BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'All About Language' English mega-class! One hour of new vocabulary!

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2021-03-06 ใƒป BBC Learning English


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BOX SET: 6 Minute English - 'All About Language' English mega-class! One hour of new vocabulary!

2,572,009 views ใƒป 2021-03-06

BBC Learning English


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:05
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute Englishโ€“ theย  show that brings you an interesting topic,ย ย 
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6 Minute English์— ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์ œ,
00:09
authentic listening practice and vocabulary toย  help you improve your language skills. I'm Robโ€ฆ
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฐ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ธ์–ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” Rob์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€ฆ
00:15
Watashi no namae wa Neil desu.ย  And that means 'my name's Neil'.
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Watashi no namae wa Neil desu. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ '๋‚ด ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋‹'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
So Neil, here's a question for you โ€“ canย ย 
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Neil, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“
00:21
you speak any languages other thanย  English of course? I think you can!
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์˜์–ด ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ? ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”!
00:25
Un poco de espaรฑol that means aย  little bit of Spanish. Some Japanese,ย ย 
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Un poco de espaรฑol์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด,
00:30
which I tried at the beginning and also a bitย  of Czech language - Dobrรฝ den, jak se mรกลก?
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ์ฒด์ฝ”์–ด - Dobrรฝ den, jak se mรกลก?
00:36
Very impressive. So what tips can you giveย  for learning to speak another language?
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๋งค์šฐ ์ธ์ƒ์ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ํŒ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š” ?
00:41
Well, practise, practise, practise โ€“ and don'tย  be afraid of making mistakes as I no doubt have.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
00:47
Of course. Well my aim this yearย  is to master the Spanish language.ย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก . ์˜ฌํ•ด ์ œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
Master means to learn thoroughly.
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๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ฒ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
Muy bien! Well you're not alone. A survey by theย  British Council found learning a language is a newย ย 
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๋ฃจ์ด ๋น„์—”! ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ˜ผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ๋ฌธํ™”์›์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์€ 2018๋…„
00:59
year's resolution for about one in five Britonsย  in 2018. So learning Spanish is a good start Robย ย 
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์˜๊ตญ์ธ 5๋ช… ์ค‘ 1๋ช…์ด ์ƒˆํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์‹œ์ž‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Rob์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—
01:06
but do you know approximately how many languagesย  there are in the world altogether? Are thereโ€ฆ
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์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ? ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—...
01:12
a) 70ย 
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a) 70
01:13
b) 700 c) 7,000
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b) 700 c) 7,000
01:16
Well I know there are many butย  surely not 7,000 so I'm going to sayย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋ฌผ๋ก  7,000์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š”
01:21
b) 700 โ€“ but don't expect me to learn all of them.
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b) 700์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
01:24
I won't Rob. But I will give you the answer later.ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋กญํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
So, we all know learning another language isย  a good thing โ€“ it brings us many benefits.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
Yes, we can communicate withย  people from other countriesย ย 
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์˜ˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค
01:36
and when we're travelling we can understand whatย  signs and notices say. So we don't get lost.
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๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ‘œ์ง€ํŒ๊ณผ ์•Œ๋ฆผ์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ์žƒ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
That's right โ€“ but many scientists alsoย  believe that knowledge of another languageย ย 
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๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ด
01:46
can boost your brainpower. A studyย  of monolingual and bilingual speakersย ย 
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๋‘๋‡Œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฐ ์ด์ค‘ ์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—
01:51
suggests speaking two languages can helpย  slow down the brain's decline with age.
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๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
All good reasons. But Neil, learning anotherย  language is hard. It would take me years andย ย 
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ข‹์€ ์ด์œ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ Neil, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์–ด์— ์œ ์ฐฝํ•ด์ง€๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ช‡ ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
years to become fluent in say, Mandarin โ€“ byย  fluent I mean speak very well, without difficulty.
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์œ ์ฐฝํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ์—†์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด
02:07
Well this depends on yourย  mother tongue. In general,ย ย 
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์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ
02:10
the closer the second language is toย  the learner's native tongue and cultureย ย 
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2 ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์—
02:14
in terms of vocabulary, sounds or sentenceย  structure - the easier it will be to learn.
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์–ดํœ˜, ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‰ฌ์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
But whatever the language,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
02:20
there is so much vocabulary to learn โ€“ youย  know, thousands and thousands of words.
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๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
02:25
Maybe not Rob. Professor Stuart Webb, aย  linguist from the University of Western Ontario,ย ย 
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๋กญ์ด ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. University of Western Ontario์˜ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž์ธ Stuart Webb ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
02:30
may be able to help you. Heย  spoke to BBC Radio 4's Moreย ย 
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๋„์›€์„ ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” BBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค 4์˜ More or Less ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:34
or Less programme and explainedย  that you don't need to do thatโ€ฆ
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
For language learners in a foreign languageย  setting โ€“ so for example, if you were learningย ย 
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02:44
French in Britain or English in Japan,ย ย 
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02:48
students may often really struggle to learn moreย  than 2,000, 3,000 words after many years of study.ย ย 
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์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต๋ถ€ ๋์— 2,000, 3,000๋‹จ์–ด ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
So for example, there was a study in Taiwanย  recently that showed that after nine yearsย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์—์„œ 9๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
03:01
of study about half of the students had stillย  failed to learn the most frequent 1,000 words.ย ย 
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์•ฝ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 1,000๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
Now they knew lower frequency words but theyย  hadn't mastered those most important words.
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
So Rob, don't waste your timeย  trying to learn every single word.ย ย 
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Rob, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š” .
03:17
Professor Webb spoke there aboutย  research that showed studentsย ย 
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Webb ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด
03:20
knew lower frequency words but weren'tย  learning enough high-frequency words.
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๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
Right, and frequency here means the numberย  of times something happens โ€“ so the importantย ย 
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๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
03:29
words to learn are the high-frequencyย  ones โ€“ and how many are there exactly?
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๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋‹จ์–ด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:34
Here's Professor Stuart Webb againโ€ฆ
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ์›น ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค...
03:36
For example, with English, I would suggest ifย  you learn the 800 most frequent lemmas โ€“ which isย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์˜์–ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 800๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜•(
03:42
a word and its inflections โ€“ that willย  account for about 75 per cent of all ofย ย 
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๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๊ทธ ์–ต์–‘)์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ฉด ์˜์–ด ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์•ฝ 75%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:49
the English language. So that learningย  those 800 words first will provideย ย 
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. 800๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋ฉด
03:54
the foundation for which you may beย  able to learn the lower frequency words.
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๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
Fascinating stuff. And good to know I just need toย  learn about 800 words โ€“ or what he calls lemmas.
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๋งคํ˜น์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด. ์•ฝ 800๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
Yes, a lemma is the simplest form or base formย  of a word. And the inflection here refers toย ย 
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์˜ˆ, ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜•์€ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ˜•์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ˜•์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ตด์ ˆ์€
04:12
how the base word is changed according to itsย  use in a sentence. Knowing these things giveย ย 
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ๋ฉด
04:17
you a foundation โ€“ the basics from whichย  you language learning will develop. Simple
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์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:23
Thank goodness I am learningย  just one new language!
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๋‹คํ–‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
04:26
But how many languages could you potentiallyย  be learning Rob? Earlier I asked you,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ Rob์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์ด์ „์— ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—
04:30
approximately how many languages thereย  are in the world altogether? Are thereโ€ฆ
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๋Œ€๋žต ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—โ€ฆ
04:35
a) 70 b) 700ย 
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04:37
c) 7,000
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04:39
And I said 700. Was I right?
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04:41
No Rob, you were wrong. There are aroundย  7,000 recognised languages in the worldย ย 
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์•„๋‹ˆ ๋กญ, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ์–ด. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 7,000๊ฐœ์˜ ์ธ์‹๋œ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€
04:46
but UNESCO has identified 2,500 languagesย  which it claims are at risk of extinction.
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์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ๋„ค์Šค์ฝ”๋Š” ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด 2,500๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
04:52
A sobering thought Neil. Nowย  shall we remind ourselvesย ย 
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๋ƒ‰์ •ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ ๋‹. ์ด์ œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋“ค์€ ์˜์–ด ์–ดํœ˜ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:56
of some of the English vocabulary we'veย  heard today. Starting with master.
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. ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋งฅ๋ฝ
05:00
To master a new skill, inย  this context, means to learnย ย 
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์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:03
thoroughly or learn well. "Rob hopes to masterย  Spanish before he starts a new job in Madrid."
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์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "Rob์€ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ ์ง์žฅ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
05:10
That's news to me Neil! But it would beย  good to be fluent in Spanish โ€“ or anyย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋‰ด์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๋‹! ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
05:15
language โ€“ or to speak it fluently โ€“ that'sย  speaking it well and without difficulty.
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์œ ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ์—†์ด ์ž˜ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
Now our next word was frequency. Here we areย  referring to high and low frequency words โ€“ soย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€
05:25
it means how often they occur. Examples of aย  high frequency word are 'it', 'the' and 'and'.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” 'it', 'the' ๋ฐ 'and'๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
And our next word is inflections. These are theย  changes to the basic form of words according toย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๊ตด์ ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:39
their function in a sentence. Such as addingย  an 's' to the end of a word to make it plural.
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. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด ๋์— 's'๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
And don't forget lemma whichย  is the simplest form or baseย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตด์ ˆ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ
05:48
form of a word before an inflection is added.
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ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜•์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
05:51
And finally foundation which meansย  the basics your learning grows from.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์Šต์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
That just leaves me to remind youย  that you can learn English withย ย 
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05:58
us at bbclearningenglish.com. That'sย  it for today's 6 Minute English. Weย ย 
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bbclearningenglish.com์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
06:02
hope you enjoyed it. Bye for now.ย  Na shledanou. Hasta luego. Ja-ne.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๊ฒผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์•ˆ๋…•. ๋‚˜ ์Š๋ ˆ๋‹ค๋…ธ์šฐ. ํ•˜ ์Šคํƒ€์˜ ๋ฃจ ์—๊ณ . ๊ณ„์ง‘์• .
06:12
And in English, goodbye.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์•ˆ๋…•.
06:13
Goodbye. Hello. Thisย ย 
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์•ˆ๋…•ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”. ์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
06:15
is 6 Minute English from BBCย  Learning English. Iโ€™m Neil.
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BBC Learning English์˜ 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ €๋Š” ๋‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
And Iโ€™m Georgina
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์กฐ์ง€๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
Can I ask you something, Georginaโ€ฆ?
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด๋„ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”, ์กฐ์ง€๋‚˜...?
06:23
Mm-mm-hmm.
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์Œ-์Œ-ํ .
06:24
Georgina? I said, I want to ask youย  somethingโ€ฆ are you listening to me?!
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์กฐ์ง€๋‚˜? ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ โ€ฆ ๋‚ด ๋ง ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ˆ?!
06:29
Mm-hmm, just a second, Neil, Iโ€™m texting a friendโ€ฆ
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์Œ-์Œ, ์ž ์‹œ๋งŒ์š”, ๋‹, ์นœ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”...
06:32
Ah, has this ever happened you?ย  Someone too busy texting to talk.ย ย 
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์•„, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”? ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ž ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฐ”์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
06:37
With the huge rise of mobile phones inย  recent decades, communicating by textย ย 
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ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ์ 
06:42
has become more and more popular and scenesย  like this have become increasingly common.
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๋” ๋Œ€์ค‘ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ์ ์  ๋ณดํŽธํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
โ€ฆand send! There, all done!ย  Now, what were you saying, Neil?
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... ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‚ด์„ธ์š”! ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ์ž, ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋˜๊ฐ€์š”, ๋‹?
06:51
In this programme, weโ€™ll be investigatingย  why people often choose to text,ย ย 
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ถ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:55
instead of talk to the peopleย  in their lives. Weโ€™ll be askingย ย 
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. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
06:58
whether this popular form of communicationย  is changing how we interact with each other.
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์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌป๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
And, of course, weโ€™ll be learningย  some related vocabulary as well.ย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ด€๋ จ ์–ดํœ˜๋„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
Now, Neil, what did you want to ask me?
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์ž, ๋‹, ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ์•ผ?
07:09
My quiz question, Georgina, which is this. Youngย  people are often the biggest users of mobileย ย 
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๋‚ด ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ, Georgina, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ Š์€์ด ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ
07:15
phones, but in a 2016 study, what percentageย  of British teenagers said they would preferย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2016๋…„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์˜๊ตญ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„
07:21
to send a text rather than speak to someone,ย  even if they were in the same room? Is it:
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
a) 9 percent?, b) 49 percent?, or,ย 
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a) 9ํผ์„ผํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, b) 49ํผ์„ผํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
07:31
c) 99 percent?
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c) 99ํผ์„ผํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:33
That sounds pretty shocking! I canโ€™tย  believe 99 percent of teenagers said that,ย ย 
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๊ฝค ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ์‹ญ๋Œ€์˜ 99%๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
so Iโ€™ll guess b) 49 percent.
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b) 49%๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
OK, Georgina. Weโ€™ll find out later if thatโ€™sย  right. In one way, the popularity of texting,ย ย 
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์•Œ์•˜์–ด, ์กฐ์ง€๋‚˜. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š”
07:47
sometimes called โ€˜talking with thumbsโ€™,ย ย 
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'์—„์ง€ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ'๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
07:49
is understandable - people likeย  to be in control of what they say.
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์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
But this low-risk way of hiding behind a screenย  may come at a cost, as neuroscientist, Professorย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ™”๋ฉด ๋’ค์— ์ˆจ๋Š” ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž
07:59
Sophie Scott, explained to Sandra Kanthal, forย  BBC World Service programme, The Why Factor:
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Sophie Scott ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” BBC World Service ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ The Why Factor:
08:05
When we โ€˜talk with our thumbsโ€™ byย  text or email or instant message,ย ย 
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When we 'talk with our thumbs' by text or ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ์Šคํ„ดํŠธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€, ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊นŠ์ด
08:09
weโ€™re often prioritising speed overย  clarity and depth. But when we canโ€™tย ย 
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
08:14
hear the way someone is speaking itโ€™s allย  too easy to misunderstand their intention.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์˜คํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
So if I say a phrase like, โ€˜Oh shutย  up!โ€™ - has a different meaning than,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ '์˜ค ๋‹ฅ์ณ!'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด -
08:24
โ€˜Oh shut up!โ€™ Thereโ€™s an emotional thingย  there but also a strong kind of intonation:ย ย 
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'์˜ค ๋‹ฅ์ณ!'์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์–ต์–‘๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:29
oneโ€™s sort of funny, oneโ€™sย  just aggressive. Written downย ย 
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. ์ ์œผ๋ฉด
08:32
itโ€™s just aggressive โ€“ โ€˜Shut up!โ€™ - and youย  canโ€™t soften that. [โ€ฆ] We always speak withย ย 
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋‹ฅ์ณ!' - ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. [...] ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ
08:37
melody and intonation to our voice and weโ€™llย  change our meaning depending on that. You takeย ย 
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๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””์™€ ์–ต์–‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€
08:42
that channel of information out of communicationย  you lose another way that sense is being conveyed.
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๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์—์„œ ๋นผ์•—๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”
08:48
When reading a text insteadย  of listening to someone speak,ย ย 
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๋Œ€์‹  ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์„ ๋•Œ
08:51
we miss out on the speakerโ€™s intonation โ€“ thatโ€™sย  the way the voice rises and falls when speaking.
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ํ™”์ž์˜ ์–ต์–‘์„ ๋†“์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฝ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
Intonation, how a word is said,ย  often changes the meaning ofย ย 
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์–ต์–‘, ์ฆ‰ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ข…์ข… ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰,
09:01
words and phrases - small groups of wordsย  people use to say something particular.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋‹จ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
Reading a phrase like, โ€˜Oh shut up!โ€™ in a text,ย  instead of hearing it spoken aloud, makes itย ย 
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ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ '์•„ ๋‹ฅ์ณ!'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋‚ด์–ด ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:12
easy to misunderstand the speakerโ€˜s intentionย  โ€“ their aim, or plan of what they want to do.
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ํ™”์ž์˜ ์˜๋„, ์ฆ‰ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ผ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์˜คํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
And itโ€™s not just the speakerโ€™s intention thatย  we miss. A whole range of extra informationย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†“์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™”์ž์˜ ์˜๋„๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ํ™”์ž์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์™€ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์—์„œ ์ถœ์‹  ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€
09:22
is conveyed through speech, from the speakerโ€™sย  age and gender to the region theyโ€™re from.
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์Œ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
09:27
Poet, Gary Turk, believes that we loseย  something uniquely human when we stop talking.ย ย 
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์‹œ์ธ ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ํ„ฐํฌ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
And there are practical problemsย  involved with texting too,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ž ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
as he explains to BBC Worldย  Serviceโ€™s, The Why Factor:
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๊ทธ๋Š” BBC World Service์˜ The Why Factor์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
If you speak to someone in person and theyย  donโ€™t respond right away, that would be rude.ย ย 
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
But you might be speaking to someone in personย  and someone texts you... and it would be ruderย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค... ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด
09:50
for you then to stop that conversation and speakย  to the person over textโ€ฆ yet the person on theย ย 
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ž ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋”
09:54
other side of the text is getting annoyed โ€“ youย  havenโ€™t responded right way โ€“ itโ€™s like weโ€™reย ย 
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๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€ฆ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ขฐ ๋ฐŸ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ
09:57
constantly now creating these situations using ourย  phones that allow us to like tread on mines โ€“ noย ย 
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
matter what you do, weโ€™re going to disappointย  people because weโ€™re trying to communicate inย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋“ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‹ค๋ง์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:06
so many different ways. Do you prioritise theย  person on the phone? Would you prioritise theย ย 
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ™” ์ค‘์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:10
person youโ€™re speaking to? Who do you disappointย  first? Youโ€™re going to disappoint somebody.
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๋Œ€ํ™” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์‹ค๋ง์‹œํ‚ค๋‚˜์š” ? ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹ค๋ง์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
So what should you do if a friend texts you whenย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ค‘์ผ ๋•Œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”
10:16
youโ€™re already speaking to someone else inย  person โ€“ physically present, face to face?
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? ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์˜์‚ฌ
10:22
You canโ€™t communicate withย  both people at the same time,ย ย 
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์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
10:25
so whatever you do someone will getย  annoyed โ€“ become angry and upset.
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋“  ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด ์งœ์ฆ์„ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
Gary thinks that despite its convenience,ย  texting creates situations where we haveย ย 
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Gary๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๋ขฐ๋ฐญ์„ ๋ฐŸ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
to tread on mines, another way ofย  saying that something is a minefield,ย ย 
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์ง€๋ขฐ๋ฐญ์€
10:38
meaning a situation full of hidden problemsย  and dangers, where people need to take care.
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์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์œ„ํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ๋ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
Yes, itโ€™s easy to get annoyed whenย  someone ignores you to text their friendโ€ฆ
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์˜ˆ, ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์นœ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉด ์งœ์ฆ์ด ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€ฆ
10:48
Oh, youโ€™re not still upsetย  about that are you, Neil?
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10:50
Ha, itโ€™s like those teenagers in myย  quiz question! Remember I asked youย ย 
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ํ•˜, ๋‚ด ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” 10๋Œ€๋“ค ๊ฐ™์•„ ! ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ
10:55
how many teenagers said theyโ€™d prefer to textย  someone, even if they were in the same room.
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๋ฌธ์ž ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ์‹ญ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š” .
11:00
I guessed it was b) 49 percent.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด b) 49ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
Which wasโ€ฆ the correct answer! Iโ€™m glad youย  were listening, Georgina, and not texting!
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์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ดโ€ฆ ์ •๋‹ต์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ๋ฌธ์ž ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ป์š”, Georgina!
11:08
Ha ha! In this programme weโ€™veย  been discussing ways in whichย ย 
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ใ…‹! ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
11:11
texting differs from talking withย  someone in person โ€“ or face to face.
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๋ฌธ์ž ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋˜๋Š” ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋งž๋Œ€๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
Sending texts instead of having a conversationย  means we donโ€™t hear the speakerโ€™s intonation โ€“ theย ย 
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๋Œ€ํ™” ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™”์ž์˜ ์–ต์–‘, ์ฆ‰
11:21
musical way their voice rises and falls. A phraseย  - or small group of words - like โ€˜Oh shut up!โ€™,ย ย 
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๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฝ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์•„ ๋‹ฅ์ณ!'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋‹จ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ• 
11:28
means different things whenย  said in different ways.
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๋•Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
11:30
Without intonation we can easily misunderstand aย ย 
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์–ต์–‘์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
11:33
text writerโ€™s intention โ€“ their ideaย  or plan of what they are going to do.
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ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž์˜ ์˜๋„, ์ฆ‰ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•  ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์˜คํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
Which in turns means they can getย  annoyed โ€“ or become irritated,ย ย 
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์ฆ‰,
11:42
if you donโ€™t understand what theyย  mean, or donโ€™t respond right away.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ ๋ง์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด ์งœ์ฆ์„ ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์งœ์ฆ์„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด
11:45
All of which can create an absolute minefieldย  โ€“ a situation with many hidden problems,ย ย 
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ง€๋ขฐ๋ฐญ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
11:50
where you need to speak and act carefully.
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์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
And thatโ€™s all we have time forย  in this programme, but rememberย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ BBC Learning English์—์„œ
11:56
you can find more useful vocabulary, trendingย  topics and help with your language learningย ย 
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๋” ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์–ดํœ˜, ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ ๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”
12:02
here at BBC Learning English. We alsoย  have an app that you can download for freeย ย 
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. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ฑ ์Šคํ† ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
12:07
from the app stores and of course weย  are all over social media. Bye for now!
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์•ˆ๋…•!
12:12
Bye!
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์•ˆ๋…•!
12:18
Hello. This is 6 Minute English. I'm Neil.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
And I'm Sam.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
Now Sam, I assume that you know your alphabet.
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์ด์ œ Sam, ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
Of course, Neil โ€“ you mean my ABCs? Weย  learn that at a very young age, you know?
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๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด์ฃ , ๋‹ โ€“ ์ œ ABC๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
Sorry to sound patronising. But you do you knowย ย 
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์• ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌํ•ด์„œ ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
12:32
why the letters in the alphabetย  are in that particular order?
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์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์™œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:36
No, I donโ€™t. Thatโ€™s really interesting. Why?
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”. ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋„ค์š”. ์™œ?
12:38
I donโ€™t know either, I was hoping you might!ย  But seriously, no one really knows how theย ย 
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๋‚˜๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ, ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋žฌ์–ด! ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ
12:43
order became established. However, someย  research has shown that if your surname,ย ย 
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์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์„ฑ, ์„ฑ์ด
12:48
your family name, begins withย  a letter later in the alphabet,ย ย 
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์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
12:52
you could be at a disadvantage at school andย  in life. Before we get in to that though,ย ย 
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ํ•™๊ต์™€ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ „์—
12:58
a question. Where does the alphabetย  come from in its earliest form? Was itโ€ฆ
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”๋‚˜์š”? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€...
13:03
a) Ancient Egypt b) Ancient Greeceย 
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a) ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ b) ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค
13:06
c) Ancient Rome
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c) ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ
13:07
What do you think, Sam?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์ƒ˜?
13:09
Well, we refer to the English alphabet as havingย  Roman characters, so Iโ€™m going with Ancient Rome.
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์Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์— ๋กœ๋งˆ ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
OK. Iโ€™ll have the answer later in the programme.ย  In the BBC radio programme Fryโ€™s English Delightย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. BBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ Fry's English Delight์—์„œ
13:23
there was a feature about the alphabet and how itย  can have a negative impact on your school life.ย ย 
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์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•™๊ต ์ƒํ™œ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠน์ง‘์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
Can you remember all those yearsย  ago when you were at school?ย ย 
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ
13:31
Whatโ€™s the first thing that the teacherย  would do at the beginning of the day?
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š” ?
13:35
She would take the register โ€“ thatโ€™s what we callย  it in the UK. You can also call it the roll call.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋“ฑ๋ก์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กค์ฝœ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
Yes, this is when the teacher calls out theย  names of the students to check that theyย ย 
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์˜ˆ, ์ด๋•Œ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด
13:46
are all there. This is where the problem starts,ย  according to, ironically, Professor Jeffrey Zax,ย ย 
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ University of Colorado์˜ Jeffrey Zax ๊ต์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:53
from the University of Colorado. Theย  further down that list your name is,ย ย 
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. ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ์„์ˆ˜๋ก,
13:57
the less noticed you are by the teacher.ย  Why is that? Hereโ€™s Professor Zax.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ์ž˜ ๋„์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์—ฌ๊ธฐ Zax ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
When it begins people are paying attention. As itย  proceeds, first the people who are already called,ย ย 
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์ด ์ ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ–‰๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋จผ์ € ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ถ€๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
14:11
they no longer have any need to take thingsย  seriously. And the people who are waiting toย ย 
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ผ์„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜ธ๋ช…์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
14:18
be called, their attention is wandering as well.ย  And so as you make your way through the roll callย ย 
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์‹œ์„ ๋„ ๋ฐฉํ™ฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
14:23
somehow the intensity ofย  the engagement diminishes.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
So, what is the problem?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
14:30
Well, itโ€™s a lot to do with paying attention.ย  This means concentrating on something.ย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
At the beginning of the roll call everyone isย  paying attention - they are quiet and listening.ย ย 
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์ ํ˜ธ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์‹œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
But after the first names are called, thoseย  students donโ€™t need to pay attention any more.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
So they lose a bit of interest in what comesย  next, and the students later in the listย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  , ๋ชฉ๋ก์˜ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค
14:52
are also now distracted and the teacher,ย  him or herself, is not so focussed.
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๋„ ์ด์ œ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ๋งŒํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:58
And by the end of the list the relationshipย  between the teacher and the students whose namesย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ๋๋‚  ๋ฌด๋ ต์—๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฆด ํ•™์ƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€
15:02
are being called later is not as strongย  as those at the beginning of the list.
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๋ชฉ๋ก ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
Professor Zax describes this by saying thatย  the intensity of the engagement diminishes.ย ย 
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Zax ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:13
Diminishes means โ€˜gets weakerโ€™, and the intensityย  of the engagement is the strength of theย ย 
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๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” '์•ฝํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค'๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์˜ ํž˜
15:18
communication, the level of enthusiasm for beingย  involved. So this is the start of the disadvantageย ย 
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, ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด์ •์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•™์ฐฝ ์‹œ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์—
15:25
which can subtly affect students throughout theirย  school years and after. This was discovered afterย ย 
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ด์ต์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
15:30
some research in the US in the 1950s. So what wereย  these disadvantages? Hereโ€™s Professor Zax again.
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1950๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ํ›„์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”? ์—ฌ๊ธฐ Zax ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
They were less likely to haveย  enjoyed their high school courses,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ฆ๊ฒผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜๊ณ 
15:42
graduate from college if they applied. They wereย  more likely to drop out. They had first jobs inย ย 
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์ง€์›ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ์ง์—…์—์„œ ์ฒซ ์ง์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:49
occupations that paid less. They wereย  more likely to go to the militaryย ย 
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. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ๊ฐˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜๊ณ 
15:54
and they were more likely to haveย  jobs whose prestige was lower.
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๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง์—…์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ์ปธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
So what disadvantages did they have?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
16:02
Well, Professor Zax says that theย  research showed they enjoyed schoolย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„, Zax ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ
16:06
less, were less successful academicallyย  and more likely to drop out of collegeย ย 
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๋œ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ํ•™์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์  ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์ค‘ํ‡ดํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:11
or university. This means that theyย  left the course before it was finished.
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. ์ด๋Š” ์ฝ”์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ฝ”์Šค๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
And he also said that they were moreย  likely to find jobs that had a lowerย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง์—…์„ ์ฐพ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:20
prestige. This means the jobs werenโ€™t seen asย  high status or desirable. Letโ€™s listen again.
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. ์ฆ‰, ์ง์—…์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์œ„์— ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ค์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
16:27
They were less likely to haveย  enjoyed their high school courses,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ฆ๊ฒผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜๊ณ 
16:31
graduate from college if they applied. They wereย  more likely to drop out. They had first jobsย ย 
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์ง€์›ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ์ง์—…์—์„œ ์ฒซ ์ง์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:37
in occupations that paid less. They wereย ย 
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. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
16:41
more likely to go to the military and they wereย  more likely to have jobs whose prestige was lower.
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๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ๊ฐˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜๊ณ  ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง์—…์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ์ปธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:48
Well, Professor Zax seems to haveย  done OK. Even with that surname!
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, Zax ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์€ ์ž˜ ํ•˜์‹  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ผ๋„!
16:53
Indeed, I guess this doesnโ€™t applyย  to everyone. Right, well before weย ย 
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
16:57
remind ourselves of our vocabulary,ย  letโ€™s get the answer to the question.ย ย 
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์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ „์—, ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜
17:01
Where does the alphabet come fromย  in its earliest form? Was itโ€ฆ
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์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์€ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”๋‚˜์š” ? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€...
17:05
a) Ancient Egypt b) Ancient Greeceย 
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a) ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ b) ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค
17:08
c) Ancient Rome
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c) ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ
17:09
Sam, what did you say?
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์ƒ˜, ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด?
17:11
Pretty sure itโ€™s Ancient Rome.
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ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
What does your surname begin with?
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
17:16
A 'B', actually.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 'B'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:17
Well, you are wrong, Iโ€™m afraid.ย  Itโ€™s actually Ancient Egypt โ€“ soย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ์–ด์š”. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
well done to everyone who got that.ย  OK, now it's time for our vocabulary.
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ํš๋“ํ•˜์‹  ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ˆ˜๊ณ ํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž, ์ด์ œ ์–ดํœ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:26
Yes โ€“ to pay attention to something means toย  concentrate on something, to not be distracted.
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์˜ˆ โ€“ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ๋งŒํ•ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:33
Then there was the phrase theย  intensity of the engagement,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ
17:36
which is another way of saying the strength ofย  the relationship, interaction and communication.
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๊ด€๊ณ„, ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ์˜์‚ฌ ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:41
And if your surname comes at the endย  of the alphabet you may find that theย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์„ฑ์ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์˜ ๋์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹น์‹ ์€
17:45
intensity of engagement with the teacherย  diminishes. Diminishes means gets weaker.
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:52
If you drop out from a course, it meansย  that you leave it before itโ€™s finished.
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์ฝ”์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฝ”์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:56
And the prestige of a job is the respect it has.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง์—…์˜ ๋ช…์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์กด๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:00
If it is seen as important orย  desirable then it has higher prestige.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:05
OK, thank you, Sam. Thatโ€™s all from 6 Minuteย  English. We hope you can join us again soon.ย ย 
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๋„ค, ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ์š”, ์ƒ˜. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค 6 Minute ์˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณง ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:10
You can find us at bbclearningenglish online,ย  on social media and on our app. Bye for now!
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ, ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฐ ์•ฑ์—์„œ bbclearningenglish๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์•ˆ๋…•!
18:15
Bye bye everyone!
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์•ˆ๋…•!
18:22
Hello. This is 6 Minute English, I'm Georgina.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด, ์กฐ์ง€๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:25
And I'm Rob.
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์ €๋Š” ๋กญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:26
Are you a punctuation pedant? Do you get upset,ย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ pedant์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ตฌ๋‘์ , ํŠนํžˆ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
18:29
annoyed or angry if you see punctuation beingย  used incorrectly โ€“ particularly apostrophes?
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๋ณด๋ฉด ์†์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์งœ์ฆ๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋‚˜์š” ?
18:35
Well, it depends. Usually Iโ€™m prettyย  chilled out about it, but sometimes,ย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”. ๋ณดํ†ต์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฝค ๋ƒ‰๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€๋”์€,
18:40
just sometimes it really winds me up. For example,ย  if I see a sign for taxis at a train stationย ย 
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๊ฐ€๋”์€ ์ •๋ง ์งœ์ฆ์ด ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—ญ์—์„œ ํƒ์‹œ ํ‘œ์ง€ํŒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
18:47
and it says taxi โ€“ apostrophe - s โ€“ aargh!ย  Why โ€“ why? The apostrophe is not used toย ย 
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ํƒ์‹œ - ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ - s - ์•„์•„! ์™œ ์™œ? ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š”
18:54
show there is more than one, itโ€™s used toย  show there is a missing letter or that theย ย 
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋‹น
18:58
word is a possessive โ€“ itโ€™s just wrong!ย  So that does kind of make my blood boil.
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๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ž„์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋“๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:03
So, when you say youโ€™re prettyย  chilled about it you meanโ€ฆ
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฝค ๋ƒ‰์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€โ€ฆ
19:06
OK, Iโ€™m not chilled at all.ย  But maybe I wish I were.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋žฌ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
19:10
Well, weโ€™re going to be taking aย  look at reactions to the use andย ย 
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์ž,
19:13
abuse of apostrophes in this programme. But first,ย ย 
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋‚จ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จผ์ €
19:16
a question. The word โ€˜apostropheโ€™ itselfย  โ€“ which language does it come from? Is it:
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด ์ž์ฒด โ€“ ์–ด๋Š ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ์™”๋‚˜์š”?
19:22
A: Latin
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A: ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด
19:24
B: Greek
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B: ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด
19:26
C: Arabic
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C: ์•„๋ž์–ด
19:27
What do you think, Rob?
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์–ด๋•Œ, Rob?
19:29
I donโ€™t think itโ€™s Arabic, so itโ€™s a toss-upย  between Latin and Greek. Iโ€™m going to say Greek.
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์•„๋ž์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ž์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:36
OK. Weโ€™ll see if youโ€™re correct at the endย  of the programme. The apostrophe, it is trueย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค
19:41
to say, is often misused. Itโ€™s put where itย  shouldnโ€™t be and not used where it should be.ย ย 
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์ž˜๋ชป ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ๋‘๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณณ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:47
Is it important, though? Does it matter?ย  After all, in spoken English there is noย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ€? ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
19:52
difference between โ€˜itโ€™sโ€™ with anย  apostrophe and โ€˜itsโ€™ without. โ€˜Yourโ€™ย ย 
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'it's' ์™€ ์—†๋Š” 'its' ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 'Your'
19:57
and โ€˜youโ€™reโ€™ โ€“ short for โ€˜you areโ€™ sound theย  same. So whatโ€™s the problem in written English?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  'you're' โ€“ 'you are'์˜ ์ค„์ž„๋ง์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
20:02
In many cases there isnโ€™t a problem atย  all. There would be very little confusion.ย ย 
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ํ˜ผ๋ž€์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:07
But I donโ€™t think that means we shouldย  just ignore the correct way to use them.ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:12
Sometimes it can be very important to make clearย  if itโ€™s a singular or plural or possessive.ย ย 
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ธ์ง€, ๋ณต์ˆ˜์ธ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ธ์ง€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:18
Another important thing to remember is that in CVsย  and job applications a good standard of spellingย ย 
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์ด๋ ฅ์„œ ์™€ ๊ตฌ์ง ์ง€์›์„œ์—์„œ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ฒ ์ž
20:24
and punctuation is expected. Get it wrongย  and you could miss out on a good opportunity.
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์™€ ๊ตฌ๋‘์ ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž˜๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋†“์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:30
There is one group that has tried forย  nearly 20 years to keep others to these highย ย 
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋„๋ก ๊ฑฐ์˜ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด ์˜จ ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ธ
20:34
standards - The Apostrophe Protection Society.ย  They have publicly pointed out incorrect useย ย 
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The Apostrophe Protection Society๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
20:40
in public signs and communications โ€“ a tacticย  that has not always been welcome or successful.ย ย 
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๊ณต๊ณต ํ‘œ์ง€ํŒ ๋ฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „์ˆ ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ™˜์˜๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:46
But like the apostrophe itself, the group is inย  danger. Hereโ€™s a BBC news report on the subject.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ž์ฒด์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ BBC ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:53
They linger above our letters, theyย  wander around the endings of our words,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธ€์ž ์œ„์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์–ด๋ฏธ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์ง€
20:59
but apostrophes, it seems, are anย  endangered species. The Apostropheย ย 
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๋งŒ, ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ข…์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. The Apostrophe
21:04
Protection Society โ€“ yes there really is oneย  โ€“ says their future is, well, up in the air.
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Protection Society โ€“ ์˜ˆ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:10
How does he describe apostrophes?
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
21:13
Using metaphorical, poetic language, he says theyย  linger above our letters. To linger is a verbย ย 
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์€์œ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŽธ์ง€ ์œ„์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. To linger๋Š”
21:20
usually used to describe someone or somethingย  staying somewhere before finally leaving.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
21:25
So, we have apostrophes lingeringย  above our letters and also he saidย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธ€์ž ์œ„์— ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š”
21:30
they wander around the ending of words.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๋์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:32
Yes, also a metaphorical use. To wander meansย ย 
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์˜ˆ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์€์œ ์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉํ™ฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
21:36
to walk slowly around withoutย  any real purpose or urgency.
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธ‰๋ฐ•ํ•จ ์—†์ด ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:40
And he went on to say that the futureย  of the apostrophe is up in the air.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:44
When something is up in the air,ย  it means its future is not certain,ย ย 
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ณ 
21:48
itโ€™s not guaranteed. So if, for example,ย  your holiday plans are up in the air,ย ย 
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๋ณด์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํœด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
21:53
it means that there is some kind of problem andย  you might not be going on holiday after all.ย ย 
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:58
The person who founded The Apostrophe Protectionย  Society is John Edwards. Now 96 years old he hasย ย 
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The Apostrophe Protection Society๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ John Edwards์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ 96์„ธ์ธ ๊ทธ๋Š”
22:04
decided to give it up. Partly because of his age,ย  but also because he thinks that due to the impactย ย 
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ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
22:10
of texting and social media he has lost the battleย  against bad punctuation. So why has it come toย ย 
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๋ฌธ์ž ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์™€ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ตฌ๋‘์ ๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ
22:16
this? Here he is explaining why he thinks peopleย  arenโ€™t bothered about using correct punctuation.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋‘์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:23
I think itโ€™s a mixture of ignorance and laziness.ย  Theyโ€™re too ignorant to know where it goes,ย ย 
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๋ฌด์ง€์™€ ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฆ„์ด ์„ž์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฌด์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
22:29
theyโ€™re too lazy to learn so they justย  donโ€™t bother. The barbarians have won.
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฒŒ์„๋Ÿฌ์„œ ๊ท€์ฐฎ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ผ๋งŒ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:35
So whatโ€™s his reason?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
22:36
He blames ignorance and laziness. Ignorance is aย  lack of knowledge or understanding of something.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ง€์™€ ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฆ„์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์ดํ•ด์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:43
So people donโ€™t know the rules and are tooย  lazy to learn them, according to Edwards.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  Edwards๋Š” ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:47
Quite strong views there!
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๊ฝค ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ „๋ง์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
22:49
Yes, and you thought I was a pedant! He actuallyย  goes further to say that the barbarians have won.ย ย 
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์˜ˆ, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ pedant๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์•ผ๋งŒ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๊ฒผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:55
Barbarian is a historical wordย  for people who werenโ€™t part ofย ย 
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์•ผ๋งŒ์ธ์€ ์†Œ์œ„ ๋ฌธ๋ช… ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
22:59
so-called civilized society. They were seen asย  violent and aggressive, primitive and uncivilized.
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. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์›์‹œ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ฐœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:05
So itโ€™s not a compliment then?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์นญ์ฐฌ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€์š”?
23:07
Oh no!
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์•ˆ ๋ผ!
23:08
Right, before we review todayโ€™sย  vocabulary, letโ€™s have the answerย ย 
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์ž, ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณต์Šตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—,
23:12
to todayโ€™s quiz. Which language does theย  word apostrophe come from? What did you say?
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์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ํ€ด์ฆˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ์™”๋‚˜์š”? ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
23:18
I went for Greek.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค.
23:19
Congratulations to you and anyone else whoย  got that right. Greek is the right answer.ย ย 
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๊ท€ํ•˜์™€ ์ •๋‹ต์„ ๋งžํžŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ์ถ•ํ•˜๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ •๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:25
Now letโ€™s remind ourselves of todayโ€™sย  vocabulary. First, whatโ€™s a pedant, Rob?
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์ด์ œ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค . ๋จผ์ €, pedant๊ฐ€ ๋ญ์ฃ , Rob?
23:30
A pedant is someone who corrects otherย  peopleโ€™s small mistakes โ€“ particularlyย ย 
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pedant๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ
23:35
in grammar and punctuation โ€“ but itโ€™sย  not the same as an English teacher!ย ย 
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋‘์ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์˜์–ด ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
23:39
A pedant will correct native speakersโ€™ย  mistakes too, and not in the classroom.
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pedant๋Š” ๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:44
To linger means to stay somewhere for longer.
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linger๋Š” ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:47
To wander is to walk around without a realย  purpose or intention to get somewhere quickly.
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๋ฐฉํ™ฉํ•˜๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜๋„ ์—†์ด ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:52
If your plans are up in the air, it meansย  they are at risk and might not happen.
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๊ณ„ํš์ด ์‹คํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹คํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:56
Ignorance is the state of not knowingย  something that should be known.
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๋ฌด์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
24:00
And finally, a barbarian is a word for a primitiveย  and uncivilized person. Right, we canโ€™t linger inย ย 
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์•ผ๋งŒ์ธ์€ ์›์‹œ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ฐœํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜,
24:07
this studio as our six minutes are up. You canย  find more from us about punctuation and manyย ย 
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6๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ค ๋์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ด ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์— ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋จธ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด.
24:13
other aspects of English online, on social mediaย  and on the BBC Learning English app. Bye for now.
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ, ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฐ BBC Learning English ์•ฑ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋‘์  ๋ฐ ์˜์–ด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์•ˆ๋…•.
24:19
Bye!
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์•ˆ๋…•!
24:26
Welcome to 6 Minute English. In this programme weย ย 
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6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด์— ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ๋Š”
24:29
bring you an expressive topic andย  six items of vocabulary. Iโ€™m Neilโ€ฆ
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ํ‘œํ˜„๋ ฅ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–ดํœ˜ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค...
24:33
And Iโ€™m Tim. So, we had an argumentย  just before we started the showโ€ฆ
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ํŒ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์— ๋ง๋‹คํˆผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€ฆ
24:40
We did, Tim. But no hard feelings?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํž˜๋“  ๊ฐ์ •์€ ์—†๋‚˜์š”?
24:44
None. No hard feelings is something youย  say to somebody you have argued with toย ย 
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์—†์Œ. ํž˜๋“  ๊ฐ์ •์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด
24:50
say youโ€™d still like to be friends.ย  We often fall out over silly thingsโ€ฆ
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€ ์ผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:55
โ€ฆ Like whoโ€™s going to introduce the showโ€ฆ
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... ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€...
24:57
โ€ฆ Or whoโ€™s going to choose the quiz question.
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... ๋˜๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€.
25:00
But we understand each other. Thatโ€™sย  the important thing, isn't it?ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
25:04
To fall out with somebody by the way, is anotherย  way of saying to argue or disagree with them.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ Fall out with someone์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:10
Do you know that you wave your armsย  around a lot when youโ€™re arguing, Tim?
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ํŒ€, ๋ง๋‹คํˆผํ•  ๋•Œ ํŒ”์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ”๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ์•Œ์•„?
25:13
No, I didnโ€™t know I did that.
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์•„๋‹ˆ, ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์–ด.
25:16
That isnโ€™t very British.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์˜๊ตญ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:18
I know. Using gestures โ€“ or movementsย  you make with your hands or your headย ย 
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์•Œ์•„์š”. ๋ชธ์ง“ ๋˜๋Š” ์†์ด๋‚˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
25:23
to express what you are thinking of feeling โ€“ย  is common in some countries but not in others.ย ย 
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:30
Then there are some movements โ€“ likeย  shaking your head โ€“ which mostly meansย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„
25:34
โ€˜noโ€™ but in some countries can mean the opposite.
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'์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค'๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:38
Thatโ€™s right. In which countryย  does shaking your head mean โ€˜yesโ€™,ย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์–ด๋Š ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด '์˜ˆ'๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ,
25:42
Tim? Is itโ€ฆ a) Greece,ย 
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ํŒ€? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€... a) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค,
25:44
b) Japan or c) Bulgaria?
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b) ์ผ๋ณธ ๋˜๋Š” c) ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
25:48
No idea โ€“ Iโ€™ll guess Greece. I do know that inย ย 
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค โ€“ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š”
25:53
India people shake their headsย  to mean lots of different things.
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์˜
25:56
There are plenty of gesturesย  you need to be careful withย ย 
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25:59
when youโ€™re meeting and greeting peopleย  from a culture thatโ€™s different to yourย ย 
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ธ์‚ฌํ•  ๋•Œ
26:02
own โ€“ to avoid offending peopleย  โ€“ or making an awkward faux pasโ€ฆ
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ œ์Šค์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:07
If you make a faux pas it means you say or doย  something embarrassing in a social situation.ย ย 
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๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:14
For example, our every day use of the thumbs-upย  signal might offend people from the Middle East.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ผ ์—„์ง€๋ฅผ ์น˜์ผœ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ค‘๋™ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„
26:21
And to offend means to makeย  somebody angry or upset.
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์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™”๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™”๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:25
Letโ€™s hear now from Business Professorย  Erin Meyer talking about how easy it isย ย 
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์ด์ œ
26:30
to misunderstand why people behave the way they doย ย 
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26:33
in everyday situations when weย  donโ€™t belong to the same culture.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์˜คํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‰ฌ์šด์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๊ต์ˆ˜ Erin Meyer์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:39
A while ago I was in Dubai and one of my students,ย  my Emirati students, was driving me home after aย ย 
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์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „์— ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘๋ฐ”์ด์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚ด ํ•™์ƒ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ธ ์—๋ฏธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
26:46
session and the car stopped at a light and sheย  rolled down the window, and she started shoutingย ย 
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์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ฑ ์•ž์—์„œ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋”๋‹ˆ
26:52
at someone outside of the window. This guy wasย  crossing the street with a big box of cloth. Andย ย 
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์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ํฐ ์ฒœ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
26:57
he started shouting back, and she opened up theย  door, and they started gesticulating and shoutingย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์†์ง“ํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
27:03
at one another. And I thought, wow, theyโ€™reย  having a huge fight, I thought maybe he wasย ย 
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. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™€์šฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‹ธ์›€์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€
27:06
going to hit her. And she got back in the car,ย  and I said, well, what were you fighting about?ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋ฆด ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐจ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผํƒ”๊ณ  ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
27:11
And she said, โ€˜Oh no, no, we werenโ€™t fighting,ย  he was giving me directions to your hotel.โ€™ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” '์•„๋‡จ, ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ธ์šด ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹  ํ˜ธํ…”๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”'๋ผ๊ณ 
27:16
And I thought that was a great example of howย  someone from another culture may misperceive orย ย 
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๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ธ์›€์„
27:22
misunderstand something as a fight when in factย  they were just being emotionally expressive.
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์‹ธ์›€์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜คํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:30
Gesticulating โ€“ what does that mean?
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๋ชธ์ง“ - ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด์•ผ?
27:32
It means what I was doing earlier! โ€“ Wavingย  your arms around to express what youโ€™re feeling.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฌด์—‡์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! โ€“ ํŒ”์„ ํœ˜์ €์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:38
Erin Meyer was worried because her student and theย ย 
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Erin Meyer๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ
27:41
man on the street were shoutingย  and gesticulating at each other.ย ย 
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๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ณ  ์†์ง“์„ ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:44
She thought they were having a fight when inย  fact they were just being emotionally expressive.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‹ธ์›€์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ์ € ๊ฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:50
And expressive means showingย  what you think or feel.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„๋ ฅ์ด๋ž€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:54
You were nodding in agreement, there, Tim.ย  Which reminds me of our quiz question. In whichย ย 
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๋™์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋„๋•์ด์…จ๊ตฐ์š”, ํŒ€. ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š
27:58
country does shaking your head mean โ€˜yesโ€™?ย  Is itโ€ฆ a) Greece, b) Japan or c) Bulgaria?
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๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด '์˜ˆ'๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€... a) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค, b) ์ผ๋ณธ ๋˜๋Š” c) ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
28:06
I said Greeceโ€ฆ
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค...
28:08
And thatโ€™s the wrong answer, Iโ€™mย  afraid. The right answer is Bulgaria.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ •๋‹ต์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
28:12
In some Southeastern European areasย  such as Bulgaria and southern Albania,ย ย 
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๋™๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š”
28:17
shaking your head is used to indicate "yes". Inย  those regions, nodding in fact means "no" as well.
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด '์˜ˆ'๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋„๋•์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค '์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค'๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:24
I hope I remember that the next time Iย  meet somebody from Southeastern Europe.OK,ย ย 
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๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋‚จ๋™๋ถ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚  ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž,
28:29
shall we look back at the words we learned today?
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณต์Šตํ•ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
28:32
โ€˜No hard feelingsโ€™ is something youย  say to somebody you have argued withย ย 
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'๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๊ฐ์ • ์—†์Œ'์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
28:36
or beaten in a game or contest toย  say youโ€™d still like to be friends.
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๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์ด๊ธด ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:40
For example, โ€œI always get the quiz questionsย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„
28:44
right โ€“ unlike you Neil.ย  But no hard feelings, OK?โ€
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๋งžํ˜€์š” โ€“ ๋‹น์‹ ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ Neil. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ต์šธํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์€ ์—†์–ด, ์•Œ์•˜์ง€?โ€
28:49
Thatโ€™s not a very realistic example, Timโ€ฆย ย 
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, Timโ€ฆ ๋‘
28:51
But Iโ€™ll let it go. Number two โ€“ โ€˜to fall out withย  somebodyโ€™ means to argue or disagree with them.
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๋ฒˆ์งธ โ€“ 'to fall out with someone'์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:57
โ€œI fell out with my best friend at school. Weย  didnโ€™t talk to each other for a whole week!โ€
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โ€œํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”!โ€
29:03
That mustโ€™ve been a serious disagreement,ย  Tim! What were you arguing about?
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ตฐ์š”, ํŒ€! ๋ฌด์—‡์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
29:07
I canโ€™t remember. It was a long timeย  ago. Number three โ€“ a โ€˜gestureโ€™ is aย ย 
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๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์•ˆ๋‚˜์š”. ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ โ€“ '์ œ์Šค์ฒ˜'๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
29:13
movement you make with your hands or headย  to express what you are thinking or feeling.
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์†์ด๋‚˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
29:18
โ€œShe opened her arms wideย  in a gesture of welcome.โ€
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"๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ™˜์˜์˜ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋กœ ํŒ”์„ ํ™œ์ง ๋ฒŒ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ."
29:21
Or the verb โ€“ โ€œI gestured to Neil that weย  only had one minute left to finish the show!โ€
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๋˜๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ โ€“ "๋‚˜๋Š” Neil์—๊ฒŒ ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ๋๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ 1๋ถ„๋ฐ–์— ๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์†์ง“ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!"
29:27
Is that true, Tim? Youโ€™re nodding yourย  head โ€“ but we should also quickly mentionย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์•ผ, ํŒ€? ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋„๋•์ด์‹œ๋Š”๋ฐ
29:31
โ€˜gesticulateโ€™ which means to makeย  gestures with your hands or arms!
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์†์ด๋‚˜ ํŒ”๋กœ ๋ชธ์ง“์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ 'gesticulate'๋„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
29:36
A โ€˜faux pasโ€™ is saying or doing somethingย  embarrassing in a social situation.ย ย 
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'faux pas'๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:41
For example, โ€œI committed a serious faux pasย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, "์–ด์ ฏ๋ฐค ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ €์งˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:44
at a party last night โ€“ that Iโ€™mย  too embarrassed to tell you about!โ€
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์„œ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!"
29:48
Oh dear, Tim. I hope you didnโ€™tย  offend too many people โ€“ โ€˜offendโ€™ย ย 
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์˜ค ์ด๋Ÿฐ, ํŒ€. ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์ƒ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค'๋Š”
29:52
is our next word โ€“ and it meansย  to make somebody angry or upset.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™”๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™”๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:56
Well, youโ€™ve given us a good exampleย  already, Neil, so letโ€™s move on toย ย 
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๋‹, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ
29:59
the final word โ€“ โ€˜expressiveโ€™ โ€“ whichย  means showing what you think or feel.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ์–ด์ธ 'ํ‘œํ˜„์ '์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:04
โ€œTim has a very expressive face.โ€
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"Tim์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ‘œํ˜„๋ ฅ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
30:07
Thanks! Another quick example โ€“ โ€œI waved my handย ย 
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ด์š”! ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์˜ˆ - "์ €๋Š”
30:11
expressively to signal to Neil thatย  it was time to finish the show.โ€
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๋‹์—๊ฒŒ ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์‹ ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†์„ ํ”๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
30:15
Taking my cue from Tim, thatโ€™s all for today.ย  But please remember to check out our Instagram,ย ย 
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Tim์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ Instagram,
30:20
Twitter, Facebook and YouTube pages.
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Twitter, Facebook ๋ฐ YouTube ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
30:22
Bye-bye! Goodbye!
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์•ˆ๋…•! ์•ˆ๋…•ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”!
30:29
Hello. This is 6 Minute Englishย  from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Neil.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. BBC Learning English์˜ 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:33
And Iโ€™m Rob.
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์ €๋Š” ๋กญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:34
Bonjour, Rob! Konโ€™nichiโ€™wa!
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๋ด‰์ฅฌ๋ฅด, ๋กญ! ์ฝ˜๋‹ˆ์น˜์™€!
30:37
Excuse me?
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30:37
ยกHola! ยฟCรณmo estรกs?
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์‹ค๋ก€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค?
ยก์•ˆ๋…•! ยฟCรณmo estรกs?
30:39
Rob Oh, OK, I think Neilโ€™s sayingย ย 
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Rob ์•„, ๋‹์ด
30:42
โ€˜helloโ€™ in different languages โ€“ French, was it?ย  And then.. Japanese? Andโ€ฆ Spanish? Is that right?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ '์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ .. ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด? ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ โ€ฆ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด? ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
30:49
ยกSi, muy bien!
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ยก์‹œ, ๋ฌด์ด ๋น„์—”!
30:52
The English are famously slow to learn otherย  languages. But it seems that Rob and I - and ofย ย 
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์˜์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ Rob๊ณผ ์ €, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
30:56
course you - our global audience here at 6 Minuteย  English - are good examples of polyglots โ€“ peopleย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ 6 Minute English์˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์ธ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด์˜ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:03
who speak more than one language, sometimesย  known as 'superlinguists'. People who speakย ย 
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ๋•Œ๋กœ '์Šˆํผ๋ง๊ท€์ŠคํŠธ'๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด
31:08
multiple languages benefit from many advantages,ย  as weโ€™ll be hearing in this programme.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
31:14
That word polyglot sounds familiar, Neil.ย  Doesnโ€™t the prefix โ€“ poly โ€“ mean, โ€˜manyโ€™?
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๋‹ค์ค‘ ์–ธ์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, Neil. ์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ - ํด๋ฆฌ -๋Š” '๋งŽ์€'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
31:19
Thatโ€™s right, like polygonย  โ€“ a shape with many sides.
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๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๊ฐํ˜•์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฉด์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ชจ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:23
Or polymath โ€“ someone who knows many things.
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๋˜๋Š” polymath โ€“ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ.
31:27
And speaking of knowing things,ย  itโ€™s time for my quiz question.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ด์ œ ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:30
The word polyglot comes from Greek and isย  made up of two parts: poly, which as Rob says,ย ย 
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polyglot์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Rob์ด ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ poly๋Š”
31:36
means โ€˜manyโ€™, and โ€˜glotโ€™. But what doesย  โ€˜glotโ€™ mean? What is the meaning of the wordย ย 
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'๋‹ค์ˆ˜'๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  'glot'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 'glot'์€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”
31:41
polyglot? Is it: a) many words?,ย 
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? a) ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
31:45
b) many sounds? or c) many tongues?
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b) ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋˜๋Š” c) ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ?
31:48
Well, thereโ€™s three syllables in โ€˜polyglotโ€™,ย  Neil, so I reckon itโ€™s b), many sounds.
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์Œ, '๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด'์—๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์Œ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Neil์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ b), ๋งŽ์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:55
OK, Rob, weโ€™ll find out if thatโ€™sย  right at the end of the programme.ย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๋กญ, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
31:59
But leaving aside the origins of the word,ย  what exactly does being a polyglot involve?ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์€ ์ฐจ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
32:05
British-born polyglot, Richardย  Simcot speaks eleven languages.ย ย 
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์˜๊ตญ ํƒœ์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด Richard Simcot์€ 11๊ฐœ ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:09
Listen to his definition as he speaks to BBCย  World Service programme, The Documentary:
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ BBC World Service ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ The Documentary์—์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
32:16
A polyglot for me can be anyone whoย  identifies with that term โ€“ itโ€™sย ย 
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ์šฉ์–ด์™€ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:20
somebody who learns languages that theyย  donโ€™t necessarily need for their lives,ย ย 
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์‚ถ์— ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:25
but just out of sheer enjoyment, pleasure orย  fascination with another language or culture.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€, ๊ธฐ์จ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งคํ˜น.
32:32
For Richard, being a polyglotย  simply means identifying withย ย 
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Richard์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์ฆ‰
32:36
the idea - feeling that you areย  similar or closely connected to it.
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์ž์‹ ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:40
He says polyglots learn languagesย  not because they have to,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
32:44
but for the sheer enjoyment,ย  which means, โ€˜nothing exceptโ€™ย ย 
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์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
32:48
enjoyment. Richard uses the word sheer toย  emphasise how strong and pure this enjoyment is.
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. Richard๋Š” ์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด sheer๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด๋Š”
32:55
As well as the pleasure of speaking otherย  languages, polyglots are also better atย ย 
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
33:00
communicating with others. My favourite quoteย  by South Africaโ€™s first black president,ย ย 
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋„ ๋” ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„๊ณต ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ‘์ธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น
33:05
Nelson Mandela, is: "If you talk to a man in aย  language he understands, that goes to his head.ย ย 
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๋„ฌ์Šจ ๋งŒ๋ธ๋ผ์˜ ๋ง์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:12
If you talk to him in hisย  language, that goes to his heart."
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33:16
How inspiring, Rob โ€“ Iโ€™m lostย  for words! Hereโ€™s another:ย ย 
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, Rob โ€“ ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•  ๋ง์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ! ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:20
โ€˜To have another language isย  to possess a second soulโ€™.
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'๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ2์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
33:25
So language learning is good for the head, heartย  and soul โ€“ a personโ€™s spirit or the part of themย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ, ๋งˆ์Œ, ์˜ํ˜ผ, ์ฆ‰ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์˜ ๋˜๋Š”
33:32
which is believed to continueย  existing after death.
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์ฃฝ์€ ํ›„์—๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:35
Yes โ€“ and whatโ€™s more, languageย  learning is good for the brain too.ย ย 
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์˜ˆ โ€“ ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์€ ๋‘๋‡Œ์—๋„ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:39
Thatโ€™s according to Harvard neuroscientist,ย  Eve Fedorenko.Sheโ€™s researched the effectsย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ Harvard ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž Eve Fedorenko์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š”
33:45
of speaking multiple languages onย  the brains of growing children.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:49
Eve predicted that multilingual children wouldย  have hyperactive language brains. But what sheย ย 
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Eve๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ํ™œ๋™์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€
33:55
actually found surprised her, as she explainsย  here to BBC World Serviceโ€™s The Documentary:
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ BBC World Service์˜ The Documentary์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:03
What we found โ€“ this is now people whoย  already have proficiency in multipleย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ โ€“ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
34:07
languages - what we found is that theirย  language regions appear to be smaller,ย ย 
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. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์–ธ์–ด ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋” ์ž‘์•„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:12
and that was surprisingโ€ฆ and as people get betterย  and better, more automatic at performing the task,ย ย 
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๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค... ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ ์  ๋” ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋จ์—
34:17
the activations shrink, so to speak, overย  time, it becomes so that you donโ€™t have toย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
34:23
use as much brain tissue to do the taskย  as well, so you become more efficient.
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์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋‡Œ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. , ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:30
Eve was testing children who already have languageย ย 
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Eve๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์–ธ์–ด
34:33
proficiency โ€“ the skill and ability toย  do something, such as speak a language.
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์ฆ‰ ์–ธ์–ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:38
Her surprising discovery was that theย  language regions of these childrenโ€™sย ย 
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด ์˜์—ญ์ด
34:42
brains were shrinking โ€“ not becauseย  their speaking skills were getting worse,ย ย 
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์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚˜๋น ์ ธ์„œ๊ฐ€
34:46
but the opposite; as they learnedย  and repeated language patterns,ย ย 
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ธ์–ด ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
34:50
their brain tissue became more efficientย  โ€“ worked quicker and more effectively.
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๋‡Œ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:55
Itโ€™s suggested that this increased efficiencyย  is a result of exposure to different languages.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:00
So that proves it, Neil: speaking many languagesย  is good for the head, heart, mind and soul!
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, Neil: ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ, ๋งˆ์Œ, ์ •์‹  ๋ฐ ์˜ํ˜ผ์— ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
35:07
You took the words right out of my mouth!
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚ด ์ž…์—์„œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
35:11
And speaking of words, what does the โ€˜glotโ€™ inย  polyglot actually mean? Was my answer correct?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด์˜ 'glot'์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‚ด ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ๋งž์•˜๋‚˜์š”?
35:18
Ah, thatโ€™s right. In my quiz question I askedย  you for the meaning of the word โ€˜polyglotโ€™.
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์•„, ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ '๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:24
I said, b) many sounds.
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b) ๋งŽ์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ.
35:26
But in fact the correct answer was c)ย  many tongues. You may be a polyglot, Rob,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ •๋‹ต์€ c) ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Rob, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
35:31
but youโ€™re not quite a polymath yet!
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์•„์ง์€ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
35:34
OK, well, let me get my brain tissuesย  working by recapping the vocabulary,ย ย 
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์•Œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”
35:39
starting with polyglot โ€“ someoneย  who speaks many languages.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณต์Šตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‡Œ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
35:43
The language centres in a polyglotโ€™s brainย ย 
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๋‹ค๊ตญ์–ด์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š”
35:46
are efficient โ€“ theywork quicklyย  and effectively in an organised way.
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ํšจ์œจ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์งํ™”๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:50
Proficiency means the skill and abilityย  to do something well. And if you identifyย ย 
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์ˆ™๋‹ฌ์ด๋ž€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ์ž˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์ด
35:56
with something, you feel you areย  similar or closely connected to it.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:00
Polyglots learn languages for theย  sheer enjoyment of it โ€“ a wordย ย 
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Polyglots๋Š” ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š”
36:04
meaning โ€˜nothing exceptโ€˜ which is usedย  to emphasise the strength of feeling.
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๊ฐ์ •์˜ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” '์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„'๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:09
So speaking many languages is good for mindย  and soul โ€“ a personโ€™s non-physical spiritย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณผ ์˜ํ˜ผ์— ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:15
which some believe to continue after death.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ํ›„์—๋„ ๊ณ„์†๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋น„๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:18
Thatโ€™s it for this programme, but to discover moreย  about language learning, including some usefulย ย 
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ํŒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด
36:23
practical tips, check out The Superlinguistsย  series from BBC World Serviceโ€™s The Documentary!
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BBC World Service์˜ The Documentary์—์„œ The Superlinguists ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์„ธ์š”!
36:29
Bye for now!
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์•ˆ๋…•!
36:30
Bye!
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์•ˆ๋…•!
36:36
Hello. This is 6 Minute Englishย  from BBC Learning English. Iโ€™m Neil.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. BBC Learning English์˜ 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:40
And Iโ€™m Sam.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:41
Tell me, Sam, do you think Neil Armstrongย ย 
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๋งํ•ด๋ด, ์ƒ˜, ๋‹ ์•”์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ์ด
36:44
really landed on the Moon in 1969? I mean,ย  that must be fake news! And who shot JFK?ย ย 
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1969๋…„์— ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ˆ? ์ œ ๋ง์€ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ฐ€์งœ ๋‰ด์Šค์ž„์— ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ JFK๋ฅผ ์ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
36:51
Surely the CIA were involved? Unless it wasย  the giant lizards controlling the government!
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ CIA๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด์š”!
36:56
Oh dear! It looks like reading online conspiraciesย  has sent Neil down the rabbit hole โ€“ an expressionย ย 
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์ด๋Ÿฐ! ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก ์„ ์ฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ Neil์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ธ ํ† ๋ผ๊ตด ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
37:03
used to describe a situation which seemsย  interesting and uncomplicated at firstย ย 
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37:10
but ends up becoming strange, confusing and hardย  to escape from. Luckily in this programme weโ€™llย ย 
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. ๋‹คํ–‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์Œ๋ชจ์— ํ™•์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ
37:17
be hearing some advice on how to talk to peopleย  whoโ€™ve become convinced by online conspiracies.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
37:24
It seems that during times of crisis,ย  as people feel uncertain and fearful,ย ย 
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์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
37:28
they actively look forย  information to feel more secure.
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๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:32
Nowadays this information is often found online,ย ย 
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์š”์ฆ˜ ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜
37:35
and while there are reliable facts outย  there, thereโ€™s also a lot of misinformation.
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์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:41
Somebody whoโ€™s the target of many conspiracyย  theories is Microsoftโ€™s Bill Gates and ourย ย 
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๋งŽ์€ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก ์˜ ํ‘œ์ ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ Microsoft์˜ Bill Gates์ด๊ณ 
37:46
BBC fact checkers have been busy debunking - orย  exposing โ€“ some of the more bizarre accusationsย ย 
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BBC ํŒฉํŠธ ์ฒด์ปค๋Š” ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๊ธฐ๊ดดํ•œ ๋น„๋‚œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํญ๋กœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํญ๋กœํ•˜๋Š๋ผ ๋ฐ”๋นด์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
37:53
made against him. But what strange behaviourย  has Bill Gates been accused of recently?ย ย 
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. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ด์ƒํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
37:59
Thatโ€™s my quiz question for today. Is it: a) being a member of the Chinese Communist Party?,ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‚˜์˜ ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. a) ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
38:05
b) being an alien lizard?, or c) being involved in the assassination of JFK?
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b) ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? c) JFK ์•”์‚ด์— ์—ฐ๋ฃจ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
38:12
They all sounds pretty silly to me butย  Iโ€™ll guess b) being an alien lizard.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฝค ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ b) ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:18
OK, Sam, if you say so! Weโ€™ll find outย  the answer later. Now, Iโ€™m not the onlyย ย 
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์ข‹์•„, ์ƒ˜, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด! ๋‹ต์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ
38:23
one whoโ€™s been doing some internet research. Everย  since the outbreak of the Covid pandemic thereโ€™sย ย 
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‚˜๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Covid ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ
38:29
been an avalanche of online conspiraciesย  linking Bill Gates to the coronavirus.ย ย 
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Bill Gates์™€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์Œ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:34
Hereโ€™s Marianna Spring, presenter of BBC Worldย  Service programme, Trending, to tell us more:
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BBC World Service ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ Trending์˜ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž์ธ Marianna Spring์ด ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:40
The Microsoft founder isย  a rich and powerful personย ย 
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Microsoft ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
38:43
and heโ€™s funded research into vaccinesย  โ€“ thatโ€™s why heโ€™s become a target.ย ย 
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์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์ ์ด ๋œ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:47
Some of the claims are bonkers โ€“ that he wantsย  to use the virus as a pretext to microchipย ย 
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ํ„ฐ๋ฌด๋‹ˆ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์นฉ์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์‹ค๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
38:52
everyone in the world. Others say a vaccineย  would actually kill people rather than save theirย ย 
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. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
38:57
lives. These ideas are without any evidence. Weย  should treat them with the disdain they deserve.
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. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋งˆ๋•…ํžˆ ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:03
Some conspiracies claim that Bill Gatesย  wants to implant microchips in peopleย ย 
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์Œ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์นฉ์„ ์ด์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›
39:09
and that heโ€™s using the coronavirus asย  a pretext - a pretend reason for doingย ย 
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ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‹ค๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
39:14
something that is used to hide the real reason.
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.
39:18
Claims like these are described asย  bonkers โ€“ an informal way to say silly,ย ย 
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์—‰๋šฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐ”๋ณด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง, ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ๋ง, ๋ฏธ์นœ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธ
39:23
stupid or crazy, and shouldย  therefore be treated withย ย 
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๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ค„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:26
disdain - disliking something because you feelย  it does not deserve your attention or respect.
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์กด๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:32
But while you might not believe such bonkersย  theories yourself, itโ€™s not hard to seeย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹  ์ž์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ดด์งœ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ,
39:38
how people looking for answers canย  get sucked down online rabbit holes.
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๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ผ ๊ตด์— ๋นจ๋ ค ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:44
So how would you deal some someoneย  spreading baseless conspiraciesย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด
39:48
about Covid vaccines or Bill Gates? The BBCโ€™sย  Trending programme spoke to Dr Jovan Byford,ย ย 
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์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์—†๋Š” ์Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? BBC์˜ Trending ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ Open University์˜ ์ˆ˜์„ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ์ธ Dr Jovan Byford์—๊ฒŒ
39:54
senior psychology lecturer withย  the Open University, about it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:59
He thinks itโ€™s important to separate theย  conspiracy from the theorist. The former,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€์™€ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ „์ž์˜
40:05
the belief, we have to dismiss, but theย  latter, the person, is more complex.
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๋ฏฟ์Œ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ›„์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:12
Hereโ€™s BBC Trending'spresenter, Mariannaย  Spring, again to sum up Dr Byfordโ€™s advice:
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BBC Trending์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž์ธ Marianna Spring์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ Byford ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:19
How do you talk to someone whoโ€™s at risk of beingย  sucked into the rabbit hole? First, establishย ย 
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์ฒซ์งธ,
40:24
a basis of understanding. Approach them on theirย  own terms and avoid sweeping dismissals or saying,ย ย 
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์ดํ•ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ฉด์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ณ ๋‚˜
40:29
โ€œyouโ€™re wrong!โ€. Try not to judge. And try toย  get to the bottom of the often legitimate concernย ย 
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'๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ์–ด์š”!'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Œ๋ชจ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค์˜ ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์„ธ์š”
40:35
at the heart of the conspiracy. Present them withย  facts and research. Try to do this neutrally. Youย ย 
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. ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
40:41
canโ€™t force anyone to change their mind butย  you can make sure they have valid information.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:48
While some conspiracies may be harmless, othersย  are more dangerous. People thinking that vaccinesย ย 
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์Œ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Œ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ
40:54
will kill them might worsen the coronavirusย  situation worldwide, so we need to get to theย ย 
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์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์•…ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
41:00
bottom of these claims - discover the real butย  sometimes hidden reason why something happens.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ์ง„์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:06
A good way to engage peopleย  in discussion is to avoidย ย 
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ† ๋ก ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
41:09
sweeping claims or statements - speakingย  or writing about things in a way that isย ย 
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ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง„์ˆ , ์ฆ‰
41:14
too general and does not carefullyย  consider all the relevant facts.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:18
And by doing so calmly and neutrallyย  you might persuade them to reconsiderย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์นจ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋ฃจ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
41:24
the funny business Bill Gatesย  is supposedly involved with.
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.
41:28
Ah yes, you mean our quiz question. I asked youย ย 
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์•„ ์˜ˆ, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:31
what Bill Gates has recently beenย  accused of by conspiracy theorists.
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๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:35
And I said b) being an alien lizard. But thinkingย  about it now, that seems pretty unlikely!
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” b) ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์–ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
41:42
In fact the answer was a) being aย  member of the Chinese Communist Party.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‹ต์€ a) ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์›์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:47
OK. So today weโ€™ve been hearing advice onย  how to deal with online conspiracy theories,ย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:52
some of which are totally bonkers โ€“ย  silly, stupid and crazy - or involveย ย 
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ดด์งœ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ โ€“ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„๊ณ , ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์นœ
41:58
a complicated pretext โ€“ a pretend reasonย  used to hide someoneโ€™s true motivation.
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๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
42:04
These can be treated withย  disdain โ€“ dislike becauseย ย 
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์ด๋“ค์€
42:07
they are unworthy of our attention or respect.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์กด๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:10
But with so many conspiracies online, itโ€™s easyย  to get lost down the rabbit hole โ€“ intriguedย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์— ์Œ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
42:16
by a situation which seems interesting butย  ends up confusing and hard to escape from.
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธธ์„ ์žƒ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:22
Itโ€™s important to get to the bottom of theseย ย 
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”ํƒ•์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก 
42:24
theories - discover the realย  but hidden reason behind them.
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๋’ค์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
42:28
And to present people with facts, avoidingย  sweeping โ€“ or over-generalised โ€“ statements.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ฉด์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋œ ์ง„์ˆ ์„ ํ”ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:34
Thatโ€™s all for this programme. Goodbye for now!
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์•ˆ๋…•!
42:37
Bye bye!
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์•ˆ๋…•!
42:43
Hello. Welcome to 6 Minute English, I'm Neil.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. 6 Minute English์— ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” Neil์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:46
And I'm Rob.
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์ €๋Š” ๋กญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:47
We're going to be looking at aย  letter from the English alphabet.ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:51
Itโ€™s a letter which has a particularย  meaning when used at the end of aย ย 
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42:55
piece of informal writing such asย  letters, emails, texts and messages.
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ํŽธ์ง€, ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ, ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๊ธ€์˜ ๋์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๋•Œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํŽธ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:59
Iโ€™m very EXcited.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ถ„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:01
Ha ha, very good, very good Rob!
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ํ•˜ํ•˜, ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์•„, ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์•„ Rob!
43:03
My EXpectations are really high.
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๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:05
Yep, that's another good one.
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๋„ค, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:07
Is it an EXtraordinary letter?
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํŽธ์ง€์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
43:09
OK, thank you Rob, thatโ€™s enough ofย  your jokes. Iโ€™m getting EXasperated! Oh,ย ย 
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์•Œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค Rob. ๋†๋‹ด์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์งœ์ฆ์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค! ์˜ค,
43:16
now youโ€™ve got me at it! Well, no prizes forย  guessing what letter weโ€™re focussing on today?
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์ด์ œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋„ค์š”! ์Œ, ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธ€์ž์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถœ์ง€ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์€ ์—†๋‚˜์š”?
43:21
Why?
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์™œ?
43:22
No, itโ€™s not Y.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, Y๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”,
43:23
No, I didnโ€™t mean the letter โ€˜yโ€™, I meant theย  word โ€˜whyโ€™, as in - why are there no prizes?
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๋ฌธ์ž 'y'๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ' ์™œ'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€
43:30
Because of all the not so subtle cluesย  youโ€™ve been giving. The letter is X.
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๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‹จ์„œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋ฌธ์ž๋Š” X์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:35
Yes. Exactly.
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์˜ˆ. ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ.
43:37
Alright, I think we get theย  idea! Before we go much further,ย ย 
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์•Œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์—
43:40
letโ€™s have a question. English has 26ย  letters. Which language has 74 letters?
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด์—๋Š” 26๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 74์ž๋กœ ๋œ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š”?
43:47
a) Khmer (Cambodian)
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a) ํฌ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์–ด(์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์–ด)
43:48
b) Hindi or
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b) ํžŒ๋””์–ด ๋˜๋Š”
43:49
c) Armenian
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c) ์•„๋ฅด๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์•„์–ด
43:51
Any ideas Rob?
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ Rob?
43:52
An excellent question but quiteย  obscure, Iโ€™m going to say b) Hindi.
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. b) ํžŒ๋””์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:57
Well, I'll have the answer later on. Now,ย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‹ต์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ
44:00
Rob, what does the letter X all byย  itself at the end of a message mean?
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Rob, ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๋์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž X๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
44:04
Well, it means a kiss. The more kisses,ย  the more affection you are showing.
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์• ์ •์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
44:09
Where does this concept of putting an Xย  to mean a kiss come from? Dr Laura Wrightย ย 
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X๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? Laura Wright ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”
44:14
is from the Faculty of English at Cambridgeย  University and she appeared on the BBC Radio 4ย ย 
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์ผ€์ž„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€ ์ถœ์‹  ์ด๋ฉฐ BBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค 4
44:19
programme Word of Mouth. When does she say thisย  practice started and where does it come from?
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ Word of Mouth์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด ์–ธ์ œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
44:24
Well, weโ€™ve been adding Xs for kisses atย  the bottom of letters since at least 1763.ย ย 
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์Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ 1763๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธ€์ž ํ•˜๋‹จ์— ํ‚ค์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ X๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:31
The very first one we know of had seven Xs. Iย  have to say, I havenโ€™t gone to seven ever. We getย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” 7๊ฐœ์˜ X๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 7์‹œ์—๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
44:38
X from the Roman alphabet which got it from theย  Greek alphabet, pronounced /ks/ and the Romans...
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/ks/๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์—์„œ X๋ฅผ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:43
Presenter: Thatโ€™s nearly a kiss, isnโ€™t it?
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๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž: ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ‚ค์Šค์— ๊ฐ€๊น์ฃ ?
44:46
Yes it is, isnโ€™t it? I thinkย  a pennyโ€™s just dropped there.
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๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”? ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํ•œ ํ‘ผ๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
44:49
Presenter: It has, clunk.
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์ง„ํ–‰์ž: ๋ญ‰ํดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” X์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์—
44:52
What do we learn about theย  origins of the X for kisses?
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๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š” ?
44:56
Well, itโ€™s been used since at least 1763,ย ย 
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์Œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ์–ด๋„ 1763๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ
45:00
and it comes from the Roman alphabetย  and they got it from the Greeks.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:04
And why did this come to mean a kiss?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
45:06
Well, Dr Wright suggests itโ€™s becauseย  of the original pronunciation - /ks/.
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Wright ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ์ธ /ks/ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:11
And at the point the presenterย  made the connection, didnโ€™t he?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ‘์†์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
45:14
Yes, he did. And Dr Wright used a phrase forย  when someone suddenly understands something,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ, ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Dr Wright๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€,
45:20
particularly something that is obvious toย  others. She said the penny has just dropped.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:25
And this has got nothing to do with a penny, whichย  is small coin, actually dropping anywhere. Butย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„๋ฌด ๋ฐ๋‚˜ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋™์ „์ธ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์™€๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
45:30
the presenter makes a joke by using a word weย  use for the noise of something falling, clunk.
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๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, clunk์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†๋‹ด์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:37
Although, to be honest, a penny wouldย  never really clunk. Thatโ€™s more like theย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ํ•œ ํ‘ผ๋„ ๋ญ‰๊ฐœ์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
45:41
noise two heavy metal objects would makeย  - the clunk of a car door, for example.
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์†Œ์Œ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:46
Letโ€™s listen to that exchange again.
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ž.
45:48
Well, weโ€™ve been adding Xs for kissesย  at the bottom of letters since at leastย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ 1763๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธ€์ž ํ•˜๋‹จ์— ํ‚ค์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ X๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:53
1763. The very first one we know of had seven Xs.ย  I have to say I havenโ€™t gone to seven ever. We getย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” 7๊ฐœ์˜ X๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” 7์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” /ks/๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜๋Š”
46:02
X from the Roman alphabet which got it from theย  Greek alphabet, pronounced /ks/ and the Romans...
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์—์„œ X๋ฅผ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:07
Presenter: Thatโ€™s nearly a kiss, isnโ€™t it?
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๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž: ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ‚ค์Šค์— ๊ฐ€๊น์ฃ ?
46:10
Yes it is, isnโ€™t it? I thinkย  a pennyโ€™s just dropped there.
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๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”? ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํ•œ ํ‘ผ๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
46:13
Presenter: It has, clunk.
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์ง„ํ–‰์ž: ๋ญ‰ํดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜
46:16
One thing to note about putting an X at the end ofย  a communication is that it is not something you doย ย 
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๋์— X ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์œ ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ ์€
46:21
for everyone. Itโ€™s usually only to friendsย  and family members, people you might kissย ย 
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ํ‚ค์Šคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
46:25
in real life. Professor Nils Langer from theย  University of Bristol told a story about aย ย 
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. University of Bristol์˜ Nils Langer ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—
46:31
colleague of his who wasnโ€™t too familiarย  with this convention. What was her mistake?
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์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
46:36
A colleague of mine from Bristol,ย  who... when she came over from Germanyย ย 
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Bristol์—์„œ ์˜จ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š” ... ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ์™”์„ ๋•Œ
46:40
thought that X was just the normalย  way of closing a letter in Englandย ย 
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์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ X๊ฐ€ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ
46:44
and so she would finish any letter withย  Xs, even a letter to the Inland Revenue.ย ย 
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตญ์„ธ์ฒญ์— ๋ณด๋‚ธ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋“  ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ X๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:49
We never heard, really, how the Inland Revenueย  responded to these letters with these Xs.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” Inland Revenue๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ X๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŽธ์ง€์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‘๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:53
Presenter: They docked herย  another 20 quid, I think!
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๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž: ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 20ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋„ํ‚น์‹œ์ผฐ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”!
46:57
What was her mistake, Rob?
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, Rob?
46:59
She didnโ€™t realise that you donโ€™t put an Xย  on every communication. So she even put itย ย 
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— X ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์„œ์ธ ๊ตญ์„ธ์ฒญ(Inland Revenue)์— ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
47:06
on business letter includingย  one to the Inland Revenue,ย ย 
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ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์„œ์‹ ์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
47:09
which is the government departmentย  in the UK that deals with tax.
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.
47:12
We donโ€™t know how the tax peopleย  felt about the letter with kisses.ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ‚ค์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ธด ํŽธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:16
But the presenter joked about whatย  their response would have been.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž๋Š” ์‘๋‹ต์ด ์–ด๋• ์„์ง€ ๋†๋‹ด์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
47:19
Yes, he joked that they probably docked herย  another 20 quid. To dock money is to cut theย ย 
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์˜ˆ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 20ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋„ํ‚น์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋†๋‹ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. To dock money๋Š”
47:25
amount of money you are expecting to receiveย  and a quid is a slang word for a British pound.
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๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ quid๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์†์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:31
Time now for the answer to our question.ย  English has 26 letters. Which languageย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด๋Š” 26๊ธ€์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:36
has 74 letters? Is itโ€ฆ a) Khmer (Cambodian)ย 
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74์ž๋กœ ๋œ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š”? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€... a) ํฌ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์–ด(์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์–ด)
47:39
b) Hindi or c) Armenian?
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b) ํžŒ๋””์–ด ๋˜๋Š” c) ์•„๋ฅด๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์•„์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
47:41
I guessed b) Hindi.
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b) ํžŒ๋””์–ด.
47:44
Well, I suppose it was a one in three chance, butย  not correct this time. The answer is a) Khmer.ย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ a) ํฌ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:50
Very well done if you knew that. Now on toย  the vocabulary we looked at in this programme.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ์–ดํœ˜๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:55
We started with a penny. A penny is an Englishย  coin. A hundred pennies makes one pound sterling.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ํ‘ผ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์‹ ๋™์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 100ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ๋Š” 1ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:02
The phrase, the penny has dropped, means thatย  someone has suddenly understood something.
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ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:06
A clunk is the noise of twoย  heavy objects hitting each other.
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ํด๋ ํฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:10
The Inland Revenue is the UKโ€™s tax authority.
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๊ตญ์„ธ์ฒญ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์„ธ๋ฌด ๋‹น๊ตญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:14
If you dock money from someone, youย  reduce the amount of money you pay them.ย ย 
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๋„ํ‚นํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:18
For example, as an employee in the UK yourย  tax is automatically docked from your salary.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์˜๊ตญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง์›์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์€ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ์—์„œ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ •์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:24
And finally, a quid, which is a slang term forย  one pound sterling. Right, before they startย ย 
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ€ด๋“œ๋Š” 1ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ์†์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ด์ œ ์ž‘๋ณ„
48:30
docking our pay for being late, itโ€™s time to sayย  goodbye. Find us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter,ย ย 
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์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Instagram, Facebook, Twitter,
48:36
YouTube, our App and of course the websiteย  bbclearningenglish.com. See you soon, goodbye.โ€จ
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YouTube, ์•ฑ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  bbclearningenglish.com ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š” . ๊ณง ๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๋…•ํžˆ ๊ณ„์„ธ์š”.
48:41
Bye bye!
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์•ˆ๋…•!
48:48
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English.ย  I'm Dan and joining me is Rob.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”, 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด์— ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” Dan์ด๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™€ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ Rob์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:52
Hello.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
48:53
Here at BBC Learning English,ย  we're always discussing diets.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ BBC Learning English์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‹ค์ด์–ดํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:57
I am on a sea-food diet. When Iย  see food, I just have to eat it!
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๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์ด์–ดํŠธ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์‹์ด ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋จน์–ด์•ผ์ง€! ๋น„๊ฑด ์ฑ„์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ• 
49:02
I suppose there's no chance ofย  converting you to a vegan diet,ย ย 
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:05
is there? That seems be theย  most talked about food fad atย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์Œ์‹ ์œ ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:07
the moment โ€“ a fad is something thatย  is popular but only for a short time.
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์œ ํ–‰์€ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:12
Of course, veganism โ€“ that's not eating or usingย  any products that come from animals โ€“ may beย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋น„๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜(๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋จน๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ )์€
49:18
more than a fad. It could be a lifestyleย  that improves our health and the planet.ย ย 
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์œ ํ–‰ ์ด์ƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ดํ”„์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:23
And it could be here to stay. But personally,ย  me becoming a vegan would take some persuading.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ฑด ์ฑ„์‹์ธ์ด ๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ค๋“์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:28
I'm sure it would. And in this programme we'll beย  discussing the debate about veganism and how it'sย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„๊ฑด ์ฑ„์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ๊ณผ
49:33
sometimes difficult to change people's minds. Butย  first a question to answer. We've mentioned what aย ย 
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จผ์ € ๋‹ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ฑด ์ฑ„์‹์ธ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋จน๋Š”์ง€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
49:40
vegan eats but what about a lacto-ovo-vegetarian?ย  Which one of these items can they eat? Is it:
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๋ฝํ†  ์˜ค๋ณด ์ฑ„์‹์ธ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ด ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ์ค‘ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
49:48
a) pork
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a) ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ ๊ธฐ
49:49
b) fish or
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b) ์ƒ์„  ๋˜๋Š”
49:50
c) cheese?
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c) ์น˜์ฆˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
49:52
I'll say b) they can eat fish.
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๋‚˜๋Š” b) ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:54
Well, youโ€™ll have to wait until theย  end of the programme to find out.ย ย 
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์•ผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:58
But now back to veganism. According toย  some national surveys, there are nowย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ œ ๋น„๊ฑด ์ฑ„์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜๊ตญ
50:03
around 3.5 million full-time vegans inย  the UK... and the number is growing!
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์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 350๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ํ’€ํƒ€์ž„ ๋น„๊ฑด ์ฑ„์‹์ธ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
50:09
And what was recently a radicalย  lifestyle choice is slowly movingย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ธ ๋ผ์ดํ”„์Šคํƒ€์ผ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
50:13
into the mainstream โ€“ or has becomeย  accepted by most people as normal.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™„์ „
50:18
Advocates of veganism say their healthyย  lifestyle would also free up space andย ย 
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์ฑ„์‹ ์˜นํ˜ธ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ผ์ดํ”„์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด
50:22
resources for growing food and it wouldย  help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ž์›์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜จ์‹ค ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:27
Yeah, but come on Dan. Having a meat-freeย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜, ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์„œ ๋Œ„. ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์—†๋Š”
50:29
diet means you might not getย  all the nutrients you need.
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์‹๋‹จ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜์–‘์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
50:32
Well, this is all part of the debate, Rob.ย  There's always two sides to an argument andย ย 
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์Œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, Rob. ๋…ผ์Ÿ์—๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์–‘๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
50:37
it's something that's been discussed onย  BBC Radio 4's Farming Today programme.ย ย 
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BBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค 4์˜ Farming Today ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:41
They spoke to Dr Jutta Tobias Mortlock, a seniorย  lecturer in organisational psychology at London'sย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์กฐ์ง ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์„ ์ž„ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ์ธ Jutta Tobias Mortlock ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์™€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:48
City University, who explained why viewsย  about veganism are so polarised โ€“ thatย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋น„๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰,
50:53
'means causing people to divide intoย  two groups with opposing views'.
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'์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธ'ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:58
This issue touches on personal beliefs,ย  and beliefs always trump facts and so,ย ย 
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‹ ๋…์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์‹ ๋…์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์„ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
51:03
often when we talk about beliefs,ย  we're touching on important values.ย ย 
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์‹ ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:07
Values are the things that guide our opinion overย  what's right versus what's wrong. And so wheneverย ย 
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๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์˜ณ์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
51:13
people argue over whether it's right or wrong toย  eat meat, they are in fact not debating the factsย ย 
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
51:18
around this issue, they're actually debating theย  beliefs about what's moral or immoral about this.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„๋•์  ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋„๋•ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:24
So it seems in the whole debate aboutย  veganism we are basing our views on beliefs.ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์™„์ „ ์ฑ„์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์ฒด ํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:30
A belief is something we feel is true or real.ย ย 
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๋ฏฟ์Œ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง„์งœ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:33
Our beliefs are based on our values โ€“ thoseย  are the things we think are right and wrong.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋…์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:38
And when we argue over theย  rights and wrongs of veganism,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„๊ฑด ์ฑ„์‹์˜ ์˜ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•  ๋•Œ
51:41
we base it on our values โ€“ not hard facts. Weย  talk about our view on what is immoral โ€“ so whatย ย 
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ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋„๋•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
51:47
society thinks is wrong or not acceptable. Butย  basically, there is no right or wrong answer.
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์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์šฉ๋‚ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งž๊ณ  ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋‹ต์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:53
That's why we need facts, Rob.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์š”, ๋กญ.
51:55
So Dan, what can I do if I want to winย  you over to becoming an omnivore, like me?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ„, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‚˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์žก์‹ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
52:00
According to Dr Jutta, there are two mainย  routes to winning someone over: a direct,ย ย 
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Jutta ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ
52:05
fact-based approach or a 'peripheral route',ย ย 
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” '์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
52:09
which might be more effective.ย  Let's hear her explain how it works.
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. ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
52:13
If I'm working with you and I'm trying to get youย  to come round to my side, I might not focus on theย ย 
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‚ด ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
52:19
central facts. I might focus on the peripheralย  stuff around how I'm constructing my argument.ย ย 
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. ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
52:25
I'd look for ways of how they overlap asย  people, like what do they have in common?ย ย 
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๊ฒน์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:31
And that's a way to debate an issue such as thisย  controversial one in a way to get people to feelย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
52:37
connected to each other and to actually feel thatย  they value each other as decent human beings.
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์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ’ˆ์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์ค‘ํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:44
Interesting! This is a moreย  subtle way of winning an argument.ย ย 
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด! ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋” ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:48
She says we should focus on theย  peripheral stuff โ€“ these are theย ย 
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฐ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฃผ์žฅ
52:51
things that are not as important as theย  main argument but are connected to it.
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๋งŒํผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:56
So we could say we're looking for commonย  ground โ€“ things that both sides agree onย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–‘์ธก์ด ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
53:00
or at least understand. Dr Jutta talked aboutย  making both sides feel connected. And it's aย ย 
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Jutta ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–‘์ชฝ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
53:06
good point. Even if you don't want to be a vegan,ย  you should respect someone's choice to be one.
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์ข‹์€ ์ง€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ฑด ์ฑ„์‹์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:11
Yes, it's all about valuingย  someone as a decent human being.ย ย 
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์˜ˆ, ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ’ˆ์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:15
Decent means 'good and having goodย  moral standards'. Like us, Dan!
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Decent๋Š” '์ข‹๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ๋„๋•์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๋Œ„!
53:19
Well, they're wise words, Rob! Of course, it wouldย  be morally wrong โ€“ immoral โ€“ not to give you theย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ง์ด์•ผ, ๋กญ! ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ต์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
53:25
answer to our quiz question. Earlier I asked whichย  one of these items can a lacto-ovo-vegetarian eat.
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. ์ด์ „์— ๋ฝํ† -์˜ค๋ณด-๋ฒ ์ง€ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์ด ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:32
I said b) fish.
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๋‚˜๋Š” b) ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
53:34
Sorry, no โ€“ that's something they can't eat โ€“ย  but they can eat cheese. A lacto-ovo-vegetarianย ย 
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์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์Œ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์น˜์ฆˆ๋Š” ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฝํ† -์˜ค๋ณด-์ฑ„์‹์ฃผ์˜์ž๋Š”
53:42
is a person who eats vegetables, eggs,ย  and dairy products but does not eat meat.
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์•ผ์ฑ„, ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€, ์œ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ๋จน์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:48
No meat! No steak! How can they enjoy eating?!
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๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด! ์•„๋‹ˆ ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํฌ! ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?!
53:51
Rob, remember as a decent humanย  beings, we respect all views here.
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Rob, ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ž„์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š” . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:55
Just joking โ€“ but now I'm deadlyย  serious about reviewing some ofย ย 
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๋†๋‹ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ ์–ดํœ˜ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณต์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ง„์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
53:59
the vocabulary we've discussed today.
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.
54:01
OK. Our first word was fad. A fad is somethingย  that is popular but only for a short time.
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์œ ํ–‰์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์‹œ์  ์œ ํ–‰์€ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:09
Next, we mentioned mainstream.ย  Something that is mainstreamย ย 
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€
54:12
has become accepted by most people as normal.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:15
Then we had polarised โ€“ that describes a situationย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”
54:19
that causes people to divide intoย  two groups with opposing views.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:23
A belief is something we feel is true or real.ย ย 
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๋ฏฟ์Œ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง„์งœ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:26
And immoral describes something thatย  society thinks is wrong or not acceptable.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋„๋•์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์šฉ๋‚ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:30
We also mentionedperipheral, which relatesย  to things that are not as important asย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฃผ์žฅ๋งŒํผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ
54:35
the main argument, but are connected toย  it. It also means situated on the edge.
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๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€๋„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:40
And finally, decent means good or good enough.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €ํฌ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ bbclearningenglish.com์—์„œ
54:44
Don't forget you can learn more English withย  us on our website at bbclearningenglish.com.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š” .
54:49
Bye for now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์•ˆ๋…•.
54:50
Goodbye.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
54:57
Hello. I'm Catherine.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ €๋Š” ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:58
Hello. I'm Rob.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ €๋Š” ๋กญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:00
We both started with what is probably theย  best-known greeting in English and one ofย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์˜์–ด ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ง๊ณผ
55:06
the first words English language students learn,ย  and that is 'hello'! So today in 6 Minute Englishย ย 
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์˜์–ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์–ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ '์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”'๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ 6๋ถ„ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ง
55:14
we're digging a little deeper into the world ofย  greetings and the fascinating history of 'hello'.
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์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์™€ '์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”'์˜ ๋งคํ˜น์ ์ธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:21
Surprisingly, the word 'hello'ย  is not as old as you might think.ย ย 
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ 'hello'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ๋งŒํผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:25
But when did it first appear in print in English?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ธ์‡„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ธ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
55:29
Was it:
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55:29
a) in the 1890s b) the 1950s orย 
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a) 1890๋…„๋Œ€ b) 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ๋˜๋Š”
55:33
c) the1820s
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c) 1820๋…„๋Œ€
55:35
Well, I think English changesย  really quickly, so I'm going to sayย ย 
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์Œ, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์„œ
55:39
b) the 1950s. And we'll say 'hello again'ย  to 'hello' a little later in the programme.
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b) 1950๋…„๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์— 'hello again'์„ 'hello'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:46
First, greetings. They canย  be a bit of a minefield. Aย ย 
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๋จผ์ €, ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง€๋ขฐ๋ฐญ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ธกํ• 
55:50
subject full of unpredictable difficulties.
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์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ.
55:53
While in many places a handshake or bow isย  normal โ€“ there's also the tricky question ofย ย 
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์•…์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ‚ค์Šค์™€ ํฌ์˜น์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
56:00
kisses and hugs.
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.
56:02
Awkward. Should you kiss? How many times?ย  And should your lips touch their cheek?
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์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•œ. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ‚ค์Šคํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜? ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ž…์ˆ ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋บจ์— ๋‹ฟ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
56:08
No, Rob - definitely an air-kiss! Closeย  to the cheek, but don't touch. Much safer.
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์•„๋‹ˆ, Rob - ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ‚ค์Šค! ๋บจ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋Œ€๋˜ ๋งŒ์ง€์ง€๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:14
Greetings are the subject of a newย  book, by former British diplomatย ย 
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์ธ์‚ฌ๋ง์€ ์ „ ์˜๊ตญ ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€
56:17
Andy Scott, called One Kiss or Two:ย  In Search of the Perfect Greeting.ย ย 
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Andy Scott์ด ์“ด One Kiss or Two: In Search of the Perfect Greeting์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์ฑ…์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:23
Here he is on a BBC radio show Word ofย  Mouth. Why are greetings so important?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” BBC ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์‡ผ์ธ Word of Mouth์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”?
56:28
These are the first moments of interaction weย  have with people. And it's in those first moments,ย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
56:33
and using those verbal and physical rituals thatย  we have and we can get in such a muddle about,ย ย 
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์–ธ์–ด ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์˜์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
56:38
that we're kind of recognising each other andย  reaffirming our bonds or even testing our bondsย ย 
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์žฌํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€
56:43
and our relationships with each other, we'reย  signalling our intentions towards each other,ย ย 
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์™€ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”,
56:47
despite the fact we might not necessarilyย  be conscious when we're doing them.ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์˜์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
56:51
Scott says we need to communicate our intentionsย  to each other and acknowledge our relationships.
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Scott์€ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:58
Well, that's what greetings do. One word heย  uses to mean 'relationship' or 'connection'ย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ '๊ด€๊ณ„' ๋˜๋Š” '์—ฐ๊ฒฐ'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š”
57:03
is bond. We can reaffirm our bonds, whichย  means we confirm them and make them stronger.
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์œ ๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์†์„ ์žฌํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฒฐ์†์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:09
And we do it through rituals -patterns ofย  behaviour that we do for a particular purpose.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™ ํŒจํ„ด์ธ ์˜์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:16
So there are the phrases such as 'hello',ย  'good afternoon', 'nice to meet you',ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ '์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”', '์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”', '๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ€์›Œ์š”'
57:22
and as well as the physical ritualsย  โ€“ handshakes, bows and kisses.
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์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์™€ ์•…์ˆ˜, ์ธ์‚ฌ, ํ‚ค์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์˜์‹๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:27
Though he also said we sometimes want to test ourย  bonds. We might want to check if our friendshipย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์•…์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์‹  ํฌ์˜น๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‰์†Œ
57:32
has grown by offering something warmer thanย  usual โ€“ like a hug instead of a handshake.
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์ •์ด ์ปค์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
57:37
Now, Scott acknowledges how difficultย  greetings can be โ€“ using the very Britishย ย 
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์ด์ œ Scott์€ ์˜๊ตญ ์†์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
57:41
slang phrase โ€“ to get in a muddle. If you getย  in a muddle, you become confused or lost. Youย ย 
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ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์ง€๋ฉด ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธธ์„ ์žƒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:47
might get in a muddle if one person expectsย  two kisses and the other expects only one.
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํ‚ค์Šค๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:52
Though Scott does believe that the detailsย  don't really matter, because another importantย ย 
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Scott์€ ์ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๊ธด์žฅ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
57:57
purpose of greetings is to reduce tension.ย  So if you get it wrong, just laugh about it.
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. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์›ƒ์œผ์„ธ์š”.
58:03
OK, let's get back to the one word we reallyย  shouldn't get in a muddle about, 'hello'.
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์ž, ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ธ '์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”'๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:08
Let's listen to Dr Laura Wright, aย  linguist from Cambridge University,ย ย 
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์บ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž์ด์ž
58:13
also speaking on the BBC Word of Mouth radioย  programme. Where does 'hello' come from?
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BBC ์ž…์†Œ๋ฌธ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ๋„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” Dr Laura Wright์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . '์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”'๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
58:20
It starts as a distant hailing: "I see you milesย  over there and I've got to yell at you." It's notย ย 
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๋จผ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ™˜ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
58:29
until the invention of telephones we really getย  to use hello as a greeting to each other, andย ย 
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์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋•Œ
58:34
even then it wasn't initially used as a greeting,ย  it was used more as an attention-grabbing device:ย ย 
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์—๋„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์ธ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋„๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:39
"You are miles away, the line is about to be cut,ย  I need to attract the attention of the operatorย ย 
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"๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„์ด ๋Š์–ด์งˆ ํ…๋ฐ ๊ตํ™˜์›์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋„ ๋Œ์–ด์•ผ ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”
58:45
as well." And so everybody would call 'hello' toย  each other as this long-distance greeting form.
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." ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์‚ฌ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ '์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
58:51
Laura says 'hello' hasn't always meantย  'hello' โ€“ originally it was just a shoutย ย 
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Laura๋Š” '์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”'๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ '์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”'๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜๋Š”
58:58
to attract someone's attention. Andย  we call this kind of shouting hailing.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์™ธ์นจ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์™ธ์นจ์„ ํ™˜ํ˜ธ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:03
The shout would vary in form โ€“ it couldย  sound like a 'hollo'! Or a 'hulloa'!
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์™ธ์นจ์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”'์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” 'ํ›Œ๋กœ์•„'!
59:10
We continued this kind of hailingย  when telephones first appeared.ย ย 
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์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ™˜ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:14
People would keep repeating 'hello, hello'ย  while they were waiting to be connected.ย ย 
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ '์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”'๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:19
And before long, this became the actual wayย  to greet somebody on the telephone. Anyway,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ž˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „ํ™”๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์จŒ๋“ ,
59:26
before we say 'goodbye' to 'hello' โ€“ย  let's have the answer to today's question.
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'์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
59:31
I asked when the word firstย  appeared in print in English.ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ธ์‡„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ธ์ œ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:34
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, itย  was in 1826. Other spellings appeared before that.
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Oxford English Dictionary์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 1826๋…„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์ „์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:40
Ah, you see โ€“ I was thinking English changesย  really quickly, but not that quickly.
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์•„, ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ โ€“ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋น ๋ฅด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:44
Not that quickly.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋น ๋ฅด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:46
So before we go, let's have aย  look at today's vocabulary again.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
59:51
A minefield is something that isย  full of uncertainty and even danger.ย ย 
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์ง€๋ขฐ๋ฐญ์€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:56
This sense comes from the literal meaningย  โ€“ a field full of explosive landmines!
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์ด ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ํญ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ง€๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ๋“คํŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž์  ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค !
60:02
And then we had air-kiss โ€“ which is whenย  you kiss the air beside someone's face,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์—์–ดํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ผ๊ตด ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด ์˜†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ํ‚ค์Šคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
60:06
instead of the face itself! Like this: mwah.
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! ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ: ์Œ.
60:09
And we had bond โ€“ a connection. There'sย  a close bond between us I think, Rob.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์†๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, Rob.
60:14
Which is good, because when I get in aย  muddle, you're always very understanding!
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๋‹คํ–‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งค์šฐ ์ดํ•ด์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
60:18
Yeah.
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์‘.
60:19
To get in a muddle means to become confused.
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ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:22
Ritual was another word โ€“ย  rituals are certain behavioursย ย 
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์˜์‹์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‹์€
60:26
that people perform in certain contexts. I haveย  a morning ritual, for example: brush my teeth,ย ย 
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ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ํ–‰๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์นจ ์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์–‘์น˜์งˆ, ์•„์นจ
60:32
eat breakfastโ€ฆ I didn't say itย  was an interesting ritual, Rob!
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์‹์‚ฌ... ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์˜์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, Rob!
60:36
No, that's true. Finally, to hailย  โ€“ it's to greet someone loudly,ย ย 
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ to hail โ€“ ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์„œ ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
60:40
especially from a distance. I hailed myย  friend when I saw her at the airport.
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. ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ํ™˜ํ˜ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:44
And that's it for this programme.ย  For more, find us on Facebook,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ Facebook,
60:48
Twitter, Instagram and YouTube,ย  and of course our website! Bye!
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Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”! ์•ˆ๋…•!
60:54
Bye!
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์•ˆ๋…•!
61:01
Hello. This is 6 Minute English, I'm Sam.
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. 6๋ถ„์˜์–ด ์ƒ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:03
And I'm Georgina.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์กฐ์ง€๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:05
Georgina, what languages do you speak?
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์กฐ์ง€๋‚˜, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
61:08
Well, my mother tongue is English andย  I also speak Spanish and French badly!
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์Œ, ์ œ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋Š” ์˜์–ด์ด๊ณ  ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด์™€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด๋„ ์„œํˆฌ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
61:13
OK. Itโ€™s interesting that we say โ€˜motherย  tongueโ€™, isnโ€™t it? Like many languages,ย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ '๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”? ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
61:20
English has a number of gender-specific terms thatย  donโ€™t refer to gender-specific ideas and concepts.ย ย 
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์˜์–ด์—๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:26
And this complicated relationshipย  between language and genderย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€
61:30
is what we will be talking about today.ย  But first, this weekโ€™s quiz question,ย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จผ์ € ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
61:34
which is also on the topic of languages.ย  Which of these languages is the newest? Is it:
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์–ธ์–ด ์ฃผ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์ค‘ ์ตœ์‹  ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€:
61:41
A: Esperanto
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A: ์—์ŠคํŽ˜๋ž€ํ† 
61:43
B: Afrikaans
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B: ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นธ์Šค์–ด
61:45
C: Light Warlpiri
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C: Light Warlpiri
61:48
What do you think, Georgina?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”, Georgina?
61:50
Well, Iโ€™ve only heard of two of these - Esperantoย  and Afrikaans โ€“ so I think Iโ€™m going to choose theย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์—์ŠคํŽ˜๋ž€ํ† ์™€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นธ์Šค ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ๋“ค์–ด๋ดค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š”
61:58
other one, Light Warlpiri, purely as Iโ€™ve neverย  heard of it, so I think that must be the one.
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Light Warlpiri์ธ Light Warlpiri๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. .
62:04
OK, well weโ€™ll find out if your intuition isย  correct later in the programme. Professor Leraย ย 
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์•Œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ง๊ฐ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Lera Boroditsky ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š”
62:10
Boroditsky is a cognitive scientist who wasย  a guest on the BBC World Service programme,ย ย 
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BBC World Service ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ
62:15
The Conversation. She was asked about whyย  we use the term โ€˜mother tongueโ€™ in English.
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The Conversation์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜์–ด์—์„œ '๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด'๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:22
Different languages actually do it differently,ย  but definitely thereโ€™s a strong associationย ย 
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
62:26
between mothers as primary caregivers andย  people who teach us things, and so thereโ€™s thatย ย 
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์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋ณ‘์ธ์ธ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
62:32
point of origin metaphor thatย  applies in a lot of languages.
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๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์› ์€์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:37
So, how does she explain theย  use of mother tongue, Georgina?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์ธ Georgina์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
62:41
Well, she says itโ€™s a form of metaphor. A metaphorย  is a way of describing something by comparing itย ย 
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์Œ, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์€์œ ์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์€์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
62:47
to something else. In a metaphor,though, youย  donโ€™t say that something is like something else,ย ย 
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. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์€์œ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
62:54
you say that it โ€˜isโ€™ something else. For example,ย  having good friends is the key to a happy life.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ '์ด๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ข‹์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๊ท€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์—ด์‡ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:00
It is indeed. In this metaphor, language isย  seen as coming from your primary caregiver,ย ย 
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์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์€์œ ์—์„œ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ท€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์‚ดํŽด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐ„๋ณ‘์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋ฉฐ
63:06
the person who looked after you most when youย  were young, and traditionally this was mothers.ย 
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์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:11
So, this is perhaps the point of origin,ย  the starting place,of the metaphoricalย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ์€์œ ์  ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ , ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
63:16
phrase, mother tongue. Letโ€™s listen again.
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. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ค์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
63:19
Different languages actually do itย  differently, but definitely thereโ€™sย ย 
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋ณ‘์ธ
63:22
a strong association between mothers asย  primary caregivers and people who teachย ย 
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์ธ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
63:28
us things, and so thereโ€™s that point of originย  metaphor that applies in a lot of languages.
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. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์› ์€์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:34
Language is very powerful in society and culture,ย ย 
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ
63:37
and when it comes to gendered language, it canย  cause some issues. Hereโ€™s Lera Boroditsky again:
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์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ Lera Boroditsky๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:43
โ€ฆ in English of course we have someย  words that are gendered, like โ€˜actorโ€™ย ย 
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โ€ฆ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์˜์–ด์—๋Š” '๋ฐฐ์šฐ'
63:48
and โ€˜actressโ€™ or โ€˜waiterโ€™ and โ€˜waitressโ€™, andย  very commonly when there are those two genderย ย 
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'์—ฌ๋ฐฐ์šฐ' ๋˜๋Š” '์›จ์ดํ„ฐ'์™€ '์›จ์ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค'์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋‘ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
63:55
forms people perceive the masculine formย  as being a more prestigious job or the moreย ย 
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜•์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ถŒ์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง์—… ๋˜๋Š” ๋”
64:01
skilled job than the feminine form, so an actorย  is a fancier job than an actress and a waiterย ย 
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์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์ง์—…์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ง์—…์ด๊ณ  ์›จ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š”
64:07
is a fancier job than a waitress, and so theyย  could then come with pay disparities and so on.
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์›จ์ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ง์—…์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฒช์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์™€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
64:14
So, whatโ€™s the subconscious difference in attitudeย  towards, for example, an actor and actress?
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ํƒœ๋„์˜ ์ž ์žฌ ์˜์‹์  ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ?
64:21
Well, she says that people perceive those rolesย  differently. This means that we are aware of, orย ย 
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์Œ, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ดํœ˜
64:27
believe there is a difference in the jobs becauseย  of the vocabulary. The male form is perceivedย ย 
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง์—…์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง์—…์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
64:33
to be more prestigious โ€“ more important, moreย  respected, even though itโ€™s exactly the same job.
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๋” ๊ถŒ์œ„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ์กด๊ฒฝ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:39
And this attitude can lead toย  problems such as disparities in pay.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ž„๊ธˆ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:44
A disparity is a difference, an inequality,ย  and in the world of work it can mean menย ย 
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๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด
64:50
getting paid more than women for the sameย  job. Hereโ€™s Professor Boroditsky again.
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์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์—ฌ๊ธฐ Boroditsky ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:56
โ€ฆin English of course we have someย  words that are gendered, like โ€˜actorโ€™ย ย 
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...๋ฌผ๋ก  ์˜์–ด์—๋Š” '๋ฐฐ์šฐ'
65:00
and โ€˜actressโ€™ or โ€˜waiterโ€™ and โ€˜waitressโ€™, andย  very commonly when there are those two genderย ย 
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'์—ฌ๋ฐฐ์šฐ' ๋˜๋Š” '์›จ์ดํ„ฐ'์™€ '์›จ์ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค'์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ด ์ง€์ •๋œ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
65:06
forms people perceive the masculine formย  as being a more prestigious job or a moreย ย 
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜•์„ ๋” ๊ถŒ์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:12
skilled job than the feminine form, so an actorย  is a fancier job than an actress and a waiterย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ง์—…์ด๊ณ  ์›จ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€
65:19
is a fancier job than a waitress, and so theyย  could then come with pay disparities and so on.
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์›จ์ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ง์—…์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž„๊ธˆ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฒช์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:25
OK, before we take anotherย  look at todayโ€™s vocabulary,ย ย 
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์ž, ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ „์—
65:28
letโ€™s reveal the answer to this weekโ€™s quiz.ย  Which of these languages is the newest, is it:
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ ํ€ด์ฆˆ์˜ ๋‹ต์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:34
A: Esperanto
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A: ์—์ŠคํŽ˜๋ž€ํ† 
65:36
B: Afrikaans
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B: ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นธ์Šค์–ด
65:38
C: Light Warlpiri
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C: Light Warlpiri
65:39
Georgina, what did you say?
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Georgina, ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด?
65:41
I thought it had to be Light Walpiri, butย  just because I had never heard of it before.
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๋ผ์ดํŠธ ์™ˆํ”ผ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:46
Well, congratulations. Your instincts were good,ย ย 
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์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ˆ์˜ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์€ ์ข‹์•˜์–ด,
65:48
that is correct. Letโ€™s move on to vocabularyย  and look at todayโ€™s words and phrase again.
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๋งž์•„. ์–ดํœ˜๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:54
A primary caregiver is a person who has mostย  responsibility for looking after someone.
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์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋ณ‘์ธ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:00
A point of origin is the placeย  or time when something begins.
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์‹œ์ž‘์ ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:04
A metaphor is a way of describingย  something. We can say that somethingย ย 
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์€์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
66:08
is something else that has similar qualities.
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์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:12
Youโ€™re a star!
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์Šคํƒ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
66:14
Aw, thank you.
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์•„, ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:16
No, I meant, you're a star,ย  is an example of a metaphor.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ๋‚ด ๋ง์€, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์Šคํƒ€๋ผ๋Š” ์€์œ ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:19
Oh, OK. Of course, I knew that.
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์˜ค ๊ทธ๋ž˜. ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
66:22
Mmmm, if you say so. To perceive is toย  think of something in a particular way.ย ย 
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์Œ, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด. ์ธ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠน์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:28
We might perceive the value of different jobsย  based on the vocabulary used to describe them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง์—…์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง์—…์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
66:33
Something prestigious is important and respected.
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๊ถŒ์œ„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กด๊ฒฝ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:37
And finally, a disparity is a difference,ย  an inequality and is often used whenย ย 
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ
66:42
talking about how men and women arenโ€™tย  always paid the same for the same job.ย ย 
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๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:47
And that is all from us. We look forward toย  your company again soon. In the meantime,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณง ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ
66:51
you can always find us online, on social mediaย  and on the BBC Learning English app. Bye for now.
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ, ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด , BBC Learning English ์•ฑ์—์„œ ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ์ €ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์•ˆ๋…•.
66:57
Bye!
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์•ˆ๋…•!
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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