Build a picture with your words: 5 descriptive writing tools

188,944 views ・ 2022-03-23

Adam’s English Lessons


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Hi. Welcome to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam. In today's video, I'm going to give you
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five descriptive-writing tools. Now, what is "descriptive writing"? Just like
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it sounds — you're going to be describing something, or you're going to
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be describing someone, or a place, or a situation, or an action. Okay? So, it's
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very important that you make it easy for the reader to basically understand what
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you're saying. And you're going to do that by appealing to certain aspects of
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his or her mind, as he or she is reading. Okay? Now, all of these things
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you can, of course, use in spoken English as well. But you can do a lot
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more in spoken English because you have your hands, you have your facial
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gestures, you have your body gestures. You can go back and repeat. In writing,
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you have to be very clear and very precise with your words in order to help
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the reader get that mental image that you want. So, the first thing you're
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going to do is you're going to use a lot of adjectives and adverbs. Okay? Very
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important. People don't use these enough when they're trying to describe things;
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and it's harder for the reader, basically, to relate; to have a sort of
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relationship with what they're reading. Now, another thing you can also use is
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prepositional phrases, but you're going to be using these as adverbs and
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adjectives. You can use them for other purposes as well, but I want you to
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start using more of these in your writing to help the reader get closer to
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the... to the topic or to the subject. You're going to use these to add
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visuals. Okay? You're going to add colour, you're going to add shape,
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you're going to add size, you're going to add... use these to add pace. If you
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want the action to move faster or slower; if you want the reader to slow
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down and focus, or if you want the reader to just read quickly and get to
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the next point, which is more important. You're going to add spice. Now, you're
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thinking "spice" as in food — same thing; you want to give your writing
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flavour. You don't want your reading to be very boring, just, you know... here's
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details, details, details. You want to give it a little bit of excitement for
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the reader to keep his or her attention while you're giving him or her
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information. You can use it to show attitude; you can use it to show a lot
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of things. Okay?
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So, let's look at an example. "The man in the hat stood up to leave". So,
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there's a pre-... there's a conference or a presentation, and the man who has
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the hat on... so, we're using this... "in the hat" — this is a prepositional
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phrase. And yes, it gives a bit of a visual; it gives a description, but
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more: It's used to identify which man. There are a lot of people in the room.
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So, "The man in the hat stood up to leave". Okay, so you're giving me
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information. I know there's a man. I know he's wearing a hat. I know he stood
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up; looks like he's about to leave. But that doesn't give me very much
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information, as a reader. I can't really visualize the situation. So, look at
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what I did: "The elderly gentleman in a fedora hat". So, first of all, I changed
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"man" to "gentleman". "Gentleman" is still... it's still a man, but I'm
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adding the adjective, here: "gentle" — just making a different sort of
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connotation; a different subtle difference in meaning. "Elderly". Now,
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basically what this does is it give you a different impression of this man. He's
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not a young man; he's not a middle-aged man — he's a little bit older. So, older
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people have a different approach to them; a different view of them. Right?
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"...in the fedora hat". Now, a "fedora hat" is basically a... has a rim; a
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brim. It's like a... in the top, and then it's a little bit tucked in. You
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don't need to know, but it gives you a general idea. It's not, like, a baseball
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cap. Right? It's an... it's a hat that an elderly gentleman would wear, for
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example. So, "The elderly gentleman in a fedora hat". Plus, we also have a
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different impression of "elderly men in hats" than we do of "young men in
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baseball caps". Right? So, right away, I'm giving you a more detailed visual; a
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better description of this person. And your impression of the situation has to
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change because of it. Right? "...stood up in a huff". (exhales) That's called a
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"huff", basically. So, "he stood up in a huff", so he stood up a little bit
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angrily. He's not... he's not very pleased with what's going on in the
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conference or the presentation. So, he stood up a little bit angrily, intending
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to leave. So, it's... obviously he's going to leave. But right away, I have a
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very different image in this sentence than I do in this sentence just because
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I gave more details. And notice here: "in a huff" — this is a prepositional
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phrase. It's telling you how he stood up, so it's an adverb. So, prepositional
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phrases as adverbs or adjectives, or just simple adverbs and adjectives. Now,
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number one, this goes very clearly directly with number two: Appeal to the
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senses. Sight, smell, sound, taste, and touch — the five senses. Make sure that
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you're appealing to the reader's senses. Why? That way the reader can engage with
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the situation; with the topic; with the character; with the people being... he
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or she is reading about. Right? It creates a mental picture, and it allows
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the reader to relate.
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So, "The suspect's clothes were dirty, suggesting he slept outside or in the
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streets the night before." So, okay. The suspect's clothes were dirty. Dirty,
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okay. You think maybe he spilled some coffee on himself. "...suggesting he
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slept outside the night before or on the streets the night before" doesn't
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really... you can't really relate that. So, we want to give you a more visual,
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and we want to appeal to your senses. "The suspect's clothes were covered in
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brown stains and dust. They had ragged holes throughout and gave off a pungent
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odour of old sweat and garbage." So, not just dirty, but stains; brown stains,
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and no. We can guess where brown stains came from; they can come from anything.
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"He was full of dust". Okay? "There were holes all over his clothes", not just
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hole, like this; but a ragged hole. So, the "ragged" gives you a sense of touch;
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like, a little bit of texture as well. Okay? Means, like, maybe he got caught
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in something and it ripped. Okay? And he... "ragged holes". "...gave off a
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pungent odor". A "pungent" means a very strong smell. "Pungent odour" — strong,
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sharp smell; not good one. Right? "Pungent" is not good. "...of old sweat"
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means he hasn't showered in a while or bathed. "...and garbage" means he was
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covered in maybe food; maybe somebody's garbage. Maybe he slept in a dumpster.
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And then: "suggesting that he had spent the night on the street". So, this
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description — the visual description makes the conclusion that he slept in
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the streets, first of all, much easier to accept as a reader and more obvious.
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And you're looking at him; you have a very different impression of him. He's
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no longer a suspect. A "suspect", you think criminal. Okay? This guy, you have
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to feel a little bit sorry for, or... either you feel sorry for him or he's a
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little bit pathetic. Right? So, you don't know if you feel bad for him, or
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some people will actually feel even worse and needs more punishment,
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etcetera. It doesn't matter, but you're creating an impression by appealing to
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the reader's senses. Okay? So, that's two. Let's look at a couple more.
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Okay. So, now, we're going to look at three more tools; and these are actually
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quite underused, I find. People don't use them enough because a lot of people
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are afraid to use them. Okay? Don't be; they're very good tools for description.
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We're looking at simile, metaphor, and analogy. Now, good writers or
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professional writers use these all the time because it's very easy for a reader
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to understand something by looking at something else. Okay? If something is a
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little bit complicated, give them something else that's... they can make
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the relay... the relationship between them, basically. They can connect the
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two things and get an understanding. So, when we use simile, we're comparing
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something to something unrelated. They don't have to be similar things; they
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could be completely different, but you're comparing them because they have
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the same effect on the reader's understanding. And we... with simile, we
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use: "as" or "like". So, for example, if I want to describe Jim — okay? — Jim's a
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very big guy. Like, he's very tall, very wide; and when he walks, if... if he
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hits somebody, even by accident, he will knock them over; maybe even hurt them.
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So, "Jim looks like a human wrecking ball". Now, if you're not sure what a
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human... like, what a "wrecking ball" is, like, you have a chain on a... like,
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a truck, whatever, with a huge metal ball that they use to... if they want to
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destroy a building or break down some walls, the ball goes up, they drop it,
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it goes: "Boom" — the whole building kind of destructs. Jim looks like this.
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Does he really look like that? Of course not. But you create an image; you create
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an impression — a very big, very strong, very dangerous to walk into. Now, a
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metaphor is very similar. We can look at two completely different things, and use
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them as an... as a way to connect ideas for the reader. Right? So, basically,
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we're using something to mean something else. Now, the difference is that we
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state it as a fact. So, I say: "Jim is a human wrecking ball". Of course, he's
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not. But by saying it like that, we give the impression of what kind of...
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physically, what kind of person Jim is. He's big, he's strong, he's dangerous.
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Okay? And we have analogy. Now, analogy is similar to both of these, but we use
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analogy to explain something that's complicated by explaining something
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that's more simple. Okay? And, usually, it's much more developed than a simile
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or a metaphor. Okay? So, we're explaining something by explaining
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something else. So, if I want to explain why it's dangerous to walk in front of
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Jim — well, he's really big. Well, think of it like this: "You know how a
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wrecking ball is used to bring down a building because it's so big and strong?
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And when it hits the building walls, the walls collapse and the whole building
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comes down? Well, Jim is like that." Okay? And that's the analogy. Here's a
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little situation. Here's Jim. Jim is similar to this, and that's where we
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have the analogy. Okay? So, very important tools. Now, I'm going to show
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you some more examples, so you'll have a better understanding of these.
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Okay. So, let's look at some examples of similes, metaphor... simile, metaphor,
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and analogy. Now, again, similes are the easiest to identify because you have
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"as" or "like". "Janet sings beautifully. Her voice is like an
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angel's". So, again, I'm comparing her voice, an angel's voice — you can have
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that imagery together, and she obviously.... again, you imagine an
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angel's voice is very beautiful and clear — that's what Janet's voice is
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like. Okay? And that's why it's very simple with a "like". Remember: "like"
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followed by a noun; "as" followed by a clause — if you're wondering the
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difference. Now, conspiracy theorists would like us to believe that the Earth
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is flat. Obviously, they don't want us to believe the Earth is flat, or the
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Earth is not flat, but they want us to believe that we shouldn't believe
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everything we're told by scientists, or everything we're told by experts, or
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whatever. Right? Everybody wants you to go out... the conspiracy theorists want
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you to go out and find out for yourself: "What is going on?" Get all the
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information; don't believe everything you're told. Okay? And everything is
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actually quite simple. The Earth is flat — think, like, the old days. Now, if you
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want to know some more famous examples of a metaphor: "All the world's a stage,
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and all the men and women merely players". If you're not sure where this
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came from, it's Shakespeare. Okay? "All the world's a stage" means life, or
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the... the whole world we live on is a theatre stage, and all of us are just
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players. So, he's comparing life to a play. Okay? That's a direct metaphor.
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And remember: "All the world's a stage" — this is a "be" verb "is", stated like
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a fact. "The world is a stage" — nothing more. "We are just actors". We come on;
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we get off. That's life. We were... we're born, we die, we do... we act our
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part throughout. Okay? And analogy. Expressing an idea clearly in writing is
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difficult. Now, how are you going to explain to someone why expressing an
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idea in writing is difficult? It's a very abstract idea. It's very difficult
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to explain that. So, you're going to use an analogy. Okay? Let me just erase this
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and put a period; start a new sentence. "It's like trying to copy a photo in the
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writer's mind, and pasting it in the reader's". So, I think everybody knows
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copy and paste. Everybody uses computers; everybody cuts and pastes
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things all over the place. So, I'm comparing writing to copying and
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pasting. It's very difficult to be a writer to express ideas clearly, because
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we're trying to get... the writer is trying to get his or her mental picture
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or ideas into the reader's head, which is very difficult to do. It's like copy
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and paste. But that's not a very easy thing to do because we're not computers.
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Right? We're human beings; we have our own ideas. The reader has his or her own
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mind; the writer has his or her own mind. But I can... I can express to you
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how difficult it is by giving you something easier to understand, like,
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copying and pasting. Okay?
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So, these are the tools you're going to use in writing. Use them a lot. Now,
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especially those of you taking tests, like IELTS, TOEFL, SAT, ACE, CAE —
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whatever. All these... all the writing sections can use this; especially for
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descriptive essays, but even other essays. When you want to make a point
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very clear, compare it to something simpler, or easier for a reader to
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understand. Use adjectives and adverbs, prepositions, prepositional phrases,
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make sure you appeal to the senses, and the reader will be... will have a much
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easier time getting your ideas. Okay? Now, if you have any questions or
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comments, please go to www.engvid.com; there's a comment section — you can ask
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me questions there. There's also a quiz, if you can... I'll give you some
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examples of metaphors and similes, analogies, etcetera that you can
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practice with. Please go to my YouTube channel and subscribe. And come back for
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more helpful lessons, I hope. I'll see you then. Bye.
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