How To Fix The "Bugs" In The Net-Zero Code | Lucas Joppa | TED Countdown

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2022-03-20 ใƒป TED


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How To Fix The "Bugs" In The Net-Zero Code | Lucas Joppa | TED Countdown

40,423 views ใƒป 2022-03-20

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: b b ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
00:04
When I was a kid, I lived in a pretty analog world.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์œ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์„ธ์ƒ ์†์— ์‚ด์•˜์–ด์š”.
00:07
But then, that all started to quickly change.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ํ›„, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:09
My music, my communications, my social networks --
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์ €์˜ ์Œ์•…, ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜, ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ --
00:12
everything started to become digital.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:15
And the force behind it all was this thing that seemed,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ›„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํž˜์€
00:18
at least to me at the time, almost magical.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
This thing called "software."
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ โ€œ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ดโ€œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:23
But then, over time,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ,
์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
I realized that software isn't magic, it's just logic.
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00:27
It's code that tells the computer what to do and how to do it.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:32
And that early realization really still sits at the core
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์ด ์ œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
of how I view my job as Microsoft's Chief Environmental Officer,
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ œ ์ง์—…์„ ๋Œ€ํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ์ž์„ธ์™€
00:39
where I help the company play its part in developing the code
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์ €ํฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:44
behind one of the most complex programs the world has ever dared to develop:
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋‚˜์„œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
a program that takes, as input, all of the carbon
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๊ทธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ํƒ„์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ž…๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
associated with all of the economic activity on the planet,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ž…๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
00:58
and returns, as output, the value zero.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ 0์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
Zero additional carbon accumulating in the atmosphere
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์  ํƒ„์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์„ 2050๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 0์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:06
by the year 2050.
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01:08
Now Microsoft's contribution to this is both simple and ambitious.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์•ผ์‹ฌ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
By 2030, weโ€™ve committed to reduce our emissions by half or more
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2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์ด๊ณ ,
01:16
and then physically remove the rest from the atmosphere.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์—†์• ๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
And then, from 2030 to 2050,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2030๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2050๋…„๊นŒ์ง€
01:22
to continue not just zeroing out our annual emissions,
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์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ 0์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:26
but to go back in time and remove all the emissions we're associated with
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1975๋…„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ์ดํ›„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•ด์˜จ ๋ชจ๋“  ํƒ„์†Œ๋“ค๋„ ์—†์•จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
since we were founded in 1975.
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01:34
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
01:35
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
And what we've learned as a result
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์ง€๋‚œ 2๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ป˜๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
01:40
of our almost two years working towards this target
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01:42
is that any developer of a net-zero carbon program
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๋„ท์ œ๋กœ ํƒ„์†Œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์€
01:47
really faces the same challenges that your typical software engineer might.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
They must avoid bugs in their code.
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์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:55
Bugs are errors that cause a program not to work
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๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์˜ค์ž‘๋™์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
or to do things that its author didn't intend or doesn't understand.
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
02:03
And if you know anything about software,
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์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์•„๋Š” ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
02:05
you know that bugs are bad.
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๋ฒ„๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•„์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
02:09
Well, unfortunately, what's become clear
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๋ญ, ๋ถˆ์šดํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
02:11
is that there are already a few clearly significant bugs
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
in the world's early net-zero program.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋„ท์ œ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์• ์š”.
02:19
For instance, we lack a common meaning of the term โ€œnet-zero.โ€
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, โ€œ๋„ท-์ œ๋กœโ€œ๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
We lack a common unit of measurement
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๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ์ธก์ • ๋‹จ์œ„๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
to assess the climate impact of any net-zero approach.
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๋„ท์ œ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:29
And weโ€™re failing to mature the markets the world will need
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
to achieve a net-zero carbon economy by 2050.
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2050๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„ท์ œ๋กœ ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ค๋ฉด ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:38
And so what I want to do is just go into a few details, I guess,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
์–ด๋–ค ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
02:42
on each of these bugs,
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02:43
and then talk really quickly
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๊ทธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
about how I think we might be able to fix them.
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02:48
And first up is the meaning of โ€œnet-zero.โ€
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์šฐ์„  ๋„ท์ œ๋กœ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
Now, the global definition of net-zero is pretty simple:
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์ž, ๋„ท์ œ๋กœ์˜ ํฌ๊ด„์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
all of the carbon that humans put into the atmosphere,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํƒ„์†Œ๋Š”
02:59
humans must take out.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์• ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
03:02
That sounds supersimple; as we all know,
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์ •๋ง ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ •๋ง ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
it's turning out to be extremely difficult to do,
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03:06
but that's especially so if you have not ensured alignment
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ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋”์šฑ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
between individual, organizational and global definitions of โ€œnet-zero.โ€
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๊ฐœ์ธ, ์กฐ์ง, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๋„ท์ œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
03:18
And I want to talk, just really quickly, about what I mean by that.
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๊ทธ ๋ง์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ธ์ง€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
And, to use an example to do so,
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ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:22
let's pretend that you want to go on vacation,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํœด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:26
a vacation that's going to require transportation, food and lodging,
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๊ตํ†ต, ์Œ์‹, ์ˆ™๋ฐ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:30
all activities that will emit, let's say,
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ 3ํ†ค์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜์ฃ .
03:32
three tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere.
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03:35
But you want your trip to be net-zero.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋„ท์ œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์—ฌ์ •์„ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
Well, today, you really have three options.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ํƒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
You could, of course, simply decide not to go,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ด๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
in which case your trip wouldnโ€™t be net-zero,
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฌํ–‰์€ ์ˆœ์ œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
it would be absolute zero.
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03:49
Or you could decide to continue on with your trip,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:52
but in this case, pay somebody, on your behalf,
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์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ค„์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
to not emit three tonnes of carbon that they otherwise would have.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ 3ํ†ค์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:01
Now, in accounting parlance,
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํšŒ๊ณ„์šฉ์–ด์—์„  ๋ฐฐ์ถœํšŒํ”ผ ์ƒ์‡„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์š”.
04:03
this is what's called an avoided emissions offset.
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04:06
But it comes with a catch.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ•จ์ •์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
Because while you may now be able to claim your emissions to be net-zero,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋„ท์ œ๋กœ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
04:12
and thus, your trip to be net-zero,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋„ท์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ์ •์€
04:14
as a result of canceling out your emissions with those of someone else,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ ์ƒ์‡„๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
you're relying on an approach that we know simply can't scale
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ท์ œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
to a global net-zero outcome.
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04:26
And the reason that that is true
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
04:28
is simply because carbon will still be emitted, although less,
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์ ์€ ์–‘์ด๋”๋ผ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:32
but not removed.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
In the third option --
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ํƒ์ง€๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
it's similar to the second --
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์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:37
you're going to continue to go on your trip,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ณ 
04:39
but in this case, you're going to pay somebody
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04:41
to physically remove three tonnes of carbon
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ 3ํ†ค์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
from the atmosphere on your behalf.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:46
And this type of payment, called a carbon-removal offset,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ƒ์‡„๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:50
could theoretically scale from individual, to organizational,
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์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ  ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋„ท์ œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
to global net-zero outcomes.
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04:57
But in order to do so,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ง„๋ณด์™€ ๋น„์•ฝ์  ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ
04:58
it's going to have to have significant technological advances and breakthroughs
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
to achieve the scale necessary.
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05:05
But the point here is really simple:
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์š”์ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
it's that in today's terminology, zero is not always zero.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ ์šฉ์–ด์—์„  ์ œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:13
It depends on your definition.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
And that is a problem.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
05:18
And it's a problem that brings us to the second bug in our net-zero program:
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๋„ท์ œ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋Š”
05:22
problems with measurement,
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์ธก์ •์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
and specifically,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
05:25
problems with the way that we do or don't measure
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์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ณ 
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ƒ์‡„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
05:28
the climate impacts of different carbon offsets.
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05:31
Because not all offsets are created equal.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ์‡„๊ฐ€ ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
The additionality of a project,
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ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์„ฑ,
05:37
the certainty with which you know that carbon will be avoided or removed,
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ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํšŒํ”ผ ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ,
05:43
the duration of time over which your investment will remain valid.
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ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„,
05:47
Those and a whole host of other factors --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด
05:50
they all influence the climate impacts of your investments.
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ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
But today, we don't do enough to measure those differences.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
And we have to do better,
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์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
because if we can't appropriately measure
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:03
the climate impacts that those differences represent,
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06:06
then we'll never be able to appropriately assign
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ƒ์‡„์— ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์ „์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
the correct monetary value to any particular offset.
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06:14
And if we can't get the valuation right,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐํ›„์™€ ์žฌ์ •์  ๊ด€์  ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:17
from both a climate and a financial perspective,
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06:20
then we're not going to mature the markets that we need.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์„ฑ์ˆ™์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
And the reason for this is actually pretty simple,
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
because it turns out to be relatively cheap
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๋ˆ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:29
to pay somebody to stop doing something.
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06:32
And so avoided emissions offsets
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๋ฐฐ์ถœ ํšŒํ”ผ ์ƒ์‡„๋Š” ํ†ค๋‹น ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ 10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
can often be purchased for less than 10 dollars
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06:36
per tonne of carbon avoided.
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06:39
Carbon-removal offsets, on the other hand,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํƒ„์†Œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ƒ์‡„๋Š”
06:41
often span prices from the high tens, to hundreds, to low thousands of dollars
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์ œ๊ฑฐ ํ†ค๋‹น ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ข…์ข… ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ, ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ด๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
per tonne of carbon removed,
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06:47
particularly for advanced technology solutions,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์š”.
06:50
like direct air capture,
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์ง์ ‘๊ณต๊ธฐํฌ์ง‘(DAC)๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด์„œ
06:52
which literally sucks carbon out of the atmosphere
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06:54
and stores it permanently deep under the Earth's surface.
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์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์— ์˜์›ํžˆ ์ €์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
But if each of these types of offsets counted the same
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ์‡„์˜ ๊ฐ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ํƒ„์†Œ ํšŒ๊ณ„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:02
for your carbon accounting,
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07:05
which would you choose?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:07
Well, most organizations will choose the cheapest option,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์กฐ์ง์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๊ฑธ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:11
and that might make sense for them from a financial perspective,
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์žฌ๋ฌด์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
07:14
but it causes significant market dysfunction
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
because it starves early, emerging and scalable solutions
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„
07:21
that we know we will need in the future;
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:23
it starves them of desperately needed, early capital,
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๊ฐ„์ ˆํžˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž๋ณธ์„ ๋ง‰์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ
07:27
and it ultimately slows or stunts their growth.
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๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
And at Microsoft, weโ€™ve experienced this, because for nearly a decade,
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ,
07:34
we were a significant purchaser of avoided emissions offsets,
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๋ฐฐ์ถœ ํšŒํ”ผ ์ƒ์‡„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
before switching our strategy to only purchasing carbon removal.
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์—” ํƒ„์†Œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ƒ์‡„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
07:44
And in fact, just last year,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ž‘๋…„์—๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„
07:45
we purchased 1.3 million metric tons of carbon removal.
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์ €ํฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” 130๋งŒ ํ†ค์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ƒ์‡„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
And as a result of that purchase,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ๋งค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€
07:51
what we learned is that Microsoft's demand alone
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋งŒ์ด
07:55
represents a significant fraction of all of the carbon removal
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๋ชจ๋“  ํƒ„์†Œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
available on the world's markets today.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:04
And so when you take this all together,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ„์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:06
what you quickly realize is that the world's early net-zero program
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋„ท์ œ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด
08:11
simply won't compute.
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
08:13
It's predicated on a poorly defined program structure,
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์ž˜๋ชป ์ •์˜๋œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
where carbon is still emitted, but not removed,
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ํƒ„์†Œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ,
08:20
and where markets don't mature.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:23
Now that all sounds pretty depressing,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์šฐ์šธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:25
and I would say I wouldn't be doing my job
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
if I didn't think these problems could be fixed,
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08:31
if I didn't think that these bugs in the software couldn't be bashed.
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์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์˜ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:35
But doing so is going to require all of us to accept
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
an extremely significant amount of urgency,
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ธด๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
08:43
to realize that there is a whole lot of hard work ahead,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ํž˜๋“  ์ผ์ด ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ ,
08:48
and the need for a plan.
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๊ณ„ํš์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
A four-point plan -- at least in my opinion,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—” ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
there needs to be a four-point plan --
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๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:55
a plan that shares a single, common, global definition of net-zero,
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๋„ท์ œ๋กœ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ผํ™”๋œ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
not an organizational or individual one.
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์กฐ์ง์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฐจ์›์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
09:05
A plan that deploys a single common unit of measurement
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ผํ™”๋œ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ์ธก์ • ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
so that we can appropriately compare and contrast
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์กฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
the climate and financial impacts of any type of net-zero investment.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ˆœ์ œ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์žฌ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„์š”.
09:16
A plan that records the carbon inputs and outputs
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ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๊ณผ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
of every organization and country on Earth
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
09:22
so that we can appropriately map out and assess progress
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
09:26
towards a net-zero future.
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๋„ท์ œ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
And a plan that uses market maturation
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
at such a scale that develops markets
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์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ
09:36
to the scale that the world needs for every individual and organization
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๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
so that they can rely on these markets,
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์†Œ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:43
not just a few individuals and a few organizations.
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09:48
And so we now find ourselves collectively coding this program update
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋“œํ™” ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
against the clock,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹คํˆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:55
and the urgency could not be greater.
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์ ˆ๋ฐ•ํ•จ์€ ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
But what I want to urge everyone is to constantly remind ourselves
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹น๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
10:03
to always predicate our work on logic.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ผ์„ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
10:07
Because if we can do that,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:09
then we can be confident in our ability
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
to pull off the most seemingly magical feat of all:
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์œ„์—…์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
10:16
a recoding of our current course on climate change
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
10:19
and a promise for a more sustainable future
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๋” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์•ฝ์†ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
to generations to come.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
10:24
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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