Grammar - Using "Since" and "For" with the Present Perfect

328,029 views ใƒป 2009-08-15

English with Alex


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi, this is Alex, and welcome to this lesson on using "for" and "since."
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚น ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œforใ€ใจใ€Œsinceใ€ใฎไฝฟ็”จใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใซๅง‹ใพใฃใŸใ“ใจ
00:11
Now we use these two terms when we want to talk about something that began in the past.
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจใใฏใ€ใ“ใฎ 2 ใคใฎ็”จ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:16
So the tenses that you'll most often be using "for" and "since" with will be the present
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ ใ€Œforใ€ใจใ€Œsinceใ€ใ‚’ๆœ€ใ‚‚้ ป็นใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ๅˆถใฏใ€็พๅœจ
00:21
perfect and the present perfect progressive.
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ๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใจ็พๅœจ ๅฎŒไบ†้€ฒ่กŒๅฝขใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:25
So when we use "for" and "since," again, we want to, depending on if you want to talk
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œforใ€ใจใ€Œsinceใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ€
00:30
about for how long you have been doing something versus when you began doing something, you'll
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆœŸ้–“ใจไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸๆ™‚ๆœŸใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€
00:35
use one or the other.
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ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‹ไธ€ๆ–นใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:37
For instance, we use "for" when we want to talk about how long we have been doing something.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆœŸ้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œforใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:43
So we're talking about a specific duration of time.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎๆœŸ้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ ใ€‚
00:46
For instance, I have lived in Canada for five years, for example.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใฏ ใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใซ 5 ๅนด้–“ไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:52
When we use "since," we talk about when we began doing something, at which point we started
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ใ€Œsinceใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจใใฏใ€ใ„ใค ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใฎใ‹ใ€ใฉใฎๆ™‚็‚นใงไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใฎ
00:58
something.
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ใ‹ใ‚’่ฉฑใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:00
I have known how to drive since 1996, or something like that.
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็งใฏ1996ๅนดใ‹ใ‚‰้‹่ปขใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃ ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:05
Okay, so let's look at the examples that we have on the board.
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ใงใฏใ€ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ไธŠใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:08
So remember, we use "for" when we want to talk about how long we've been doing something,
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใฎใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸๆœŸ้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏใ€Œforใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸๆ™‚็‚น
01:13
and we use "since" when we talk about at which point we began doing something.
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ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏใ€Œsinceใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจใ„ใ† ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
01:19
Okay, so "It has rained _______ 9 a.m."
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ใงใฏ ใ€ใ€Œ้›จใŒ้™ใฃใŸ _______ ๅˆๅ‰ 9 ๆ™‚ใ€
01:24
Okay, so we know that 9 a.m. is a specific time, right?
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ใ•ใฆใ€ ๅˆๅ‰ 9 ๆ™‚ใŒ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใญใ€‚
01:29
So a specific time in the past, we would use "since."
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใซใฏใ€ ใ€Œsinceใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:34
It has rained since 9 a.m.
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ๅˆๅ‰ 9 ๆ™‚ใ‹ใ‚‰้›จใŒ้™ใฃใฆใ„
01:38
Okay, let's look at the second example, also dealing with rain.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใงใฏใ€2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚้›จใงใ™ใ€‚
01:43
"It has rained _______ 3 hours."
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ใ€Œ_______ 3ๆ™‚้–“้›จใŒ้™ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:47
Now unlike 9 a.m., we know 9 a.m. is a specific time in the past, right?
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ๅˆๅ‰ 9 ๆ™‚ใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใ€ๅˆๅ‰ 9 ๆ™‚ใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
01:52
Three hours is a span of time, how long something has been happening.
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3 ๆ™‚้–“ใฏใ€ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆœŸ้–“ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:57
It has rained for 3 hours.
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3ๆ™‚้–“้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:59
Remember, a span of time, we use "for."
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ไธ€ๅฎšใฎๆœŸ้–“ใ‚’่กจใ™ ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œforใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:05
Okay, let's continue.
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€็ถšใ‘ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚
02:09
"I have known how to read _______ grade 3," or since the 3rd grade, if you want to be
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ใ€Œ็งใฏ ________ 3 ๅนด็”Ÿใฎ่ชญใฟๆ–นใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€ ใพใŸใฏๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใซ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ 3 ๅนด็”Ÿไปฅ้™ใงใ™
02:18
specific.
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ใ€‚
02:19
Okay, so grade 3, again, is a specific moment in the past, right?
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ใ•ใฆใ€3ๅนด็”Ÿ ใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎ็žฌ้–“ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
02:25
It already happened.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ™ใงใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ€‚
02:26
So let's look at our rules, and it would be "since."
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œsinceใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:34
Right, so grade 3 is not a specific span of time.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€3ๅนด็”Ÿใฏ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆœŸ้–“ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
02:40
Grade 3 is something that has happened, it's finished, it's over.
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ใ‚ฐใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰ 3 ใฏใ€่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ€ ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ€็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:44
So let's look at the next one.
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ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ๆฌกใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:46
"She's been waiting _______ 45 minutes."
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ_______45ๅˆ†ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
02:51
Again, 45 minutes, specific span of time, right?
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€45ๅˆ†ใ€ ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ™‚้–“ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
02:55
So she's been waiting for 45 minutes.
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ๅฝผๅฅณ ใฏ 45 ๅˆ†้–“ๅพ…ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
03:00
Okay, and finally, "I have lived here _______ 4 years."
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ใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ ใ€Œ็งใฏใ“ใ“ใซ _______ 4 ๅนด้–“ไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:07
So again, we have 3 hours, 45 minutes, 4 years, all measures of specific period of time, so
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€3 ๆ™‚้–“ใ€45 ๅˆ†ใ€4 ๅนดใ€ ใ™ในใฆ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆœŸ้–“ใฎๅฐบๅบฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใง
03:17
we use "for" in that case.
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ใ€ใใฎๅ ดๅˆใซใ€Œforใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:21
I have lived here for 4 years.
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็งใฏใ“ใ“ใซ4ๅนด้–“ไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:26
Okay, so just a reminder, when you're using "for," you're talking about a specific duration
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ ใ€Œforใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€็‰นๅฎš
03:31
of time, how long something has been happening, versus when you use "since," which tells a
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ใฎๆœŸ้–“ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆœŸ้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎ ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œsinceใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€
03:38
person when you began doing something, or a specific moment in the past, okay?
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ใ„ใคไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚’ไบบใซไผใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ใ€ ใพใŸใฏ้ŽๅŽปใฎ็‰นๅฎšใฎ็žฌ้–“ใ€ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:45
If you'd like to do a quiz on this lesson, please check out www.engvid.com.
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ www.engvid.com ใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:49
My name is Alex, take care.
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็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใงใ™ใ€ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
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