Past Tenses: did, was doing, had done, had been doing | English Grammar Lesson | B1-Intermediate

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:05
[Music] Hello and welcome, everyone to thisย  presentation on Past tenses. The reason I'veย ย 
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[์Œ์•…] ์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์— ์˜ค์‹  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ œ๊ฐ€
00:12
chosen this presentation, this topic for you todayย  is thanks to two questions, very good questionsย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜, ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” Sajjad๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ, ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋•๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:20
that Sajjad has sent us. Sajjad's first question:ย  What's the difference between 'I was driving whenย ย 
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. Sajjad์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ: '๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์šด์ „ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:28
you called.' and 'I had had been driving whenย  you called.' And Sajjad's second question:ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์šด์ „ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .' ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Sajjad์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ:
00:34
I never hear native speakers use 'had done',ย  Past Perfect. Do they actually ever use thisย ย 
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์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด 'had done',ย  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”
00:42
tense? Very good question, Sajjad. And you're notย  the only one who has asked me this, I've had bothย ย 
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? ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”, Sajjad. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€
00:49
questions several times. So, let's hope I canย  clarify that for you. In order to get to theย ย 
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ต์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด
00:56
answers, we need to review the four pass senses:ย  did, was doing, had done, had been doing. So, forย ย 
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4๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ์ฆ‰ ํ–ˆ๋˜, ํ–ˆ๋˜, ํ–ˆ๋˜, ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ,
01:06
those of you who like their names: Past Simple:ย  did, Past Continuous: was doing, Past Perfect:ย ย 
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์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“œ์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด: ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ: ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ณ , ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐ์†: ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ:
01:16
had done, and Past Perfect Continuous: had beenย  doing. So, usually when I clarify or teach tenses,ย ย 
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ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ์†: ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น  ๋•Œ ์ฃผ๋กœ
01:26
I use timelines. I think they help a a lot inย  getting the concept. So, I've created a kind ofย ย 
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ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์žก๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š” . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š”
01:35
an imaginary timeline for someone called Alex.ย  This is Alex's timeline, and in this timeline,ย ย 
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Alex๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ Alex์˜ ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ์—๋Š”
01:44
we have four Past time frames: 1990, 2008, andย  2009. So, talking about just one single actionย ย 
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1990๋…„, 2008๋…„, 2009๋…„์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋„์— ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด
02:00
in each of these years, we just use the Pastย  Simple. I think that's very clear for all of you:ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ย  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜
02:06
One action in a very specified, specific timeย  frame in the past: Past Simple. So, let's see whatย ย 
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ–‰๋™ : ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ.
02:13
they were: 1990: Alex was born in Belgium in 1990.ย  2008: End of secondary school. He, Alex finishedย ย 
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1990๋…„: Alex๋Š” 1990๋…„ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„: ์ค‘๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์กธ์—…. Alex๋Š”
02:25
his secondary school in 2008. Then in 2009, twoย  things happened: he had some driving lessons:ย ย 
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2008๋…„์— ์ค‘๋“ฑ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2009๋…„์— ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šด์ „ ๊ฐ•์Šต์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
one action, and he moved to Italy in 2009, so twoย  actions. But as you can see, we have one action atย ย 
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ 2009๋…„์— ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
02:47
a specific time in the past: Past simple. We don'tย  need any other tense than that. So, when do weย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:55
need the others? Let's look at the next slide andย  focus on 2009. Now, two things happened in 2009,ย ย 
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์–ธ์ œ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‹ค์Œ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ 2009๋…„์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2009๋…„์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:07
kind of simultaneously. One was: he was learningย  to drive, and the other one he - excuse me - heย ย 
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. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์šด์ „์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” - ์‹ค๋ก€์ง€๋งŒ -
03:14
moved to Belgium. I think Past Continuous is alsoย  pretty clear to most of you. The action, now weย ย 
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๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•๋„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋™์ž‘์€
03:22
have two things, the action that was longer,ย  that was in the background goes into the Pastย ย 
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๊ธด ๋™์ž‘, ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋™์ž‘์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
Continuous tense: He was learning to drive, andย  the shorter action that interrupted the longer oneย ย 
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์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•: ๊ทธ๋Š” ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋” ๊ธด ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์งง์€ ๋™์ž‘
03:36
is in the Past Simple: He was learning to driveย  when he moved to Belgium. so, the lessons wereย ย 
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์€ย ย  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: He was ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์šด์ „์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด
03:44
interrupted. There's this idea of interruption.ย  One thing is going on; the other one comes inย ย 
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์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:50
the middle of it. So, there's this idea ofย  interruption, coming in the middle, but it neverย ย 
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. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์ค‘๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:56
tells us whether the interrupted action continuesย  it or not. Maybe it did, maybe it didn't. It'sย ย 
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์ค‘๋‹จ๋œ ์ž‘์—…์ด ๊ณ„์† ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋žฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ
04:02
not the point. It's just these two things comingย  together like that. Okay so, I think that's stillย ย 
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
04:10
quite simple: Past Continuous. Let's move on toย  Past Perfect. When do we use this? Same context:ย ย 
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐ์†ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ธ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ:
04:19
we have ' He moved to Belgium.': the Past Simpleย  action. Now, certain things had been completed,ย ย 
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'He move to Belgium.'์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋™์ž‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ํŠน์ • ์ž‘์—…์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
like: He had had 10 lessons, 10 completed lessons.ย  This is when you need to use the Past Perfect:ย ย 
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์˜ˆ: ๊ทธ๋Š” 10๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ ˆ์Šจ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  10๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ ˆ์Šจ์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
Past Past: Alex had had 10 driving lessons beforeย  he moved to Belgium. It is because those actionsย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ: Alex๋Š” ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— 10๋ฒˆ์˜ ์šด์ „ ๋ ˆ์Šจ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€
04:45
did not continue anymore. They had all beenย  completed before the move to Belgium. I thinkย ย 
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ด์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—”
04:53
so far so good. Usually, the concept is clear. So,ย  the last one, let's look at it is: Past Perfectย ย 
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์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ,ย  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒย ย  ์—ฐ์†
05:01
Continuous, the 'had been doing' tense. When doย  we use this? We use this when we mentioned theย ย 
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ํ˜•, 'had been done' ์‹œ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:09
length of time that that action had been goingย  on. So, remember: He was learning to drive,ย ย 
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. ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”: ๊ทธ๋Š” ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
that's the past one: He was learning to driveย  when he moved. Now, if we mention the length ofย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์›€์ง์ผ ๋•Œ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด์ œ,
05:23
time he had been learning to drive, we switch theย  Past Continuous to the Past Perfect Continuous:ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์šด์ „์„ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
He had been learning to drive for six monthsย  before or when - you can use either conjunction:ย ย 
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05:38
when or before - he moved to Belgium. Right. So,ย  just take that in. We've got: something happened,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์„ธ์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
something happened and interrupted somethingย  else: Past continuous. Things had been completedย ย 
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ: ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•. ์–ด๋–ค
05:55
before something happened, and things had been inย  progress for some time before something happened.ย ย 
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์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ผ์ด ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
So, you can see that this 'before he moved toย  Belgium' is your reference point in the past.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด '๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ '์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
To make it a bit clearer even from a concept pointย  of view, I'm going to compare these three tenses:ย ย 
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๊ฐœ๋…์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋„ ์ข€ ๋” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ์ œ, ์ฆ‰
06:19
Past Continuous, Past Perfect, and Past Perfectย  Continuous with their Present equivalent. Okay,ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐ์†ํ˜•, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ํ˜•์„ ํ˜„์žฌํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”,
06:26
so if I take you to the next slide...ย  Remember Past Continuous was 'when he moved';ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์Œ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด... ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐ์†์€ '๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
06:34
that's your reference point: 'when he moved toย  Belgium, he was learning to drive.' Somethingย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: '๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์šด์ „์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
06:40
was in progress. Compared to Present Continuous:ย  Now, Alex is learning to sing. The word 'now' Iย ย 
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์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Present Continuous์™€ ๋น„๊ต: ์ด์ œ Alex๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์ง€๊ธˆ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ
06:50
have put in brackets because we don't need to keepย  saying 'now'. When we use the Present Continuous,ย ย 
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๊ด„ํ˜ธ ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ์€ ์ด์œ ๋Š” '์ง€๊ธˆ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์† ๋งํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š”
06:58
'now' is implicitly your reference point,ย  whereas when we use the Past Continuous,ย ย 
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'์ง€๊ธˆ'์ด ์•”๋ฌต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:04
we have to mention the past reference pointย  that can be anything. Right. So, I think that'sย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฐธ์กฐ์ ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
07:11
hopefully making it clear for you why we need aย  reference point in the past whereas we don't needย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด
07:18
one in the present. So Past Continuous. Let'sย  now compare Past Perfect to Present Perfect:ย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐ์†. ์ด์ œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
Before he moved to Belgium - that's our referenceย  point in the past - he had had 10 driving lessons.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „( ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ )์€ 10๋ฒˆ์˜ ์šด์ „ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
It compares very easily, it's the equivalentย  of Present Perfect: Until now - 'now' is ourย ย 
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๋งค์šฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด Present Perfect์™€ ๋™์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ - '์ง€๊ธˆ'์ด ๊ธฐ์ค€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
reference point - he has had 10 singing lessons.ย  So, the tenses are always parallel. And to finish:ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” 10๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ๋ ˆ์Šจ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด:
07:51
Past Perfect Continuous. Remember: Beforeย  he moved to Belgium - our reference pointย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”: ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—(
07:55
in the past - he had been learning to drive forย  six months. The equivalent or compared to Untilย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ ) 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์šด์ „์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
08:04
now - 'now' is our reference point - Alex hasย  been learning to sing for six months. Okay. So,ย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ - '์ง€๊ธˆ'์ด ๊ธฐ์ค€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Alex๋Š” 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ,
08:13
I hope that clarifies a little bit, well to aย  great extent actually, I hope it clarifies theย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
08:19
concept of these tenses for you. So, let's go backย  to the questions Sajjad has asked. First question:ย ย 
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์ œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด Sajjad๊ฐ€ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ:
08:27
What is the difference between 'I was drivingย  when you called.' and 'I had been driving whenย ย 
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'๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์šด์ „ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค'์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์šด์ „ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:33
you called.'? To be grammatically correct, theย  second sentence should not stand alone like that:ย ย 
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.'? ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
I had been driving when you called. There shouldย  be a length of time. Otherwise Sajjad is right:ย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์šด์ „ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด Sajjad๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
Why use 'I had been driving'? There's no reason,ย  just: I was driving when you called. But youย ย 
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์™œ '๋‚˜๋Š” ์šด์ „ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์—†์–ด์š”. ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šด์ „ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
08:54
may hear in some cases a native speaker omit theย  time, the length of time, and just say somethingย ย 
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:02
like that: I'd been driving when you called.ย  If you hear this, the idea of 'for some time',ย ย 
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. ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์šด์ „ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•œ ๋ง์—๋Š” 'ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ',
09:09
'for a while' is implicit in what the person hasย  said. What they really wanted to say but didn'tย ย 
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'ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ํ•จ์ถ•๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ผญ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
09:16
say all of it is: I had been driving for a while,ย  I had been driving for some time, when you called.ย ย 
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๋‹ค ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ์šด์ „์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ์šด์ „์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
Right, so that's the answer to the first question.ย  Again, native speakers do this when they naturallyย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ตฐ์š”, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์€
09:32
know that they don't, that's it's implicit inย  their message. Can we do that? If you know it'sย ย 
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์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ๋•Œ, ์ฆ‰ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์— ์•”์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:38
implicit, yes. But, my recommendation is not to doย  that. Just follow ... When you use, when you useย ย 
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์•”์‹œ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜์„ธ์š”... ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ,
09:44
the language yourself, you can be more confidentย  and always clearer if you follow the rules,ย ย 
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์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
but don't expect all natives to do the same, whichย  brings us to the next question, which is very muchย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”
09:58
about how natives use the language without usingย  the grammar. And it's the second question. I'llย ย 
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์›์–ด๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
remind you what Sajjad asked: I never hear nativeย  speakers use 'had done', the Past Perfect tense.ย ย 
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Sajjad๊ฐ€ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ์ธ 'had done'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
Do they actually ever use this tense? My answerย  to this question is 'yes' and 'no', depending onย ย 
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ์–ธ์–ด ์ธ์‹ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ '์˜ˆ'์™€ '์•„๋‹ˆ์š”'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:21
how language-aware they are. You need to rememberย  that, for many years now, native English speakersย ย 
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. ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜์–ด ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์€
10:29
do not learn English grammar at school. It isย  not taught. They don't learn grammar, syntax;ย ย 
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ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์˜๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
they don't learn the language. They usually justย  do literature and essays and things like that. Soย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋ฌธํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ์—์„ธ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
10:42
they're never taught grammar, tenses. They haveย  no awareness from their schooling. Later in life,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ค‘์—, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:50
they may decide to do it themselves, to learnย  themselves, if they become a writer for example,ย ย 
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ,
10:56
and that's why writing standards of nativeย  speakers have dropped. And for example,ย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์˜ ์ž‘๋ฌธ ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
11:03
one of the reasons behind software like Grammarlyย  is to help native speakers improve their writingย ย 
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Grammarly์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์˜ ์ž‘๋ฌธ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์ด ์ •๋ง ์•ˆ ์ข‹์•„์ง€๋„๋ก ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:11
because it's got really bad. So, the conclusionย  from this fact is that you cannot expect allย ย 
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. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๋ชจ๋“ 
11:19
native speakers to use grammatical structuresย  correctly. They say and write what they hear,ย ย 
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์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒƒ,
11:27
what they have grown up hearing from other nativeย  speakers. So, what's the relevance of this pieceย ย 
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€
11:34
of information to Sajjad's question? I'll tryย  to explain. Consider what a contracted Pastย ย 
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Sajjad์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ˜• ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
11:42
Perfect tense sounds like when spoken naturallyย  by a native speaker. Let me read the sentencesย ย 
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.
11:51
I've got here: He'd some driving lessons beforeย  he moved. After she'd finished her homework sheย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ฝ์–ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์šด์ „ ๊ฐ•์Šต์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์นœ ํ›„
11:58
called her friend. As you can hear, in connectedย  speech, where we always contract the auxiliary,ย ย 
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์นœ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์ž๋ฅผ ์ถ•์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ๋Š”
12:07
the difference between 'he'd had' and 'he had' andย  'she'd finished' and 'she finished' is minimal.ย ย 
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'๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์–ด์š”'์™€ '๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์–ด์š”', '๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”'์™€ '๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”' ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
Really you cannot hear it because it's not said.ย  It's not supposed to be said. In spoken English,ย ย 
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
12:22
it's supposed to be contracted. So I'llย  say the two again: he'd had - he had,ย ย 
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์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์–ด์š” โ€“ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”,
12:30
she'd finished - she finished. It's completelyย  imperceptible. So, someone who's learnt theย ย 
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋๋ƒˆ์–ด์š” โ€“ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”. ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
12:37
language mainly through listening may use Pastย  Simple instead of Past Perfect. It's just becauseย ย 
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์ฃผ๋กœ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‹จ์ˆœ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ง€
12:45
they have only heard Past Simple; they didn'tย  hear the little 'D' before. So, even when theย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•๋งŒ ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ž 'D'๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
12:53
phonetics are different, now they naturallyย  use two Past Simple tenses, so you will hear:ย ย 
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์Œ์„ฑํ•™์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ด์ œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:00
He left after he ate. Whereas the correct formย  obviously, following what I've just described,ย ย 
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.ย ย  He left after he eat. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ํ˜•์‹์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ
13:06
is: He left after he'd eaten. Right. So, that'sย  where it comes from. Many of you have said,ย ย 
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๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์œ ๋ž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
13:15
Sajjad brought it to, was the last person to askย  this question: I can't hear the Past Perfect;ย ย 
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Sajjad๊ฐ€ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ €๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
they don't use it! No, those who know about it,ย  use it. Those who haven't learnt it, of courseย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ์•„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ
13:30
don't use it. This brings us to the question: So,ย  should we, as non-native speakers, just forgetย ย 
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋น„์›์–ด๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ค์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”
13:36
about the Past Perfect? Let's do what most nativeย  speakers do. Well, it's up to you because I I haveย ย 
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? ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ž.
13:44
a feeling that as the language evolves towardsย  simplification maybe the Past Simple tense willย ย 
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์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€
13:51
eventually replace both the Present Perfect, I'veย  done, so like: I've finished, and Past Perfect:ย ย 
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ, I've ์™„๋ฃŒ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด I've done ๋ฐ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ:
14:00
I'd finished because really phonetically 'I'veย  finished', I'd finished' and 'I finished' areย ย 
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I'๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. d done ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ 'I've done', I'd done'๊ณผ 'I done'์€
14:06
so so similar. That's why you see these Perfectย  tenses gradually disappearing. But for the moment,ย ย 
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๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฐจ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š”
14:14
it's not the case for every native speaker. So,ย  these Perfect tenses are still used by many,ย ย 
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๋ชจ๋“  ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
14:20
and of course you will see them, hear themย  in in formal situations. So, you need to knowย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜ผ๋™
14:26
about them, understand them, so that you don'tย  get confused. But for your own usage, obviouslyย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ
14:33
as an English teacher, I would say: Try to useย  them correctly, but if you're getting confused:ย ย 
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์˜์–ด ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์„ธ์š” . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด:
14:40
Oh, what is that? Too many rules! Just don'tย  stress about them. Really don't! If in doubt, justย ย 
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์•„, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ์ฃ ? ๊ทœ์น™์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์š”! ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์ •๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”! ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
14:47
use the Past Simple. Your message is clear. Right,ย  I think that's the end of the presentation for me.ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ตฐ์š”. ์ด์ œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์ด ๋๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
I hope it's helped you get a better grasp of theย  Past, the four Past tenses, and also helped you toย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
15:03
feel a bit more relaxed about using everything soย  perfectly. Just gradually, through the awarenessย ย 
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ
15:11
of these tenses, they will come to you. You willย  activate them, or maybe they will just disappearย ย 
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
15:17
from the language, in which case we will allย  have a huge celebration! I hope you've enjoyedย ย 
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์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ํฐ ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
15:24
this lesson. For more on this topic, click here.ย  Remember to also check out my complete onlineย ย 
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์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ย ย ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์› ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ œ ์ „์ฒด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ณ 
15:31
course, and don't forget to like and subscribe.ย  Thank you for watching, and happy studies!
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์ข‹์•„์š”์™€ ๊ตฌ๋…๋„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ณต๋ถ€ ๋˜์„ธ์š”!
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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