How to Turn the Tables on Food Waste | Dana Gunders | TED

譯者: Marian Lee 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

For the past 15 years,

在過去十五年，我一直對我們 浪費了多少食物很感興趣。

I have been obsessed with the amount of food we waste.

This makes me like the last person anyone wants to have dinner with.

這讓我成為大家最不想 共進晚餐的對象。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Inevitably, we're sitting there at the end of the meal,

難免有時候， 我們用餐結束時坐在那裡

they’re pushing food around their plate they don’t want to eat,

他們玩弄著自己盤中不想吃的食物，

and they're looking at me with some awkward excuse.

然後看著我，編出一些奇怪的藉口。

And I say, look, we can't eat our way out of this.

我說，聽著，我們不能 只靠吃來解決這個問題，

This is a systems problem, and it's just way too big.

這是一個系統的問題，

而且它太大了。

How big?

有多大？

Well, picture a farm.

嗯，想像一個農場。

It's the size of the entire United States.

它和整個美國一樣大。

It uses three times as much water as the whole country,

它的用水量是全國的三倍，

and it grows food all year long, and when harvested,

全年都在種植食物，

採收時，每分鐘可以裝滿一百輛 貨櫃卡車的作物，且持續一整年。

produces enough to fill 100 tractor trailers every minute all year long.

Those trucks then drive, fly, and float all over the world.

然後這些卡車會透過陸海空 管道送往世界各地，

Except instead of going somewhere to be eaten,

只是滿車的食物不是送去被吃掉，

they go straight to a landfill

而是直接送到掩埋場，

where the food rots and produces methane,

食物在那裡腐爛， 產生強效的溫室氣體甲烷，

a powerful greenhouse gas.

Seems crazy, right?

聽起來好像很瘋狂對吧？

But that's effectively what we're doing.

但實際上這就是我們正在做的事。

From science experiments in the back of our refrigerators

從遺忘然後培育在冰箱深處的食物，

to truckloads of products

到一車又一車太接近隨意設定的 賞味期限的即期產品，

that are too close to some arbitrary expiration date,

globally, one billion meals go uneaten every single day.

每天，全球都有 十億份餐沒有被吃掉。

That's more than a meal per person

把這些餐分給全球受饑荒所苦的人， 一人一份都還有餘。

for everyone on this planet who faces hunger.

Not to mention it's worth one trillion dollars.

更不用説這些食物的價值 高達一兆美元。

And this whole ridiculous exercise

而這整個荒謬的過程所產生的 溫室氣體足跡是整個航空業的五倍。

has five times the greenhouse gas footprint of the entire aviation industry.

Now, I know it's not obvious

我知道大家不太清楚為什麼食物浪費 對氣候會有這麼大的影響，

why food waste would have such a big climate impact,

so let me explain.

讓我解釋一下。

First, landfills.

首先，掩埋場。

Landfills are the third-largest source of methane in the US,

在美國，掩埋場是 排名第三的甲烷來源，

and almost 60 percent of that methane is coming from food rotting.

其中將近 60% 的甲烷 是從腐爛的食物中產生的。

And as big as that is,

儘管這數字大得驚人，

it's dwarfed by the huge amount of energy

還是壓根比不上食物種植、採收、 運輸、冷藏、烹煮，

and resources it takes to grow,

再送到我們餐桌上， 所要用到的能源和資源總量。

harvest, transport, cool, cook food

and get it to our tables.

And there's an even larger reason.

而且還有個更大的原因，

And that's land use.

土地使用。

We are looking ahead at a future in 2050

預測在 2050 年，我們對食物的需求量 會比 2010 年增加 50%。

where it's projected we'll need about 50 percent more food

than we had in 2010.

And the question is, where is that food going to come from?

問題是，那些食物要從哪裡來？

我們要砍伐更多雨林 來種植那些食物？

Are we going to cut down more rainforests to grow it,

or are we going to use the food that we already have?

還是要使用我們既有的食物？

Researchers estimate about 20 percent of that gap

研究人員估計， 那食物需求差距的兩成，

could be met by simply wasting less.

單單靠減少食物浪費就可以解決。

When I first came across these numbers,

當我第一次得知這些數字時，

I thought to myself, gosh, this is the dumbest problem.

我心想，天啊，這問題蠢爆了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And I wanted to know why.

而我想知道為什麼。

And it turns out, there are all sorts of reasons

結果發現，有各種不同的原因，

that are very different for a strawberry farm in California

這些原因對加州的草莓農場 和非洲的市場來說有很大的差異。

than a market in Africa.

But to give you a sense, here are a few.

但我讓舉幾個例子來幫助各位理解。

One is we don't measure it, so it's invisible.

其中一個理由是我們不去測量 食物浪費，所以它是隱形的。

And as we all know, you don't manage what you don't measure.

大家都知道，沒被測量的 東西就不會被管理。

Also, in some places, food is relatively cheap

此外，在某些地方， 食物相對很便宜，

and the fees to throw it away are even cheaper.

而丟棄食物的費用甚至還更便宜。

In other places,

還有一些地方，

單純就是沒有具備 冷藏食物的基礎設施。

there's simply not the infrastructure to keep food cold.

有時，我們會擔心不足，

At times, we're worried about running out

because God forbid I don't have enough stuffed mushrooms for everyone.

因為，要是我沒有準備足夠的 鑲蘑菇開胃菜時該怎麼辦啊？

And then at other times, we're worried about it making us sick.

其他時候，我們又擔心 食物會讓我們生病。

When in doubt, throw it out, right?

懷疑食物可能壞了，就丟掉，對吧？

And then there's my seven-year-old son

也有一種情況是像我七歲的兒子，

who begs me for a peanut butter and jelly sandwich in the morning

早上拜託我做一份花生醬果醬三明治，

and comes home in the afternoon with his lunchbox completely untouched.

下午回家時把他的午餐盒 原封不動地帶回來。

And when I ask him what he ate for lunch, he says,

當我問他午餐吃了什麼時候，他說：

"Oh, I just talked."

「哦，我都在和人聊天。」

Now, I don't know what you do about that one.

我不知道怎麼處理這種情況。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But overall, fixing food waste is not rocket science.

但總的來說，處理食物浪費 並不是複雜的科學。

It’s really just about managing our food better, and it’s solvable.

重點就只是把食物管理做得更好， 就可以解決了。

There's a lot we can do in our own lives, and I'll get to that in a bit.

我們在日常中也能做很多， 我等下會談。

在整個食物供應鏈中， 也有很多可以著手之處。

And there is a lot we can do across the food supply chain.

At ReFED, the organization where I work,

我在 ReFED 這個組織工作，

that is entirely dedicated to reducing the amount of food we waste,

該組織的宗旨就是要減少食物浪費，

we have identified over 80 solutions that can help.

我們已經找出了至少 80 種解決方案。

Many of them are about prevention,

其中很多是預防性質的，

about making sure that extra food does not occur in the first place,

從一開始就先確保 不會有多餘的食物，

which is really our priority

這真的是我們的首要任務， 因為預防的投資報酬率最高，

because prevention gives you the most bang for your buck,

both environmentally and financially.

在環境和財務方面皆是如此。

After that, we look at donating food.

在預防之後，我們會考慮捐贈食物。

And, only when that’s been exhausted, at feeding it to animals, composting it,

在這些方法都用盡後，才把剩食拿來 餵動物、做堆肥，或用其他方式回收。

or other recycling methods.

There are so many successful examples out there of these solutions.

這些解決方案的實作成功案例很多。

One is a Nigerian company called ColdHubs.

其中之一是奈及利亞公司 ColdHubs 的例子。

They build solar-powered cold rooms in markets and farms.

他們在市場和農場建造太陽能冷藏室。

And in places that don't have electricity

在沒有電的地方， 這種做法能大大延長保存期限，

this extends shelf life dramatically,

giving farmers more time to sell their product

讓農民有更多時間銷售他們的產品，

and therefore the ability to fetch a better price.

因此能提供較好的價格。

They have saved thousands of tons of food so far,

目前他們已經省下了 數千公噸的食物，

all while increasing farmer incomes by 60 percent.

同時讓農民收入提高了 60%。

Another is Too Good To Go.

另一個例子是 Too Good To Go。

It's an app that restaurants and grocery stores can use

餐廳和雜貨店可以用這個 app，

to discount product at the last minute,

在產品因即期而要被丟棄的 前一刻打折販售。

before they might otherwise throw it out.

Businesses, they get extra revenue,

企業能因此多賺一些收入，

customers score a deal,

客戶撿到便宜，而這個 app 則像野火一樣迅速蔓延。

and it has spread like wildfire.

Now in 17 countries,

光是去年，他們在十七個國家 省下的餐食總值超過一億美金。

they saved over 100 million meals last year alone.

From a different angle, there's Compass Group.

另一個角度的例子則有 Compass Group。

It's the largest food service company in the world,

它是世界上最大的餐飲服務公司，

and they are busy trying a lot of unsexy things like tracking their waste,

他們在忙著嘗試 許多不讓人感興趣的事情，

比如追蹤他們的剩食、

experimenting with smaller containers on buffets

測試在自助餐使用較小的容器，

or offering different sized portions so that there's a smaller option

或是提供不同的份量，

比如你不想要很大的 玉米捲時也可以選小的。

if you, say, don't want a massive burrito.

They've had a lot of success across the world,

他們在世界各地有許多成功經驗，

even decreasing waste up to 50 percent in some of their largest sites.

他們旗下一些大型的據點， 甚至成功減少了 50% 的浪費。

除了這幾個例子，還有許多 解決方案也都經過嘗試和測試。

These are just a few of the many solutions

that are being tried and tested.

Some are high-tech, some are low,

有些是高科技，有些不是，

many are win-win -- and they’re starting to work.

很多都是雙贏-- 而且它們已經開始發揮作用。

But it’s not enough, and it’s not fast enough.

但這還不夠，也不夠快。

Countries and companies from around the world

世界各地的國家和公司 已簽署聯合國永續發展目標，

have signed on to the UN Sustainable Development Goal

to cut food loss and waste in half by 2030.

要在 2030 年前將 食物損失和浪費減半。

The impact of this goal would be enormous.

這個目標的影響將是巨大的。

It could avoid converting an area of land the size of Argentina into agriculture,

這可以避免將一個如阿根廷大小的土地 變更為農業用途，

saving one-third of the biodiversity that we’re projected to lose

從而保護預計將消失的 生物物種的三分之一，

and avoiding as many emissions

並減少排放量，相當於美國和加拿大 所有汽車停駛所達到的效果。

as taking every single car in the US and Canada off the road would.

Yet, despite that incredible potential

儘管具有如此驚人的潛力 以及一些進步的標誌，

and some beacons of progress,

overall, we are barely moving the needle.

但整體上，我們的進展幾乎微乎其微。

And unlike the energy and transportation sectors,

與能源和運輸領域不同，

attention and investment into food waste have been completely incommensurate

對食物浪費的關注和投資 與其所帶來的機會完全不成正比。

with the opportunity it presents.

There are so many solutions that are working out there.

有很多解決方案正在發揮作用。

Let's inject the funds to really scale them.

讓我們注入資金來真正擴大它們。

ColdHubs has been quite successful across Nigeria,

ColdHubs 在奈及利亞各地 都相當成功，

but we need that solution in every market without electricity in every country.

但在沒有電力的國家/地區的市場 都需要這種解決方案。

Waste tracking, last-minute sale apps

剩食追蹤，即期食品銷售 apps 和其他技術都已證明它們有效。

and other technologies are demonstrating they work.

Let's provide incentives

讓我們提供獎勵措施，

so that every food business has those at their fingertips.

讓每個食品企業都能 輕鬆獲得這些資源。

And we need investment to spark new innovation as well.

我們還需要投資來激發新的創新。

At ReFED, we estimate that for the US alone,

在 ReFed我們估計，光在美國，

it could take 18 billion dollars to fully scale solutions.

就需要 18 億美元 才能完全擴大解決方案。

A large investment.

這是一筆大的投資。

But when you are throwing hundreds of billions of food away,

但是，當你丟棄數十億美元的食物時，

it actually can have a four-to-one return on that investment.

這項投資實際上可以 獲得四比一的回報。

And other incredible benefits,

還有其他令人感到不可思議的好處，

like providing four billion additional meals in food donations,

例如提供 40 億份額外的食物捐贈、

creating 60,000 jobs,

創造 60,000 個就業機會，

and huge water and greenhouse gas savings.

並節省大量的水和避免溫室氣體排放。

And because so much of the action needs to happen across the food supply chain,

由於需要在整個食品供應鏈中 採取諸多行動，

we need food businesses to engage and prioritize this work.

我們需要食品企業積極參與 並將這項工作設為優先。

They can be doubling down on streamlining their operations

他們可以更加投入， 優化營運並採用新的解決方案。

and adopting new solutions as well.

We also need policy.

我們也需要政策。

Ecuador, Japan, France and 10 states across the US

厄瓜多、日本、法國和美國 10 州，

are just some of the places that have laws

都是少數制定法律 限制食物進入垃圾掩埋場的地方之一。

that restrict food from going to landfills.

Instead, they provide infrastructure for composting

這些地區為堆肥 或其他回收方法建置基礎設施，

or other recycling methods,

and that compost then goes on to improve soils

堆肥能改善土壤， 甚至有吸收碳排的潛力。

and even sequester carbon, potentially.

In addition, in some of those places,

此外，在這些地方， 可以看到食品捐贈的增加，

they're seeing an increase in food donations

and even closer tracking of waste.

甚至能更精確地追蹤剩食的狀況。

These laws should be everywhere.

這些法律應該在任何地方。

And then there's us.

然後還有我們

One of my favorite bumper stickers says:

我最喜歡的保險桿貼紙之一寫道：

"Hate traffic?

「討厭交通？

You are traffic."

你就是交通。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Well, we as consumers,

我們作為消費者，

are actually the largest source of food going to waste.

實際上就是食物浪費最大的來源，

More than grocery stores, farms or restaurants.

不僅僅是雜貨店、農場或餐廳。

And in the US, as a culture,

而在美國，作為一種文化，

we have also become really numb to it.

我們也對它感到麻痹。

You know, I could walk down the street and throw half a sandwich on a sidewalk

你知道，當我走在街上， 在人行道上扔半個三明治，

and people would think I was crazy.

人們會以為我瘋了。

But if I throw that same half sandwich in a garbage can,

但是如果我把那 半個三明治扔進垃圾桶，

they wouldn't think much of it.

他們就不會太在意。

We need to be less accepting as a culture of wasting food,

我們需要在文化上 降低對浪費食物的容忍度，

and we need to take steps in our own lives as well.

我們也需要在自己的生活中採取行動。

But before I get to that, let me tell you what not to do.

但在我談到這一點之前， 讓我告訴你不該做什麼。

You are going to go out into the world now,

你現在要走進一個世界， 到處都可以看到食物被浪費。

and you are going to see food being wasted everywhere.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And you're going to want to, well, eat it.

而且你會想，好吧，吃。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

This is not what we're going for, people.

這不是我們的目標，朋友們。

Trust me, I have tried.

相信我，我已經嘗試了。

And I don’t think it’s what you’re going for either.

而我也不認為這是你想要的。

Instead, here are five tips that you can try

相反，這裡有五個建議，

to manage your food better in your own lives.

你可以嘗試在生活中 更好地管理食物。

First, shopping.

首先，購物。

Shopping is really where we commit to food,

購物是我們對食物付出責任的地方，

and so we need to be careful not to overbuy.

因此我們需要小心不要購買過多。

Old-school things like shopping lists and meal planning really help.

一些老派的做法，比如購物清單 和餐食規劃，真的很有幫助。

And let me be clear, frozen pizza and takeout are totally legit

另外，讓我澄清一下，冷凍披薩和外賣 完全可以成為你計劃的一部分。

as part of your plan.

Next, as I tell my friends at the end of dinner,

接下來，正如我在晚餐結束時 告訴我的朋友，

love your leftovers.

愛惜你的剩飯剩菜。

They are the only true free lunch.

它們是天底下唯一真正的免費午餐。

And when you get sick of them, you can move on to number three,

當你對剩菜感到厭倦時， 你可以採取第三個建議，

which is freeze your food.

那就是冷凍你的食物。

Your freezer is like a magic pause button,

你的冰箱就像一個神奇的暫停按鈕，

and so many things can be frozen that you don't think of:

很多你不想到的東西都可以冷凍，

bread, milk, cheese

麵包、牛奶、起司 以及沒用完的半罐意大利麵醬。

and that half jar of pasta sauce you didn't use.

Next, use it up.

接下來，用完它。

In my house,

在我家，可能是我老公晚餐吃 花生醬果醬三明治的樣子。

this looks like my husband eating that peanut butter and jelly sandwich

for dinner.

But for you, it might be whipping up a stir fry

但對你來說，這可能是用冰箱裡 蔫掉的蔬菜做個炒菜。

with whatever veggies are wilting in your fridge.

Whatever it is,

無論是什麼， 請務必在補貨之前檢查冰箱。

be sure to shop your fridge before you restock it.

And lastly, learn your labels.

最後，了解標籤。

"Best by" and "enjoy by" are really just guesstimates of when food is at its best,

「賞味期限」或「最佳食用日期」 真的只是對食物最佳狀態的粗略估算，

they’re not an indication that it’s gone bad.

這並不代表食物已經變質。

So be sure to use your senses before you toss things.

因此，在丟東西之前， 請務必使用您的感官。

These strategies are not Earth-shattering.

這些策略並不算驚天動地。

They're things that many of our parents and grandparents did.

這是我們父母和祖父母都會做的事情。

And you can be sure that my son is learning them as well.

而你可以肯定， 我的兒子也在學習這些建議。

Because as we tackle this massive climate crisis,

因為當我們應對這場 巨大的氣候危機時，

reducing food waste really is the low-hanging fruit.

減少食物浪費是最容易著手的事情。

But no matter how sustainably we grow that fruit,

但無論我們多麼永續地生產這些水果，

it's only a good use of resources and nutrition

這些資源和營養的合理利用，

if we all do our part to make sure that it actually gets eaten.

只有在我們每個人都努力確保食物 實際被食用的情況下，才能實現。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）