Basic English Grammar: Using "to be" to describe your life

589,820 views ใƒป 2012-11-03

Learn English with Rebecca


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi, my name is Rebecca from www.engvid.com. In today's lesson, I'll be talking about a
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏ www.engvid.com ใฎ Rebecca ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง
00:08
very commonly used verb in the English language, and that's the verb "to be". Even though this
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ใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใง้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œto beใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ
00:16
is a very commonly used verb, it's still confusing to a lot of English students for a variety
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ใฏ้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉž ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็†็”ฑใงๅคšใใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’่€…ใ‚’ๆททไนฑใ•ใ›ใฆใ„
00:21
of different reasons. So, in today's lesson, we're going to divide the lesson into two
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง ใฏใ€ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ 2 ใคใฎ
00:26
parts. First, I'm going to explain to you when to use the verb "to be", and then I'll
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้ƒจๅˆ†ใซๅˆ†ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใซใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€
00:31
show you how to use it in three different tenses; in the present, in the past, and in
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ใ‚’ใ„ใคไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใ€ๆฌกใซ 3 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ™‚ๅˆถใงๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ็พๅœจใ€้ŽๅŽป
00:38
the present perfect. Okay? Now, that's really important to be able to do, so if you stick
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ใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œ ใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชใฎใง
00:45
with me right until the end of this lesson, you will know how to use the sentences that
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ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใพใงไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใ‚Œใฐ
00:50
start with "I am", "I was", and "I have been". Okay? Now, why is the verb "to be" so difficult?
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ใ€ใ€ŒI amใ€ใ€ใ€ŒI wasใ€ใ€ใ€ŒI haveใ€ใงๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎ้–“"ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ใฏใชใœ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
00:58
Well, first of all, because the verb "to be" is different from all other verbs in the English
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ใพใš็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ใฏ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎไป–ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰
01:05
language. Okay? There's like a division. There's the verb "to be", and then there are all the
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅŒบ็”ปใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œto beใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใซใฏไป–ใฎใ™ในใฆ
01:10
other verbs in English. So, the verb "to be", you have to learn the structure and the rules
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ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ใฏใ€ใใฎๅ‹•่ฉž ใฎๆง‹้€ ใจไฝฟ็”จ่ฆๅ‰‡ใ‚’ๅญฆใฐใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
01:16
of using that verb. And the second reason why the verb "to be" is so challenging at
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ใŒๆ™‚ใจใ—ใฆ้žๅธธใซ้›ฃใ—ใ„็†็”ฑใฎ 2 ใค็›ฎ
01:22
times is because in many languages, we don't use the verb "to be", especially in the present
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ใฏใ€ๅคšใใฎ่จ€่ชžใง ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ใ‚’็‰นใซ็พๅœจ
01:28
tense. That's why sometimes you have students saying things like "I student" or "I happy".
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ๅฝขใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ ๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใจใ‹ใ€Œๅนธใ›ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ†ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:37
Now, those sentences are not correct because what's missing? The verb "to be". That student
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฏๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ไฝ•ใŒๆฌ ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹? ใ€Œใชใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€‚ ใใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿ
01:43
should say "I am a student", "I am happy", but perhaps in their languages, they don't
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ใฏใ€Œ็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๅนธใ›ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ในใใงใ™ ใŒใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่ชž
01:49
need to use that in the present tense, and that's why it can become a bit of a challenge
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ใงใฏใ€็พๅœจๆ™‚ๅˆถใงใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใชใใ€ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๆ…ฃใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฐ‘ใ—้›ฃใ—ใ„ๅ ดๅˆ
01:55
to get used to using it. So, let me explain to you first when we use the verb "to be",
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจใใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝฟใ†
02:02
there are many, many different contexts in which we use it, so let's review that and
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ๆ–‡่„ˆใฏ้žๅธธใซใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Š
02:07
then we'll go further. Okay? Let's get started. So, we can use the verb "to be" to talk about
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€
02:14
age, "I am 26", about gender, "I am a woman". Somebody could talk about their marital status,
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ๅนด้ฝขใซใคใ„ใฆใ€Œ็งใฏ 26 ๆญณใงใ™ใ€ใ€ๆ€งๅˆฅใซใคใ„ใฆใ€Œ็งใฏๅฅณๆ€งใงใ™ใ€ใจ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:24
"I'm married", "I'm engaged", "I'm divorced", etc. "I'm separated", okay? Family status,
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ใ€Œ็ตๅฉšใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฉš็ด„ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ้›ขๅฉšใ— ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใชใฉใ€ๅฉšๅงป็Šถๆณใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎถ็ณปใฏ
02:32
"I'm a mother", "I'm a father", okay? You could also use the verb "to be" to talk about
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ใ€ŒใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€ใ€ŒใŠ็ˆถใ•ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€
02:39
your health, your physical health and your mental or emotional health. So, you could
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅฅๅบทใ€่บซไฝ“ใฎๅฅๅบทใ€ ็ฒพ็ฅž็š„ใพใŸใฏๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็š„ใชๅฅๅบทใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€
02:46
say "I'm well" or "I'm ill", you could say "I'm happy" or "I'm depressed", right? Okay?
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๅ…ƒๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ—ใ€ ใ€Œ็งใฏๅนธใ›ใงใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใฏ่ฝใก่พผใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ? ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ
02:56
We use the verb "to be" also to talk about our occupation, "I'm a doctor", "I'm a teacher",
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็งใฏๅŒป่€…ใงใ™ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๆ•™ๅธซใงใ™ใ€ใชใฉใ€็งใŸใกใฎ่ทๆฅญใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ‚‚ใ€Œto beใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ ใ‚ˆ
03:04
etc., right? Also about nationality, somebody could say "I'm Egyptian" or "I am Korean",
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ใญ๏ผŸ ๅ›ฝ็ฑใซใคใ„ใฆ ใ‚‚ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚จใ‚ธใƒ—ใƒˆไบบใงใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใฏ้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝไบบใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
03:13
okay? Also about your political affiliation, somebody could say "I'm a liberal", "I'm a
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ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใพใŸใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ”ฟๅ…šใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ ่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ€Œ็งใฏใƒชใƒ™ใƒฉใƒซใงใ™ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏไฟๅฎˆๆดพใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‚ˆ
03:20
conservative", all right? Also your religion, "I'm a Muslim" or "I'm Muslim", "I'm Hindu",
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ใญ? ใพใŸใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅฎ—ๆ•™ใ€ ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚คใ‚นใƒฉใƒ ๆ•™ๅพ’ใงใ™ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚คใ‚นใƒฉใƒ ๆ•™ๅพ’ใงใ™ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใƒ’ใƒณใ‚บใƒผๆ•™ๅพ’ใงใ™ใ€ใ€
03:28
"I'm Christian", okay? When we say "I'm Hindu", it means I'm a person of... From the Hindu
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ญใƒชใ‚นใƒˆๆ•™ๅพ’ใงใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏใƒ’ใƒณใ‚บใƒผๆ•™ๅพ’ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŒใƒ’ใƒณใ‚บใƒผๆ•™ใฎไบบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
03:37
religion. "I'm a Hindu" means a person who is a Hindu. So, you could actually say it
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒI'm a Hinduใ€ใจ ใฏใ€ใƒ’ใƒณใ‚บใƒผๆ•™ๅพ’ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ
03:44
either way, with the word "a" or without the article "a", okay?
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ใ€ใ€Œaใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชž ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ‚‚ๅ† ่ฉžใ€Œaใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใงใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:51
You could use the verb "to be" to describe your location, "I am in Moscow", "I am from
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ใ€Œ็งใฏใƒขใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒฏใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒซใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใพใ—
03:58
Brazil", again, we need to use the verb "to be". You could also use it to describe the
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ใŸใ€ใชใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ€Œto beใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚’่กจใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅˆ†้‡Žใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚‚ไฝฟใˆ
04:05
field you are... You work in, right? For example, I, as a teacher, I'm in the field of education,
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ใพใ™...ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅƒใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใ€็งใฏๆ•™ๅธซใจใ—ใฆๆ•™่‚ฒใฎๅˆ†้‡Žใซใ„ใ‚‹
04:13
so I could say, "I am in education". Somebody else could say, "I am in computers", right?
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ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๆ•™่‚ฒใซๆบใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใฎไธญใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจไป–ใฎ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
04:20
So, these are just a few of the very many situations in which we need to use the verb
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹้žๅธธใซๅคšใใฎ็Šถๆณใฎใปใ‚“ใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ™
04:26
"to be". Next, we'll be talking about the verb "to be" in the present, in the past,
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ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ใฎ็พๅœจๅฝขใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฝข
04:33
and in the present perfect.
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ใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:35
Okay, so let's look at how to use this essential verb "to be" in three different tenses. These
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅฟ…้ ˆ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ใ‚’ 3 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ™‚ๅˆถใงไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰
04:43
are the present, the past, and the present perfect, okay? So, in the present, I would
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ใฏ็พๅœจใ€้ŽๅŽปใ€็พๅœจ ๅฎŒไบ†ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰
04:50
say, "I am tired", for example. When I say, "I am tired", it means right now, okay? That's
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ใ€ไพ‹ใˆใฐไปŠใฏใ€Œ็–ฒใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ€‚ ็งใŒใ€Œ็–ฒใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏไปŠใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œ
04:59
the present. If I'm using the past tense, I would say, "Yesterday, I was tired", okay?
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ใŒ็พๅœจใงใ™ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ† ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ€็–ฒใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
05:07
So, when I use the simple past and I say, "I was", it means I'm referring to a time
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใŒๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ ใ€ŒI wasใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็งใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸ้ŽๅŽปใฎๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณ
05:13
in the past which is finished and over. "Yesterday, I was tired", alright?
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ใ—ใพใ™. ใ€Œๆ˜จๆ—ฅใฏใ€็–ฒใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
05:20
Present perfect, we combine the present and the past, and we say something like this,
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใจใฏใ€็พๅœจใจ้ŽๅŽปใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆใ€
05:28
"I have been tired all week." That means at the beginning of the week, in the middle of
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ใ€Œไธ€้€ฑ้–“ใšใฃใจ็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Š ใ€้€ฑใฎๅˆใ‚ใ€้€ฑใฎ้€”ไธญ
05:34
the week, and now. So, in present perfect, we are referring to the present and the past,
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ใ€ใใ—ใฆไปŠใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใง ใฏใ€็พๅœจใจ้ŽๅŽปใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใฆใ„
05:42
okay? Or the past and the present, alright? Depending on how you look at it. Alright?
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ใพใ™ใญใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚้ŽๅŽปใจ็พๅœจ๏ผŸ ่ฆ‹ๆ–นๆฌก็ฌฌใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ
05:48
So, "I am", "I was", "I have been". Let's see how we can use this in different examples
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏใ„ใŸใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชไพ‹
05:54
and how it changes the meaning of what we're trying to communicate.
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ใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใพใŸใ€ ไผใˆใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:58
So, somebody could say, "I am a doctor." That means he or she is a doctor now. "Five years
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ€Œ็งใฏๅŒป่€…ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฝผใพใŸใฏๅฝผๅฅณใฏ็พๅœจๅŒป่€…ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ5ๅนด
06:07
ago, I was a student." Or, "I was a medical student." Okay? So, five years ago, clearly
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ๅ‰ใ€็งใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๅŒปๅญฆ ็”Ÿใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€5 ๅนดๅ‰ใ€ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹
06:15
in the past, it's finished, it's over, so that's past. And the third one, "I have been
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ใซ้ŽๅŽปใซใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ€็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ้ŽๅŽปใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ3ใค็›ฎใฏใ€Œ
06:23
a doctor for five years." What does that mean? "I have been" is present perfect. It means
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ๅŒป่€…ใซใชใฃใฆ5ๅนดใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€ŒI have beenใ€ใฏ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
06:29
the person started being a doctor five years ago, four years ago, three years ago, two
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5ๅนด ๅ‰ใ€4ๅนดๅ‰ใ€3ๅนดๅ‰ใ€2
06:36
years ago, and now. Alright? So, "I have been a doctor for five years" includes the past
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ๅนดๅ‰ใ€ใใ—ใฆไปŠใ€ๅŒป่€…ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅคงไธˆๅคซ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ€ŒๅŒป่€…ใซใชใฃใฆ5ๅนดใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ
06:42
as well as the present. So, you see how by using present tense, past tense, or present
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ใ€็พๅœจใ ใ‘ใงใชใ้ŽๅŽปใ‚‚ๅซใฟใพใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ ็พๅœจๅฝขใ€้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ€ใพใŸใฏ็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
06:48
perfect, we are in fact able to communicate different kinds of information.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซ ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็จฎ้กžใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ไผ้”ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:54
Let's look at another example. "I am ill." "I am ill" means I am ill now, in the present.
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ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ "็งใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€‚" ใ€Œ ็งใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ™ใ€ใฏใ€็งใŒ็พๅœจใ€็พๅœจ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:01
"I was ill on Monday." Let's say today is Wednesday. "I was ill on Monday", which is
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ใ€Œ็งใฏๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใซ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ไปŠๆ—ฅใŒๆฐดๆ›œๆ—ฅใ ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใซ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
07:09
clearly in the past. Or, "I have been ill for the last two days." "I have been ill"
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ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซ้ŽๅŽปใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œ ใ“ใฎ 2 ๆ—ฅ้–“ใ€ไฝ“่ชฟใŒใ™ใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œ็งใฏ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ—ใŸใ€ใจ
07:19
means I was ill and I am still ill. Okay? So, that's present perfect for you.
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ใฏใ€็งใŒ็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ€ไปŠใ‚‚็—…ๆฐ—ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใดใฃใŸใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
07:26
Another example, "I am married." That means now, for example. "I was married in 2001."
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ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ็ตๅฉšใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ ไพ‹ใˆใฐไปŠใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ2001ๅนดใซ็ตๅฉšใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
07:34
Usually we say, "I got married", but people could also say, "I was married in 2001." Okay?
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ๆ™ฎ้€šใฏ ใ€Œ็ตๅฉšใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œ2001ๅนดใซ็ตๅฉšใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:41
And last one, "I have been married for 12 years." Okay? Now, here, the person is saying
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ€Œ็ตๅฉšใ—ใฆ12 ๅนดใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใใฎไบบใฏ
07:48
that he or she got married 12 years ago and has been married throughout that period of
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12ๅนดๅ‰ใซ ็ตๅฉšใ—ใ€็พๅœจใ‚‚ๅซใ‚ใฆใใฎๆœŸ้–“ใšใฃใจ็ตๅฉšใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„
07:54
time, including right now. Okay? So, I hope that these examples in the present past and
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็พๅœจ้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใจ
08:02
present perfect have shown you ways in which you can talk about your life in terms of what
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็พๅœจๅฎŒไบ†ๅฝขใฎไพ‹ใŒใ€
08:08
you're doing now, what you did yesterday or in the past, and what you have been doing.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไปŠ ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใพใŸใฏ้ŽๅŽปใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€ใใ—ใฆไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใŸใ‹ใจใ„ใ†่ฆณ็‚นใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไบบ็”Ÿใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชžใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:16
Okay? So, if you'd like some more practice on this, please feel free to go to our website,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆใ•ใ‚‰ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใŠๆฐ—่ปฝใซๅฝ“็คพใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ
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www.engvid.com. Thanks for watching. Good luck with your English.
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www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ† ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžใง้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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