Grammar: How to use infinitive verbs to give reasons

60,252 views ใƒป 2016-08-08

BBC Learning English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:12
Hi guys, Dan for BBC Learning English here. In this masterclass we'll be taking a look
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€BBC Learning English ใฎใƒ€ใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใงใฏ
00:17
at infinitives of purpose. Are you ready? Here we go.
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ใ€็›ฎ็š„ใฎไธๅฎš่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใงใใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใฉใ†ใžใ€‚
00:28
So, in English we use the infinitive of purpose to explain why we're doing a particular action.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏ็›ฎ็š„ใฎไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ— ใฆใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:34
For example, you're watching this video to get better at speaking English. Am I right?
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ไธŠ้”ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:40
Of course I'm right.
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€็งใฏๆญฃใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:41
Now, ''to get better at speaking English'' is an example of the infinitive of purpose
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ใ•ใฆใ€''to get better at speak English'' ใฏ็›ฎ็š„ใฎไธๅฎš่ฉžใฎไพ‹ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็งใŒ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ„
00:46
and it follows the clause and the action which I wish to explain. We can also use for + somebody
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็ฏ€ใจๅ‹•ไฝœใซ็ถšใใพใ™ ใ€‚ for + someone ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
00:53
to explain that we're doing an action on behalf of someone else. For example, I make these
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ใ—ใฆใ€ไป–ใฎ่ชฐใ‹ใซไปฃใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใŒไธŠ้”ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ
00:59
videos for you to get better at English. Or, he bought the flowers for her to make her
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ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€ ๅฝผใฏๅฝผๅฅณใ‚’ๅนธใ›ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฝผๅฅณใฎใŸใ‚ใซ่Šฑใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
01:04
happy. Got it?
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ใ€‚ ใจใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:14
To make things more formal, we can use in order to or so as to. For example, "The government
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็‰ฉไบ‹ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆญฃๅผใซ ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€in order to ใพใŸใฏ so as to ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๆ”ฟๅบœ
01:21
has raised taxes in order to fund the NHS", but, "People have taken to the streets so
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ใฏ NHS ใซ่ณ‡้‡‘ใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅข—็จŽใ—ใŸใ€ ใŒใ€ใ€Œไบบใ€…ใฏ
01:27
as to protest against the increase in taxes."
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ๅข—็จŽใซๆŠ—่ญฐใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ่ก—้ ญใซๅ‡บใŸใ€ใ€‚
01:38
What's really nice about these expressions is that they can easily be made negative using
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่กจ็พใฎๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅ„ชใ‚Œใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹็‚นใฏใ€'not' ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ็ฐกๅ˜ใซๅฆๅฎš็š„ใซใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
01:42
'not' - so as not to and in order not to. For example, "He paid the fine in order not
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๅˆ‘ๅ‹™ๆ‰€ใซ่กŒใ‹ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็ฝฐ้‡‘ใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใฃใŸ
01:49
to go to prison." Or "I've worked really hard all my life so as not to be poor."
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ใ€ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œ ่ฒงใ—ใใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ไธ€็”Ÿๆ‡ธๅ‘ฝๅƒใ„ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:54
Did you get it?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
02:03
OK guys, so we don't use to + the infinitive with 'not'. For example, I wouldn't say "I
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ใงใฏใ€to + ไธๅฎš่ฉžใฎ 'not' ใฏไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
02:10
went to bed not to watch TV." That doesn't make sense. I would prefer to use a different
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ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใซๅฏใŸใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅฆๅฎšๆ€งใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ๅˆฅใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„
02:15
verb to express the negativity. For example ''I went to bed to avoid watching TV''. However,
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ใ€Œ็งใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฏใพใ—ใŸใ€ใ€‚ ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใ€Œbutใ€
02:22
we do use 'not' and the infinitive when we make a contrast with 'but', so for example,
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ใจๅฏพๆฏ”ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œnotใ€ใจไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
02:28
"I went to bed not to sleep, but to watch TV." Did you get it?
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฏใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซๅฏใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
02:42
Finally, we can use the infinitive of purpose after a noun, pronoun or indefinite pronoun
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ๅ่ฉžใ€ไปฃๅ่ฉžใ€ใพใŸใฏไธๅฎšไปฃๅ่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซ็›ฎ็š„ใฎไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ
02:48
to explain what we need it for. For example, "I want a house to live in." Or, what we intend
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ไฝ•ใฎใŸใ‚ใซๅฟ…่ฆใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใ€Œไฝใ‚€ๅฎถใŒๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใ€ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ
02:53
to do with it, so ''do you have any more food to cook?'' Now in this example, the noun 'food'
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ใ€ใใ‚Œใงไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œๆ–™็†ใ™ใ‚‹้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใฏใ‚‚ใ†ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ‹?ใ€ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ๅ่ฉž 'food'
02:59
is the object of the infinitive, which is fine, but we mustn't add an object pronoun
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ใŒไธๅฎš่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ใใ†ใ—ใฆใฏใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ๅพŒใซใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™
03:04
afterwards. So don't say ''do you have any more food to cook it?''
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ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚’่ชฟ็†ใ™ใ‚‹้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใฏใ‚‚ใ†ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
03:08
That doesn't make sense.
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ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:10
Finally, we can use the infinitive to qualify an indefinite pronoun, so for example ''I
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ไธๅฎš่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆไธๅฎšไปฃๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฟฎ้ฃพใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ
03:15
need somewhere to stay.'' ''Do you have anything to eat?'' Did you get it? Great guys. For
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ๆปžๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๆ‰€ใŒๅฟ…่ฆ ใงใ™ใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ไบบใŸใกใ€‚ ่ฉณ็ดฐใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ
03:21
more information check out bbclearningenglish.com. I'll see you next time. Take care.
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ใ€bbclearningenglish.com ใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใพใŸไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใ€‚
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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