PUNCTUATION MASTERCLASS - Learn Punctuation Easily in 30 Minutes - Comma, Semicolon, Period, Etc.

2,413,175 views ・ 2017-12-06

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μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ²ˆμ—­λœ μžλ§‰μ€ 기계 λ²ˆμ—­λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Hello, and welcome back.
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μ•ˆλ…•ν•˜μ„Έμš”, λ‹€μ‹œ μ˜€μ‹  것을 ν™˜μ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:02
In this lesson, I’m going to teach you the rules for using the seven most important punctuation
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이번 κ°•μ˜μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹€μˆ˜ 없이 μ •ν™•ν•œ μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό μ“Έ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 7κ°€μ§€ ꡬ두점 μ‚¬μš© κ·œμΉ™μ„ μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:08
marks, so that you can write correct English without making mistakes.
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.
00:13
There are exercises within the lesson to help you practice, and as always there is a final
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레슨 λ‚΄μ—λŠ” μ—°μŠ΅μ— 도움이 λ˜λŠ” μ—°μŠ΅ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 있으며 항상 그렇듯이
00:18
quiz at the end of the video.
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λΉ„λ””μ˜€ 끝에 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ ν€΄μ¦ˆκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
So, if you’re ready, let’s begin.
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자, μ€€λΉ„κ°€ λ˜μ…¨λ‹€λ©΄ μ‹œμž‘ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
00:29
We’re going to start with terminal punctuation.
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터미널 ꡬ두점뢀터 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
β€˜Terminal’ means the end, so terminal punctuation marks are what we use to end a
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'터미널'은 끝을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λ―€λ‘œ λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œλŠ” λ¬Έμž₯을 끝낼 λ•Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:41
sentence.
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.
00:42
There are three of these: the period or the full stop, the exclamation mark, and the question
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μ„Έ κ°€μ§€κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€: λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œ λ˜λŠ” λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œ, λŠλ‚Œν‘œ 및
00:48
mark.
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λ¬ΌμŒν‘œ.
00:49
Let’s look at the period first.
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λ¨Όμ € 기간을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μž.
00:51
This mark is called the period in American English (AmE means American English), and
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이 ν‘œμ‹œλŠ” 미ꡭ식 μ˜μ–΄μ—μ„œλŠ” λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œ (AmEλŠ” 미ꡭ식 μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•¨)라고 ν•˜κ³ ,
00:57
it’s called the full stop in British English.
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μ˜κ΅­μ‹ μ˜μ–΄μ—μ„œλŠ” λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œλΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
It is used to mark the end of declarative and imperative sentences.
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μ„ μ–Έλ¬Έκ³Ό λͺ…λ Ήλ¬Έμ˜ 끝을 ν‘œμ‹œν•  λ•Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
01:05
I’ll explain.
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μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
Here are some examples: β€œI teach English.”
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λ‹€μŒμ€ λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. β€œλ‚˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό κ°€λ₯΄μΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
01:10
β€œWe had pizza for dinner last night.”
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β€œμ–΄μ ―λ°€μ— μ €λ…μœΌλ‘œ ν”Όμžλ₯Ό λ¨Ήμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
01:12
β€œIf it rains tomorrow, I’ll bring my umbrella.”
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"내일 λΉ„κ°€ 였면 μš°μ‚°μ„ κ°€μ Έμ˜¬κ²Œ."
01:16
These sentences are called declarative sentences because they declare something; they give
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이 λ¬Έμž₯은 무언가λ₯Ό μ„ μ–Έν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 선언문이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그듀은
01:21
us some information.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€ 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
And at the end of each sentence, you see a period or full stop.
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그리고 각 λ¬Έμž₯의 끝에 λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œλ‚˜ λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œκ°€ ν‘œμ‹œλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
Imperative sentences are commands or requests: β€œPlease don’t feed the animals.”
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λͺ…λ Ήν˜• λ¬Έμž₯은 "λ™λ¬Όμ—κ²Œ 먹이λ₯Ό μ£Όμ§€ λ§ˆμ„Έμš”."λΌλŠ” λͺ…λ Ήμ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
You might see this on a sign in a zoo.
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λ™λ¬Όμ›μ˜ ν‘œμ§€νŒμ—μ„œ 이것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
β€œLet me know what time your flight arrives.”
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"λΉ„ν–‰κΈ°κ°€ λͺ‡ μ‹œμ— λ„μ°©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ„Έμš”."
01:39
β€œIf it rains tomorrow, bring your umbrella.”
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"내일 λΉ„κ°€ 였면 μš°μ‚°μ„ κ°€μ Έμ˜€μ„Έμš”."
01:42
Let’s now turn to the exclamation mark.
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이제 λŠλ‚Œν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
It is used to convey strong emotion or feeling.
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κ°•ν•œ κ°μ •μ΄λ‚˜ λŠλ‚Œμ„ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
Have a look at these two sentences: Both of them mean the same thing.
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이 두 λ¬Έμž₯을 λ³΄μ„Έμš”: λ‘˜ λ‹€ 같은 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
The first sentence, which ends in a period, has no special feeling or emotion; it’s
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λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œλ‘œ λλ‚˜λŠ” 첫 번째 λ¬Έμž₯은 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ λŠλ‚Œμ΄λ‚˜ 감정이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
like saying β€œI’m really excited about my new job.”
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"λ‚΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 일이 정말 κΈ°λŒ€λΌ"라고 λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
02:04
Doesn’t sound like I’m very excited, does it?
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λ‚΄κ°€ 맀우 ν₯λΆ„ν•œ 것 κ°™μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ ?
02:07
That’s why we use the exclamation mark: β€œI’m really excited about my new job!”
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이것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λŠλ‚Œν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
– it tells our reader to read the sentence with emotion – in this sentence, the emotion
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– λ…μžμ—κ²Œ 감정을 κ°€μ§€κ³  λ¬Έμž₯을 읽으라고 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. – 이 λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œ 감정은
02:19
is excitement.
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ν₯λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
This next sentence: β€œIf you come to work late tomorrow, you’re fired!”
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λ‹€μŒ λ¬Έμž₯: " 내일 늦게 μΆœκ·Όν•˜λ©΄ ν•΄κ³ μ•Ό!"
02:26
Imagine a manger saying this to an employee.
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κ΄€λ¦¬μžκ°€ μ§μ›μ—κ²Œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것을 상상해 λ³΄μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
02:29
So, this expresses anger.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이것은 λΆ„λ…Έλ₯Ό ν‘œν˜„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
In the same way, you can show many other feelings including surprise, joy, fear etc. using the
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같은 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λŠλ‚Œν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 놀라움, 기쁨, 두렀움 λ“± λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§Žμ€ 감정을 ν‘œν˜„ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:38
exclamation mark.
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.
02:40
Now, both of these sentences are declarative, but you can also use the exclamation mark
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이제 이 두 λ¬Έμž₯은 λͺ¨λ‘ μ„ μ–Έμ μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
02:47
in an imperative sentence like this one: β€œJohnny, don’t play with your food!”
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λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 λͺ…λ Ήν˜• λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œ λŠλ‚Œν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "Johnny, don't play with your food!"
02:53
You can imagine a mother saying that angrily to her son.
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μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€ μ•„λ“€μ—κ²Œ ν™”λ₯Ό λ‚΄λ©° λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것을 상상할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
02:57
So, it’s a strong or strict command.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ κ°•λ ₯ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ—„κ²©ν•œ λͺ…λ Ήμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
Another place where we use the exclamation mark is after interjections.
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λŠλ‚Œν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μž₯μ†ŒλŠ” 감탄사 뒀에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
Here are a couple of sentences: β€œOuch!
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λ‹€μŒμ€ λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€ λ¬Έμž₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. β€œμ•„μ•Ό!
03:09
You just stepped on my foot!”
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당신은 방금 λ‚΄ λ°œμ„ λ°Ÿμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€!”
03:11
β€œWow!
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"μš°μ™€! 정말
03:12
What a beautiful house!”
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μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ μ§‘μ΄κ΅°μš”!”
03:14
Interjections are words like β€œouch” and β€œwow” which are used to express feelings.
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κ°νƒ„μ‚¬λŠ” 감정을 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” "μ•„μ•Ό"와 "μ™€μš°"와 같은 λ‹¨μ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
So, remember: if you want to convey strong emotion in a sentence, put an exclamation
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ„Έμš”. λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œ κ°•ν•œ 감정을 μ „λ‹¬ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄
03:25
mark at the end of it.
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λ¬Έμž₯ 끝에 λŠλ‚Œν‘œλ₯Ό λ„£μœΌμ„Έμš”.
03:26
If there’s no special feeling, just end the sentence with a period.
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ λŠλ‚Œμ΄ μ—†λ‹€λ©΄ κ·Έλƒ₯ λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œλ‘œ λ¬Έμž₯을 λλ‚΄μ„Έμš”.
03:31
OK, let’s turn now to the third terminal punctuation symbol: the question mark.
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이제 μ„Έ 번째 터미널 ꡬ두점 기호인 λ¬ΌμŒν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
It is used to mark the end of a question.
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질문의 끝을 ν‘œμ‹œν•˜λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
So, it’s very straightforward: if a sentence is a question, then put a question mark at
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맀우 κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ¬Έμž₯이 질문이면 λ¬Έμž₯ 끝에 λ¬ΌμŒν‘œλ₯Ό λΆ™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:44
the end of it.
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.
03:46
Here are some examples: β€œWhat do you do?”
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λ‹€μŒμ€ λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. "무슨 일을 ν•˜μ„Έμš”?"
03:48
β€œAre we allowed to feed the animals?”
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"λ™λ¬Όμ—κ²Œ 먹이λ₯Ό μ€˜λ„ λ©λ‹ˆκΉŒ?"
03:51
β€œIf it rains tomorrow, should I bring my umbrella?”
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"내일 λΉ„κ°€ 였면 μš°μ‚°μ„ κ°€μ Έκ°ˆκΉŒμš” ?"
03:54
β€œAre you excited about your new job?”
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"μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 직업에 ν₯λΆ„λ˜μ„Έμš”?"
03:57
β€œWho lives in that house?”
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β€œκ·Έ μ§‘μ—λŠ” λˆ„κ°€ μ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?”
03:59
So, the rule is: if a sentence is a question, it must end with a question mark.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ κ·œμΉ™μ€ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ¬Έμž₯이 질문이면 λ¬ΌμŒν‘œλ‘œ λλ‚˜μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
Alright, let’s do a small exercise now.
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자, 이제 μž‘μ€ μ—°μŠ΅μ„ ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
04:08
There are four sentences on the screen.
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화면에 λ„€ 개의 λ¬Έμž₯이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•„μš”ν•œ 경우
04:11
I want you to add periods or full stops, exclamation marks and question marks where necessary.
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λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œλ‚˜ λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œ, λŠλ‚Œν‘œ, λ¬ΌμŒν‘œλ₯Ό μΆ”κ°€ν•˜μ‹œκΈ° λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€ .
04:17
Stop the video, think about your answers, then play the video and check.
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μ˜μƒμ„ λ©ˆμΆ”κ³  닡을 μƒκ°ν•œ λ‹€μŒ μ˜μƒμ„ μž¬μƒν•˜κ³  ν™•μΈν•˜μ„Έμš”.
04:24
OK, here are the answers.
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μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 여기에 닡변이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
If you want, stop the video again, check your answers, then play the video and continue.
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μ›ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ„ λ‹€μ‹œ λ©ˆμΆ”κ³  닡을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ‹  ν›„ μ˜μƒμ„ μž¬μƒν•˜μ‹œκ³  μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
Before we move on to the next topic, a quick note on spacing.
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λ‹€μŒ ν•­λͺ©μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ™ν•˜κΈ° 전에 간격에 λŒ€ν•œ λΉ λ₯Έ μ°Έκ³  μ‚¬ν•­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
Notice that there is no space between the last letter of a sentence and the terminal
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λ¬Έμž₯의 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λ¬Έμžμ™€ 끝
04:46
punctuation mark.
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λ¬Έμž₯ λΆ€ν˜Έ μ‚¬μ΄μ—λŠ” 곡백이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
If you put a space there, it’s wrong.
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거기에 곡백을 λ„£μœΌλ©΄ 잘λͺ»λœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
But, when you begin a new sentence, you should leave a space after the terminal mark, and
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단, μƒˆ λ¬Έμž₯을 μ‹œμž‘ν•  λ•ŒλŠ” 말미 기호 뒀에 곡백을 λ„μš°κ³ 
04:56
you should start the new sentence with a capital letter.
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λŒ€λ¬Έμžλ‘œ μƒˆ λ¬Έμž₯을 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€ .
05:00
Capital letters are called uppercase letters and small letters are called lowercase letters.
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λŒ€λ¬ΈμžλŠ” λŒ€λ¬Έμž, μ†Œλ¬ΈμžλŠ” μ†Œλ¬ΈμžλΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
OK, now let’s move on to the next topic – pauses.
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자, 이제 λ‹€μŒ 주제인 μΌμ‹œ μ€‘μ§€λ‘œ λ„˜μ–΄κ°€κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
05:09
There are, again, three marks that fall under this category: the comma, the semicolon, and
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 이 범주에 μ†ν•˜λŠ” μ„Έ κ°€μ§€ κΈ°ν˜Έκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ : μ‰Όν‘œ, μ„Έλ―Έμ½œλ‘  및
05:15
the colon.
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콜둠.
05:17
These are called pauses because they are used to tell the reader to stop briefly (for a
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μ΄λŠ” λ…μžμ—κ²Œ μž μ‹œ(
05:22
moment), and then continue reading.
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μž μ‹œ λ™μ•ˆ) μ€‘μ§€ν•œ λ‹€μŒ 계속 읽으라고 μ§€μ‹œν•˜λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μΌμ‹œμ •μ§€λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
Let’s start with the comma.
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μ‰Όν‘œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:26
Yes, it’s pronounced /ˈkɑː.mΙ™/, not /ˈkΙ™.mΙ™/ or /ˈkoʊ.mΙ™/, /ˈkɑː.mΙ™/.
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예, /ˈkɑː.mΙ™/둜 λ°œμŒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. /ˈkΙ™.mΙ™/ λ˜λŠ” /ˈkoʊ.mΙ™/, /ˈkɑː.mΙ™/κ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:33
This mark has four main uses.
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이 λ§ˆν¬μ—λŠ” λ„€ κ°€μ§€ μ£Όμš” μš©λ„κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
The first is to separate items in a list.
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첫 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” λͺ©λ‘μ—μ„œ ν•­λͺ©μ„ λΆ„λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
For example: β€œWe need to buy milk, eggs, flour, and sugar for the cake.”
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예: "우유, κ³„λž€, 밀가루, 케이크λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 섀탕을 사야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€."
05:45
There are four items in this list separated by commas.
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이 λͺ©λ‘μ—λŠ” μ‰Όν‘œλ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„λœ 4개의 ν•­λͺ©μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
05:49
Notice how when we read the sentence, we naturally pause after each item in the list – β€œmilk,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¬Έμž₯을 읽을 λ•Œ λͺ©λ‘μ˜ 각 ν•­λͺ©(β€œμš°μœ ,
05:55
eggs, flour, and sugar”.
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κ³„λž€, 밀가루 및 섀탕”) λ‹€μŒμ— μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ λ©ˆμΆ”λŠ” 방법에 μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
05:58
The job of the commas is to show these pauses.
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μ‰Όν‘œμ˜ 역할은 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μΌμ‹œ 쀑지λ₯Ό ν‘œμ‹œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
Now, your English teacher in school may have taught you that it’s wrong to put that last
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이제 학ꡐ μ˜μ–΄ μ„ μƒλ‹˜μ΄
06:07
comma before β€˜and’.
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'and' μ•žμ— λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό λ„£λŠ” 것은 잘λͺ»μ΄λΌκ³  κ°€λ₯΄μ³€μ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:10
But there’s no rule about it – it’s really your choice.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그것에 λŒ€ν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그것은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ·€ν•˜μ˜ μ„ νƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
You can include that comma, or you can leave it out if you wish.
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ν•΄λ‹Ή μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 경우 μƒλž΅ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
06:18
I like to always put it there to avoid confusion.
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λ‚˜λŠ” ν˜Όλž€μ„ ν”Όν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 항상 거기에 λ‘λŠ” 것을 μ’‹μ•„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:21
Now, if you only have two items, don’t use a comma: β€œWe need to buy eggs and flour
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이제 두 κ°€μ§€ ν•­λͺ©λ§Œ μžˆλŠ” 경우 μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ λ§ˆμ‹­μ‹œμ˜€ . "케이크에 μ‚¬μš©ν•  κ³„λž€κ³Ό 밀가루λ₯Ό 사야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:27
for the cake.”
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."
06:28
But if you have more than two, put a comma after every list item except the last.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λͺ©λ‘ ν•­λͺ©μ΄ 2개 이상인 경우 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ ν•­λͺ©μ„ μ œμ™Έν•œ λͺ¨λ“  λͺ©λ‘ ν•­λͺ© 뒀에 μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό λ„£μœΌμ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
06:35
Also, notice that there is no space before the commas but there is a space after each
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λ˜ν•œ μ‰Όν‘œ μ•žμ—λŠ” 곡백이 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ 각 μ‰Όν‘œ λ’€μ—λŠ” 곡백이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:41
one.
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.
06:42
This is the correct formatting.
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이것이 μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ ν˜•μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:43
Please remember that.
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그것을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
06:44
Here are two more examples: β€œThe car is spacious, stylish, and affordable.”
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λ‹€μŒμ€ 두 κ°€μ§€ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. "μ°¨λŠ” λ„“κ³  μŠ€νƒ€μΌλ¦¬μ‹œν•˜λ©° μ €λ ΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€."
06:49
β€œWhy don’t you go upstairs, take a shower, and get ready to leave?”
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β€œμœ„μΈ΅μœΌλ‘œ μ˜¬λΌκ°€μ„œ μƒ€μ›Œλ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  λ– λ‚  μ€€λΉ„λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” 게 μ–΄λ•Œ?”
06:55
In this last sentence, the list items are not just single words; they’re verb phrases.
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이 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œ λͺ©λ‘ ν•­λͺ©μ€ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ 단어가 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그것듀은 λ™μ‚¬κ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
So, this is the first use.
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자, 이것이 첫 번째 μ‚¬μš©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:02
The second use of the comma is to separate words that are not part of the sentence.
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μ‰Όν‘œμ˜ 두 번째 μš©λ„λŠ” λ¬Έμž₯의 일뢀가 μ•„λ‹Œ 단어λ₯Ό κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
Take this example: β€œUnfortunately, he missed his flight.”
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "λΆˆν–‰νžˆλ„ κ·ΈλŠ” λΉ„ν–‰κΈ°λ₯Ό λ†“μ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ ."
07:12
Here, the main sentence is β€œHe missed his flight.”
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ 본문은 β€œκ·ΈλŠ” λΉ„ν–‰κΈ°λ₯Ό λ†“μ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .β€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
The word β€œunfortunately” is an extra – it just expresses my opinion about the sentence.
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"λΆˆν–‰νžˆλ„"λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” 뢀가적인 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 단지 λ¬Έμž₯에 λŒ€ν•œ 제 μ˜κ²¬μ„ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒλΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:23
This type of word is called a sentence adverb.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μœ ν˜•μ˜ 단어λ₯Ό λ¬Έμž₯ 뢀사라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:27
Words like β€œfrankly”, β€œhopefully”, β€œsadly” etc. are some more examples.
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"frankly", "hopefully", "sadly" λ“±κ³Ό 같은 단어가 더 λ§Žμ€ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:33
One more sentence: β€œFrankly, I don’t care whether she agrees with my decision or not.”
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ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯ 더: β€œμ†”μ§νžˆ κ·Έλ…€κ°€ λ‚΄ 결정에 λ™μ˜ν•˜λ“  κ·Έλ ‡μ§€ μ•Šλ“  상관없닀.”
07:39
Here, β€œfrankly” is the opinion word – the sentence adverb.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ β€œfranklyβ€λŠ” μ˜κ²¬μ–΄ – λ¬Έμž₯ λΆ€μ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:43
In both of these examples, the comma helps to set the sentence adverb apart from the
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이 두 μ˜ˆμ—μ„œ μ‰Όν‘œλŠ” λ¬Έμž₯ 뢀사λ₯Ό μ£Ό λ¬Έμž₯κ³Ό κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜λŠ” 데 도움이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:49
main sentence.
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.
07:51
Another form of extra information is forms of address, like names: β€œEmma, can you come
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μΆ”κ°€ μ •λ³΄μ˜ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœλŠ” 이름과 같은 μ£Όμ†Œ ν˜•μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. "μ— λ§ˆ, 이리 μ™€μ„œ
07:57
here and help me with this?”
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이것 μ’€ λ„μ™€μ€„λž˜?"
07:59
Emma is a name.
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μ— λ§ˆλŠ” μ΄λ¦„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
The words sir or madam are also forms of address: β€œSir, please have a seat.”
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sir λ˜λŠ” madamμ΄λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” "Sir, please have a sit."와 같은 호칭 ν˜•μ‹μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:07
β€œMa’am, can I get you something to drink?”
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"μ•„μ€Œλ§ˆ, λ§ˆμ‹€ 것 μ’€ λ“œλ¦΄κΉŒμš”?"
08:10
Notice the commas after the name and after β€œsir” and β€œma’am.”
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이름 뒀와 "sir" 및 "ma'am" 뒀에 μ‰Όν‘œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:15
This brings me to an important point about formal letters and emails.
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이것은 곡식적인 νŽΈμ§€μ™€ 이메일에 λŒ€ν•œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 점을 μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
08:20
In the salutation, that is, in the greeting, we use β€œDear”; we say β€œDear sir”,
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μΈμ‚¬λ§μ—μ„œ, 즉 μΈμ‚¬λ§μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” "Dear"λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μš°λ¦¬λŠ” "μΉœμ• ν•˜λŠ” μ„ μƒλ‹˜",
08:25
β€œDear madam”, or β€œDear sir or madam” or the name of a person like β€œDear Sita”.
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"μΉœμ• ν•˜λŠ” 뢀인"λ˜λŠ” "μΉœμ• ν•˜λŠ” μ„ μƒλ‹˜ λ˜λŠ” 뢀인" λ˜λŠ” "μΉœμ• ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œνƒ€"와 같은 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 이름을 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:31
Should you put a comma at the end?
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끝에 μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό λ„£μ–΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
08:34
Well, the answer is different for American and British English.
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미ꡭ식 μ˜μ–΄μ™€ μ˜κ΅­μ‹ μ˜μ–΄λŠ” 닡이 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:38
In British English, you should always put a comma at the end.
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μ˜κ΅­μ‹ μ˜μ–΄μ—μ„œλŠ” 항상 끝에 μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό λ„£μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:42
In American English, a colon should be used instead.
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λ―Έκ΅­ μ˜μ–΄μ—μ„œλŠ” λŒ€μ‹  μ½œλ‘ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
08:47
In the closing, the most common formal expressions are β€œYours faithfully”, β€œYours sincerely”
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κ²°λ‘ μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 일반적인 격식 ν‘œν˜„μ€ "Yours faithly", "Yours Sincere"
08:52
and β€œYours truly” (which is a little less formal), but after all of these, you must
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및 "Yours really"(쑰금 덜 ν˜•μ‹μ μž„)μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, 이 λͺ¨λ“  것 λ’€μ—λŠ”
08:58
always put a comma.
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항상 μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό λ„£μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:00
This is true for both American and British English.
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μ΄λŠ” 미ꡭ식 μ˜μ–΄μ™€ μ˜κ΅­μ‹ μ˜μ–΄ λͺ¨λ‘μ— ν•΄λ‹Ήλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
09:03
The third use of the comma is to separate linking words like however, therefore, for
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μ‰Όν‘œμ˜ μ„Έ 번째 μš©λ„λŠ” κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ,
09:09
example, in fact, of course etc.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 사싀, λ¬Όλ‘  λ“±κ³Ό 같이 μ—°κ²° 단어λ₯Ό λΆ„λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:13
These words connect one sentence to another sentence.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯을 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έμž₯으둜 μ—°κ²°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
09:17
Here are some examples: β€œHer parents wanted her to be a doctor.
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λ‹€μŒμ€ λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. β€œκ·Έλ…€μ˜ λΆ€λͺ¨λŠ” κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ 되기λ₯Ό μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:21
However, she had other plans.”
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έλ…€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³„νšμ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
09:24
β€œThis is a great book.
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β€œν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ±…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:26
In fact, it is one of the best I have ever read.”
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사싀, 그것은 λ‚΄κ°€ μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ 읽은 것 쀑 졜고 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ .”
09:29
In these sentences, the linking words β€œhowever” and β€œin fact” are at the beginning of
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이 λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œ β€œκ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜β€ 와 β€œμ‹€μ œλ‘œβ€λ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” λ¬Έμž₯의 μ‹œμž‘ 뢀뢄에 있고
09:35
the sentence, and there is a comma after them.
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κ·Έ 뒀에 μ‰Όν‘œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:38
But they can also occur in the middle of the sentence like this, and the meaning is the
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이와 같이 λ¬Έμž₯ 쀑간에도 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚  수 있으며 , κ·Έ μ˜λ―ΈλŠ”
09:43
same.
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κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:44
Now, you see that we use two commas to clearly separate the linking words from the rest of
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이제 두 개의 μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμž₯ 의 λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ μ—°κ²° 단어λ₯Ό λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:50
the sentence.
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.
09:52
Sometimes, the linking words can also occur at the end.
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” μ—°κ²° 단어가 끝에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
09:55
In that case, one comma is enough because the sentence then ends with the period.
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이 경우 λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œλ‘œ λ¬Έμž₯이 λλ‚˜λ―€λ‘œ μ‰Όν‘œ ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œ 있으면 μΆ©λΆ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:01
The fourth and final use of the comma is with clauses.
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μ‰Όν‘œμ˜ λ„€ 번째이자 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ‚¬μš©μ€ with μ ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:05
What is a clause?
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μ ˆμ΄λž€ λ¬΄μ—‡μž…λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
10:07
A clause is just like a sentence.
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μ ˆμ€ λ¬Έμž₯κ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:09
Here are two examples: β€œWe went to the beach last weekend.”
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λ‹€μŒμ€ 두 κ°€μ§€ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. "μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§€λ‚œ 주말에 해변에 κ°”λ‹€ ."
10:13
β€œWhen Rahul gets home from work” Notice that the first one is a full, complete sentence.
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β€œλΌν›Œμ΄ 직μž₯μ—μ„œ 집에 λŒμ•„μ™”μ„ λ•Œβ€ 첫 번째 λ¬Έμž₯이 μ™„μ „ν•˜κ³  μ™„μ „ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯μž„μ„ μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
10:20
So, this is called an independent clause.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이것을 λ…λ¦½μ ˆμ΄λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:23
But the second one is not complete.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 두 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” μ™„μ „ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:26
If I say, β€œWhen Rahul gets home from work,” you will ask, β€œOK, what does he do?”
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λ‚΄κ°€ β€œλΌν›Œμ΄ ν‡΄κ·Όν•΄μ„œ 집에 μ˜€λ©΄β€μ΄λΌκ³  λ§ν•˜λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ β€œμ•Œκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŠ” 무엇을 ν•©λ‹ˆκΉŒ?”라고 물을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
So, this is called a dependent clause.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이것을 μ’…μ†μ ˆμ΄λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ…λ¦½μ ˆμ„
10:35
We need to finish the sentence by adding an independent clause, so β€œWhen Rahul gets
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μΆ”κ°€ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμž₯을 μ™„μ„±ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ "Rahul이
10:39
home from work, he watches TV for an hour.”
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ν‡΄κ·Όν•˜λ©΄ κ·ΈλŠ” TVλ₯Ό ν•œ μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€."
10:43
That first clause β€œWhen Rahul gets home from work” is called dependent because it
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첫 번째 절 "λΌν›Œμ΄ 직μž₯μ—μ„œ 집에 λŒμ•„μ™”μ„ λ•Œ "λŠ”
10:48
depends on the independent clause (β€œhe watches TV for an hour”) to be a complete sentence.
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독립 절("κ·ΈλŠ” TVλ₯Ό ν•œ μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ λ³Έλ‹€")이 μ™„μ „ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯이 되기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ’…μ†μ ˆμ΄λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:55
The dependent clause is sometimes also called a subordinate clause, but it means the same
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μ’…μ†μ ˆμ€ λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ μ’…μ†μ ˆμ΄λΌκ³ λ„ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 같은
11:01
thing.
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μ˜λ―Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:02
Remember: an independent clause is a complete sentence, and a dependent or subordinate clause
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κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ„Έμš”: λ…λ¦½μ ˆμ€ μ™„μ „ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯이며 μ’…μ†μ ˆμ΄λ‚˜ μ’…μ†μ ˆμ€
11:09
is not complete; it needs to be connected to an independent clause to be a full sentence.
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μ™„μ „ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ™„μ „ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯이 되렀면 λ…λ¦½μ ˆμ— μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:15
So, now that you know the basics of clauses, let’s talk about the correct use of commas
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이제 절의 κΈ°λ³Έ 사항을 μ•Œμ•˜μœΌλ‹ˆ μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό μ˜¬λ°”λ₯΄κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 방법에 λŒ€ν•΄ 이야기해 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€
11:21
with them.
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.
11:22
There are six sentences on the screen.
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ν™”λ©΄μ—λŠ” 6개의 λ¬Έμž₯이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:24
Each sentence has two clauses but there are no commas.
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각 λ¬Έμž₯μ—λŠ” 두 개의 절이 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ μ‰Όν‘œλŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:28
I want you to just try the exercise – put commas where you think they are needed.
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μ—°μŠ΅μ„ ν•΄ λ³΄μ‹œκΈ° λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°λ˜λŠ” 곳에 μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό λ„£μœΌμ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
11:34
Stop the video, think about your answers, then play the video again and check.
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μ˜μƒμ„ λ©ˆμΆ”κ³  닡을 μƒκ°ν•œ ν›„ μ˜μƒμ„ λ‹€μ‹œ μž¬μƒν•˜μ—¬ ν™•μΈν•˜μ„Έμš”.
11:40
Alright, let’s discuss the answers.
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μ’‹μ•„μš”, 닡을 ν† λ‘ ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
11:45
In the first sentence, there are two independent clauses – β€œThey offered him a promotion”
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첫 번째 λ¬Έμž₯μ—λŠ” 두 개의 독립적인 쑰항이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. β€œκ·Έλ“€μ€ κ·Έμ—κ²Œ μŠΉμ§„μ„ μ œμ•ˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.”가
11:51
is the first one.
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첫 번째 λ¬Έμž₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:52
β€œHe accepted it immediately” is the second one.
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β€œκ·ΈλŠ” μ¦‰μ‹œ 그것을 λ°›μ•„λ“€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.”가 두 λ²ˆμ§Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
11:56
These clauses are independent because each one can be a complete sentence.
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이 μ ˆλ“€μ€ 각각 μ™„μ „ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯이 될 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ…λ¦½μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 같은 λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œ
12:02
Whenever you connect two independent clauses in the same sentence, you must put a comma
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두 λ…λ¦½μ ˆμ„ μ—°κ²°ν•  λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
12:07
after the first one.
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첫 번째 λ…λ¦½μ ˆ 뒀에 μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό λ„£μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:09
But that’s not enough.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έκ²ƒλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ ˆμ„ μ—°κ²°ν•˜λ €λ©΄
12:11
You must use a word like β€˜and’, β€˜but’, β€˜or’, or β€˜so’ to connect the clauses
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'and', 'but', ' or' λ˜λŠ” 'so'와 같은 단어λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:17
– these words are called coordinating conjunctions (coordinating just means connecting).
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 단어λ₯Ό λ“±μœ„ 접속사라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ (쑰정은 연결을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€).
12:24
In this sentence, I’ve used β€˜and’.
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이 λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œλŠ” 'and'λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:27
Now if you don’t use a conjunction, it’s wrong.
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이제 접속사λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ 잘λͺ»λœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:30
It’s actually a common error and it’s called a comma splice – that’s when you
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이것은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 일반적인 였λ₯˜μ΄λ©° μ‰Όν‘œ μŠ€ν”ŒλΌμ΄μŠ€λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:34
use just a comma to connect two independent clauses.
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μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 두 개의 λ…λ¦½λœ μ ˆμ„ μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:39
So, the rule is when you want to connect two independent clauses using a comma, write the
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 두 개의 λ…λ¦½μ ˆμ„ μ‰Όν‘œλ‘œ μ—°κ²°ν•˜κ³  싢을 λ•Œ
12:45
first clause, put a comma after it and put the correct coordinating conjunction, then
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첫 번째 μ ˆμ„ μ“°κ³  κ·Έ 뒀에 μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό 뢙이고 μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ λ“±μœ„μ ‘μ†μ‚¬λ₯Ό 넣은 λ‹€μŒ
12:51
write the second clause.
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두 번째 μ ˆμ„ μ“°λŠ” 것이 κ·œμΉ™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:53
Here are some more examples: β€œI waited for the doctor for over two hours, but she never
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λ‹€μŒμ€ λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. β€œ μ˜μ‚¬λ₯Ό 두 μ‹œκ°„ λ„˜κ²Œ κΈ°λ‹€λ Έμ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ”
12:58
came.”
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μ˜€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
12:59
β€œWe can go out for dinner, or we can just order in some Chinese.”
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"저녁 먹으러 λ‚˜κ°€κ±°λ‚˜ μ€‘κ΅­μ–΄λ‘œ μ£Όλ¬Έν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
13:04
β€œThey’ve never been to Vietnam, so they’re going there on vacation this year.”
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β€œκ·Έλ“€μ€ λ² νŠΈλ‚¨μ— κ°€λ³Έ 적이 μ—†μ–΄μ„œ μ˜¬ν•΄λŠ” λ² νŠΈλ‚¨μœΌλ‘œ νœ΄κ°€λ₯Ό κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
13:09
In all of these, we have two independent clauses connected by a comma and then a conjunction.
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이 λͺ¨λ“  κ²ƒμ—λŠ” μ‰Όν‘œμ™€ μ ‘μ†μ‚¬λ‘œ μ—°κ²°λœ 두 개의 독립적인 절이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
13:17
Exercise sentences number two and three deal with connecting a dependent clause to an independent
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μ—°μŠ΅ λ¬Έμž₯ 2번과 3λ²ˆμ€ μ’…μ†μ ˆμ„ λ…λ¦½μ ˆμ— μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ‹€λ£Ήλ‹ˆλ‹€
13:22
clause.
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.
13:24
In number two, we have a dependent clause first – β€œIf you study more,” – this
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두 번째둜 λ¨Όμ € μ’…μ†μ ˆμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ . β€œλ” κ³΅λΆ€ν•˜λ©΄β€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이
13:29
clause is dependent because it is not complete.
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μ ˆμ€ μ™„μ „ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ’…μ†μ ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:33
The second clause – β€œyour grades might improve” is independent.
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두 번째 절 – "성적이 ν–₯상될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ "λŠ” λ…λ¦½μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:37
So, here’s the rule: if the dependent or subordinate clause comes first, put a comma
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λ”°λΌμ„œ κ·œμΉ™μ€ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ’…μ†μ ˆμ΄λ‚˜ μ’…μ†μ ˆμ΄ μ•žμ— 였면 κ·Έ 뒀에 μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό μ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
13:44
after it.
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.
13:46
In number three, the first clause is independent – β€œI was so happy” and the second clause
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3λ²ˆμ—μ„œ 첫 번째 μ ˆμ€ "λ‚˜λŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄ ν–‰λ³΅ν–ˆμ–΄μš”"λΌλŠ” λ…λ¦½μ ˆμ΄κ³  두 번째 μ ˆμ€
13:52
is dependent – β€œwhen I heard the news.”
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"μ†Œμ‹μ„ λ“€μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ"μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:54
So, now, the order is reversed.
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자, 이제 μˆœμ„œκ°€ λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:58
If the subordinate or dependent clause comes second, then you don’t use a comma.
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μ’…μ†μ ˆμ΄λ‚˜ μ’…μ†μ ˆμ΄ 두 번째둜 였면 μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:03
So, this sentence is correct as it is – no comma should be used here.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 이 λ¬Έμž₯은 μžˆλŠ” κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 여기에 μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:08
Let’s move on to the next three sentences.
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λ‹€μŒ μ„Έ λ¬Έμž₯으둜 λ„˜μ–΄κ°€κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:11
In these, we have a special type of subordinate clause – the relative clause, also called
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μœ ν˜•μ˜ μ’…μ†μ ˆμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ΄€κ³„μ ˆμ€ λͺ…사에 λŒ€ν•œ
14:17
the adjective clause because it gives information about a noun.
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정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν˜•μš©μ‚¬μ ˆμ΄λΌκ³ λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
14:22
A relative clause is introduced by a relative pronoun – who, which, whom, that or a relative
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κ΄€κ³„μ‚¬μ ˆμ€ 관계 λŒ€λͺ…사(who, which, who, that λ˜λŠ”
14:29
adverb like when, where or why.
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when, where λ˜λŠ” why와 같은 관계 뢀사)둜 μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:33
In sentence number four, the relative clause is β€œwho won the Nobel Prize in Physics this
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4번 λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œ κ΄€κ³„μ ˆμ€ "μ˜¬ν•΄ 노벨 물리학상을 받은 μ‚¬λžŒ
14:38
year.”
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"μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:40
It gives information about the noun β€œscientist” – that is, it tells who that scientist is.
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λͺ…사 "κ³Όν•™μž"에 λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 즉, ν•΄λ‹Ή κ³Όν•™μžκ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬μΈμ§€ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:46
Now, what happens when we remove this clause?
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이제 이 μ ˆμ„ μ œκ±°ν•˜λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
14:49
β€œThat lady is the scientist.”
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"μ € μ—¬μžλŠ” κ³Όν•™μžμ•Ό."
14:52
That lady is what scientist?
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μ € μ—¬μžκ°€ 무슨 κ³Όν•™μžμ•Ό?
14:54
I don’t understand.
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λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ–΄μš”.
14:56
So, this relative clause cannot be removed from the sentence, and it is called an essential
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 κ΄€κ³„μ‚¬μ ˆμ€ λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œ λ–Όμ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μ—†κ³  , 본질적
15:02
relative clause (β€˜essential’ means it’s very important).
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κ΄€κ³„μ‚¬μ ˆ('essential'은 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 뜻)이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ€‘μš”ν•œ κ΄€κ³„μ‚¬μ ˆ
15:06
The rule is that we don’t use commas with essential relative clauses.
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μ—λŠ” μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 것이 κ·œμΉ™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
15:12
But, in number five, we have something different.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 5λ²ˆμ—μ„œλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μƒˆν•΄ 전야에 λŒ€ν•œ
15:16
There is a relative clause – β€œwhich is the last day of the year” – it gives information
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정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” "μ—°λ§μ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λ‚ "μ΄λΌλŠ” κ΄€λ ¨ 절이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:21
about New Year’s Eve.
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.
15:23
But this clause can be removed.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 쑰항은 μ‚­μ œλ  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:24
β€œPeople love to celebrate New Year’s Eve.”
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"μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μƒˆν•΄ μ „μ•Όλ₯Ό μΆ•ν•˜ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ’‹μ•„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€."
15:28
The meaning is still clear.
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μ˜λ―ΈλŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ λͺ…ν™•ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:30
So, the clause is called non-essential.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 이 μ ˆμ€ λΉ„ν•„μˆ˜μ (non-essential)이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:33
It’s not so important – it just gives some extra information.
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κ·Έλ‹€μ§€ μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 단지 λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€ μΆ”κ°€ 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•  λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:38
We separate non-essential relative clauses with a comma.
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μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ κ΄€κ³„μ‚¬μ ˆμ€ μ‰Όν‘œλ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:42
OK, what about number six?
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μ’‹μ•„μš”, 6λ²ˆμ€μš”?
15:44
Here, we find a relative clause in the middle of the sentence – β€œwhom you met at the
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ¬Έμž₯ 쀑간에 κ΄€κ³„μ‚¬μ ˆμ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ – β€œwhom you met at the
15:50
party”.
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party”.
15:51
It gives information about Oliver.
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μ˜¬λ¦¬λ²„μ— λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:53
So, let me ask you: is this essential or non-essential?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이것이 ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆκΉŒ, μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ λΉ„λ³Έμ§ˆμ μΈ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
15:57
It’s non-essential because you can remove it and the sentence still makes sense – β€œMy
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μ œκ±°ν•  수 있고 "λ‚΄
16:04
friend Oliver just got a job at Apple.”
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친ꡬ Oliverκ°€ Apple에 μ·¨μ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."λΌλŠ” λ¬Έμž₯은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ β€‹β€‹μ˜λ―Έκ°€ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:06
So, we separate it from the rest of the sentence, but we use two commas this time because the
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ¬Έμž₯의 λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ λΆ€λΆ„κ³Ό ꡬ뢄 ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ΄€κ³„μ ˆμ΄ 쀑간에 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ΄λ²ˆμ—λŠ” 두 개의 μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
16:13
relative clause is in the middle.
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.
16:16
So, these are all the rules for punctuating clauses correctly.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 이것듀은 μ ˆμ„ μ˜¬λ°”λ₯΄κ²Œ ꡬ두점 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  κ·œμΉ™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
16:21
Let’s do another exercise now.
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이제 λ‹€λ₯Έ μš΄λ™μ„ ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
16:24
This time, it’s for all the uses of the comma.
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μ΄λ²ˆμ—λŠ” μ‰Όν‘œμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μš©λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
16:28
Stop the video, put commas in the correct places in these sentences, then play the video
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λ™μ˜μƒμ„ λ©ˆμΆ”κ³  이 λ¬Έμž₯의 μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ μœ„μΉ˜μ— μ‰Όν‘œλ₯Ό 넣은 λ‹€μŒ λ™μ˜μƒμ„
16:33
again and check.
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λ‹€μ‹œ μž¬μƒν•˜μ—¬ ν™•μΈν•˜μ„Έμš”.
16:36
OK, here are the answers.
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μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 여기에 닡변이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:40
If you want, stop the video again, check your answers, then play the video and continue.
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μ›ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ„ λ‹€μ‹œ λ©ˆμΆ”κ³  닡을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ‹  ν›„ μ˜μƒμ„ μž¬μƒν•˜μ‹œκ³  μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:46
Alright, the next mark in the category of pauses is the semicolon.
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μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μΌμ‹œ 쀑지 λ²”μ£Όμ˜ λ‹€μŒ ν‘œμ‹œλŠ” μ„Έλ―Έμ½œλ‘ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:53
This mark is used to combine closely related sentences.
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이 κΈ°ν˜ΈλŠ” λ°€μ ‘ν•˜κ²Œ κ΄€λ ¨λœ λ¬Έμž₯을 κ²°ν•©ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
16:57
Here’s an example: β€œI went to see a movie with my wife.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. β€œμ•„λ‚΄μ™€ μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό 보러 κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
17:01
I thought it was amazing.
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λ‚˜λŠ” 그것이 λ†€λžλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆλ‹€.
17:03
She thought it was terrible.”
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 그것이 λ”μ°ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
17:05
These two sentences are very closely related – β€œI thought it was amazing” (that’s
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이 두 λ¬Έμž₯은 맀우 λ°€μ ‘ν•˜κ²Œ κ΄€λ ¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:10
my opinion); β€œshe thought it was terrible” – that’s her opinion.
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"κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 그것이 λ”μ°ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€." – 그것이 κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ˜κ²¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:14
So, instead of ending a sentence and starting a new one, we can do two things: we can either
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λ”°λΌμ„œ λ¬Έμž₯을 끝내고 μƒˆ λ¬Έμž₯을 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹  두 κ°€μ§€ 일을 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:20
use the conjunction β€œbut” – β€œI thought it was amazing, but she thought it was terrible.”
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접속사 β€œκ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜β€λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ – β€œλ‚˜λŠ” 그것이 λ†€λžλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ”μ°ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
17:25
In that case, we have two independent clauses, so remember that we need a comma between them.
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이 경우 두 개의 독립 절이 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ 두 절 사이에 μ‰Όν‘œκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•¨μ„ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
17:32
Or we can just use a semicolon – β€œI thought it was amazing; she thought it was terrible”.
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λ˜λŠ” κ·Έλƒ₯ μ„Έλ―Έμ½œλ‘ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. β€œ λ†€λΌμš΄ 쀄 μ•Œμ•˜λŠ”λ°; κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 그것이 λ”μ°ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
17:37
So, we have combined the two clauses into a single sentence without a conjunction.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 두 μ ˆμ„ 접속사 없이 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λ¬Έμž₯으둜 ν•©μ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:43
But, there are some types of linking words which we can use with a semicolon.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ„Έλ―Έμ½œλ‘ κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€ μœ ν˜•μ˜ μ—°κ²° 단어가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
17:49
These are called conjunctive adverbs – words like however, therefore, for example, in fact,
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이것듀을 κ²°ν•© 뢀사라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ – κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ, 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 사싀,
17:56
of course etc.
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λ¬Όλ‘  λ“±μ˜ λ‹¨μ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:57
We discussed them in the section on commas.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‰Όν‘œ μ„Ήμ…˜μ—μ„œ 그것듀에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ…Όμ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:00
Do you remember these two sentences: β€œHer parents wanted her to be a doctor.
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λ‹€μŒ 두 λ¬Έμž₯을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ? β€œκ·Έλ…€μ˜ λΆ€λͺ¨λŠ” κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ 되기λ₯Ό μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:05
However, she had other plans.”
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έλ…€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³„νšμ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
18:07
β€œThis is a great book.
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β€œν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ±…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:09
In fact, it is one of the best I have ever read.”
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사싀, 그것은 λ‚΄κ°€ μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ 읽은 것 쀑 졜고 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ .”
18:13
In both, we first have one sentence which ends with a period.
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λ‘˜ λ‹€ λ¨Όμ € λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œλ‘œ λλ‚˜λŠ” ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:17
Then, a new sentence begins with the linking words β€œhowever” and β€œin fact.”
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그런 λ‹€μŒ "κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜"와 "사싀상"을 μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λ‘œ μƒˆ λ¬Έμž₯이 μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:24
But there’s another way to write these sentences.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 λ¬Έμž₯을 μ“°λŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:27
Instead of the period or the full-stop, you can also use a semicolon.
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λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œλ‚˜ λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œ λŒ€μ‹  μ„Έλ―Έμ½œλ‘ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:32
If you do that, the second clause should begin with a lowercase letter because it’s now
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 두 번째 μ ˆμ€ 이제
18:37
part of the same sentence.
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같은 λ¬Έμž₯의 일뢀가 λ˜μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ†Œλ¬Έμžλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:40
The meaning is still the same, but the semicolon makes the clauses look more connected.
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μ˜λ―ΈλŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ λ™μΌν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ„Έλ―Έμ½œλ‘ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄ 절이 더 μ—°κ²°λœ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:45
So, remember that with conjunctive adverbs, you can either use a period to end the first
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ ‘μ†λΆ€μ‚¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λ§ˆμΉ¨ν‘œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 첫
18:52
sentence and start the next one, or you can use a semicolon to combine the two clauses
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λ¬Έμž₯을 끝내고 λ‹€μŒ λ¬Έμž₯을 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ„Έλ―Έμ½œλ‘ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 두 μ ˆμ„
18:59
into one single sentence.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λ¬Έμž₯으둜 κ²°ν•©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ λ…Όμ˜ν•œ
19:01
As with the other punctuation marks we’ve discussed so far, we leave no space before
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έμž₯ λΆ€ν˜Έμ™€ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μ„Έλ―Έμ½œλ‘  μ•žμ— 곡백을 두지
19:07
the semicolon, but we leave a single space after it.
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μ•Šκ³  뒀에 곡백을 ν•˜λ‚˜ λ‘‘λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
19:11
OK, now we move on to the last punctuation mark in the category of pauses, and that is
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자, 이제 μΌμ‹œ 쀑지 λ²”μ£Όμ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λ¬Έμž₯ λΆ€ν˜ΈμΈ 콜둠으둜 μ΄λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
19:17
the colon.
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.
19:18
The colon has one purpose: to introduce information after an independent clause.
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μ½œλ‘ μ€ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λͺ©μ μ„ κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€: λ…λ¦½μ ˆ λ‹€μŒμ— 정보λ₯Ό λ„μž…ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
19:24
Here are two lists introduced by colons: β€œDanny’s seafood restaurant specializes in four items:
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λ‹€μŒμ€ 콜둠이 μ†Œκ°œν•œ 두 κ°€μ§€ λͺ©λ‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
19:31
prawn, shrimp, crab, and lobster.”
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.
19:34
β€œWhenever you drive, you must do the following: wear your seat belt, obey traffic laws, and
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"μš΄μ „ν•  λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ μ•ˆμ „ 벨트λ₯Ό μ°©μš©ν•˜κ³  ꡐ톡 λ²•κ·œλ₯Ό μ€€μˆ˜ν•˜λ©°
19:41
keep your eyes on the road.”
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λ„λ‘œλ₯Ό μ£Όμ‹œν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€."
19:43
The information that comes after the colon can also be a clause rather than list items:
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콜둠 뒀에 μ˜€λŠ” μ •λ³΄λŠ” λͺ©λ‘ ν•­λͺ©μ΄ μ•„λ‹Œ 절이 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
19:49
β€œLet me make this very clear: if you fail another test, I’m taking away all your video
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19:55
games.”
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.
19:56
β€œI’d love to move to Japan, but there’s one big problem: I don’t speak any Japanese!”
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β€œμΌλ³ΈμœΌλ‘œ μ΄μ£Όν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ§€λ§Œ ν•œ κ°€μ§€ 큰 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ €λŠ” 일본어λ₯Ό μ „ν˜€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€!”
20:02
In all of these examples, I want you to notice that before the colon, there is an independent
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이 λͺ¨λ“  μ˜ˆμ—μ„œ 콜둠 μ•žμ— 독립
20:08
clause or a complete sentence.
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μ ˆμ΄λ‚˜ μ™„μ „ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯이 μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œμ•„λ‘μ‹œκΈ° λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
20:12
This is very important.
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이건 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
20:14
But notice what happens when we rewrite the first sentence like this: β€œDanny’s seafood
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 첫 번째 λ¬Έμž₯을 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같이 λ‹€μ‹œ μ“°λ©΄ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€
20:19
restaurant specializes in prawn, shrimp, crab, and lobster.”
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.
20:24
Now, we cannot use a colon after β€˜in’ because up to that word, β€œDanny’s seafood
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이제 'in' 뒀에 μ½œλ‘ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ "Danny's ν•΄μ‚°λ¬Ό
20:30
restaurant specializes in”, is not a full, complete sentence – it’s not an independent
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λ ˆμŠ€ν† λž‘ μ „λ¬Έ"μ΄λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄κΉŒμ§€λŠ” μ™„μ „ν•˜κ³  μ™„μ „ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯이 μ•„λ‹ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 독립
20:36
clause.
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절이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
20:37
We can rewrite other sentences as well: you see these on the screen now.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έμž₯도 λ‹€μ‹œ μ“Έ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이제 ν™”λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
20:42
If you want, stop the video and read them.
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μ›ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ λΉ„λ””μ˜€λ₯Ό λ©ˆμΆ”κ³  μ½μœΌμ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
20:46
So, remember that we only use a colon after a complete sentence, also known as an independent
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λ”°λΌμ„œ λ…λ¦½μ ˆμ΄λΌκ³ λ„ ν•˜λŠ” μ™„μ „ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯ λ’€μ—λ§Œ μ½œλ‘ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 점을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€
20:54
clause.
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.
20:56
There is an exception though, and that is in titles and headings, where we want to save
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜ˆμ™Έκ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°, 그것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 곡간을 μ ˆμ•½ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 제λͺ©κ³Ό 제λͺ©μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
21:01
space.
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.
21:02
In those places, you will see colons used after single words or phrases (you will see
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그런 κ³³μ—μ„œλŠ” 단일 λ‹¨μ–΄λ‚˜ ꡬ λ‹€μŒμ— 콜둠이 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ(
21:08
that in the headings of this lesson as well), but, in general, use a colon only after an
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이 μˆ˜μ—…μ˜ λ¨Έλ¦¬κΈ€μ—μ„œλ„ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€) 일반적으둜 μ½œλ‘ μ€ λ…λ¦½μ ˆ λ’€μ—λ§Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
21:13
independent clause.
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.
21:15
When you use a colon, don’t leave a space before it, but do leave a space after it.
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μ½œλ‘ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  λ•ŒλŠ” μ•žμ— 곡백을 두지 말고 뒀에 곡백을 λ‘μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
21:20
Alright, it’s time for another exercise now.
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자, 이제 λ‹€λ₯Έ μš΄λ™μ„ ν•  μ‹œκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
21:24
There are five sentences; in each one, I want you to add commas, semicolons and colons wherever
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λ‹€μ„― 개의 λ¬Έμž₯이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각각에 ν•„μš”ν•  λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ μ‰Όν‘œ, μ„Έλ―Έμ½œλ‘  및 μ½œλ‘ μ„ μΆ”κ°€ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€
21:31
necessary.
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.
21:32
Stop the video, think about your answers, then play the video again and check.
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μ˜μƒμ„ λ©ˆμΆ”κ³  닡을 μƒκ°ν•œ ν›„ μ˜μƒμ„ λ‹€μ‹œ μž¬μƒν•˜μ—¬ ν™•μΈν•˜μ„Έμš”.
21:38
OK, here are the answers.
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μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 여기에 닡변이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
21:42
If you want, stop the video again, check your answers, then play the video and continue.
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μ›ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ„ λ‹€μ‹œ λ©ˆμΆ”κ³  닡을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ‹  ν›„ μ˜μƒμ„ μž¬μƒν•˜μ‹œκ³  μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
21:48
And, finally, we move on to the last punctuation mark in our lesson – the apostrophe.
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그리고 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜μ—…μ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λ¬Έμž₯ λΆ€ν˜ΈμΈ μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όλ‘œ μ΄λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
21:56
This is used for two purposes: the first is to mark contraction.
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이것은 두 κ°€μ§€ λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 첫 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” μˆ˜μΆ•μ„ ν‘œμ‹œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
22:02
Contraction is when we combine two words into a single word as in these examples: β€œI’m
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좕약은 λ‹€μŒ μ˜ˆμ—μ„œμ™€ 같이 두 단어λ₯Ό κ²°ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λ‹¨μ–΄λ‘œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. "I'm
22:07
a teacher.”
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a teacher."
22:08
β€œShe’s waiting at the bus stop.”
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"κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ²„μŠ€ μ •λ₯˜μž₯μ—μ„œ 기닀리고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
22:10
β€œHe’d never take a bribe.”
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"κ·ΈλŠ” κ²°μ½” λ‡Œλ¬Όμ„ λ°›μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€."
22:12
Here, we see β€œI am” shortened to β€œI’m” – that’s the contraction.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ "I am"이 "I'm"으둜 μΆ•μ•½λœ 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이것이 μΆ•μ•½ν˜•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
22:17
And then, we have β€œShe’s” which is β€œShe is” (it can also be β€˜she has’ in a different
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그리고 "She's"λŠ” "She is"(λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒν™©μ—μ„œλŠ” 'she has'일 μˆ˜λ„ 있음
22:21
situation) and β€œHe’d” which is β€œHe would” here (but it can also be β€œhe had”).
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)와 "He'd"λŠ” μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ "He would"μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€(ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ "he had"일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€). ”).
22:28
And there are many other contractions in English.
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그리고 μ˜μ–΄μ—λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§Žμ€ μΆ•μ•½ν˜•μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
22:31
The apostrophe is used to indicate that certain letters have been omitted or removed to make
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μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”ΌλŠ” 좕약을 μœ„ν•΄ νŠΉμ • λ¬Έμžκ°€ μƒλž΅λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ œκ±°λ˜μ—ˆμŒμ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€
22:37
the contraction.
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.
22:38
So, always check to make sure that you are putting the apostrophe in the correct place.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όλ₯Ό μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ μœ„μΉ˜μ— λ„£μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€ 항상 ν™•μΈν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
22:44
For example: β€œPedro does not like the idea.”
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예: "PedroλŠ” 아이디어λ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€." notμ—μ„œ "o
22:48
We can shorten β€œdoes not” to β€œdoesn’t” by removing the β€œo” in not.
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"λ₯Ό μ œκ±°ν•˜μ—¬ "does not"을 "does't"둜 쀄일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
22:53
So, we put the apostrophe in the place of the β€œo.”
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” "o" μžλ¦¬μ— μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όλ₯Ό λ„£μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
22:57
You cannot put it anywhere else.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 곳에 λ‘˜ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
22:59
Another important thing with contractions is that you can only shorten and combine two
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μ€„μž„λ§μ˜ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 점은 ν•œ λ²ˆμ— 두 λ‹¨μ–΄λ§Œ μ€„μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ κ²°ν•©ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
23:04
words at a time, not more than that.
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.
23:08
Take this sentence: β€œThey are not coming to the party.”
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이 λ¬Έμž₯을 λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€: β€œκ·Έλ“€μ€ νŒŒν‹°μ— μ˜€μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ .”
23:10
So, β€œThey aren’t coming to the party.”
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ "그듀은 νŒŒν‹°μ— μ˜€μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€."
23:13
is correct.
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λ§žλ‹€.
23:15
The contraction is β€œaren’t” – β€œare” plus β€œnot.”
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μΆ•μ•½ν˜•μ€ "μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€" - "μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€" λ”ν•˜κΈ° "μ•„λ‹ˆμš”"μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
23:18
β€œThey’re not coming to the party.”
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"그듀은 νŒŒν‹°μ— μ˜€μ§€ μ•Šμ„κ±°μ•Ό."
23:20
is also correct.
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λ˜ν•œ λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
23:21
The contraction is β€œThey’re” – β€œthey” plus β€œare.”
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μΆ•μ•½ν˜•μ€ "κ·Έλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€" - "κ·Έλ“€" κ³Ό "μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€"μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
23:25
But you cannot write β€œThey’re’nt coming to the party.”
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ "그듀은 νŒŒν‹°μ— μ˜€μ§€ μ•Šμ„κ±°μ•Ό"라고 μ“Έ μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
23:29
That’s not possible.
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그건 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€.
23:30
In fact, it’s wrong in speech as well.
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사싀 λ§νˆ¬λ„ ν‹€λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
23:33
So, remember: you can only contract two words at a time.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ„Έμš”. ν•œ λ²ˆμ— 두 λ‹¨μ–΄λ§Œ 쀄일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
23:38
This is the first use.
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첫 μ‚¬μš©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
23:39
The second use of apostrophes is to mark possession.
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μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όμ˜ 두 번째 μš©λ„λŠ” μ†Œμœ λ₯Ό ν‘œμ‹œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
23:44
Possession refers to ownership or relationship.
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μ†Œμœ λŠ” μ†Œμœ κΆŒ λ˜λŠ” 관계λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
23:47
For example: β€œHave you seen Anita’s new car?”
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예: "μ•„λ‹ˆνƒ€μ˜ μƒˆ μ°¨ λ³Έ 적 μžˆμ–΄?"
23:50
β€œIt is my brother’s birthday today.”
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β€œμ˜€λŠ˜μ€ λ™μƒμ˜ μƒμΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
23:53
β€œForbes Magazine publishes a list of the world’s most powerful people.”
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"Forbes Magazine은 μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 영ν–₯λ ₯ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ λͺ©λ‘μ„ λ°œν‘œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€."
23:59
In these sentences, we have used apostrophes with the nouns β€œAnita”, β€œmy brother
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이 λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œ "Anita", "my brother",
24:05
and β€œthe world.”
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"the world"λΌλŠ” λͺ…사와 ν•¨κ»˜ μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
24:06
But what do we do when a word ends in β€œs” already?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 단어가 이미 "s"둜 λλ‚˜λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš” ? 이 λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œ
24:11
Like β€œThomas”, β€œboss”, β€œgirls” or β€œyears” in these sentences?
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"Thomas", "boss", "girls" λ˜λŠ” "years"처럼?
24:16
In each sentence, there are two options – which option is correct?
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각 λ¬Έμž₯μ—λŠ” 두 κ°€μ§€ μ˜΅μ…˜μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ–΄λ–€ μ˜΅μ…˜μ΄ λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
24:21
Stop the video, and think about it, then play the video again and check.
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μ˜μƒμ„ λ©ˆμΆ”κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λ‹€κ°€ λ‹€μ‹œ μ˜μƒμ„ ν‹€μ–΄ ν™•μΈν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
24:27
OK, notice that in the first two sentences, the nouns β€œThomas” and β€œboss” are
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처음 두 λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œ λͺ…사 "Thomas"와 "boss"λŠ”
24:34
singular.
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λ‹¨μˆ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
24:35
In sentences three and four, the nouns are plural: β€œgirls” and β€œyears.”
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λ¬Έμž₯ 3κ³Ό 4μ—μ„œ λͺ…μ‚¬λŠ” λ³΅μˆ˜ν˜•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€: β€œgirls”와 β€œyears.”
24:41
In these last two sentences, it’s pretty easy: don’t use the β€œs”.
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이 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 두 λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œλŠ” 맀우 μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "s"λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ λ§ˆμ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
24:45
With plural nouns that end in β€œs”, only put an apostrophe.
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"s"둜 λλ‚˜λŠ” 볡수 λͺ…μ‚¬μ—λŠ” μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όλ§Œ λΆ™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
24:50
But in the first two sentences, both options are correct.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 처음 두 λ¬Έμž₯μ—μ„œλŠ” 두 κ°€μ§€ μ˜΅μ…˜μ΄ λͺ¨λ‘ λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
24:55
This is because some writing guides say that with a singular noun that ends in β€œs”,
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일뢀 μž‘λ¬Έ κ°€μ΄λ“œμ—μ„œλŠ” "s"둜 λλ‚˜λŠ” λ‹¨μˆ˜ λͺ…사와 ν•¨κ»˜ μ†Œμœ κ²©μ„
25:01
you should write β€œapostrophe s” to make the possessive; others say you shouldn’t
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λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ "μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Ό s"λ₯Ό 써야 ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
25:06
use the β€œs” – just an apostrophe.
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"s"λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ 말고 μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όλ§Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
25:08
So, there’s no strict rule.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ—„κ²©ν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 따라야 ν• 
25:10
It’s up to you to choose which method you want to follow, but make sure that you pick
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방법을 μ„ νƒν•˜λŠ” 것은 κ·€ν•˜μ—κ²Œ 달렀 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
25:15
one method and use the same thing throughout your writing.
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ν•œ κ°€μ§€ 방법을 μ„ νƒν•˜κ³  글을 μ“°λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ λ™μΌν•œ 것을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€ .
25:19
Now, another quick note on spacing.
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이제 간격에 λŒ€ν•œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λΉ λ₯Έ μ°Έκ³  μ‚¬ν•­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
25:22
With the apostrophe, we don’t leave a space before or after it.
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μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄ μ•žμ΄λ‚˜ 뒀에 곡백을 두지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
25:26
But if it comes at the end of a word, that is, if it’s the last character in a word,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그것이 λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜ 끝에 였면, 즉 λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 문자라면
25:32
we leave a space and then begin the next word.
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곡백을 남기고 λ‹€μŒ 단어λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
25:35
OK, I want to alert you now to a common error with the possessive use apostrophes.
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자, 이제 μ†Œμœ κ²© μ‚¬μš© μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όμ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ 일반적인 였λ₯˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
25:42
And it is with the possessive pronouns yours, hers, ours, theirs and its.
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그리고 μ†Œμœ  λŒ€λͺ…사 yours, hers, ours, theirs 및 its와 ν•¨κ»˜ μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
25:48
For example: β€œThat room is hers.”
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예: β€œκ·Έ 방은 κ·Έλ…€μ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
25:50
β€œIs this book yours?”
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β€œμ΄ 책이 λ„€ κ²ƒμ΄λ‹ˆ?”
25:52
β€œHe is a friend of ours.”
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"κ·ΈλŠ” 우리의 μΉœκ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€."
25:54
β€œOur car is more spacious than theirs.”
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"우리 μ°¨λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 차보닀 더 λ„“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
25:58
In these words, you must never use an apostrophe.
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이 λ‹¨μ–΄μ—μ„œλŠ” μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
26:02
The case of β€˜its’ is interesting.
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'그것'의 κ²½μš°κ°€ ν₯λ―Έλ‘­λ‹€.
26:04
Because there are actually two words that sound the same.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 같은 μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ‚΄λŠ” 두 단어가 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
26:08
β€œIts” without an apostrophe and β€œIt’s” with an apostrophe.
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μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όκ°€ μ—†λŠ” "Its"와 μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όκ°€ μžˆλŠ” "It's"μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
26:12
The word β€œIts” without an apostrophe is the possessive pronoun.
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μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όκ°€ μ—†λŠ” "Its"λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” μ†Œμœ κ²© λŒ€λͺ…μ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
26:16
For example: β€œThe dog wagged its tail.”
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예: "κ°œκ°€ 꼬리λ₯Ό ν”λ“€μ—ˆλ‹€."
26:19
– meaning the tail of the dog.
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– 개의 꼬리λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
26:21
β€œThe company is planning to expand its operations in Asia.” – that means the operations
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"νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” μ•„μ‹œμ•„μ—μ„œ 사업을 ν™•μž₯ν•  κ³„νšμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ ." – νšŒμ‚¬ μš΄μ˜μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
26:27
of the company.
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.
26:28
β€œIt’s ” with the apostrophe is a contraction of either β€œit is” or β€œit has”.
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μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όκ°€ μžˆλŠ” "It's"λŠ” "it is" λ˜λŠ” "it has"의 μΆ•μ•½ν˜•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
26:34
As in: β€œIt’s time to start the meeting.”
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"회의λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•  μ‹œκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€."
26:37
That means β€œIt is time to start the meeting.”
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κ·Έ 말은 β€œνšŒμ˜λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•  μ‹œκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.β€λΌλŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
26:40
β€œIt’s been a while since we spoke.”
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"우리 μ–˜κΈ°ν•œμ§€ μ’€ 됐어."
26:42
Meaning β€œIt has been a while since we spoke.”
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μ˜λ―ΈλŠ” "μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•œ μ§€ μ˜€λž˜λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
26:45
So, make sure to remember this difference between them to avoid mistakes.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ‹€μˆ˜λ₯Ό ν”Όν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 이듀 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 차이점을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
26:49
Alright, that is the end of apostrophes, and now, if you’re ready, it’s time for the
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자, μ•„ν¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œν”Όμ˜ λμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이제 μ€€λΉ„κ°€ λ˜μ…¨λ‹€λ©΄ 이제
26:54
final quiz to test if you can use all of the seven punctuation marks that we have discussed
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ ν€΄μ¦ˆλ₯Ό 톡해 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜¬λ°”λ₯΄κ²Œ λ…Όμ˜ν•œ 7개의 λ¬Έμž₯ λΆ€ν˜Έλ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈν•  μ‹œκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
27:00
correctly.
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.
27:02
There are eight sentences on the screen, and there are many punctuation mistakes in them.
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ν™”λ©΄μ—λŠ” 8개의 λ¬Έμž₯이 있고 κ·Έ 쀑 ꡬ두점 였λ₯˜κ°€ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
27:07
In each one, I want you to identify and correct the punctuation errors.
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각 ν•­λͺ©μ—μ„œ ꡬ두점 였λ₯˜λ₯Ό μ‹λ³„ν•˜κ³  μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€ .
27:13
Stop the video, think about your answers, then play the video again and check.
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μ˜μƒμ„ λ©ˆμΆ”κ³  닡을 μƒκ°ν•œ ν›„ μ˜μƒμ„ λ‹€μ‹œ μž¬μƒν•˜μ—¬ ν™•μΈν•˜μ„Έμš”.
27:20
Alright, here are the answers.
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자, μ—¬κΈ° 닡이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
27:22
How many did you get right?
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λͺ‡ κ°œλ‚˜ λ§žμΆ”μ…¨λ‚˜μš”?
27:24
Let me know in the comments below.
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μ•„λž˜ λŒ“κΈ€λ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
27:26
If you liked this lesson, give it a thumbs-up by hitting the like button.
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이 κ°•μ˜κ°€ λ§ˆμŒμ— λ“œμ…¨λ‹€λ©΄ μ’‹μ•„μš” λ²„νŠΌμ„ 눌러 μ’‹μ•„μš”λ₯Ό λˆŒλŸ¬μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
27:30
If you’re new to my channel, click that subscribe button and the little bell icon
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λ‚΄ 채널을 처음 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 경우 ꡬ독 λ²„νŠΌκ³Ό κ·Έ μ˜†μ— μžˆλŠ” μž‘μ€ μ’… λͺ¨μ–‘ μ•„μ΄μ½˜μ„ ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ—¬
27:34
next to it to get my latest lessons right here on YouTube.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬κΈ° YouTubeμ—μ„œ λ‚΄ μ΅œμ‹  κ°•μ˜λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš” .
27:38
Happy learning, and I will see you in another lesson soon.
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즐거운 ν•™μŠ΅ λ˜μ„Έμš”. κ³§ λ‹€λ₯Έ μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ λ΅™κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ .
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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