Relative Pronouns and Omitting Pronouns in Adjective Clauses in English

39,266 views ・ 2018-01-12

English with Jennifer


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

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Hi everyone. It’s Jennifer and I’m here with our next lesson on adjective clauses.
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There’s always a day when we realize we didn’t know as much as we thought we did.
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That’s true about almost anything, right? Whether we’re talking about English grammar or your friend’s personal interests, there’s always more to discover.
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Maybe the reason why we didn’t know everything before is because we didn’t ask enough questions!
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Well, let’s start asking more questions about adjective clauses. We’ll start with this question:
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Are WHICH, THAT, and WHO the only relative pronouns we can use to form adjective clauses?
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No, they're not. So it’s time to learn about other relative pronouns.
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First, WHO vs. WHOM. Does anyone use WHOM anymore?
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Yes, but we mostly see it in writing. That's because WHOM is rather formal.
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We can only use WHOM to refer to people and only when it’s an object.
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That’s correct, but it sounds rather formal.
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In everyday English, most speakers would prefer alternative wording:
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That's a little more natural, but it still sounds quite formal.
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Here are some less formal variations.
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So notice that the sentence automatically becomes less formal when we move the preposition to the end.
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That last sentence is the one I’d use in everyday English. Do you see the relative pronoun?
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You don’t, do you? That’s because we can omit the relative pronoun when it’s an object (not a subject)
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and when the adjective clause is necessary to identify the head noun.
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In other words, we have an identify, defining, or restrictive clause.
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Let's do a quick check.
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We can omit these relative pronouns and only these two.
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Why? Because they function as objects.
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And they're in identifying clauses. We need those adjective clauses to identify the head noun.
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So they're identifying, defining, or restrictive clauses.
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If we take out those relative pronouns, the sentences sound less formal (even more informal).
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What about WHO vs. WHOSE?
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04:01
Look at this example.
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No other relative pronoun would work in that sentence.
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WHOSE can’t be replaced by another pronoun because WHOSE is possessive.
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Whose advice? My friend’s. My friend’s advice is valuable.
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We can use WHOSE + noun as the subject or object in an adjective clause.
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Do you remember what I said at the beginning of this lesson...about not knowing everything?
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I said:
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There’s a relative pronoun in that sentence.
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The relative pronoun is WHEN.
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Which day was I referring to? The day when you realize you didn’t know as much as you thought you did.
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We can also use WHEN, WHERE, and WHY as relative pronouns (also called "relative adverbs") in adjective clauses.
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WHEN, WHERE, and WHY have limited use, of course.
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WHEN is for time periods. Possible head nouns are day, moment, season...
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WHERE is for places. Possible head nouns are place, point, room...
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WHY is for reasons, so a very common head noun is "reason." A reason why... The reason why...
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Let me share some examples of adjective clauses with the relative pronouns (adverbs) WHEN, WHERE, and WHY.
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Here's an example with WHEN.
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Note we often drop the relative pronouns WHEN, WHERE, and WHY in identifying clauses.
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Next, let's look at an example of WHERE.
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Note that it's possible to replace WHERE with another relative pronoun.
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A place is a thing, so we could say: Everyone needs a place in which they can relax.
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OR: Everyone needs a place which they can relax in.
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But WHERE is the preferred choice in everyday English. It's also more concise.
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07:00
This is very important to note: you can't always use WHERE every time you'r referring to a place.
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You can only use the relative pronoun WHERE when you can rewrite the idea using THERE.
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So let's look at our original example.
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We can restate this idea and say: Everyone needs a place. They can relax THERE...meaning in that place.
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So consider this next example.
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Can we easily restate this idea with THERE?
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No. So it's best to keep the relative pronoun THAT in this sentence.
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Here's an example with the relative pronoun WHY.
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Here we can drop the relative pronoun WHY. The head noun is clear and the sentence makes sense without it.
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Why don't you create some examples?
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I’ll offer some corrections as time allows, but please help one another. Read other people's comments.
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You can finish these sentences:
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That's all for now. If you found this lesson helpful, please remember to like this video.
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As always, thanks for watching and happy studies!
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