840
31:51
of Aurora, a £400 culprit has finally been  caught loitering outside a shopping center.
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31:58
Officials say Fred.
442
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32:00
Who dodged them for several days, is always  hungry and loves his belly scratches.
443
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32:06
It took about 8:00.
444
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32:08
People and five hours to capture him.
445
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32:10
They now hope to find his forever home.
446
1930760
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32:14
City officials first became aware  of Fred on September 24th when they  
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4800
32:18
received a call about a pig that  was tearing up a person's yard.
448
1938880
4480
32:23
But when animal officers arrived on the  scene, they were not able to find him.
449
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5720
32:29
More calls came in the next day,  this time about a pig in traffic.
450
1949080
4640
32:33
Then another call about a pig that  was ruining someone's landscaping.
451
1953720
5000
32:38
He was then spotted again three days later  on September 27th in the early morning hours.
452
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6480
32:45
This time Fred was in a position where  he could be captured, Miss Allen said.
453
1965200
5880
32:51
Still, it was no easy task.
454
1971080
3880
32:54
He just wasn't ready to give up  his holiday of running around the  
455
1974960
3480
32:58
city and eating what he wanted to eat, she said.
456
1978440
3560
33:02
After he was captured, staff  affectionately gave him the  
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3400
33:05
name Fred, and he has been staying at  the Aurora Animal Shelter ever since.
458
1985400
6280
33:11
Miss Allen said he is an unusual addition to the  shelter, which more commonly houses cats and dogs.
459
1991680
7400
33:19
Staff are not sure how he ended  up on the streets of Aurora.
460
1999080
4000
33:23
They have speculated that he  may have been a backyard pet  
461
2003080
3640
33:26
that grew to be a much bigger size than expected.
462
2006720
4480
33:31
They probably got him as a little piglet and  he just continued to grow, Miss Allen said.
463
2011200
6560
33:37
Nobody has claimed Fred yet and he  seems to like his new home for now,  
464
2017760
5320
33:43
but staff are hoping to find a farm for  him where he can play and be at ease.
465
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33:48
Amazing job.
466
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33:49
Now let's make it a little more difficult.
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33:52
Let's review AB1 short story.
468
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33:56
Our story is called Stella the Star by Siri.
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4440
34:00
Siri is the digital assistant  if you use an Apple device.
470
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34:07
Now I came across this story the other  day and I thought it was so cute.
471
2047320
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34:12
It was so touching.
472
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1200
34:13
I wanted to share it with you and you will  learn lots of great vocabulary along the way.
473
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34:19
Notice I said I came across this  story When you come across something.
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34:26
I came across this story.
475
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34:28
You find it by chance, which  means I wasn't specifically  
476
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34:33
looking for a story that I could share with you.
477
2073800
5320
34:39
I was just doing something totally different.
478
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2760
34:41
And then I came across this story.
479
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34:44
Now, it's possible that  you came across this video.
480
2084360
4360
34:48
So if this video was shown to you and you  weren't planning on watching a video to  
481
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5160
34:53
help you learn English through stories,  but you thought it sounded interesting,  
482
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4200
34:58
so you clicked on it, You came across  this video and I am so happy you did.
483
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8200
35:06
And if you're happy as well and you're excited to  
484
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35:08
learn this story and improve your English  along the way, then put in the comments.
485
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35:13
I'm so happy I came across this video.
486
2113000
3400
35:16
Of course came is the past simple  of the verb to come across.
487
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4480
35:20
And you came across this video.
488
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2280
35:23
So put it in the comments.
489
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35:25
Now let's talk about this story.
490
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35:28
Stella, the star.
491
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1400
35:29
Of course you see many, many  stars in this picture here.
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5000
35:34
And notice how some of the  stars are drawn into pictures.
493
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5000
35:39
A picture of a boat.
494
2139480
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35:41
Do you know what this is called?
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35:43
It's called a constellation,  which is a group of stars.
496
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6200
35:50
And generally we try to form an image of them  
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3400
35:53
and we have a name for them like the  Big Dipper you may be familiar with.
498
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5160
35:58
We call that a constellation.
499
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36:01
And do you notice that Stella is  right here in the name Stella?
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36:08
So that's probably where the name Stella the star  came from, the fact that this is a constellation.
501
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6640
36:14
So that was actually very clever of  Siri or whoever wrote this story.
502
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36:20
Now let's get started with the story up above.
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36:23
In outer space, among all the stars watching over  us, there was a lonely little star named Stella.
504
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36:32
Let's talk about among, because  this is a great preposition.
505
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36:37
Among means part of a group.
506
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36:39
So we have Stella.
507
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36:41
One star among all the stars.
508
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36:45
So you can understand the meaning here.
509
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1960
36:47
One star part of the group of stars.
510
2207280
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36:49
That's the easier way to use among.
511
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36:52
We do use this in more advanced ways  which you can feel comfortable with.
512
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5360
36:57
There was a lot of celebrating  among the students, so this is a  
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37:03
more advanced way of saying the students were  celebrating, the students were celebrating.
514
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37:11
Not only is it slightly more advanced,  but it also changes the focus.
515
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4480
37:15
Because notice here the sentence started  starts with there was a lot of celebrating.
516
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37:21
So in this case, it focuses  more on the celebrating the  
517
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5040
37:26
event or the activity or the emotion.
518
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3360
37:29
And then this is telling you who,  and it's the group of students.
519
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5160
37:34
There was a lot of celebrating among the students.
520
2254800
2920
37:37
The students were celebrating.
521
2257720
1560
37:39
There was a lot of confusion among the students.
522
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3760
37:43
The students were confused.
523
2263040
1880
37:44
Again, it just focuses on the confusion more.
524
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37:49
So that's a more advanced way that  you can use the preposition among.
525
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37:54
No one had ever made a wish upon her.
526
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37:58
Her of course being Stella remembers.
527
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38:01
Stella's a Star.
528
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38:03
And in North America culture, at least you can  let me know if this is the same in your culture.
529
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38:08
It probably is, but maybe  it's not, so let me know.
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38:12
It's very common to look up at the  stars and make a wish on a star.
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38:20
So that's something that we  do, especially as children.
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You'll look up, you'll find a star and  you'll wish upon it you wish upon the star.
533
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38:30
Let's talk about a pawn.
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38:33
This is a more formal way of saying on,  but we use it in very specific situations.
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38:40
We use it in a more poetic sense, and that's why  it's being used in this poem, this short story.
536
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You could say wish on a star  and that would be correct.
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38:52
Or you could say wish.
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38:53
Upon a star, and that's correct.
539
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38:55
It sounds more formal and it sounds more poetic.
540
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38:59
So in most cases for you,  for everyday use, use on.
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39:04
Because I wouldn't say I have a meeting  upon Monday that sounds awkward.
542
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39:10
You would say I have a meeting on Monday.
543
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39:14
But there is one time that we  commonly use a pawn and that  
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is to mean as or shortly after something happened.
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39:25
For example, upon talking to the students, I  realized there was a lot of confusion among them.
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39:34
Now I didn't have to say among them.
547
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39:36
I could have just ended.
548
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39:38
I realized there was a lot of confusion  because it's obvious the confusion belongs  
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39:44
to the students because that's  the only subject I have here.
550
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39:47
But you can use among them and then you're  practicing what we've already learned.
551
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39:53
So here in this case upon represents  as I talked to the students.
552
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40:01
Or after I talked to the students,  
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40:04
and I'll add shortly after shortly  after I talked to the students.
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40:10
But notice here upon talking, you need that  verb in ING because upon is a preposition here.
555
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40:18
If you said as I as I talked  because you have a subject,  
556
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40:23
so you're just going to conjugate your verb as  I talked shortly after I talked to the students.
557
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40:30
So this is 1 area where you can use  a pawn and it does sound natural,  
558
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40:35
but it sounds slightly more more formal.
559
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40:40
I would say let's continue, No  one had ever made a wish upon her.
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40:48
Oh poor Stella.
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40:50
In fact, no one on Earth had even looked at  Stella because she was so small and far away.
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Let's talk about, in fact, because adding  
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41:00
transition words to your vocabulary can  really help you sound more advanced.
564
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41:07
In fact, this is only used to  emphasize what was previously said.
565
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41:14
So previously the story said no  one had ever made a wish upon her.
566
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41:20
OK, so now I'm going to emphasize this and make it  
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41:24
even stronger by saying no  one had even looked at her.
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41:29
So it makes it even.
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Stronger.
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41:31
The fact that Stella the star is  neglected or lonely is emphasized in fact.
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In fact, as a transition where you could  remove it and the sentence would still be  
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41:45
grammatically correct, no one on earth had even  looked at Stella, but it just is there to show  
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41:53
emphasis because she was so small and far away  compared to the other stars sparkling in the sky.
574
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42:03
So notice this preposition compared to so compared  to the other stars, Stella was barely a speck.
575
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42:13
So we're comparing Stella to the other stars.
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42:19
Compared to learning Japanese,  learning English is easier or harder.
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42:26
I have no idea, because I haven't learned English.
578
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42:30
It's my native language, and I  haven't learned Japanese either.
579
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5280
42:35
You can let me know which one's easier or harder.
580
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42:38
So that's how you could use that structure.
581
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42:41
Stella was barely a speck,  so let's talk about a speck.
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5880
42:46
When you describe something as a speck,  it means extremely, extremely small.
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6160
42:53
So you could say, oh, you have  a speck of dirt on your shirt.
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42:59
So I know it's just a tiny  amount of dirt on my shirt.
585
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43:04
So I might not be too concerned if it's  just a speck because it's very, very small.
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Here's another example.
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The painters left specks of paint.
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43:15
Very, very small amounts of  paint all over the floor,  
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43:22
so you might not even notice them  unless you're looking directly at them.
590
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43:27
So, but notice here this is the noun paint.
591
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43:30
And then Spec describes the paint.
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43:33
And it's plural because there's  more than one specs of paint.
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43:37
But in this case it's  describing Stella as a speck.
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43:42
Barely a speck.
595
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Barely Here makes it even sound  smaller, because barely represents.
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43:49
Not even, not even a speck.
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43:52
Barely a speck.
598
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43:54
But Stella had just as much  luck to give as any other star.
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44:01
Because remember, we wish upon stars  because we consider them to be lucky.
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44:08
Let's talk about luck and lucky.
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44:12
Because they're both commonly used.
602
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You can say, oh, you're so  lucky you won the prize.
603
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44:18
When you're lucky, it means  good things happen to you.
604
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44:21
But by chance, there's nothing  you did to win the prize.
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44:25
It was completely random.
606
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44:27
By chance, you're so lucky, you could  also say you have the best luck.
607
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44:33
When someone has the best  luck, it means they're lucky.
608
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44:36
So they basically mean the same thing.
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2000
44:38
But this is the adjective form to be lucky.
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44:42
And this is the noun form.
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And you have luck.
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44:46
You have great luck.
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You have bad luck, which means you're unlucky.
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If you tell someone oh, you have  bad luck, it means you're unlucky.
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44:56
I'll write that for you.
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44:57
You have the worst luck,  which means you're unlucky.
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45:03
So bad things happen to you.
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45:06
But there's nothing you did  to attract those bad things.
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45:11
It was random.
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45:12
It was by chance.
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45:13
Hopefully you don't think that at all.
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You're so lucky.
623
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That's the one you want to remember.
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45:20
Let's continue being there for someone.
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45:23
Is what gives.
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45:24
Stars their inner glow.
627
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45:27
So notice here being there for someone.
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45:30
This is a gerund sentence.
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45:33
We're starting the sentence with a gerund verb.
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45:36
Now, all of this in the gerund sentence,  all of this part being there for someone.
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This is technically the subject of the  sentence, and the verb is conjugated  
632
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45:50
with all of this and it all of this as  the gerund is conjugated as it or this.
633
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45:57
So that's why you need your third person singular.
634
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46:01
This is what gives stars their  inner glow, being there for someone.
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46:06
That's the subject, and we  use gerund expressions when  
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46:10
you're making a general statement  that applies in most situations.
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Most of the time, she wished she  could be the brightest, like Sirius.
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46:21
Now Sirius is a constellation.
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46:24
Do you remember what a constellation is?
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A constellation is a group  of stars that has a name,  
641
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46:31
and generally you can make  some sort of shape out of them.
642
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46:35
So to be honest, I don't know  what the constellation Sirius is.
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I don't know what shape it forms.
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If you do, please share in the comments because  
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it probably has a shape and  I'm not sure what that is.
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46:49
So she wished she could be  the brightest, like Sirius.
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46:53
So I guess Sirius is the brightest star.
648
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46:56
Or perhaps Sirius is a constellation or  maybe Sirius is just one individual star.
649
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47:03
That's actually possible too.
650
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1920
47:05
So maybe Sirius isn't a  constellation, it's just one star.
651
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47:09
So let me know in the comments.
652
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47:11
Is Sirius a constellation or just one single star?
653
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OK, you can share that with me.
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She wished she could be the brightest, like  Sirius, whom people always turn to for advice.
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47:24
So notice here, when you  turn to someone for advice,  
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47:29
it means you you seek advice from that person.
657
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47:33
So let's say I always turn  to my father for advice.
658
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47:37
It means whenever I need advice, I call my  dad and I say, hey dad, what should I do?
659
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47:45
I turn to my dad for advice.
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47:48
I wrote that here for you.
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47:50
I always turn to my dad for advice.
662
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47:53
Now you can also turn to someone for specific  advice when it comes to learning English.
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48:01
I hope you turn to me for advice.
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You come to me, but specifically  advice for learning English.
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So if you do put this in the  comments, Jennifer, I turn to you.
666
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I turn to you, which means you seek advice  from me specific to learning English.
667
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48:20
Clearly I can't give you advice about the  
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48:23
stars or constellations 'cause I  don't even know what Sirius is.
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So maybe I turn to you for other advice as well.
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48:33
OK, so that is to turn to someone for advice.
671
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And remember, turn to you for advice  if you included the word advice.
672
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48:45
Now let's talk about whom.
673
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I know this confuses students a lot, but  also just know it confuses native speakers.
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48:52
Native speakers generally replace whom with  
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48:56
who because they're not overly  confident with using whom so.
676
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49:01
You'll you will.
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49:02
Hear that a lot from native speakers.
678
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49:04
If you're wondering why, it's just  because we're more confident using  
679
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49:09
who you need to use whom when  it's the object of the sentence.
680
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6880
49:16
Who is the subject and whom is the object.
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49:21
So in this sentence, she wished  she could be the brightest.
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49:25
Like serious whom people  always turn to for advice.
683
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49:31
So this sentence is saying people  always turn to serious for advice.
684
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49:39
I'll write that for you.
685
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49:40
So here you can see that people  that's the subject and serious is  
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49:47
the object receiving the action  and that's why we use whom here.
687
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49:53
Outside of a formal language exam, just use who,  it's totally fine, native speakers use it as well.
688
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50:03
But if you are taking a formal language exam, you.
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50:06
Should know the.
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50:07
Difference between the two?
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50:09
Let's continue.
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50:11
Or in an important spot like Polaris.
693
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50:15
So she's still wishing.
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50:16
Stella is wishing she could be in an  important spot like Polaris, the North Star.
695
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50:23
OK, so now I know Polaris, that's the north.
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50:26
* So it's not a constellation is just one star,  
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4640
50:31
and that star is in an  important spot, the North Star.
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50:35
Ah again, whom?
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50:37
Because Polaris is not doing the action.
700
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50:40
Polaris is receiving the action.
701
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50:43
Whom people looked to for direction.
702
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50:48
You could also say turn to for direction  because people are seeking the direction  
703
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7600
50:56
from Polaris, so you could use turn to as well.
704
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51:01
Now I wrote the same thing here.
705
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51:03
Whom is the object?
706
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51:05
And the same difference applies.
707
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51:07
People look to Polaris for direction, People  subject Polaris object which represents whom.
708
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51:15
In the way that this is written,  
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51:19
sometimes Stella even wished she could be  the star that the world revolved around.
710
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51:25
Ah, which star does the world revolve around?
711
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51:29
I know this one even before I read it.
712
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51:31
The Sun.
713
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51:33
The sun is the star that  the world revolves around.
714
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51:39
Then everyone could see her.
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51:41
Let's continue.
716
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51:43
Stella wished and wished and wished  these things, but her wishes never.
717
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51:49
Worked.
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960
51:49
You can also say never came true because  that's what we commonly use for a wish.
719
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51:56
Her wishes never came because  that's the past simple of come.
720
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5360
52:02
Her wishes never came true.
721
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52:07
I wish something but it didn't come true.
722
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4560
52:11
I wish something but it didn't work.
723
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52:14
Although they use work in the story, it is more  common to use come true, specific with wish.
724
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8040
52:22
For example, I hope all your wishes come true.
725
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4440
52:27
I wrote this here for you and you could  also say I hope all your dreams come true.
726
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6280
52:33
Same thing I wouldn't say I  hope all your dreams work,  
727
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3560
52:36
all your wishes come true, your dreams come true.
728
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2960
52:39
So I personally prefer that instead of work.
729
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2520
52:42
But obviously I understand what that means.
730
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3320
52:45
In fact, we already know what this is used for.
731
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52:48
It's used to emphasize.
732
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2960
52:51
So the next sentence without me reading it I know  
733
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52:55
is going to emphasize something  about her wishes not coming true.
734
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5640
53:00
So let's read this.
735
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53:02
In fact, the more Stella wished,  the more unlucky she felt.
736
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6080
53:08
So remember, if someone is unlucky, you can  say that person has what she has bad luck.
737
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11040
53:19
Luck is the noun and the verb is have, and  we have to conjugate it with our subject.
738
3199320
5880
53:25
The more unlucky she felt, the more  bad luck she had written another way.
739
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8560
53:33
Then one night Stella got an idea, Got an  idea is very common in American English.
740
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53:41
You could also say had an idea.
741
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1920
53:43
It's also very common in American  English, so you could use either one.
742
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4840
53:48
Got an idea, Had an idea, What  if she wished upon a person?
743
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53:54
Now remember this is a star.
744
3234640
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53:57
So generally people wish upon stars  because we want our dreams to come true.
745
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8600
54:05
So now the story is saying this  star is going to wish upon a person.
746
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5200
54:10
That's pretty cute, isn't it?
747
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2280
54:13
What if she wished upon a person?
748
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3240
54:16
After All Stars and people  are made of the same stuff.
749
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5120
54:21
Stuff is another way of saying things.
750
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4240
54:25
Things so you can say, oh, I  have a lot of stuff to do today.
751
3265680
5880
54:31
I have a lot of.
752
3271560
960
54:32
Things to do.
753
3272520
960
54:33
Today.
754
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760
54:34
But do you notice a difference between them?
755
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3480
54:37
I wrote it here so it would be  easier to see the difference.
756
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4360
54:42
Stuff is considered uncountable, so we don't  
757
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3320
54:45
add an S to it, whereas things is  countable, so you add an S to it.
758
3285400
6440
54:51
So stuff represents many different  things, but it is uncountable.
759
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5240
54:57
So don't make that mistake.
760
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1440
54:58
But both of them are very commonly used.
761
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3680
55:02
Oh, another in fact.
762
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2000
55:04
So what are we going to emphasize now?
763
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55:06
Stars and people are made of the same stuff.
764
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3800
55:10
So now something is going, The next  sentence is going to emphasize this.
765
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4320
55:14
In fact, some people were  rock stars and film stars.
766
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5360
55:19
Oh, that's cute.
767
3319760
1640
55:21
Because Stella the star is saying, oh, this  person is just like me because they're called  
768
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7520
55:28
a rock star or a film star because some  people have the title star in their name.
769
3328920
11080
55:40
We call celebrities.
770
3340000
1640
55:41
Stars, right?
771
3341640
1720
55:43
Oh, she's a film star, a celebrity.
772
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3080
55:46
And a rock star is a musician.
773
3346440
2960
55:49
So a rock star is a musician.
774
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2840
55:52
But we also have a common expression in English.
775
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4160
55:56
You're a rock star.
776
3356400
1520
55:57
I say this a lot in the comment section,  
777
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2440
56:00
so maybe I've replied to one of your  comments and I said you're a rock star.
778
3360360
5200
56:05
This means you're amazing, you're  amazing, you're a rock star.
779
3365560
4240
56:09
It can also mean you're doing a great job as well.
780
3369800
3520
56:13
You're doing a great job.
781
3373320
2920
56:16
So.
782
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480
56:16
If you did.
783
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2480
56:19
A lot of stuff at work, a lot of different things.
784
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3880
56:23
And your boss sees how much you've accomplished.
785
3383080
3160
56:27
Your boss could say you're a rock  star, You're doing a great job.
786
3387360
3640
56:31
But also that means you're amazing.
787
3391000
2760
56:33
So I want you to put in the comments.
788
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56:35
We're all rock stars.
789
3395880
1480
56:37
We're all rock stars because we are.
790
3397360
1720
56:39
You're a rock star.
791
3399080
1120
56:40
I'm a rock star.
792
3400200
840
56:41
We're all rock stars.
793
3401040
1320
56:42
We're all amazing.
794
3402360
1040
56:43
Put it in the comments.
795
3403400
1160
56:44
Let's spread some positivity.
796
3404560
1960
56:46
That's what Stella's doing with  this story, spreading positivity.
797
3406520
4000
56:50
So let's do the same and put We're  all rock stars in the comments.
798
3410520
5080
56:55
So some people were rock stars and film stars.
799
3415600
2840
56:58
Surely they would be able to help her, because  remember, they're made of the same stuff.
800
3418440
5800
57:04
They're both stars.
801
3424240
1560
57:05
This is such a cute story.
802
3425800
2640
57:08
But as Stella looked down at all  the billions of people on Earth,  
803
3428440
4520
57:12
she realized that maybe there were  people out there just like her.
804
3432960
5560
57:18
Finally, Stella knew what to do.
805
3438520
4120
57:22
Just one thing here, all the  billions of people you can say.
806
3442640
4920
57:27
All the billions or all of the?
807
3447560
2920
57:30
Billions.
808
3450480
1320
57:31
Both of them are grammatically correct.
809
3451800
2960
57:34
It is more common to leave out the of and just say  
810
3454760
3320
57:38
all the billions of people instead  of all of the billions of people.
811
3458080
5720
57:43
When we're talking in more of a general sense,  you can use of, but when you're talking about a  
812
3463800
6760
57:50
more specific group, so for example the people  on earth, then you can just get rid of of.
813
3470560
6320
57:56
So ultimately, either one is correct.
814
3476880
4200
58:01
Let's continue our last paragraph.
815
3481080
3240
58:04
Now, every night, Stella wishes upon  anyone who feels small and unseen, unseen.
816
3484320
9000
58:13
This is another word for invisible.
817
3493320
3360
58:16
Invisible.
818
3496680
800
58:17
A lot of people in this world  feel like they're invisible.
819
3497480
3720
58:21
So Stella is going to wish upon you and remind  you that you're not, that you are a rock star.
820
3501200
7680
58:28
So remember, Stella's wishing on you  because she feels small and unseen.
821
3508880
5840
58:34
So she wants to wish upon someone who feels the  same, who feels small and unseen, invisible,  
822
3514720
6720
58:41
hoping they'll look up and find her and feel the  inner glow of knowing that they're not alone.
823
3521440
9640
58:51
So the inner glow of knowing if  you feel like you're not alone,  
824
3531080
5360
58:56
that will make you feel warm on the inside.
825
3536440
3720
59:00
And sometimes when someone is very happy or  positive, we say, oh wow, they're glowing.
826
3540160
7360
59:07
We describe someone who looks extremely happy,  
827
3547520
3880
59:11
for example a bride on her  wedding day, as a compliment.
828
3551400
5080
59:16
Someone would say you're glowing, you're glowing,  
829
3556480
3040
59:19
which is another way of just  saying you look so happy.
830
3559520
4560
59:24
And that is what Stella is hoping will  happen for people when she wishes upon them.
831
3564080
7680
59:31
And that's the end of the story.
832
3571760
2000
59:33
It's hard to really hear the whole story when  we stop every sentence to review the grammar.
833
3573760
7840
59:41
So what I'll do now is I'll read  the story from start to finish,  
834
3581600
3240
59:44
now that you understand the individual  words and you can focus on my pronunciation,  
835
3584840
5480
59:50
but you can also focus on the story because  it truly is a very heartwarming story.
836
3590320
5720
59:56
Before I read that, let me  teach you one last thing.
837
3596720
3400
60:00
I chose the story because I  thought it was very heartwarming.
838
3600120
4320
60:04
Heartwarming is an adjective.
839
3604440
2080
60:06
It's just formed from the word  heart and the word warming.
840
3606520
3960
60:10
But we say them together.
841
3610480
1640
60:12
That was a heartwarming story.
842
3612120
2200
60:14
You could also say that was a touching story.
843
3614320
3560
60:17
Both of these are adjectives  and they mean the same thing.
844
3617880
3160
60:21
When a story is heartwarming or touching, it means  it's a positive story and it makes you feel good.
845
3621040
7200
60:28
And that's why I wanted to share it with you.
846
3628240
2840
60:31
So now I'll read the story from start to finish.
847
3631080
4160
60:35
Stella the star by Siri.
848
3635240
3080
60:38
Up above, in outer space, among  all the stars watching over us,  
849
3638320
4840
60:43
there was a lonely little star named Stella.
850
3643160
3480
60:46
No one had ever made a wish upon her.
851
3646640
2840
60:49
In fact, no one on Earth had even looked at  Stella because she was so small and far away.
852
3649480
6440
60:56
Compared to the other stars sparkling  in the sky, Stella was barely a speck.
853
3656600
5600
61:02
But Stella had just as much  luck to give as any other star.
854
3662200
4880
61:07
Being there for someone is what  gives stars their inner glow.
855
3667080
4360
61:11
She wished she could be the brightest, like  Sirius, whom people always turn to for advice,  
856
3671440
6880
61:18
or in an important spot, like Polaris, the  North Star who people look to for direction.
857
3678320
6920
61:25
Sometimes Stella even wished she could be the  star that the world revolved around the sun.
858
3685240
5800
61:31
Then everyone could see her.
859
3691040
2200
61:33
Stella wished and wished and wished these  things, but her wishes never worked.
860
3693240
5560
61:38
In fact, the more Stella wished,  the more unlucky she felt.
861
3698800
4960
61:43
Then one night Stella got an idea.
862
3703760
3040
61:46
What if she wished upon a person?
863
3706800
2360
61:49
After All, Stars and people  are made of the same stuff.
864
3709160
3920
61:53
In fact, some people were  rock stars and film stars.
865
3713080
4080
61:57
Surely they would be able to help her.
866
3717160
2680
61:59
But as Stella looked down at all  the billions of people on Earth,  
867
3719840
4200
62:04
she realized that maybe there were  people out there just like her.
868
3724040
4600
62:08
Finally, Stella knew what to do.
869
3728640
2560
62:11
Now, every night, Stella wishes upon  anyone who feels small and unseen,  
870
3731200
5640
62:16
hoping they'll look up and find her and feel the  inner glow of knowing that they're not alone.
871
3736840
6720
62:23
You're doing such a great job.
872
3743560
2360
62:25
Are you ready for an upper intermediate B2?
873
3745920
3440
62:29
Short.
874
3749360
360
62:29
Story.
875
3749720
760
62:30
Let's review it together right now.
876
3750480
2440
62:32
1st I'll read the headline.
877
3752920
1680
62:34
Japanese firm unveils a vertical  pod that lets you nap upright.
878
3754600
6360
62:40
So in this picture here you  can see the vertical pod.
879
3760960
4600
62:45
So POD is the name for this unit and then  vertical is the fact that it's upright,  
880
3765560
7920
62:53
so vertical and then horizontal is across.
881
3773480
3360
62:56
So it's not a horizontal POD  like your bed is horizontal.
882
3776840
5600
63:02
This is a vertical pod and  it lets you nap upright.
883
3782440
6240
63:08
So just like I said horizontal,  you would be sleeping in your bed,  
884
3788680
5560
63:14
you would not be upright, you would be lying down.
885
3794240
4720
63:18
So in this case, for napping for sleeping,  
886
3798960
2680
63:21
the opposite of upright would be lying  down because that's how we normally sleep.
887
3801640
6760
63:28
Except if you were in Japan  using one of these vertical pods,  
888
3808400
4000
63:32
you'll be napping upright just  like this woman in the photo.
889
3812400
5600
63:38
So what do you think?
890
3818000
1040
63:39
Before we even read this article?
891
3819040
2240
63:41
Do you think you could nap in this pod upright?
892
3821280
6160
63:47
Share your thoughts, Yes or no?
893
3827440
2360
63:49
Put that in the comments.
894
3829800
1920
63:51
Certainly an interesting concept.
895
3831720
2880
63:54
I wrote that information for you and  I also wrote the definition of nap.
896
3834600
4120
63:58
I think it should be well known, but a nap is  of course a short sleep, usually during the day.
897
3838720
7320
64:06
Now in this example, nap is a verb, which of  course you can do to nap, just like to sleep.
898
3846040
9960
64:16
So I could ask you, oh, do you nap?
899
3856000
2120
64:18
Do you nap?
900
3858120
1120
64:19
I'm asking you do you sleep for a  short period of time during the day?
901
3859240
4320
64:23
Do you nap?
902
3863560
1400
64:24
Now, it's very common to use nap as a noun.
903
3864960
4600
64:29
If you use nap as a noun, you have two choices of  verbs and it does not matter which one you use.
904
3869560
6400
64:35
Both are very common and natural.
905
3875960
2560
64:38
Do you take naps?
906
3878520
2520
64:41
Do you have naps?
907
3881040
1600
64:42
So you can use either one equally?
908
3882640
3280
64:45
So what about you?
909
3885920
760
64:46
Do you nap?
910
3886680
1040
64:47
Do you take naps?
911
3887720
1120
64:48
Do you have naps?
912
3888840
1560
64:50
Share that.
913
3890400
920
64:51
In the comments as well.
914
3891320
2680
64:54
Now maybe you'll start taking more  naps if you had this vertical pod.
915
3894000
5960
64:59
Now, don't worry.
916
3899960
640
65:00
About writing all these notes, because I  summarize everything in a free lesson pedia,  
917
3900600
5120
65:05
so you can look for the link in the description  before we continue with the article.
918
3905720
4880
65:10
I also wrote the definition for unveil.
919
3910600
2760
65:13
This is a verb to unveil.
920
3913360
2640
65:16
When you unveil something, you show it for the  first time or you introduce it for the first time.
921
3916000
7160
65:23
So when this vertical pod was  unveiled, it means the public.
922
3923160
4520
65:27
You and I were able to see it for the first time.
923
3927680
5000
65:32
So the Japanese firm Firm  is another word for company.
924
3932680
3760
65:36
Japanese firm.
925
3936440
840
65:37
Japanese company unveils a vertical  pod that lets you nap upright.
926
3937280
6160
65:43
All right, let's find out more about this.
927
3943440
2880
65:46
It's interesting that it's also in a public place.
928
3946320
3360
65:49
I don't know if I could nap in a public  place with people just walking around.
929
3949680
5960
65:55
Interesting concept though.
930
3955640
1160
65:56
Let's find out.
931
3956800
2000
65:58
Experts have long argued that  having a power nap at work.
932
3958800
5360
66:04
OK, let's look at this because you could  say experts have argued that having a  
933
3964160
5200
66:09
power nap at work and then whatever  it is, we'll get to that in a second.
934
3969360
5480
66:14
But notice how they added have long argued this is  
935
3974840
3840
66:18
another way of saying experts  have argued for a long time.
936
3978680
4960
66:23
So instead of saying for a long time,  experts have argued for a long time,  
937
3983640
7600
66:31
you can simply take the word  long and use it before the.
938
3991240
5960
66:37
Verb.
939
3997200
1040
66:38
Experts have long argued, so maybe you could say  
940
3998240
7360
66:45
I have long said that improving your  English is important for your career.
941
4005600
10120
66:55
So I've said for a long time.
942
4015720
2960
66:58
So I haven't just said this once or twice.
943
4018680
2120
67:00
I've long said experts have long  argued that having a power nap,  
944
4020800
6800
67:07
let's take a look at power nap.
945
4027600
4280
67:11
A power nap is a nap, but when I hear a power nap,  
946
4031880
5920
67:17
I picture a nap that is  for a short period of time.
947
4037800
4640
67:22
So you're really this just there  to have a very short nap for the  
948
4042440
5160
67:27
sole purpose of waking up and  being able to perform better.
949
4047600
5760
67:33
Whereas you could have a nap  on a Sunday afternoon just  
950
4053360
4000
67:37
for the purpose of relaxing and pure enjoyment.
951
4057360
3960
67:41
But a power nap.
952
4061320
1480
67:42
You just want to have a very short nap  so you can wake up and be more energized,  
953
4062800
5560
67:48
more productive, work better, work smarter.
954
4068360
3760
67:52
Have you ever had a power nap?
955
4072120
2000
67:54
Do you think the idea of power  naps is a good idea or a bad idea?
956
4074120
6000
68:00
Share that in the comments as well.
957
4080120
2520
68:02
OK, have long argued that having a  power nap can at work, so not on a  
958
4082640
5760
68:08
Sunday afternoon at home, on the couch at  work can increase alertness, Alertness.
959
4088400
7480
68:15
This is your adjective, an adjective  to just say that you are very awake.
960
4095880
7880
68:23
Your alertness is you're very you're very awake.
961
4103760
3320
68:27
So you should never drive if  you're not alert because if  
962
4107080
5960
68:33
you're not very awake that can be very dangerous.
963
4113040
3040
68:36
So your your amount of mentally being very awake.
964
4116080
4600
68:40
Alertness boost, productivity boost is a  very common way of saying increase increase.
965
4120680
8240
68:48
We use this a lot especially  in a business context.
966
4128920
5080
68:54
For example, we need to boost our sales.
967
4134000
3040
68:57
We need to increase our sales.
968
4137040
3120
69:00
I wrote that example here for you.
969
4140160
2040
69:02
Now of course, boost is a verb,  so you have to conjugate it.
970
4142200
3560
69:05
In this example that nap,  that should say nap not help.
971
4145760
6040
69:11
That nap really boosted my alertness.
972
4151800
4640
69:16
OK, so here boost is in the past simple  because it's a completed past action.
973
4156440
6560
69:23
That nap really boosted my alertness.
974
4163000
4320
69:27
Now previously I think I said  alertness is an adjective.
975
4167320
4880
69:32
If I said that it is not, that's incorrect.
976
4172200
3520
69:35
Alertness is the noun form is  speaking about alert being alert,  
977
4175720
6320
69:42
alert is the adjective, and  alertness is the noun form.
978
4182040
3720
69:45
So it's just speaking about  it as a thing, as a concept.
979
4185760
4120
69:49
So my alertness, because we often have articles or  possessives before nouns, so alertness is a noun.
980
4189880
9080
69:58
I put it here for you.
981
4198960
1440
70:00
And alert is an adjective.
982
4200400
1840
70:02
I'm sorry if previously I said the wrong thing.
983
4202240
3880
70:06
Now again, your alertness is  your feeling of being awake,  
984
4206120
4040
70:10
and we often talk about it with mentally awake.
985
4210160
4360
70:14
So you could also say that nap  helped me become more alert.
986
4214520
5560
70:20
So in this case, alert is our adjective.
987
4220080
3480
70:23
I am alert.
988
4223560
1320
70:24
I feel alert.
989
4224880
2720
70:27
I've become more alert.
990
4227600
3200
70:30
That nap helped me become more alert.
991
4230800
4280
70:35
So this is what the article or the  company who created this vertical pod  
992
4235080
5160
70:40
for upright napping is suggesting  as the importance of having naps.
993
4240240
7680
70:47
Let's continue boost productivity  and even make you more creative.
994
4247920
5040
70:52
Now a Japanese firm remember  firm company has revealed before.
995
4252960
5960
70:58
Do you remember the verb that  they used in the headline?
996
4258920
4520
71:03
It was unveiled, unveiled.
997
4263440
3000
71:06
When you reveal something, you also introduce  it or make it known, show it for the first time.
998
4266440
8800
71:15
So in this context, is exactly the same.
999
4275240
2640
71:17
Has unveiled has revealed.
1000
4277880
3000
71:20
Now they've revealed A bizarre pod.
1001
4280880
3600
71:24
By using the adjective bizarre, they're saying  it's strange, strange, bizarre, unusual.
1002
4284480
8360
71:32
And it is right the fact that it's an upright  and you nap upright instead of lying down,  
1003
4292840
7880
71:40
so you're in a vertical position  rather than a horizontal position.
1004
4300720
4320
71:45
That is bizarre.
1005
4305040
1520
71:46
Most people don't sleep.
1006
4306560
1960
71:48
Like that.
1007
4308520
1240
71:49
At least in North America, we don't.
1008
4309760
2080
71:51
If you're in Japan, you can let us know.
1009
4311840
2560
71:54
Is this a common practice in Japan?
1010
4314400
3360
71:57
Have you ever seen this pod in Japan?
1011
4317760
3640
72:01
So if you're watching from Japan or you've been to  Japan, please share your thoughts on this as well.
1012
4321400
6920
72:08
So that's what they mean  by bizarre as an adjective.
1013
4328320
3560
72:11
So we can say strange or unusual strange, unusual,  
1014
4331880
5920
72:17
bizarre pod that makes it easier than ever  before for workers to grab some shut eye.
1015
4337800
7500
72:25
So to grab some shut eye, well,  right now I'm closing my eyes.
1016
4345300
6500
72:31
But you can also say I'm shutting my eyes  is not very common to say shut your eyes,  
1017
4351800
7240
72:39
but you can say that is more common to  say close your eyes, close your eyes.
1018
4359040
7000
72:46
But this is where the expression  shut eye comes from, shut eye.
1019
4366040
5480
72:51
So if you want to grab some shut eye is  another way of saying grab some sleep.
1020
4371520
8320
72:59
Sleep OK.
1021
4379840
2120
73:01
And remember a nap is just a short  sleep, usually during the day.
1022
4381960
6960
73:08
And American English speakers, we  commonly replace the verb get with grab.
1023
4388920
9000
73:17
It's very common for us to do this.
1024
4397920
2400
73:20
It's more informal, it's more casual,  but it's very frequently done.
1025
4400320
4800
73:26
It would be very common for  an American to text a friend,  
1026
4406800
4880
73:31
or call a friend, or just say to  a friend, a Co worker, anyone.
1027
4411680
4640
73:36
Hey, do you want to grab a coffee?
1028
4416320
1720
73:38
Do you want to grab a coffee after work?
1029
4418040
2520
73:40
Extremely common.
1030
4420560
1000
73:41
I use it all the time myself  and it's just a replacement to.
1031
4421560
3800
73:45
Do you want to get a coffee, which  I guess is also a replacement to  
1032
4425360
5160
73:50
do you want to have a coffee after  work, but very common to use grab.
1033
4430520
5440
73:55
You don't have to use it if  you're not comfortable with it,  
1034
4435960
3720
73:59
because it does depend on the specific  context if it's appropriate or not,  
1035
4439680
4680
74:04
but it is important that you understand  what it means in the context.
1036
4444360
7400
74:11
Even if you choose not to use it,  you don't want to use it yourself.
1037
4451760
4320
74:16
That's fine, you can just use get or have.
1038
4456080
2720
74:18
But again, important to understand this is  how native speakers speak in the real world.
1039
4458800
6240
74:25
So for it makes it easier than ever before for  
1040
4465800
3200
74:29
workers to grab some shut eye,  get some sleep, Giraffe nap.
1041
4469000
6320
74:35
So this is the name of the pod, giraffe nap.
1042
4475320
6440
74:41
Giraffe nap is a vertical pod that  lets office employees sleep upright.
1043
4481760
5960
74:47
Upright.
1044
4487720
1320
74:49
So again, very interesting.
1045
4489040
2880
74:51
Of course they're not targeting this for your  home, because why would you get this in your home?
1046
4491920
5960
74:57
You have your couch, you have your bed.
1047
4497880
2160
75:00
That's where you would have a nap, right?
1048
4500040
2720
75:02
But this is for the office, so  they're targeting office employees.
1049
4502760
5520
75:08
So it lets office employees sleep  upright, much like the long necked mammal.
1050
4508280
6920
75:15
The long necked mammal, Of course,  they're talking about a giraffe,  
1051
4515200
5120
75:20
and that's where the name came from.
1052
4520320
2400
75:22
Because a giraffe sleeps upright,  many animals sleep upright.
1053
4522720
5560
75:28
Not really a trait of humans,  but many animals sleep upright,  
1054
4528280
5640
75:33
about the size as a small public phone booth.
1055
4533920
4040
75:37
It contains a series of platforms.
1056
4537960
4160
75:42
So notice here the sentence structure,  because we're not starting with a subject,  
1057
4542120
6600
75:48
this is just additional information about the pod.
1058
4548720
4800
75:53
But the sentence really starts  here 'cause this is our subject it.
1059
4553520
4840
75:58
Otherwise you would say it is about  the size as a small public phone booth.
1060
4558360
10160
76:09
It contains and then you can continue on.
1061
4569680
2520
76:12
It contains a series of platforms.
1062
4572200
2080
76:14
This would be a separate sentence.
1063
4574280
2600
76:16
This alone cannot be a separate  sentence because there is no subject.
1064
4576880
7000
76:23
But you can turn it into a separate sentence  by having your subject and then if you have a  
1065
4583880
6360
76:30
subject, you of course need a verb, and then the  rest of the sentence which describes the subject.
1066
4590240
7360
76:37
It is about the size as a small  public phone booth it contains,  
1067
4597600
5040
76:42
but here this is just additional  information about the size.
1068
4602640
4320
76:46
So this is a more casual way of  saying approximately about I slept  
1069
4606960
6320
76:53
for about 20 minutes, approximately 20 minutes.
1070
4613280
4840
76:58
You could also say around 20 minutes.
1071
4618120
3040
77:01
All three of those are very commonly used.
1072
4621160
4400
77:05
Approximately is the most formal and then around  about our more casual ways of saying it, It  
1073
4625560
8440
77:14
contains a series of platforms that support body  weight while blocking out noise from the outside.
1074
4634000
8240
77:22
OK, if you block something  out, you're blocking out noise.
1075
4642240
5720
77:27
It means you're preventing it from from entering.
1076
4647960
4360
77:32
We specifically use the phrasal verb  to block out with light and noise.
1077
4652320
5080
77:37
So in this case it's noise.
1078
4657400
2240
77:39
So if you're in this public place, you don't  
1079
4659640
2760
77:42
have to worry about wearing earplugs  because the pod itself is soundproof.
1080
4662400
6200
77:48
It blocks out the noise.
1081
4668600
2760
77:51
But I wonder if it blocks out the light, because  the room is very light and when you're napping  
1082
4671360
7000
77:58
it's probably easier if it's dark, but it looks  like it does have a cover, and maybe when you  
1083
4678360
5320
78:03
close the cover it becomes completely dark as  well, so it could also block out the light.
1084
4683680
7440
78:11
Otherwise, you might want to wear  an eye mask to block out the light,  
1085
4691120
5920
78:17
and I wrote that example here.
1086
4697040
2200
78:19
This eye mask really blocks out the light.
1087
4699240
3120
78:22
Let's continue.
1088
4702360
1320
78:23
However, at just 8.4 feet high and four feet wide,  
1089
4703680
5720
78:29
claustrophobes might want  to opt for the office sofa.
1090
4709400
5160
78:34
OK, claustrophobes.
1091
4714560
1840
78:36
The more common expression is claustrophobics.
1092
4716400
4160
78:40
Listen to the pronunciation claustrophobic,  claustrophobic, and then you add an S to it to  
1093
4720560
7000
78:47
mean all claustrophobic people, claustrophobics,  claustrophobics, people who are claustrophobic.
1094
4727560
8720
78:56
And then if you just say claustrophobics,  it means people who are claustrophobic.
1095
4736280
6000
79:02
So claustrophobics don't like small  spaces, it makes them very uncomfortable.
1096
4742280
6040
79:08
So maybe even being in an elevator would be  uncomfortable because it's a small enclosed space.
1097
4748320
8520
79:16
And of course our vertical  pod is a small enclosed space.
1098
4756840
5760
79:22
Especially if you put the cover over it to block  out the light, it would feel even more enclosed.
1099
4762600
7200
79:29
So if you're claustrophobic, you  wouldn't like this claustrophobes.
1100
4769800
4520
79:34
Claustrophobics wouldn't like this.
1101
4774320
2600
79:36
Claustrophobes might want  to opt for the office sofa.
1102
4776920
4280
79:41
If you opt for something, it means  you choose that as an option.
1103
4781200
6480
79:47
So let's say you're going mattress shopping and  
1104
4787680
3280
79:50
there are so many different types  of mattresses to choose from.
1105
4790960
4400
79:55
You could say we opted for a firm  mattress to mean that you chose A.
1106
4795360
6560
80:01
Firm mattress and There were  many, many other options.
1107
4801920
3880
80:05
Now to use this expression, there could  just be two options, firm and soft,  
1108
4805800
5040
80:10
and you opted for the firm mattress.
1109
4810840
4200
80:15
We use the preposition for  if it's followed by a noun.
1110
4815040
4560
80:19
If it's a verb, then you just use the infinitive.
1111
4819600
3840
80:23
We opted to buy a firm mattress and opt is a verb,  
1112
4823440
5600
80:29
so you need to conjugate it and  that's why it's in the past simple.
1113
4829040
3960
80:33
With the Ed, we opted to buy a firm mattress,  
1114
4833000
3920
80:36
which is just another way of saying  we chose to buy a firm mattress.
1115
4836920
4440
80:41
So claustrophobes might want  to opt for the office sofa,  
1116
4841360
4320
80:45
so they have the vertical pod, which  might make them feel claustrophobic.
1117
4845680
4760
80:50
Or they have the office  sofa, so if they opt for it,  
1118
4850440
3240
80:53
they choose the office sofa and  they don't choose the vertical pod.
1119
4853680
6160
80:59
What about you?
1120
4859840
800
81:00
Which one would you opt for?
1121
4860640
2160
81:02
Would you opt for the pod or the sofa?
1122
4862800
4520
81:07
I think I would personally give the pod a try.
1123
4867320
2440
81:09
I'm not claustrophobic so that wouldn't  bother me at all and it looks interesting.
1124
4869760
4600
81:14
I would definitely like to try a  power nap in the pod, the giraffe pod.
1125
4874360
5280
81:19
OK, let's continue.
1126
4879640
1840
81:21
The firm said it's working towards a society  where everyone can easily take a nap.
1127
4881480
5400
81:26
So remember, here we have our verb take a nap.
1128
4886880
2920
81:29
But you can also use.
1129
4889800
1840
81:31
Which?
1130
4891640
280
81:31
Verb have.
1131
4891920
2520
81:34
You can also use have a nap or you  could also just say where everyone  
1132
4894440
7960
81:42
can easily nap and you can just use nap as a verb.
1133
4902400
5560
81:47
So instead of take a nap, have a  nap, You can just say easily nap.
1134
4907960
6200
81:54
So I'll put this one under here.
1135
4914160
2040
81:56
Can easily nap.
1136
4916200
1000
81:57
Can easily have a nap.
1137
4917200
1120
81:58
Can easily take a nap and ultimately  improve business and healthcare.
1138
4918320
6400
82:04
So the company believes in naps.
1139
4924720
2840
82:07
They they think that they're very beneficial,  
1140
4927560
3320
82:10
so they want everyone in  society to regularly have naps.
1141
4930880
4840
82:15
Do you think that would be a good idea?
1142
4935720
2120
82:17
Feel free to share.
1143
4937840
2240
82:20
There are probably many people who have been  unable to get rid of their physical fatigue.
1144
4940080
6360
82:26
Fatigue is another way of saying tiredness,  sleepiness, that feeling of being tired.
1145
4946440
7520
82:33
But fatigue, it sounds stronger.
1146
4953960
2240
82:36
It affects your whole health.
1147
4956200
3400
82:39
Fatigue.
1148
4959600
880
82:40
So I wrote Extreme tiredness  for fatigue and to get rid of.
1149
4960480
6400
82:46
This is another way of saying to eliminate, to  permanently remove, to get rid of, to get rid of  
1150
4966880
6600
82:53
their physical fatigue and stress and have endured  sleepiness and continued to work, The firm says.
1151
4973480
10160
83:03
The verb endure simply means to experience, but  we only use it for difficult, negative things.
1152
4983640
8200
83:11
So I wouldn't say, oh, I endured  a beautiful day at the park it  
1153
4991840
6240
83:18
because a beautiful day at the  park is not a difficult thing.
1154
4998080
3240
83:21
I endured a night of terrible  sleep, so I experienced it,  
1155
5001320
5160
83:26
but I experienced it in a very negative way.
1156
5006480
3360
83:29
I endured a night of difficult,  restless sleep, so now I'm fatigued.
1157
5009840
7720
83:37
I'm extremely tired, so have endured  sleepiness and continue to work, the firm says.
1158
5017560
6800
83:44
Now we are approaching an era where  we're breaking down such stereotypes.
1159
5024360
6760
83:51
So if you break down a stereotype,  it means you try to eliminate it.
1160
5031120
5760
83:56
So you could use the get rid of.
1161
5036880
3320
84:00
We're trying to get rid of, eliminate such  stereotypes, eliminate and I'll write down,  
1162
5040200
9760
84:09
get rid of and the stereotype, although  they don't specifically say it here,  
1163
5049960
6520
84:16
I guess the stereotype would be that it's  normal to be fatigued and continue to work.
1164
5056480
7000
84:23
So it's normal to to just go through your 8  hours even though you're very tired, rather than  
1165
5063480
9320
84:32
have a nap, a power nap, and try to boost your  alertness, your productivity, your creativity.
1166
5072800
7440
84:40
I think that's the stereotype because I don't know  about in your country or your part of the world,  
1167
5080240
6400
84:46
but in North America, I would say naps  aren't really something that most adults do.
1168
5086640
8000
84:54
And I guess it's probably viewed more  as as like why do you need a nap?
1169
5094640
8000
85:02
You shouldn't take a nap, you  should just work through it.
1170
5102640
2680
85:05
You need to work through the day.
1171
5105320
1920
85:07
That's more the attitude, I would say in North  America, naps are generally for children and the  
1172
5107240
6240
85:13
elderly, but not really adults and certainly  not in the middle of the day at work.
1173
5113480
7600
85:21
It it's it's not a common practice.
1174
5121080
3240
85:24
It's certainly not viewed as a positive thing.
1175
5124320
3440
85:27
So that's probably the stereotype.
1176
5127760
2240
85:30
What about in in your country,  in your part of the world?
1177
5130000
3360
85:33
Is.
1178
5133360
640
85:34
Our naps viewed more  positively as being productive.
1179
5134000
4680
85:38
Is it appropriate for an adult to have  a nap in the middle of the day at work?
1180
5138680
6200
85:44
So share that because I would be really  interested to know because in North America,  
1181
5144880
3600
85:48
I would say currently it isn't a common  practice, It wouldn't be viewed very positively.
1182
5148480
6760
85:55
And I think that's the stereotype they're  trying to break down, eliminate, get rid of.
1183
5155240
6600
86:01
Let's continue.
1184
5161840
1520
86:03
The company recommends a nap time of 20 minutes.
1185
5163360
4680
86:08
So a nap time of 20 minutes.
1186
5168040
3000
86:11
That's the total length of the nap.
1187
5171040
3000
86:14
I'm laughing a little because when you say, oh,  it's nap time, this is what we say to children.
1188
5174040
7720
86:21
And remember I said, oh, in North America,  it's not common for adults to have a nap.
1189
5181760
5920
86:27
I have only ever heard of nap  time in the context of a child.
1190
5187680
4760
86:32
Oh, it's nap time.
1191
5192440
1360
86:33
Oh, it's my kids nap time.
1192
5193800
1720
86:35
Sorry, I can't.
1193
5195520
1280
86:36
I can't grab a coffee.
1194
5196800
1800
86:38
It's my kids nap time.
1195
5198600
2360
86:40
But in this context, that's  not how they're using it.
1196
5200960
2800
86:43
They're just saying a nap duration of 20 minutes  is just funny seeing nap time because as I said,  
1197
5203760
8080
86:51
that's what parents use with their children.
1198
5211840
2400
86:54
So a nap duration of 20 minutes as anything longer  than 30 minutes can affect your sleep at night.
1199
5214240
9400
87:03
So again, that's the concept of a power nap.
1200
5223640
4200
87:07
A power nap.
1201
5227840
1080
87:08
There's really that emphasis  on the nap not being very long,  
1202
5228920
6320
87:15
and the sole purpose of it is so you can wake  up more alert, more productive, more creative.
1203
5235240
7720
87:22
Not because you want to have this relaxing,  
1204
5242960
2800
87:25
enjoyable, lazy sleep on the  couch on a Sunday afternoon.
1205
5245760
4920
87:30
That's not the purpose.
1206
5250680
1080
87:31
So a power nap.
1207
5251760
3000
87:34
And that's the end of our article.
1208
5254760
3080
87:37
So I'm interested to hear your thoughts  about naps and how your culture,  
1209
5257840
5480
87:43
your society, your country views naps in general.
1210
5263320
3480
87:46
Because I shared at least how  it's viewed in North America.
1211
5266800
4280
87:51
And now what I'll do is I'll read  the article from start to finish,  
1212
5271080
3760
87:54
and this time you can focus on my pronunciation.
1213
5274840
3440
87:58
Japanese firm unveils a vertical  pod that lets you nap upright.
1214
5278280
5280
88:03
Experts have long argued that having a  power nap at work can increase alertness,  
1215
5283560
5800
88:09
boost productivity, and  even make you more creative.
1216
5289360
3680
88:13
Now a Japanese firm has revealed A bizarre pod  
1217
5293040
4120
88:17
that makes it easier than ever  before for workers to grab some.
1218
5297160
3560
88:21
Giraffe Nap is a vertical pot that  lets office employees sleep upright,  
1219
5301440
5400
88:26
much like the long necked mammal.
1220
5306840
2240
88:29
About the size as a small public  phone booth, it contains a series  
1221
5309080
4360
88:33
of platforms that support body weight  while blocking out noise from the outside.
1222
5313440
5360
88:38
However, at just 8.4 feet high and four feet wide,  
1223
5318800
4040
88:42
claustrophobes might want  to opt for the office sofa.
1224
5322840
3440
88:46
The firm said it is working towards a  society where everyone can easily take  
1225
5326280
4680
88:50
a nap and ultimately improve  business and health care.
1226
5330960
3640
88:54
There are probably many people who have been  unable to get rid of their physical fatigue  
1227
5334600
4920
88:59
and stress and have endured sleepiness  and continue to work, the firm says.
1228
5339520
5400
89:04
Now we are approaching an era where  we're breaking down such stereotypes.
1229
5344920
5200
89:10
The company recommends a nap time of 20 minutes,  
1230
5350120
3240
89:13
as anything longer than 30 minutes  can affect your sleep at night.
1231
5353360
4280
89:17
You're doing so great.
1232
5357640
1600
89:19
Our last story is the most advanced C1.
1233
5359240
4160
89:23
Let's review it together.
1234
5363400
2400
89:25
Our headline Nice and short, Life on Mars.
1235
5365800
4200
89:30
A very interesting topic.
1236
5370000
2760
89:32
A new study published in the journal Science shows  
1237
5372760
3920
89:36
definitive evidence of organic  matter on the surface of Mars.
1238
5376680
4800
89:41
Organic matter simply means living matter.
1239
5381480
3800
89:45
Matter that is living for example in this.
1240
5385280
3240
89:48
Picture It looks like there's.
1241
5388520
1240
89:49
Some green.
1242
5389760
1000
89:50
When you see green, you think plants.
1243
5390760
2120
89:52
So it looks like living matter, organic matter.
1244
5392880
3760
89:56
Now let's take a look at this.
1245
5396640
1280
89:57
Shows evidence shows definitive evidence.
1246
5397920
4360
90:02
When I see this, I say, wow, definitive evidence.
1247
5402280
4400
90:06
Definitive is an adjective that  means firm, final, or complete.
1248
5406680
4600
90:11
So this evidence is firm.
1249
5411280
2280
90:13
It's final.
1250
5413560
1400
90:14
You can think of it as not to be questioned.
1251
5414960
2640
90:17
So you can't question this evidence.
1252
5417600
3040
90:20
It's firm and final.
1253
5420640
2720
90:23
So.
1254
5423360
640
90:24
Real.
1255
5424000
520
90:24
Evidence.
1256
5424520
560
90:25
It makes it a lot stronger of organic  matter on the surface of Mars.
1257
5425080
6360
90:31
Now notice here we have the journal  Science, and you see that Science  
1258
5431440
4320
90:35
has a capital S This is because it's a  proper noun and you need to capitalize.
1259
5435760
7360
90:43
The 1st letter of a.
1260
5443120
1400
90:44
Proper noun, Proper noun.
1261
5444520
1960
90:46
And it's a proper noun because the  name of the journal is Science.
1262
5446480
4520
90:51
That's why it has a capital S But if you were  
1263
5451000
3720
90:54
just talking about the subject  Science, I love Science class.
1264
5454720
6040
91:00
You don't need to capitalize it because  in this case it's not a proper Noun.
1265
5460760
5400
91:06
The data was collected by NASA's  nuclear powered Rover Curiosity.
1266
5466160
5520
91:11
Again, this is a great example Curiosity,  which you probably know as a Noun.
1267
5471680
5160
91:16
Curiosity is a good thing when you're a  student, but in this case it's the name of.
1268
5476840
6400
91:23
The.
1269
5483240
160
91:23
Rover.
1270
5483400
520
91:24
The name of the Rover is Curiosity, and  that's why we have a capital first letter.
1271
5484560
6520
91:31
It's a proper noun.
1272
5491080
2360
91:33
It confirms the Rover.
1273
5493440
2440
91:35
Curiosity confirms earlier findings that the Red  Planet once contained carbon based compounds.
1274
5495880
8920
91:44
I'll be honest with you, I'm not exactly  sure what a carbon based compound is.
1275
5504800
4520
91:49
It's a compound that contains carbon.
1276
5509320
3000
91:52
That's all I know about that.
1277
5512320
2360
91:54
Red Planet is another name for  the planet Mars because it is red.
1278
5514680
6200
92:00
So when you see Red Planet, you  know they're talking about Mars,  
1279
5520880
6960
92:07
These compounds, they're talking  about the carbon based compounds,  
1280
5527840
4040
92:11
also called organic molecules, are essential  ingredients for life as scientists understand it.
1281
5531880
8680
92:20
Now notice how they explain what these  compounds are or why they're important.
1282
5540560
5040
92:25
Because the average person like me, who  doesn't have a scientific background,  
1283
5545600
5040
92:30
has no idea what a carbon based compound is.
1284
5550640
3320
92:33
So they explain what this is.
1285
5553960
2480
92:36
So now I know, OK, essential meaning  very important, extremely important.
1286
5556440
8960
92:45
Important and not just important, very important,  
1287
5565400
6240
92:51
essential ingredients for life  as scientists understand it.
1288
5571640
5040
92:56
So now I know you can't have life without  these carbon based compounds and they have  
1289
5576680
6440
93:03
found definitive evidence that  these compounds exist on Mars,  
1290
5583120
4800
93:07
the Red Planet, essentially saying  that life on Mars is possible.
1291
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5120
93:13
The organic molecules were  found in Mars's Gale Crater,  
1292
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4920
93:17
a large area that may have been a  watery lake over 3 billion years ago.
1293
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5800
93:24
The Rover encountered traces of the  molecule in rocks extracted from the area.
1294
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7000
93:31
When you extract something, it  means you remove it or take it out.
1295
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5720
93:37
So they have a rock, and within  this rock there are molecules.
1296
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5800
93:42
So they took those molecules out, they extracted.
1297
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4360
93:47
It this is also.
1298
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1400
93:48
The terminology you use.
1299
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1680
93:50
If you need to get a tooth removed, you can  extract a tooth, which means simply to remove it.
1300
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7680
93:58
So to remove or take out, to remove or take out.
1301
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6040
94:04
And you remove something,  generally from something else.
1302
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3800
94:07
So you extract the molecules from the rock.
1303
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5680
94:13
The rocks also contain sulfur, which scientists  speculate helped preserve the organics even  
1304
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8080
94:21
when the rocks were exposed to the harsh  radiation on the surface of the planet.
1305
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5640
94:27
Remember, we're talking about the planet Mars.
1306
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4440
94:31
Now let's take a look at.
1307
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1320
94:33
This verb speculate a.
1308
5673080
2080
94:35
Very common verb.
1309
5675160
4800
94:39
When you speculate on something, it means  you essentially guess what the answer is,  
1310
5679960
8160
94:48
and you do that because you don't  have enough information to be certain.
1311
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5680
94:53
If you're certain, it means you 100% know, so  you can present that information as a fact.
1312
5693800
7000
95:00
But if.
1313
5700800
320
95:01
You're just.
1314
5701120
840
95:01
Guessing you use the verb speculate.
1315
5701960
3360
95:05
So when your audience here speculate,  
1316
5705320
2720
95:08
they know that you are not 100%  certain you are in fact guessing.
1317
5708040
6680
95:14
So scientists speculate.
1318
5714720
2240
95:16
So they don't actually know  that this is 100% correct.
1319
5716960
4200
95:21
It's their best guessed based  on the information they have.
1320
5721160
5560
95:26
Scientists speculate helped preserve the organics  
1321
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3440
95:30
even that when the rocks were  exposed to the harsh radiation.
1322
5730160
4720
95:34
Let's take a look at harsh.
1323
5734880
3880
95:38
Harsh is an adjective.
1324
5738760
1920
95:40
So I could say exposed to the radiation,  which means the radiation affected it.
1325
5740680
7520
95:48
It was in the same area as the radiation,  so it was exposed to the radiation to.
1326
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8640
95:56
The.
1327
5756840
440
95:57
Harsh Radiation.
1328
5757280
1520
95:58
So harsh is an adjective that modifies radiation,  
1329
5758800
3920
96:02
and harsh means unpleasant, unkind,  cruel, or more severe than necessary.
1330
5762720
7640
96:10
So radiation is very strong, and they're  saying that this radiation was very severe,  
1331
5770360
8200
96:18
perhaps more severe than it usually is.
1332
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3840
96:22
The harsh radiation on the surface of the planet.
1333
5782400
7440
96:29
Let's move on.
1334
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1400
96:31
Scientists are quick to state that the presence  of these organic molecules is not sufficient  
1335
5791240
6960
96:38
evidence for ancient life on Mars as the molecules  could have been formed by non living processes.
1336
5798200
8760
96:46
So here they're casting some  doubt ancient life on Mars.
1337
5806960
6120
96:53
So they're saying right now we don't have  enough evidence to say that previously  
1338
5813080
6440
96:59
in ancient times there was life on  Mars, so that would be ancient life.
1339
5819520
5560
97:05
So not sufficient is saying we don't  have enough evidence, not sufficient,  
1340
5825080
7360
97:12
so not enough, not enough to  be convincing, not enough.
1341
5832440
5520
97:17
And in this case to convince, you  could say I don't have sufficient time,  
1342
5837960
8120
97:26
so in that case it's not enough time.
1343
5846080
2920
97:29
To do.
1344
5849000
920
97:29
Something I don't have sufficient  time to complete this article.
1345
5849920
4800
97:34
I don't have enough time to do it,  so the scientists are suggesting  
1346
5854720
8800
97:43
there could be another reason  why these molecules are there.
1347
5863520
7600
97:51
But it's still one of the  most astonishing discoveries  
1348
5871120
4960
97:56
which could lead to future revelations.
1349
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3840
97:59
Let's take a look at astonishing as an adjective.
1350
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4160
98:04
This means surprising, or it can be amazing.
1351
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4800
98:08
That was astonishing.
1352
5888880
2040
98:10
That was amazing.
1353
5890920
1000
98:11
But maybe it was that was astonishing.
1354
5891920
2760
98:14
It was surprising at the same time.
1355
5894680
2800
98:17
So it depends on how it's being used.
1356
5897480
2760
98:20
In this case, it could be really either the  
1357
5900240
2800
98:23
most astonishing discoveries which  could lead to future revelations.
1358
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5880
98:28
Let's look at revelation.
1359
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2160
98:31
In this case, it's a noun.
1360
5911080
2160
98:33
It comes from the verb reveal.
1361
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3480
98:36
So when you reveal something,  you make that information known.
1362
5916720
4920
98:41
It's the same case as a revelation.
1363
5921640
2880
98:44
A revelation is when a fact becomes known.
1364
5924520
4880
98:49
Now it can be when a unknown fact becomes known.
1365
5929400
6840
98:56
So before we didn't know it and now we know it.
1366
5936240
3360
98:59
It's a revelation.
1367
5939600
1480
99:01
Or it can be when a secret fact becomes known,  
1368
5941080
5000
99:06
so certain people knew it,  but the general public didn't.
1369
5946080
4600
99:10
Not so when the general public found out.
1370
5950680
4080
99:14
What a revelation.
1371
5954760
2280
99:17
Remember this comes from the verb  to reveal and you reveal a secret,  
1372
5957040
6360
99:23
which means you share a secret that you  previously had not shared, especially when  
1373
5963400
6800
99:30
one considers the other startling fine that  Curiosity uncovered around five years ago.
1374
5970200
7560
99:37
Remember, Curiosity is the name of NASA's.
1375
5977760
3640
99:41
Rover.
1376
5981400
800
99:42
Which is the machine that operates  on the surface of the planet Mars.
1377
5982200
5720
99:47
Now let's look at.
1378
5987920
840
99:48
Startling as an adjective, A startling find.
1379
5988760
4200
99:52
When something is startling, it's surprising but.
1380
5992960
5480
99:58
Usually.
1381
5998440
640
99:59
In a worrisome way.
1382
5999080
3920
100:03
So you could say, I went to the doctor and I got  some startling news that doesn't sound very good,  
1383
6003000
6320
100:09
because it's news that surprised you, but  generally in a negative way, in a worrisome way.
1384
6009320
8880
100:18
So, especially when one considers the other  
1385
6018200
2840
100:21
startling find that curiosity  uncovered around five years ago.
1386
6021040
4760
100:25
So we'll find out what that startling find is that  
1387
6025800
3440
100:29
surprising find, but somehow in some sort  of a negative way, perhaps a worrisome way.
1388
6029240
7800
100:37
The.
1389
6037040
160
100:37
Rover analyzes the air around it periodically.
1390
6037200
4400
100:41
Periodically is an adverb that means from  time to time, periodically from time to time.
1391
6041600
10600
100:52
So consistently means all the time,  
1392
6052200
3560
100:55
but periodically means perhaps  once a week or once a day.
1393
6055760
5280
101:01
So on a schedule, but not all the  time, which would be consistently.
1394
6061040
6520
101:07
Are you enjoying this lesson?
1395
6067560
2400
101:09
If you are, then I want to tell you  about the Finally Fluent Academy.
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101:13
This is my premium training program where we  study native English speakers on TV, movies,  
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6440
101:20
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6080400
6040
101:26
advanced phrasal verbs, idioms, expressions  and vocabulary and grammar and pronunciation,  
1399
6086440
6240
101:32
all in a very natural, fun, engaging way.
1400
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3760
101:36
And you'll have me as your personal coach,  
1401
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2200
101:38
so you can look in the description or the comment  section For more information on how to join.
1402
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5320
101:43
Now let's continue on.
1403
6103960
1960
101:45
And in 2014 it Rover.
1404
6105920
3480
101:49
It found the air contained another  of the most basic organic molecules  
1405
6109400
5880
101:55
and a key ingredient of natural gas, methane.
1406
6115280
4680
101:59
So, the Rover.
1407
6119960
960
102:00
Found another molecule on  the planet Mars, methane.
1408
6120920
6920
102:07
One of the characteristics of methane  is that it only survives a few 100.
1409
6127840
6480
102:14
Years, so a few.
1410
6134320
1680
102:16
100 to me that sounds like 300, maybe  400, maybe 500 because a few is more than.
1411
6136000
9280
102:25
Two because two is a couple.
1412
6145280
3600
102:28
A couple 100 years is 2, and few is generally more  than two, but less than definitely less than 10.
1413
6148880
9160
102:38
Three to five, I would say a few 100 years.
1414
6158040
3560
102:41
This means that something somewhere  on Mars is replenishing the supply.
1415
6161600
6920
102:48
When something is replenish,  it means it's filled up again.
1416
6168520
7200
102:55
So for example, if a lake had  water and then there was a drought,  
1417
6175720
7120
103:02
very dry conditions and all the water evaporated.
1418
6182840
4560
103:07
So if you.
1419
6187400
1320
103:08
Put more water in that lake.
1420
6188720
2520
103:11
You're replenishing the lake,  You're filling the lake again.
1421
6191240
4920
103:16
So they're saying that  something on the planet Mars.
1422
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5600
103:21
Is.
1423
6201760
440
103:22
Replenishing the supply of  methane, which could be.
1424
6202200
6680
103:28
The.
1425
6208880
360
103:29
Startling find.
1426
6209240
1560
103:30
It's surprising, and maybe  there's reason to be concerned.
1427
6210800
4560
103:35
What is this that's replenishing the supply?
1428
6215360
2760
103:38
How is it doing this?
1429
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1640
103:39
What does it mean for us on Earth?
1430
6219760
2600
103:42
That could be the startling part.
1431
6222360
4280
103:46
According to NASA, Mars emits  thousands of tons of methane at a time.
1432
6226640
6400
103:55
The verb emit simply means to to produce  or to send out, to produce or send out.
1433
6235520
14040
104:09
But we use this in very specific cases.
1434
6249560
2520
104:12
We use it with gases.
1435
6252080
1800
104:13
In this case we also use this with sounds.
1436
6253880
3280
104:17
Sounds so the the truck emits.
1437
6257160
4800
104:21
A lot of gas for.
1438
6261960
1400
104:23
One and a lot of noise.
1439
6263360
3880
104:27
Oh, the sound that that truck is emitting or the  building is emitting, it's really hurting my ears.
1440
6267240
8000
104:35
We also use this for light, so the airport emits.
1441
6275240
5080
104:40
A lot of.
1442
6280320
600
104:40
Light.
1443
6280920
440
104:41
It's blinding.
1444
6281360
2000
104:43
Mars emits thousands of tons of methane at a time.
1445
6283360
4680
104:48
The level of methane rises and falls  as seasonal intervals in the year,  
1446
6288040
6760
104:54
almost as if the planet is breathing.
1447
6294800
3360
104:58
It sounds a little strange.
1448
6298160
2600
105:00
Perhaps that's the startling information here.
1449
6300760
6240
105:07
NASA suspects the methane comes from  deep under the surface of the planet.
1450
6307000
6560
105:13
The variations in temperature on the surface  of Mars caused the molecule, which is methane.
1451
6313560
6800
105:20
To.
1452
6320360
280
105:20
Flow upwards at higher or lower levels.
1453
6320640
4760
105:25
OK, so this is the scientists  are speculating because if you  
1454
6325400
6280
105:31
suspect something, you don't know for sure.
1455
6331680
4600
105:36
Otherwise you would say NASA knows  the methane comes, but they suspect,  
1456
6336280
7360
105:43
which means they're about  80% sure they're guessing.
1457
6343640
4400
105:48
So again, you could also.
1458
6348040
2040
105:50
Use the verb.
1459
6350080
1440
105:51
Speculate.
1460
6351520
1000
105:52
NASA speculates the methane comes from deep  under the surface, so they don't know 100%.
1461
6352520
9200
106:01
For example, in the winter the gas could  get trapped in underground icy crystals.
1462
6361720
6960
106:08
OK, so this is what's happening to the methane.
1463
6368680
4320
106:13
These crystals called.
1464
6373000
1480
106:14
Class rates melt in the  summer and release the gas,  
1465
6374480
4720
106:19
so this is their theory on how this gas is  being released at different times of the year.
1466
6379200
7600
106:26
In winter, it's frozen.
1467
6386800
2440
106:29
The gas is frozen in these icy crystals.
1468
6389240
4440
106:33
But in summer, when these crystals  melt, they release the methane.
1469
6393680
4880
106:38
Again, This is not a fact.
1470
6398560
2440
106:41
Because they're speculating.
1471
6401000
2000
106:43
They suspect this is what is happening.
1472
6403000
2920
106:45
They don't know it to be.
1473
6405920
1320
106:47
True.
1474
6407240
1120
106:48
However, the source.
1475
6408360
1040
106:49
Of the methane is still a complete mystery.
1476
6409400
4960
106:54
Complete is an adjective, and it means  very great, or the highest possible.
1477
6414360
11120
107:05
So we're saying it's a mystery,  but not just a mystery.
1478
6425480
4000
107:09
Imagine the greatest mystery  you've ever thought of.
1479
6429480
4880
107:14
That's a complete mystery.
1480
6434360
3040
107:17
It's a very great mystery.
1481
6437400
1680
107:19
The highest mystery possible.
1482
6439080
2400
107:21
It's a complete mystery.
1483
6441480
3200
107:24
So the.
1484
6444680
520
107:25
Source meaning how the  methane is there originally.
1485
6445200
5240
107:30
Where does the methane come from?
1486
6450440
2680
107:33
That is a complete mystery.
1487
6453120
3200
107:36
The.
1488
6456320
200
107:36
World of Astrobiology considers both of  these studies a historical milestone.
1489
6456520
10000
107:46
A milestone is an important event,  
1490
6466520
4160
107:50
and it's an important event in  history or in your life as well.
1491
6470680
5720
107:56
An important event in history  or one's life, For example,  
1492
6476400
6600
108:03
one of the big milestones is when you  graduate from school, That's a milestone.
1493
6483000
6120
108:09
That's an important event in your life.
1494
6489120
2000
108:11
When you graduate, when you get married, when  you get your first job, when you have a baby.
1495
6491120
4640
108:15
You buy your first car, buy your first house.
1496
6495760
3280
108:19
These are all milestones, but of course  there are also historical milestones,  
1497
6499040
5600
108:24
and this, the information found in these  studies is one of those milestones.
1498
6504640
7320
108:31
According to this information,  Mars is not a dead planet.
1499
6511960
4480
108:36
So of course, a dead.
1500
6516440
920
108:37
Planet would be a planet that cannot sustain life.
1501
6517360
4280
108:41
On the contrary, we use this as a transition word  when we want to introduce a contrasting point.
1502
6521640
9600
108:51
So dead planet is the one point.
1503
6531240
4560
108:55
Now the contrasting point would have to  show something with life and we can use.
1504
6535800
5280
109:01
On the contrary, Mars is not a dead planet.
1505
6541080
3360
109:04
On the contrary, it is quite active with  life, with molecules, with organic matter,  
1506
6544440
8040
109:12
and maybe changing and becoming more habitable.
1507
6552480
4000
109:16
If you describe something as  habitable, it means you're.
1508
6556480
4080
109:20
Able to live.
1509
6560560
1400
109:21
There because the conditions are.
1510
6561960
2560
109:24
Appropriate so able to live there.
1511
6564520
6600
109:31
For example, a very, very old  house that has a lot of damage,  
1512
6571120
5120
109:36
might not be habitable is  not suitable to live there.
1513
6576240
4560
109:40
You're not.
1514
6580800
600
109:41
Able to live.
1515
6581400
1120
109:42
There, or after a flood or natural disaster,  maybe your home is no longer habitable.
1516
6582520
9120
109:51
Of course, this means further  research is necessary.
1517
6591640
3680
109:55
Scientists say they need to  send new equipment to Mars.
1518
6595320
3800
109:59
Equipment that can measure the  air and soil with more precision.
1519
6599120
4400
110:03
More precision is another way of  saying more accuracy, accuracy.
1520
6603520
5760
110:09
They need to be more accurate.
1521
6609280
3760
110:13
There are already missions underway.
1522
6613040
3000
110:16
Underway means they're in progress  now, in progress, now in progress now.
1523
6616040
8440
110:24
The European Space Agency's Exo  Mars ship lands in 2020 and will  
1524
6624480
5800
110:30
be able to drill into the ground  on Mars to analyze what it finds.
1525
6630280
5920
110:36
Additionally, NASA is sending another Mars Rover  
1526
6636200
4280
110:40
in the same year to collect samples of  Martian soil and return them to Earth.
1527
6640480
6760
110:47
So Martian.
1528
6647240
2600
110:49
This comes from the word Mars.
1529
6649840
3880
110:53
Just like if you live in Italy, you're an Italian.
1530
6653720
3720
110:57
If you live on Mars, you're a Martian.
1531
6657440
4120
111:01
That can be something you  can maybe look forward to.
1532
6661560
3800
111:05
So live on Mars equals Martian Martian soil,  Italian wine, pizza, tomatoes, for example.
1533
6665360
11880
111:17
Martian soil.
1534
6677240
1640
111:18
And notice how Mars.
1535
6678880
2200
111:21
Martian Earth also have that capital  first letter because they are.
1536
6681080
5720
111:26
Proper nouns.
1537
6686800
840
111:27
Remember we talked about  proper nouns at the beginning?
1538
6687640
3120
111:30
Proper nouns.
1539
6690760
760
111:31
So you need capital, first letter.
1540
6691520
2240
111:33
And here NASA is in all capitals  because we also capitalize acronyms.
1541
6693760
6840
111:40
So each letter stands for something.
1542
6700600
3360
111:43
To be honest, I don't know what NASA stands for.
1543
6703960
4040
111:48
I think the SA is space agency, National.
1544
6708000
4520
111:54
What's the A association Space agency.
1545
6714120
4720
111:58
That doesn't sound right.
1546
6718840
1520
112:00
What is the acronym for NASA?
1547
6720360
2480
112:02
Do you know?
1548
6722840
1160
112:04
Put it in the comments  because honestly I'm not sure.
1549
6724000
2360
112:06
I'm pretty sure SA is space agency,  
1550
6726360
2680
112:09
but I don't know what the N and the A  stand for because nobody ever says it.
1551
6729040
5360
112:14
Everybody says NASA.
1552
6734400
3160
112:17
Let's continue.
1553
6737560
1040
112:18
Again, let me know in the comments.
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The possibility of life on Mars has  fascinated humans for generations.
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It has been the subject of endless  science fiction novels and films.
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If you describe something as endless,  it means again and again and again.
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So as you know, there are always  movies and books about aliens,  
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Martians, life on other planets, right?
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So again and again and again.
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Non ending.
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Again and again.
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Non ending.
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Endless.
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Are we alone in the universe?
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Oh, or have there been other life forms within  our solar system if the current missions?
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To the red.
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Planet.
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Which again means Mars.
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Mars.
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If the current missions to  the Red Planet continue, it  
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looks as if we may discover the answer very soon.
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Wow, isn't that a interesting  way to end an article?
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So that's our article on Mars now.
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I will go back.
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And I'll read the article from start to finish,  and this time you can focus on my pronunciation.
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Life on Mars, a new study  published in the journal Science.
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Shows definitive evidence of organic  matter on the surface of Mars.
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The data was collected by NASA's  nuclear powered Rover Curiosity.
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It confirms earlier findings that the red.
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Planet once contained carbon based compounds.
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These compounds, also called organic molecules,  
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are essential ingredients for  life as scientists understand it.
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The organic molecules were  found in Mars Gale Cater,  
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a large area that may have been a watery link.
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Over 3 billion years ago, the  Rover encountered traces of  
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the molecule in rocks extracted from the area.
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The rocks also contains sulphur, which  scientists speculate helped preserve the  
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organics even when the rocks were exposed to the  harsh radiation on the surface of the planet.
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Scientists are quick to state that the presence  of these organic molecules is not sufficient  
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evidence for ancient life on Mars as the molecules  could have been formed by non living processes.
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But it's still one of the most  astonishing discoveries which could  
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lead to future revelations, especially  when one considers the other startling.
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Find that Curiosity uncovered  around five years ago.
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The Rover analysis the air around it periodically,  and in 2014 it found the air contained another of  
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the most basic organic molecules and a  key ingredient of natural gas, methane.
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One of the characteristics of methane is  that it only survives a few 100 years.
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This means that something somewhere  on Mars is replenishing the supply.
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According to NASA, Mars emits  thousands of tons of methane at a time.
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This level of methane rises and falls  at seasonal intervals in the year,  
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almost as if the planet is breathing it.
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NASA suspects the methane comes from  deep under the surface of the planet.
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The variations in temperature on the  surface of Mars cause the molecule.
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To.
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Flow upwards at higher and higher levels.
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For example, in the winter, the gas could  get trapped in underground icy crystals.
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These crystals, called clathrates,  melt in the summer and release the gas.
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However, the source of the methane  is still a complete mystery.
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The world of astrobiology considers both  of these studies as historical milestones.
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According to this information,  Mars is not a dead planet.
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On the contrary, it is quite active and may  be changing and becoming more habitable.
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Of course, this means further  research is necessary.
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Scientists say they need to  send new equipment to Mars,  
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equipment that can measure the  air and soil with more precision.
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There are already missions underway.
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The European Space Agency's Exomars ship lands in  
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2020 and will be able to drill into the  ground on Mars to analyze what it finds.
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Additionally, NASA is sending another Mars Rover  
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in the same year to collect samples of  Martian soil and return them to Earth.
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The possibility of life on Mars has  fascinated humans for generations.
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It has been the subject of endless  science fiction novels and films.
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Are we alone in the universe, or have there  been other life forms within our solar system?
1622
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If the current missions to  the Red Planet continue, it  
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looks as if we may discover the answer very soon.
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Did you like this?
1625
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Lesson Do you want me to  review more short stories?
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If you do, then put more stories, more  stories, more stories in the comments below.
1627
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And of course, make sure you like this lesson,  
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share it with your friends and subscribe so  you're notified every time I post a new lesson.
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And you can get this free speaking  guide where I share 6 tips on how  
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to speak English fluently and confidently.
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You can click here to download it or  look for the link in the description.
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And now let's focus on your listening skills.
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I have an amazing listening  test for you right here.
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About this website

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