Should - Must - Have to | English Modal Verbs (Part 3)

1,077,535 views ใƒป 2013-03-25

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ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:09
Hello and welcome everyone, this is Minoo at Anglo-Link.
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ใฟใชใ•ใ‚“ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚ฐใƒญใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใฎ็ฎ•้ขใงใ™ใ€‚
00:12
Today we're going to look at two modal verbs and a semi-modal verb that are often
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€ไบ’ใ„ใซๆททๅŒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ„ 2 ใคใฎใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ‚ปใƒŸใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
00:17
confused with each other.
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ใ€‚
00:19
These are: should,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ: shouldใ€
00:21
must and have to.
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mustใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณ have to ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:22
We'll have a brief look at their formulation and then we'll look at their
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฎšๅผๅŒ–ใ‚’็ฐกๅ˜ใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
00:32
we can begin our lesson on 'should', 'must' and 'have to'.
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ใ€Œใ™ในใใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:38
Modal verbs:
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ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซๅ‹•่ฉž:
00:40
'should, 'must' and 'have to'.
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ใ€Œใ™ในใใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
00:44
Let's look at formulation first.
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ใพใšใฏใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒกใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:47
'Should' and 'must' are real modal verbs
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'should' ใจ 'must' ใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใฎใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซๅ‹•่ฉž
00:50
and therefore,
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ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€
00:51
like all modal verbs,
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ใ™ในใฆใฎใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซๅ‹•่ฉžใจๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€
00:54
they're always followed by the 'infinitive without to'.
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ๅธธใซ 'to ใฎใชใ„ไธๅฎš่ฉž' ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:58
"Should do", "Must do".
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ใ€Œใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใ€‚
01:02
And, they're the same for all the pronouns.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใงๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:05
"I should", "He Should", "It Should" etc.
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ใ€ŒI shouldใ€ใ€ใ€ŒHe Shouldใ€ใ€ใ€ŒIt Shouldใ€ใชใฉใ€‚
01:11
Also,
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ใพใŸใ€
01:12
they do not need auxiliaries;
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ๅŠฉ่ฉžใฏๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:14
they take direct negative and question forms:
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็›ดๆŽฅๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใจ็–‘ๅ•ๅฝขใ‚’ใจใ‚Š ใพใ™๏ผš
01:18
"I shouldn't.",
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ™ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€
01:19
"We mustn't.",
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ™ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ
01:22
"Should I?",
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ใ™ในใใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ใ€
01:23
"Must we?"
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
01:25
And finally, they never combine with another modal verb.
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅˆฅใฎๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใจ็ตๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:31
You can't say: "you should can". You have to replace 'can' with an alternative:
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ใ€Œใงใใ‚‹ใฏใšใ ใ€ใจใฏ่จ€ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ 'can' ใ‚’ๅˆฅใฎ่กจ็พใซ็ฝฎใๆ›ใˆใ‚‹
01:39
"You should be able to..." Or
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ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™: "You should be able to..." ใพใŸใฏ
01:42
instead of "He will must".
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"He will must" ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€‚
01:44
You'll have to say:
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผš
01:47
"He will have to".
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใ€‚
01:53
'Have to' is a semi-modal verb.
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'have to' ใฏใ‚ปใƒŸใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
01:56
It is like a modal verb because it fulfils a specific function,
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็‰นๅฎšใฎๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’
02:00
but it behaves like an ordinary verb in its formulation.
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ๆžœใŸใ™ใŸใ‚ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซๅ‹•่ฉžใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใฎๅฎšๅผๅŒ–ใงใฏ้€šๅธธใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅ‹•ไฝœใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:07
It is followed by the 'infinitive without to'
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ใใฎๅพŒใซใ€Œto ใชใ—ใฎไธๅฎš่ฉžใ€
02:11
"have to do",
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ใ€Œhave toใ€
02:14
but it is conjugated according to pronouns:
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ใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใŒใ€
02:19
"I have to",
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ใ€ŒI have toใ€ใ€
02:20
"He has to" etc.
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ใ€ŒHe has toใ€ใชใฉใฎไปฃๅ่ฉžใซๅพ“ใฃใฆๆดป็”จใ•
02:26
It needs auxiliaries.
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ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ๅŠฉ่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
02:28
It doesn't take direct negative and question forms.
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็›ดๆŽฅใฎๅฆๅฎšๅฝขใ‚„็–‘ๅ•ๅฝขใฏๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
02:33
"I don't have to."
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ใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
02:35
"She doesn't have to."
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
02:38
"Do I have to?"
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"ใ‚„ใ‚‰ใชใใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹๏ผŸ"
02:41
"Does she have to?"
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
02:44
And finally, it can combine with modal verbs:
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ๆณ•ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใจ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™:
02:49
"You will have to."
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"You will have to".
02:52
"He might have to."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
02:56
Right then,
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02:57
let's have a look at usage,
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ใงใฏใ€should ใ‹ใ‚‰ไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:59
starting with should.
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ใ€‚
03:02
The first use of should is expressing an opinion
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should ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็”จๆณ•ใฏใ€ ๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’่กจๆ˜Žใ—
03:06
or giving or asking for advice.
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ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅŠฉ่จ€ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:11
Let's look at some examples.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:15
"I believe nurses should have higher salaries."
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ€็œ‹่ญทๅธซใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจ้ซ˜ใ„็ตฆๆ–™ใ‚’ๆŒใคในใใ ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:22
"You look tired.
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ใ€Œ็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹
03:24
I think you should have some rest."
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ๅฐ‘ใ—ไผ‘ใ‚“ใ ๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:30
"He shouldn't make a rushed decision."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ€ฅใ„ใงๆฑบๅฎšใ‚’ไธ‹ใ™ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€
03:37
"Do you think we should phone her?"
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ™ใ‚‹ในใใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
03:44
"What should I say when I speak to him?"
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ใ€Œๅฝผใจ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใ€ไฝ•ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
03:51
The second usage of should is expressing an expectation.
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should ใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ็”จๆณ•ใฏ ใ€ๆœŸๅพ…ใ‚’่กจใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:57
For example:
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ไพ‹๏ผš
03:59
"He should arrive any minute."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ™ใใซๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
04:03
"He shouldn't be long now."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚‚ใ†้•ทใใชใ„ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
04:08
"He should have arrived by now."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใ‚‚ใ†ๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
04:13
And the third usage of should is expressing regret about a past action.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€should ใฎ 3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ็”จๆณ•ใฏ ใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆๅพŒๆ‚”ใ‚’่กจใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
04:19
For example:
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ไพ‹๏ผš
04:20
"You should have been more careful."
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ในใใ ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
04:24
"I shouldn't have said that."
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ†ในใใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
04:32
'Ought to' is a synonym for 'should'.
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ใ€Œใ™ในใใ€ใฏใ€Œใ™ในใใ€ใฎๅŒ็พฉ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
04:35
It generally sounds more formal than 'should',
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซ 'should' ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒžใƒซใซ่žใ“ใˆ ใ€
04:38
and is less commonly used,
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ใ‚ใพใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:40
particularly in the question form:
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็‰นใซ่ณชๅ•ๅฝขๅผใงใฏใ€
04:46
So you could say:
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ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
04:47
"You ought to have some rest."
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ใ€‚
04:50
"He oughtn't to make a rushed decision."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏๆ€ฅใ„ใงๆฑบๆ–ญใ‚’ไธ‹ใ™ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใ€
04:54
I oughtn't to have said that."
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ†ในใ
04:57
But it would be uncommon to say
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ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ."ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€
04:59
"Ought we to phone her?"
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ใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅฝผๅฅณใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ™ใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใฏ็ใ—ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.
05:07
Also 'should'
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ใพใŸใ€ๅฐใ•ใชๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹
05:09
(but not 'ought to')
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ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œใ™ในใใ€(ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€Œใ™ในใใ€ใงใฏใชใ„)
05:11
is used to express a small possibility.
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ใŒไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™.
05:15
For example:
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ
05:16
"If I should ever go back there, I will not make the same mistake again."
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: ็งใฏใใ“ใซๆˆปใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ใ€็งใฏ ไบŒๅบฆใจๅŒใ˜้Žใกใ‚’็Šฏใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
05:21
Or
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ใพใŸใฏ
05:23
"Should you need any further assistance,
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ใ€Œใ•ใ‚‰ใซๆ”ฏๆดใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชๅ ดๅˆ
05:25
do not hesitate to contact me."
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ใฏใ€้ ๆ…ฎใชใ็งใซ้€ฃ็ตกใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€
05:28
This is a common formula in formal writing.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆญฃๅผใชๆ–‡ๆ›ธใงไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ…ฌๅผ ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:32
Right then, let's move on to 'must'.
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ใ€Œใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€
05:36
The first usage is expressing a necessity
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. ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ็”จๆณ•
05:39
felt by the speaker.
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ใฏใ€่ฉฑ่€…ใŒๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆๆ€งใ‚’่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™.
05:42
We use 'must' for the present and future tenses.
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็พๅœจใŠใ‚ˆใณๆœชๆฅใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใฏใ€Œใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ— ใพใ™
05:47
For example:
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. ไพ‹:
05:49
"He is very ill.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏ้žๅธธใซ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ™.
05:50
You must call a doctor now."
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ไปŠใ™ใๅŒป่€…ใซ้€ฃ็ตกใ—
05:55
"We must not lose the match tomorrow,
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ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„." "ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฎ่ฉฆๅˆใซ่ฒ ใ‘ใฆใฏใชใ‚‰ใชใ„.
05:58
or we will be out of the tournament."
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ใใ†ใ—ใชใ„ใจใ€ใƒˆใƒผใƒŠใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‹ใ‚‰่„ฑ่ฝใ™ใ‚‹."
06:06
"This is the best book I've ever read.
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"ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ็งใŒไปŠใพใง่ชญใ‚“ใ ไธญใงๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎๆœฌใงใ™.
06:09
You must read tit too."
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏtitใ‚‚่ชญใพ
06:14
"You mustn't hesitate to call me if you need help."
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06:19
Looking at the second usage of 'must'.
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06:23
It expresses a prohibition.
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06:25
Once again in the present or future tenses.
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06:31
"You must not use your mobile devices during take-off."
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ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ ้›ข้™ธไธญใซใƒขใƒใ‚คใƒซ ใƒ‡ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ใ€
06:39
"You must not be late for your interview tomorrow."
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ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฎ้ขๆŽฅใซ้…ใ‚Œใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ใ€
06:47
And the third usage of must is an assumption in the present or past
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ใใ—ใฆใ€must ใฎ 3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ็”จๆณ•ใฏใ€็พๅœจใพใŸใฏ้ŽๅŽป
06:52
in affirmative sentences only.
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ใฎ่‚ฏๅฎš็š„ใชๆ–‡ใฎใฟใฎไปฎๅฎšใงใ™ใ€‚
06:55
For example:
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
06:57
"You must be tired after your very long day."
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ใ€Œ็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ้žๅธธใซ้•ทใ„ ไธ€ๆ—ฅใ€‚
07:04
"He must have read my letter,
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07:06
because he repeated exactly what I had written."
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07:13
Okay let's have a look at 'have to'.
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07:18
'Have to' expresses an external obligation
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07:22
in positive sentences.
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07:25
For example:
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07:27
"You have to make an appointment to see him."
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ใ€Œๅฝผใซไผšใ†ใซใฏ็ด„ๆŸใ‚’ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ ใ€
07:31
"She has failed her exam.
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ฉฆ้จ“ใซ่ฝใกใŸ.
07:33
She has to retake it."
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š็›ดใ•ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:41
The second usage is expressing a necessity or obligation in the past.
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" 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ็”จๆณ•ใฏ ใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎๅฟ…่ฆๆ€งใพใŸใฏ็พฉๅ‹™ใ‚’่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:48
He was very ill. We had to call the doctor immediately."
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ๅฝผใฏ้žๅธธใซ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚็งใŸใกใฏใ™ใใซๅŒป่€…ใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ ใ€‚"
07:54
"He was very busy.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฟ™ใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
07:56
I had to make an appointment to see him."
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็งใฏๅฝผใซไผšใ†็ด„ๆŸใ‚’ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€
08:03
Finally, 'have to' removes a necessity or an obligation
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€'have to' ใฏ
08:08
in all the tenses, present, past and future.
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ใ€็พๅœจใ€้ŽๅŽปใ€ๆœชๆฅใฎใ™ในใฆใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆๆ€งใพใŸใฏ็พฉๅ‹™ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:14
"He feels much better now.
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ใ€Œๅฝผใฎๆฐ—ๅˆ†ใฏใšใฃใจ่‰ฏใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:16
You don't have to call a doctor."
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ๅŒป่€…ใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
08:21
"I didn't have to make an appointment to see him."
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅฝผใซไผšใ†ใŸใ‚ใซ็ด„ๆŸใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ— ใŸใ€‚ใ€
08:26
"She has passed her exam.
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ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ฉฆ้จ“ใซๅˆๆ ผใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
08:29
She won't have to retake it."
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ๅ†ๅ—้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
08:36
So as you can see,
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ใŠๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
08:38
the main difference between 'must' and 'have to'
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ใ€'must' ใจ 'have to' ใฎไธปใช้•ใ„
08:41
is that 'must' is a necessity felt by the speaker,
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ใฏใ€'must' ใฏ ่ฉฑ่€…ใŒๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆๆ€งใง
08:44
whereas 'have to' is an external obligation or rule.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฏพใ—ใ€'have to' ใฏๅค–็š„ใช็พฉๅ‹™ ใพใŸใฏ่ฆๅ‰‡ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
08:49
If this difference is not relevant
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ใ“ใฎ้•ใ„ใŒ้–ขไฟ‚ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€่‚ฏๅฎšๆ–‡ใง
08:51
you can use 'must' and 'have to' interchangeably
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ใ€Œmustใ€ใจใ€Œhave toใ€ใ‚’ ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณ
08:55
in positive sentences.
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ใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
09:00
However, be careful
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€
09:02
that in the negative,
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09:03
'must not' is still a necessity
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ใ€Œใ—ใฆใฏใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใช่กจ็พใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆๆ€ง
09:06
or an obligation
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ใพใŸใฏ็พฉๅ‹™ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—
09:08
not to do something.
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ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:10
It's a prohibition.
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็ฆๆญขไบ‹้ …ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:12
Whereas 'don't have to'
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ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€
09:14
removes the necessity or obligation.
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ใฏใ€ๅฟ…่ฆๆ€งใพใŸใฏ็พฉๅ‹™ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š้™คใใพใ™ใ€‚
09:20
Also note that as 'must' has no past tense
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ใพใŸใ€'must' ใซใฏ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใŒใชใ„ใŸใ‚
09:24
both obligation and necessity are expressed with
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ใ€็พฉๅ‹™ใจๅฟ…่ฆๆ€งใฎไธกๆ–นใŒ
09:28
'had to' to in the past.
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้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใฎ 'had to' ใง่กจ็พใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:36
You may have also come across
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ใพใŸ
09:39
the expression 'need to'.
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ใ€ใ€Œใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่กจ็พใซๅ‡บใใ‚ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:41
'Need to' is a softer alternative to both 'must' and 'have to'.
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'need to' ใฏ 'must' ใจ 'have to' ใฎไธกๆ–นใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚ฝใƒ•ใƒˆใชไปฃๆ›ฟๆ‰‹ๆฎตใงใ™ใ€‚
09:46
For example:
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ
09:47
you could say, "I must finish this tonight, because I want to take tomorrow off." or
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ใ€ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅไผ‘ใฟใŸใ„ใฎใงใ€ไปŠๅคœใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ
09:53
"I need to finish this tonight, because I want to take tomorrow off."
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ใ€Œๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฏไผ‘ใฟใŸใ„ใฎใงใ€ไปŠๅคœใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
09:59
or "I have to finish this tonight, my deadline is tomorrow."
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ใพใŸใฏใ€ŒไปŠๅคœใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚็ท ใ‚ๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
10:05
In a softer tone, you could say:
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็ฉใ‚„ใ‹ใชๅฃ่ชฟใง
10:08
"I need to finish this tonight, my deadline is tomorrow."
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ใ€ใ€ŒไปŠๅคœใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚็ท ใ‚ๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:13
'Need to' is an ordinary verb
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'need to' ใฏ้€šๅธธใฎๅ‹•่ฉž
10:16
and takes auxiliaries.
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ใงใ€ๅŠฉๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
10:19
"Do I need to finish this tonight?"
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ใ€ŒไปŠๅคœใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
10:21
I don't need to finish this tonight."
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I don't need to end this today."
10:25
You may also come across the modal verb 'need'.
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ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซๅ‹•่ฉž 'need' ใซๅ‡บใใ‚ใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:29
It is not a very common modal verb and can only be used in negative
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใชใใ€ๅฆๅฎšๆ–‡ใ‚„่ณชๅ•ใงใฎใฟไฝฟ็”จใงใ
10:33
sentences and questions.
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10:36
So you may hear instead of "do I need to finish this?"
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
10:40
"Need I finish this?"
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ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€
10:43
or
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10:43
Instead of "I don't need to finish this."
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ใพใŸใฏ
ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ใฎไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ใ€Œใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
10:46
you may hear
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ใจ่žใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œ
10:48
"I needn't finish this."
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ใพใ›ใ‚“
10:51
Let's do a gap filling exercise now.
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ใ€‚
10:55
"Have you had your exam results?"
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่ฉฆ้จ“ใฎ็ตๆžœใฏๅ‡บใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
11:00
"Yes I've failed Biology.
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ใ€Œใฏใ„ใ€็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆใซ่ฝใกใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
11:04
I will ......
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็งใฏโ€ฆโ€ฆ
11:06
retake it in August.
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8ๆœˆใซๅ†ๅ—้จ“ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:12
I will have to retake it in August."
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8ๆœˆใซๅ–ใ‚Š็›ดใ•ใชใใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
11:18
"Oh sorry.
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ใ€Œใ™ใพใชใ„ใ€‚
11:20
You ......
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
11:21
be pretty upset.
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โ€ฆโ€ฆใ‹ใชใ‚Šๅ‹•ๆบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:27
You must be pretty upset.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Šๆ€’ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
11:33
What about Physics?"
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็‰ฉ็†ๅญฆใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€
11:36
"I've passed that but with a very low mark.
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใใ‚Œใซๅˆๆ ผใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€็‚นๆ•ฐใฏ้žๅธธใซไฝŽใ‹ใฃใŸ ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:40
My teacher thinks I ......
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ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏ็งใŒโ€ฆโ€ฆ
11:43
retake that too.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅ–ใ‚Š็›ดใใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
11:53
My teacher thinks I should retake that too."
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ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฏใ€็งใ‚‚ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Š็›ดใ™ในใ
11:59
"Do you think you .....
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ใ ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€
12:01
retake it?
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12:08
Do you think you should retake it?"
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ๅ–ใ‚Š็›ดใ—ใŸๆ–นใŒใ„ใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
12:13
"No, I strongly feel that I ......
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12:16
focus on biology.
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12:24
I strongly feel that I must focus on Biology.
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็งใฏ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆใซ้›†ไธญใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจๅผทใๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:32
I ...... fail that one.
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็งใฏโ€ฆโ€ฆใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅคฑๆ•—ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:37
I mustn't fail that one.
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็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅคฑๆ•—ใ—ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:44
I ...... get at least a B in Biology to study medicine at university.
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็งใฏ ...... ๅคงๅญฆใงๅŒปๅญฆใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆใงๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ B ใ‚’ๅ–ๅพ—ใ—ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
12:55
I have to get at least a B in Biology to study Medicine at university."
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ๅคงๅญฆใงๅŒปๅญฆใ‚’ๅญฆใถใซใฏใ€ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆใง B ใ‚’ๅ–ๅพ—ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€
13:02
"Did you fail Biology last year as well?"
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ใ€Œๆ˜จๅนดใ‚‚็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆใซๅคฑๆ•—ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ‹?ใ€
13:09
"No I passed it last year.
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๆ˜จๅนดๅˆๆ ผใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:11
I ......
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็งใฏโ€ฆโ€ฆ
13:12
have passed it this year too.
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ไปŠๅนดใ‚‚ๅˆๆ ผใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:19
I should have passed it this year too.
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ไปŠๅนดใ‚‚ๅˆๆ ผใ™ใ‚Œใฐ่‰ฏใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
13:26
I just didn't study enough."
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ๅ‹‰ๅผทใŒ่ถณใ‚Šใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ ใ‘ใ ใ€
13:34
"You ....... have studied enough! You always do."
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ใ€ŒใŠๅ‰โ€ฆโ€ฆๅๅˆ†ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใŸใช๏ผ ใ€Œ
13:40
You must have studied enough you always do.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅๅˆ†ใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใŸใซใกใŒใ„ใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ›ใ‚“
13:45
The exam .....
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ใ€‚่ฉฆ้จ“ใฏ
13:47
have been difficult.
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โ€ฆโ€ฆ้›ฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚
13:53
The exam must have been difficult."
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่ฉฆ้จ“ใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใซ้•ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
13:58
No, the exam wasn't difficult. I was too tired.
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ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€่ฉฆ้จ“ใฏ้›ฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ็–ฒใ‚Œใ™ใŽใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
14:02
I ......
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็ง
14:04
have partied the night before.
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ใฏโ€ฆโ€ฆๅ‰ใฎๆ™ฉใซใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
14:12
I shouldn't have partied the night before.
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็งใฏๅ‰ใฎๆ™ฉใซใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ในใใงใฏใชใ‹ใฃใŸ ใ€‚
14:18
I ...... have studied instead.
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็งใฏโ€ฆโ€ฆไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
14:24
I should have studied instead."
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใ€ ใ€Œ
14:30
Oh, I see. Well, you are good at Biology.
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ใชใ‚‹ใปใฉใ€‚ใชใ‚‹ใปใฉใ€็”Ÿ็‰ฉใฏๅพ—ๆ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚
14:35
You ....... be able to pass it in August.
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โ€ฆโ€ฆ8ๆœˆ
14:43
You should be able to pass it in August."
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ใซๅˆๆ ผใงใใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚8ๆœˆใซๅˆๆ ผใงใใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€
14:54
"I hope so.
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ใ€Œใใ†้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
14:56
I will ......
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็งใ‚‚โ€ฆโ€ฆ
14:57
find a summer job as well. My dad insists!
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ๅคใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚็งใฎ็ˆถใฏไธปๅผตใ—ใพใ™๏ผ
15:06
I will
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15:06
have to find a summer job as well."
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็ง
ใ‚‚ๅคใฎไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
15:13
"Did you have a summer job last year?"
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ใ€ŒๅŽปๅนดใฎๅคใฎไป•ไบ‹ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
15:19
"No, I didn't .....
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ใ€Œใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ๅŽปๅนดใฎๅคใฏโ€ฆโ€ฆๅƒใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
15:21
work last summer.
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ใ€‚ๅŽปๅนดใฎๅคใฏๅƒใๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
15:26
I didn't have to work last summer.
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ใ€‚ใใฎ
15:30
I had some savings then."
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ใจใใฏใ„ใใ‚‰ใ‹่ฒฏ้‡‘ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
15:35
"What happened to your savings?"
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ใ€Œ่ฒฏ้‡‘ใฏใฉใ†ใ—ใŸใฎ๏ผŸใ€
15:42
I ......
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็งใฏโ€ฆโ€ฆ
15:43
buy a car because my flat was too far from the college.
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ใ‚ขใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใŒๅคงๅญฆใ‹ใ‚‰้ ใ™ใŽใŸใฎใงใ€่ปŠใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
15:52
I had to buy a car."
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็งใฏ่ปŠใ‚’่ฒทใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ
15:58
"Well, good luck with your retake. You .......
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ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸโ€ฆโ€ฆ
16:02
let me know how it went.
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ใฉใ†ใ ใฃใŸใ‹ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
16:09
You must let me know how it went."
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ใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใ†ใชใฃใŸใ‹ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€
16:16
Right, that's the end of this lesson, I hope you've enjoyed it.
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใง
16:20
As you know, you can now go to our website anglo-link.com for further explanations
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ใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ ใ”ๅญ˜ใ˜ใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใ€่ฉณ็ดฐใช่ชฌๆ˜Žใจๆผ”็ฟ’ใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ๅฝ“็คพใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ anglo-link.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
16:25
and exercises.
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ใ€‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:30
Thank you for watching, I look forward to seeing you in our next video.
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ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใŠไผšใ„ใงใใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใฟใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
16:34
Bye now!
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ใ€‚
16:36
235
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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