How Quadratic Funding Could Finance Your Dreams | Kevin Owocki | TED

譯者: Wenjer Leuschel 審譯者: Shelley Tsang 曾雯海

In the summer of 2020, COVID was ravaging the world,

在 2020 年夏天， COVID 正在毀滅世界，

and in my hometown of Boulder, Colorado,

在我的家鄉科羅拉多州博爾德，

businesses were having a hard time staying afloat.

企業很難保持水平。

I worked with the community to raise money for these businesses

我與社區合作， 為這些企業籌集資金，

to help get them through this trying time.

以幫助他們度過這段艱難的時間。

But it wasn't a normal funding campaign.

但這不是一個正常的集資活動。

It was driven by a new vision and way of funding

它是由一種最終為更民主的

that is ultimately more democratic,

新願景和集資方式驅動的，

called quadratic funding.

稱為二級募資的活動。

Quadratic funding is really, really new.

二級募資真的是非常新的。

It was invented by Glen Weyl at Microsoft,

它是由微軟的格倫·韋爾和 以太坊基金會的

Vitalik Buterin of the Ethereum Foundation

維塔利克·布特林，以及

and Zoë Hitzig, a PhD economist.

經濟學家佐伊·希齊格博士所發明的。

In September 2018, they set out to write a paper

2018 年 9 月， 他們開始撰寫一篇論文，

that would have a new vision

該論文將是數學上最佳的

for a mathematically optimal way to fund community goods.

方式為社區的福祉 提供資金的新願景。

Quadratic funding is basically a crowdfunding campaign,

基本上，二級募資是 一種眾籌集資的活動，

but it's not like a Patreon where creators sell subscriptions.

但它並不像創作者銷售訂閱的派特隆贊助者 （Patreon）。而且它也不像（Kickstarter）

And it's not like a Kickstarter,

推助募資平台，

in that it leverages a matching funds mechanism

因為它利用匹配資金機制

to match contributions from everyday donors.

來匹配日常捐贈者的貢獻。

It's a mathematical formula

它是一個數學公式，

that results in a fairer way to distribute funds.

可以使資金分配更為公平的方式。

Here's the formula.

這是那樣的公式。也許它對您來說看起來 有點嚇人，尤其您如果不喜歡希臘字母的話，

Maybe it looks a bit daunting to you,

especially if you don't like Greek letters,

but it's really powerful

但它真的很強大，我將向您 展示為什麼它如此冷酷。

and I'm going to show you why it's so cool.

It's basically a matching campaign. So how does it work?

這基本上是一個匹配的活動。 那麼它是如何運作的呢？

Someone who's civic minded

具有公民思維的人

raises a pool of funding to stimulate a community.

籌集資金來刺激社區。

This could be a local philanthropist that wants to give back,

這可能是一位希望 回饋的當地慈善家，

or a civic leader that wants to stimulate economic recovery.

或者是一位希望刺激 經濟復甦的公民領袖。

Second, projects sign up for a crowdfunding campaign.

其次，項目註冊為 一個眾籌的活動。

This could be local businesses that have a civic-minded mission,

這可能是具有公民心 使命感的當地企業，

or it could be any group of neighbors who wants to help out the community.

也可以是任何想要幫助 社區的鄰居群體。

And then third, you run a crowdfunding campaign

再者， 您執行一個眾籌的活動，

in which the everyday citizens in these communities

此間這些社區裏的 普通公民為

contribute to the projects that are in the campaign,

活動中的項目做出貢獻，

and those contributions are matched by the matching pool.

而這些貢獻將由 匹配池進行匹配。

Now here's the cool thing about quadratic funding

現在，這二次性的資金使其成為

that makes it into a funding power tool.

最酷的集資動力的工具。

When the contributions from the crowd are matched by the matching pool,

當群眾的貢獻由 匹配池進行匹配時，

they're matched more on the basis

會根據他們貢獻的廣度

of the breadth of contributors to each project

而非根據他們貢獻的

as opposed to the depth of their contributions.

深度來進行匹配。

And this is really, really powerful.

這種集資的力量真的非常強大。

Let's run through an example of how.

讓我們來看一個其運作的例子。

Let's say you have a million-dollar matching pool

假設您有一個百萬 美元的配對池，

for a seaside town's restoration campaign,

用於海濱小鎮的經濟復甦活動，

and the first project, a marina, is favored by wealthy donors.

而第一個項目是碼頭建設， 它是受到富裕捐贈者的喜愛。

It raises 500K from one contributor.

它從一個投資者那裡籌集了 500 萬。

The second project raises 500K from 10,000 contributors.

第二個項目從 10,000 名貢獻者 那裡募集到了 500 萬。

Let's say it's something that's more popular

假設它在社區的日常成員中更 受歡迎的東西，例如活化市中心。

in everyday members of the community, like revitalizing the downtown.

With quadratic funding,

採用二級募資，第二個項目將 從匹配池獲得更多的匹配，

that second project will get way more of the matching pool,

even though they raised the same amount of money,

即使他們籌集了 相同的金額，

and in one-to-one matching,

而且在一對一匹配中，他們將 從匹配池中獲得相同的金額。

they would get the same amount from the matching pool.

With quadratic funding,

若採用二級募資的匹配方式， 則 99% 的集資將被用於第二個項目。

99 percent of the funds will go to that second project.

OK, so this is what makes quadratic funding a tool

好吧，所以這就是使二級募資如何 成為用於社區日常成員想要的推助工具。

for funding what everyday members of the community want.

It leverages a matching funds mechanism

它利用匹配集資機制， 比小型捐贈者支持的項目來

that disproportionately rewards projects with a broader base of support

更廣泛地推助更廣泛的支持基礎。

over the ones that are supported by small donors.

Alright, so now that we have an intuition for how this works --

好吧，現在我們對 這個運作方式有了直覺 --

many small donors are more powerful than one large donor --

於是許多小捐贈者比一個 大型捐贈者更為強大 --

let's take a look at the math.

讓我們來看一下數學。

This equation basically says

這個方程式基本上是說， 來自匹配池的金額

that the amount coming from the matching pool

is proportional to the sum of the square roots of each contribution,

與每個貢獻的 平方根的總和成比例，

all of that squared.

所有這些都是平方的。

Now, that might sound like a mouthful,

現在，這聽起來可能像是一口氣，

but basically the reason why we call this quadratic funding

但基本上我們稱此為二級募資的原因

is that it leverages squares and square roots

正是由於它利用了正方和 平方根來確定匹配的金額。

in order to determine the matching amounts.

So let's run through an example

因此，讓我們再來看一個例子，以便 您對這種數學的運作方式發展出直覺。

so that you develop an intuition for how this math works.

Let's say we're running a QF campaign for two different projects.

假設我們正在為兩個不同的項目 進行二級募資的活動。

And the first project raises 10 dollars from 10 contributors.

第一個項目從 10 個貢獻者那裡 籌集了 10 美元。

So ten contributions of one dollar each.

所以每筆一美元的十份貢獻。

And the second project, favored by wealthy donors,

而第二個項目受到富裕的捐贈者喜愛， 從一位投資者那裡籌集了 10 美元。

raises 10 dollars from one contributor.

Let's apply the quadratic math to this campaign

讓我們將二級的數學應用到這個活動中， 並找出何者將獲得最大集資匹配。

and figure out who's going to get the most matching.

The first thing we have to do

我們要做的第一件事是我們必須 對每個貢獻的平方根進行求和。

is we have to sum the square roots of each contribution.

So the square root of one is one and one plus one plus one equals 10.

所以一的平方根是一 ， 一加一加一加一等於 10。

So that's the first project.

所以這是第一個項目。

The second project received one contribution of 10 dollars.

第二個項目獲得 了一筆 10 美元的貢獻。

We take the square root of that. And that's roughly three.

我們以其平方根。 這大約是三。

So you can see in this portion of the formula

因此，您可以在公式的這一部分中 看到它如何開始用

how it starts to break down the contributions of the larger donors

with the square root,

平方根分解較大捐贈者的貢獻， 但它不會對小捐贈者有那麼大的影響。

but it doesn't affect the small donors as much.

Next, let's take the sum of the square roots

接下來，讓我們取 平方根的總和，

and let's square those.

讓我們將它們平方。

Ten squared is 100,

十平方是 100， 大約三的平方就是九。

and roughly three squared is about nine.

Here you can develop an intuition for the second half of this formula,

在這裡，您可以對這個公式的下半部分， 以及它如何擴大支持基礎的項目和

and how it's widening the distance between the projects

that have a broader base of support

大型捐贈者喜愛的項目之間的 距離發展出直覺。

and the one favored by a large donor.

And finally we have our matching proportions.

最後，我們於是有了 我們匹配的比例。

90% of the funding is going to go to the project

90% 的資金將用於具有 更廣泛的支持基礎的項目。

that has a broader base of support.

OK, so that's how the math works.

好吧，所以這就是數學的運作方式。

Many small donors are more powerful than one large donor.

許多小捐贈者比一個 大捐贈者更強大。

And there's a counterintuitive implication of this that is extremely powerful.

這有一個非常強大的反直覺含義。

If we were doing a 1000- or 10,000-dollar-matching pool

如果我們在這個例子中做 一個 1000 美元或 10,000 美元的匹配池，

in that example,

then when you give to that first project,

那麼當您給第一個項目時，您在 活動中分配數十或數百美元。

you are allocating tens or hundreds of dollars in the campaign.

So this gets lots of people off their butts

因此，這使許多人不願意為 二級募資的活動做出貢獻。

to contribute to quadratic funding campaigns.

What's better? You give a dollar and a project gets a dollar,

什麼是更好？你給一美元， 一個項目獲得一美元，

because of no matching.

因為沒有匹配。

You give a dollar and a project gets two dollars

由於一對一匹配，您再給一美元， 則一個項目獲得兩美元。

because of one-to-one matching.

Or you give a dollar and a project gets hundreds of dollars

或者你再給一美元， 而一個項目因而獲得數百美元，

because the matching pool was well-funded

因為配對池的籌募資金充足，

and that project got enough small donors supporting it.

而該項目獲得足夠的 小捐助者支持它。

OK? So because of these matching multiples

好嗎？因此，由於這些匹配的增倍，

we're starting to see lots of people contribute to quadratic funding campaigns

我們開始看到很多人在我們執行 二次性的集資活動時做出貢獻。

when we run them.

And because of that, we're able to develop a high-resolution view

因此，我們能夠制定高解析度視圖， 來瞭解執行

of what constituencies that run quadratic funding campaigns

二級募資活動的選區 實際關注哪些選區。

actually care about.

This is what we call a preference map

這是我們最近執行的二級 集資活動中稱為的偏好地圖。

from a recent quadratic funding campaign that we've run.

And each circle is a donor or a grant that they gave to.

每個圈子都是他們給出的 捐贈者或給予的捐贈。

So we see in high resolution what communities actually care about,

因此，我們以高解析度 看到社區實際上關心什麼，

and by care about I don't mean that they hit a like button.

而關心我並不是說 他們按一下「讚」按鈕。

They actually gave a dollar of their own money

而是他們實際上根據他們在社區中 看到的內容，向社區的項目

to the projects in their community

on the basis of what they see in their community.

提供了自己的一美元資金。

In analog democracies, we get a signal every couple of years

在類似的民主國家，我們 每隔幾年都會收到一個信號，

and an up or down vote of what people actually care about,

而且是人們真正關心的信號，但如果 我們每三到六個月舉辦此等募資活動，

but with quadratic funding,

we can get it more frequent

if we run these campaigns every three or six months,

我們可以更經常對普通公民視爲 重要的事項獲得更高解析度的看法。

and more high-resolution view of what matters to everyday citizens.

And then we can take the projects

然後，我們就可以接受在 二級募資活動中獲得支持的項目，

that are supported in the quadratic funding campaign,

and build relationships between those in power

並在掌權者和社區中做出最好 事情的人之間建立關係。

and those who are doing the most good in their communities.

Quadratic funding isn't just for downtowns that want to revitalize after a pandemic.

二級募資不僅適用於希望在 大流行後恢復活力的市中心。

And it's not just for seaside projects that want to revitalize themselves either.

這也不僅適用於想要活 化自己的海濱項目。

Any community that wants to fund what matters to everyday people

任何想要為普通人們視爲 重要的事情提供資金的社區

can use a quadratic funding campaign to do so.

都可以使用二次性的 募資活動來做到這一點。

The cycle can be kicked off by a philanthropist

這個循環可以由一 位想回饋但不 確定該做什麽的慈善家來啟動，

that wants to give back, but isn't sure to what,

a digital community that wants to fund what matters to everyday people

一個想為平常人們視爲重要的募資 數碼社區可以採用二次性募資方式，

can use quadratic funding,

and it can be used by cities, states or countries

想要振興民主的城市， 州或國家可以採用它。

that want to revitalize their democracies.

Know any of those?

你知道其中一個嗎？

Quadratic funding scales.

二級募資的規模。

In just about six years,

在短短六年內，

it's been used to fund 60 million dollars worth of community goods

它已經藉由 270,000 個獨特的貢獻者和 400 萬個獨特的貢獻來資助

through 270,000 unique contributors and four million unique contributions.

價值 60 萬美元的社區產品。

It has funded 4,000 creators,

它已經資助了 4,000 名創作者，

extending a civic lifeline to the people

為這些社區擁有最合法性的 人們擴展了公民生命線。

who have the most legitimacy in these communities.

The tech to do quadratic funding is available today.

進行二次性募資的技術 今天已可用。

In the last year, my team at Gitcoin has developed open-source software

在過去一年我在 Gitcoin 團隊中 開發了開源軟體，任何人都可以

that anyone can pull down and run a quadratic funding campaign

下載汲取之，並在他們的社區中 今天就進行二次性的募資活動。

in their community today.

Now I've got to address --

現在我必須解釋 --

Thank you.

謝謝各位傾聽。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

I've got to address the elephant in the room for a second.

我必須對房間裡 的大象說一會兒話。

You may have guessed by the name of my startup,

您可能透過我創業的公司名稱，

Gitcoin with a G,

帶 G 的 Gitcoin 猜到，

that I am indeed a crypto bro.

我確實是一個加密貨幣兄弟。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I plead guilty.

我認罪。

Crypto doesn't have the best reputation, and probably deservedly so,

加密貨幣並沒有最好的聲譽， 也許活該如此，

but I'm a part of the crypto movement that cares deeply about community goods,

但我是加密運動的一員， 深深關心社區的福祉，

things like open-source software,

例如開源軟體，

and we want to see those things funded.

我們希望這些東西獲得資金。

You wouldn't throw out all of the internet because of a couple of bad websites,

你不會因為幾個不好的網站 而丟掉所有的互聯網，

so please don't throw out all of crypto because of Scam Bankman-Fried.

所以請不要因為 Bankman-Fried 的 騙局而丟棄所有的加密貨幣。

(Laughter and applause)

（笑聲和掌聲）

My flavor of crypto bro cares deeply about community goods

我對加密貨幣的味道非常 關心社區的福祉

and quadratic funding.

和二級募資。

It's an example of something good that was pioneered in crypto

這是加密貨幣領域的先驅， 現在開始成為主流

and is now starting to go mainstream.

的好東西的一個例子。

If you want to run a quadratic funding campaign

如果您想在以太坊 的社區中開展二級募資活動，

in your Ethereum-based community,

則可以使用我們的

you can use Gitcoin Grants, our software, to do that.

軟件 Gitcoin Grant 來做到這一點。

But if you don't care about the whole crypto thing,

但是，如果您不在乎 整個加密貨幣事情，

we've built a tool called SimpleGrants.xyz

我們建立了一個名為 Simplegrants.xyz 的工具，

that will allow you to fund what matters in your community

此工具可讓您 使用美元，歐元，日元

using quadratic funding in US dollars, euros, Japanese yen

或我們支持的數百種貨幣中的數百種貨幣中的 二級募資來為社區中重要的事務提供募資。

or any of the hundreds of currencies that we support.

此工具作為開源軟體可用，這是説 任何人都可以下載它

This tool is available as open-source software,

which means that anyone can download it

並運行它，而無需我的 任何信息。

and run it without needing anything from me.

But if you need something,

但如果您需要什麼， 我和我的團隊可以討論最佳做法，

me and my team are available to talk about best practices

and to help you support your community.

並幫助您支持社區。

Now I don't want to oversell quadratic funding.

我現在並不想超賣二級募資。

It's not perfect, or I guess said another way,

它不完美，或者我想另一種方式說，

it works under very specific scenarios.

它在非常特定的情況下能運作。

First, you need someone who's going to put up the matching pool.

首先，你需要一個 安裝匹配對池的人。

Second, that person has to be comfortable with other people distributing the funds.

其次，該人必須對其他人 的資金分配感到舒適。

Third, we need the ability to stop people from falsifying identities.

第三，我們需要能夠阻 止人們偽造身份。

And fourth, we need to stop the ability to collude with each other.

第四，我們需要停止彼 此協作的能力。

Basically, situations where if you contribute to my project,

基本上， 如果您為我的項目做出貢獻，

I'll contribute to yours.

我會為您的項目貢獻的情況。

That's collusion.

那就是協調

But these are solvable problems.

但這些是可解決的問題。

And I know that because I've solved them hundreds of times

我知道這一點，因為我 已經在執行的二級募資

through trial and error

in the quadratic funding campaigns that I've run.

和錯誤，解決了數百次這些問題。

American sociobiologist Edward Wilson once said,

美國社會生物學家 愛德華·威爾遜曾經說過，

the real problem with humanity is we've got Paleolithic emotions,

人類的真正問題是我們 擁有舊石器時代的情緒，

medieval institutions and godlike technology.

中世紀的機構和神一般的技術。

I think that with all of the amazing technology

我認為，借助我們今天擁有的

that we've got available today,

所有驚人技術，

we should be able to upgrade our institutions

我們應該能夠讓我們的機構升級，

and use technology for the civic good.

並利用技術來實現公民的利益。

Fund what matters to everyday people.

為一般人募集重要的資金。

Quadratic funding is one way we can do that.

二級募資是我們可以 做到這一點的一種方法。

It's not the only way,

這不是唯一的方法，

but it's part of an ecology of 21st-century digital democratic tools

而是 21 世紀數字民主工具 生態系統的一部分，

that are going to allow us to support the voices

它將使我們能夠支持一般

of a general, diverse population

多元化的群衆聲音，

and create community engagement and collective action,

並創造社區參與和集體行動，

and all in a way that feels more like using a slick app

這一切都以使用 流暢的應用程式

than going to the DMV.

而不是以前去 DMV 辦事的方式。

I want to see us fund what matters to everyday people in the 21st century,

我希望看到我們為 21 世紀 一般人進行日常的重要募資，

and upgrade our institutions to be digitally native.

並將我們的機構升級 成為以數位為根基。

Quadratic funding is one way we can do that.

二級募資是我們可以 做到這一點的一種方法。

Thank you for coming to my TED talk.

謝謝您來參加我的 TED 演講。

(Laughter and applause)

（笑聲和掌聲）