English Rewind - Weekender: Later language learning

67,338 views ・ 2023-07-18

BBC Learning English


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Hello!
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The programme you're about to listen to was first broadcast in February 2007
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on the BBC Learning English website.
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For more English language learning programmes and podcasts,
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just search for BBC Learning English.
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And now, on with the show.
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BBC Learning English dot com.
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Hello, I'm Callum Robertson and this is Weekender.
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If you're listening to this programme then, more than likely,
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you're either trying to learn English or perhaps you're teaching English.
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So let me ask you this question β€”
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do you think that age has anything to do with your ability to learn a language?
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Is it easier to learn a language when you're a child?
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Is it more difficult to master a language the older you are?
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Language learning is an incredibly complex area of research
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and, in the programme today, we take a simple look at this topic,
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which was recently covered in a science programme on BBC domestic radio.
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One word which is very useful to know when talking about this subject
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is the verb 'to acquire' and its noun, 'acquisition'.
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Learning your mother tongue is described as 'first language acquisition'.
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Learning another language is described as 'second language acquisition'.
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Young children, it seems, pick up languages very easily,
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but, as we get older, it seems to be much more difficult.
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What could be the reasons for this?
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Is there some cut-off point in our growth
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after which the ability to absorb language easily changes?
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One theory is known as the 'critical age' or the 'critical period hypothesis'.
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This theory suggests that the most important period for learning a language
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finishes when we are about 12 years old and, after this time,
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a language which we haven't started to learn can't fully be learned.
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Lydia White is a professor at the Department of Linguistics
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at McGill University.
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What does she think of the 'critical period hypothesis'?
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The critical period hypothesis is quite controversial
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and comes in many forms.
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Common to most versions is the claim that, for a certain period of your life,
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things are very beneficial for acquiring languages.
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In my view, adult second language learners can successfully acquire a second language
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to the extent of being indistinguishable from native speakers.
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So, in other words, I do not believe that it's impossible
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for an adult to fully acquire the second language.
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She's not convinced by the critical period hypothesis.
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She thinks that adults can successfully acquire a second language.
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In fact, she believes that adults can learn a language
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to the level that they seem like a native speaker.
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She expresses this in the following phrase.
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In my view, adult second language learners
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can successfully acquire a second language
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to the extent of being indistinguishable from native speakers.
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Adults can learn a language
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so that they are 'indistinguishable' from native speakers.
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'Indistinguishable' β€” you can't tell the difference.
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BBC Learning English dot com.
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So if adults can learn languages to the level of a native speaker,
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why, then, does it seem so difficult to do this
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and why is it something that children can seem to do so comparatively easily?
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Dr John Coleman is director of the Phonetics Laboratory
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at the University of Oxford.
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He has a very simple theory. What is it?
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The ability of adults to learn foreign languages is often underestimated.
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Children spend an awful amount of time learning their first language.
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They're exposed to it a lot of the time and they've only got certain things to do.
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They don't have to go out and do a job or learn to drive a car or whatever.
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They're very, very focused on what they're doing,
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whereas most adults who are learning a language later in life
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just don't have the luxury of spending anywhere near a fraction of the time
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that children spend learning languages.
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Dr Coleman thinks it's just a simple matter of time.
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Adults are much busier in their lives than children.
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They have day-to-day responsibilities and jobs
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and simply do not have the luxury of time that children do.
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But is it as simple as that?
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Erik Thiessen is director
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of Carnegie Mellon University's Infant Language and Learning Lab.
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He thinks that adults have a disadvantage
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that 'infants' β€” very small children β€” don't have.
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What is this disadvantage?
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We, as adults, have more than 20 years of experience with a dominant language
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that is going to interfere with acquiring a second language
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and that's a handicap that infants don't face.
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So there are things you can certainly do as an adult to help yourself,
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but I'm afraid that infants are always going to be
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the blue-ribbon champion language learners.
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Erik Thiessen thinks that influence from our own first language
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can be a 'handicap' to acquiring a second language.
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A 'handicap' β€” it makes it difficult to do.
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This 'handicap' is something that infants don't have.
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Learning is new to them.
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So if you are an adult trying to learn English or any other language,
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then don't worry, it is possible.
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It's not as easy as when you were very young, but it can be done.
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And, as ever, my unscientific advice is to practise as much as possible
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and try and immerse yourself in as much English as possible. Good luck.
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That's all from this edition of Weekender.
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BBC Learning English dot com.
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