Justin Trudeau Fights Trumpโ€™s Tariffs ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฆ Learn English with the News

20,594 views

2025-03-17 ใƒป JForrest English


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Justin Trudeau Fights Trumpโ€™s Tariffs ๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฆ Learn English with the News

20,594 views ใƒป 2025-03-17

JForrest English


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
In this lesson, you're goingย  to learn English with the news.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:03
We're going to read a news article togetherย  so you can learn advanced vocabulary,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‰ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด์„œ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์–ดํœ˜,
00:09
advanced grammar and correct pronunciation.
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๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:13
Welcome back to JForrest English.
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JForrest English์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
Of course, I'm Jennifer.
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๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด์ฃ , ์ €๋Š” ์ œ๋‹ˆํผ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:16
Now let's get started.
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์ด์ œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
Our headline Elbows up, how Canadians areย  fighting back against Trump's tariffs.
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์ œ๋ชฉ: ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ๊ด€์„ธ์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
Do you know what this means here?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
00:26
Elbows up.
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ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„๋กœ.
00:27
Well, of course this is your elbow.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฑด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜์ฃ .
00:30
So there's an expression if your elbows are up, itย  means you're in a position to prepare for a fight.
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ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์‹ธ์›€์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•  ์ž์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
We use this also more metaphorically.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข€ ๋” ์€์œ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
If you're going into a meeting and you expectย  that meeting will be tense or have some arguments,ย ย 
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ํšŒ์˜์— ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธด์žฅ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์žฌํ˜‘์ƒํ• 
00:50
you might say to your Co worker elbows up whenย  you're renegotiating your contract for example.
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๋•Œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์—๊ฒŒ "ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ผ"๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:57
So it's saying prepare for a fight orย  prepare to be defensive or defend yourself.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์‹ธ์›€์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ธ๊ฐ€, ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ ์ธ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ธ๊ฐ€, ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ธ๊ฐ€.
01:05
And you can see that context hereย  because they use the word fighting back.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด '์‹ธ์›€์— ๋งž์„œ๋‹ค'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
Now notice you have thisย  additional preposition becauseย ย 
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์ด์ œ
01:13
you fight back against something or someone.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š”.
01:18
So the article headline couldย  say Trudeau on the left here,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋ชฉ์€ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ํŠธ๋คผ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
01:23
Canada's Prime Minister Trudeau is fightingย  back against Trump because that's a someone.
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ํŠธ๋คผ๋„ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
But in this case, it's aย  something, Trump's tariffs.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ๊ด€์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ์š”.
01:34
So the focus is on the tariffs.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ดˆ์ ์€ ๊ด€์„ธ์— ๋งž์ถฐ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
And of course, to fight back against someone orย  something means to resist, to oppose or to defend.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
Now you can also just use the verbย  fight and say Canada or Canadians orย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋™์‚ฌ fight๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ Canada๋‚˜ Canadians,
01:52
Trudeau is fighting and then something or someone.
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Trudeau is fighting์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
So in this case, you could sayย  the tariffs imposed by the US.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•œ ๊ด€์„ธ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
So it is possible just to use the verb fight.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋™์‚ฌ fight๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
Don't worry about taking these notes.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
02:05
I summarize everything in a free lesson PDF.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์—… PDF๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด ๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
You can find the link in the description.
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์„ค๋ช…์—์„œ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
Now let's continue with the article replacingย  Californian tomatoes with Italian tomatoes.
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์ด์ œ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ํ† ๋งˆํ† ๋ฅผ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ† ๋งˆํ† ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ฝ์–ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
Ohio made pepperoni with meatsย  produced in Ontario and Quebec.
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์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ์™€ ํ€˜๋ฒก์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํŽ˜ํผ๋กœ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
Ontario is where I'm from.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด์—์š”.
02:25
Coca-Cola with sparkling waterย  sweetened with Canadian Maple syrup.
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋ฉ”์ดํ”Œ ์‹œ๋Ÿฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ง›์„ ๋”ํ•œ ํƒ„์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ. ์ด ๋ฌธ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋“ค์—
02:30
Do you notice anything aboutย  these sentences in this paragraph?
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๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„์‹œ๋‚˜์š” ?
02:36
So this is a paragraph andย  then this is a sentence.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๊ฑด ๋ฌธ๋‹จ์ด๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด์—์š”.
02:39
But what do you notice aboutย  every sentence in this paragraph?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
02:44
They're incomplete sentences, whichย  means they're grammatically incorrect.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
Technically, however, they areย  written this way because they'reย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด
02:55
providing examples of how Canada is fighting back.
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
So if you read the headline andย  then you immediately read this part,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„
03:06
you understand the full sentence, evenย  though this alone is grammatically incorrect.
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์ „์ฒด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
03:14
To turn this fragment into a fullย  sentence, you could add for example,ย ย 
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์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๋ฉด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '
03:20
Canadians are fighting back by now.
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์ฏค ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค'๊ณ  ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
This preposition by requires the gerund verbย  so that grammatically matches this gerund tierย ย 
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์ด ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ by๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ
03:34
by replacing replacing California tomatoesย  with a Italian tomatoes and then insteadย ย 
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ํ† ๋งˆํ† ๋ฅผ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ† ๋งˆํ† ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์นจํ‘œ ๋Œ€์‹ 
03:41
of a period you could have a; To keep goingย  and then it would be grammatically correct.
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a๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ๊ณ„์ธต๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ณ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
Now notice also how I have againstย  the tariffs in parentheses.
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์ด์ œ ๊ด„ํ˜ธ ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ด€์„ธ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ๋„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š” . ํŠน์ •
03:54
You can just use fight back withoutย  the additional preposition againstย ย 
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04:00
if you do not specify the someone or something.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ against ์—†์ด fight back๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
So if you just say Canadians are fighting back byย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์ธ๋“ค์ด
04:08
replacing Californian tomatoes withย  Italian tomatoes, that's correct.
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ํ† ๋งˆํ† ๋ฅผ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ† ๋งˆํ† ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋งŒ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
But as soon as you add the tariffs,ย  now this is grammatically incorrect.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
Fighting back the tariffs, no fightingย  back, back against the tariffs becauseย ย 
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๊ด€์„ธ์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋‹ค, ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค , ๊ด€์„ธ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
04:25
you included the something or you could includeย  the someone to practice this sentence structure.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผœ ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ญ”๊ฐ€
04:33
You could say something poetic or something thatย ย 
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์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ง์ด๋‚˜ '
04:37
inspires confidence likeย  I'm fighting back against.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค'๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:42
Now you have a something my fear ofย  speaking and how are you doing it by andย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚˜์˜ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
04:47
now you need your Jaron by improvingย  my English fluency with Jennifer.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ Jennifer์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜์˜ ์˜์–ด ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ Jaron์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด
04:54
Does that statement inspire you and motivateย  you get your elbows up against your fear.
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์ง„์ˆ ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‘๋ ค์›€์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
05:00
Well, if it does fight yes, yes, yes, butย  yes, yes, yes, fight back against that fear.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‹ธ์šด๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ , ๊ทธ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ์„ธ์š”.
05:05
I'm here to help you.
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
But yes, yes, yes, in the comments.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
Let's keep going.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
At the end of January, U.S.
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1์›” ๋ง,
05:14
President Donald Trump rampedย  up threats to annex Canada.
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๋„๋„๋“œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ์ˆ˜์œ„ ๋†’์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
Did you hear about this?
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์ด ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ค์œผ์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
05:20
To annex Canada?
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
05:22
That's where the president proposed that Canadaย ย 
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๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
05:25
would become a state ratherย  than its own distinct country.
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๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
So that's what it means by annex Canadaย  and wreck its economy with tariffs.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€์„ธ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์—์š”.
05:37
What do you know about what do you notice aboutย  the pronunciation of this word wreck, wreck.
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์ด ๋‹จ์–ด wreck์˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? wreck.
05:44
So that W is silent, just like right to right.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ W๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
But you're right.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งž๋Š” ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
05:50
So the same thing that WR you just hearย  the R wreck wreck and the verb wreck toย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ WR๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ R ๋‚œํŒŒ์„ ๊ณผ ๋‚œํŒŒ์„  ๋™์‚ฌ ๋‚œํŒŒ๋Š”
05:59
wreck means to severely damage or destroy.
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์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋œปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
You could say my car was wrecked to be wrecked.
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๋‚ด ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
06:07
My car was wrecked in the crash.
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๋‚ด ์ฐจ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋ง๊ฐ€์กŒ์–ด์š”.
06:10
Your car is extremely damaged is destroyed.
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๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ์ฐจ๋Š” ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
It's not usable, it's beyond repair was wrecked.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
We also use this to describe thingsย  as in a state of ruin or disaster.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์žฌ์•™์„ ๋งž์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
06:26
For example, a parent couldย  walk into their teenagers room,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ญ๋Œ€ ์ž๋…€์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ด๋‚˜
06:30
their child's room, and say your room is a wreck.
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์ž๋…€์˜ ๋ฐฉ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ "๋„ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์€ ์—‰๋ง์ด์•ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
So this describes it as a state of ruin.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํํ—ˆ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
So you can imagine it's extremely messy.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋งค์šฐ ์ง€์ €๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:39
Or you could even say the project is aย  wreck to say it's not going very well,ย ย 
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žฌ์•™์ด๋ฉฐ
06:45
it's a disaster, a state of ruin.
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ํํ—ˆ ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ '๋‚œ์žฅํŒ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
But notice the important difference here.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‘์„ธ์š”.
06:52
Because I have a wreck, so it's being usedย  as a noun, a disaster, a state of ruin.
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๋‚œํŒŒ์„ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ , ์žฌ์•™, ํํ—ˆ ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด์—์š”.
07:01
The project is a wreck, but you couldย  also say you wrecked the project.
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๊ทธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
So this is saying you destroyed the project.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๊ฑด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์—์š”.
07:13
So maybe you made a mistake, a criticalย  mistake, and it ruined the project.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๊ฐ€์กŒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
You wrecked the project.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
So in this case it's a verb.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
You conjugate the verb, inย  this case the past, simple.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•, ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
But here, notice it's a noun.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
07:28
Now let's look at ramped up.
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์ด์ œ ๋žจํ”„์—…์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
Notice that pronunciation ramped.
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๋ฐœ์Œ์ด ๊ฒฉํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
07:33
Because P is a voiced sound.
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P๋Š” ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
This Ed is pronounced as a soft T,ย  Ramped, ramped, ramped up, ramped up.
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์ด Ed๋Š” ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด T๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋žจํ”„๋“œ(Ramped), ๋žจํ”„๋“œ(Ramped), ๋žจํ”„๋“œ ์—…(Ramped up), ๋žจํ”„๋“œ ์—…(Ramped up).
07:42
And then when you say it with the preposition up,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋ฉด
07:45
you're not going to hear that T too muchย  because we don't want to create a pause.
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T๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉˆ์ถค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
So repeat after me ramped up, ramped up.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ณ , ๋†’์ด๊ณ .
07:53
So to ramp up something, in thisย  case threats, means to increaseย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์˜์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋‚˜ ์–‘์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:59
the intensity or volume ofย  thinking about your English.
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.
08:05
You could say I need to rampย  up, increase the intensity,ย ย 
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08:09
amount or speed I need to ramp up myย  studying if I want to pass the IELTS.
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IELTS ์‹œํ—˜์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ณต๋ถ€์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋„, ์–‘, ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
Are you enjoying this lesson?
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์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
08:18
If you are, then I want to tell youย  about the Finally Fluent Academy.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ Finally Fluent Academy์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
This is my premium training program whereย  we study native English speakers from TV,ย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ TV,
08:29
movies, YouTube, and the news so youย  can improve your listening skills ofย ย 
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์˜ํ™”, YouTube, ๋‰ด์Šค ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์˜์–ด ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์˜์–ด ์ฒญ์ทจ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
08:34
fast English, expand your vocabulary with naturalย  expressions, and learn advanced grammar easily.
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, ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  , ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์—„ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
Plus, you'll have me as your personal coach.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฝ”์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:45
You can look in the descriptionย  for the link to learn more,ย ย 
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์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์„ค๋ช…์—์„œ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
08:48
or you can go to my website andย  click on Finally Fluent Academy.
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๋‚ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ Finally Fluent Academy๋ฅผ โ€‹โ€‹ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
08:52
Now, let's continue with our lesson.
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์ด์ œ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
An unfamiliar emotion has been brewingย  in normally polite Canada Anger.
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ํ‰์†Œ์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ฏ์„  ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ๋ถ„๋…ธ ์†์—์„œ ์†Ÿ๊ตฌ์ณ ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
Now, maybe you're notย  familiar with this expression,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ, ์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„,
09:06
but can you understand theย  meaning based on context?
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๋ฌธ๋งฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
09:10
And that's a great thing to do whenย  you're not sure of what something means.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
09:14
Try to guess.
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์ถ”์ธกํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
09:15
Try to guess what A replacementย  verb or replacement, whateverย ย 
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋™์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
09:20
the part of speech is, depending on the context.
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.
09:24
So has been brewing.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
An unfamiliar emotion has been building up, hasย  been increasing in normally polite Canada anger.
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์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์Œ“์—ฌ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ‰์†Œ์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋˜ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์ธ์˜ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
09:37
So this emotion is normally not in Canada, is whatย  this article is saying, and it's been brewing.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ์ •์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์‹นํŠธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
So notice this use of theย  present perfect continuousย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
09:48
to say that the action started inย  the past and continues until now.
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๋™์ž‘์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
So you can imagine this emotion anger,ย  it's been building, building, building,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ด ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ •์€ ๊ณ„์† ์Œ“์—ฌ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ์Œ“์—ฌ๊ฐ€๊ณ ,
09:59
increasing, increasing,ย  increasing has been brewing.
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์Œ“์—ฌ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:04
You can use this with aย  positive emotion, excitement.
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •, ์ฆ‰ ์„ค๋ ˜์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
Excitement has been brewing.
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๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
So has been increasing developingย  or building up has been brewing.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ ์  ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์Œ“์•„์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
So again the present perfect continuous to showย  it started in the past and continues until now.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
And then you could go on and sayย  as the party vacation or concertย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒํ‹ฐ ํœด๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
10:26
something that would produce the emotionย  of excitement as the party approaches.
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ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ์„ค๋ ˜์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
So this is the reason whyย  excitement has been brewing.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํฅ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
Since Trump first threatened toย  enact sweeping tariffs on Canadianย ย 
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ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด€์„ธ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘
10:42
imports and began referring to EU s sย  northern neighbor as the 51st state.
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ํ•˜๊ณ  EU์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ด์›ƒ์„ 51๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฃผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ.
10:49
So this is the reference to annexing Canada,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
10:54
where Canada would become partย  of the US, the 51st state.
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ 51๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
Now notice here we have this apostrophe toย  show possession, but when I verbally say it,ย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋”ฐ์˜ดํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ง๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š”
11:08
the US is because I have to add thatย  additional S to show the possession.
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์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด S๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— US๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
If I just say the US northern neighbor,ย ย 
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ด์›ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
11:17
it sounds incorrect because you need to hearย  that US is that is to show the possession.
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๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์†Œ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
So it sounds like a very unstressed isย  USSUSS northern neighbor as the 51st state.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 51๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฃผ๋กœ์„œ USSUSS์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ด์›ƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋œ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
Now let's look at this sweeping tariffs.
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์ด์ œ ์ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
If something is described as sweeping,ย  it means it would cover everything.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
So it sounds like the tariffsย  would be on all Canadian products.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ด€์„ธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
So sweeping tariffs.
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๊ด€์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์‹ธ์š”.
11:51
Let's review this example the school is proposing.
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ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
So suggesting is proposing sweeping changes.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ '์ œ์•ˆ'์ด๋ž€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
So that sounds likeย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ํ•™์ƒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—
11:59
wide-ranging or far reaching or large in scope,ย  sweeping changes to how students are evaluated.
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๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์›๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
So let's continue here.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
Animosity, animosity, animosity toward the US.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ, ์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ, ์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ.
12:16
Do you know what animosity is?
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์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์ด ๋ญ”์ง€ ์•„์„ธ์š”?
12:18
It's a very negative emotion.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •์ด์—์š”.
12:20
It means hostility, resentment, or illย  will, which just simply means negativity.
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์ด๋Š” ์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ, ๋ถ„๋…ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์•…์˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ , ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
You could say animosity has been brewing as well.
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์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์ด ์‹นํŠธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
Using that other expression we learnedย  animosity toward the US and its leader.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ง€๋„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
So being Trump has been mounting.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
OK, so you could say here has been brewingย  because mounting is the exact same thingย ย 
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์•Œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์šดํŒ…์ด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
now often in articles they don'tย  want to repeat the same word again.
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์š”์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
This is why it's importantย  to learn synonyms because itย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋™์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
12:57
will sound more advanced in speaking and writing.
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๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋” ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
So has been brewing, hasย  been mounting and you alsoย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–‘์กฐ๋˜๊ณ , ์Œ“์—ฌ ์™”๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ
13:05
have has been developing or has been building up.
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๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์Œ“์•„์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
So you now now know four differentย  ways to communicate this.
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
Canadians have cancelled vacations Southย  of the border and loudly booed the Starย ย 
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—์„œ์˜ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ทจ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ ๋ณ„์ด ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๊นƒ๋ฐœ์„ ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์•ผ์œ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:20
Spangled Banner, the national anthemย  of the United States at sports events.
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.
13:27
So do you know what this means?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
13:28
Loudly booed.
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ํฐ ์•ผ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
13:30
This is when you say Boo, Boo.
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์ด๋Ÿด ๋•Œ '๋ถ€, ๋ถ€'๋ผ๊ณ  ์™ธ์น˜์ฃ .
13:33
So you show your your animosity towardsย  something vocally by saying Boo Boo.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋‚ด์–ด "๋ถ€๋ถ€"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
So they're actually using thisย  as a verb to Boo something,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ' Boo something'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
13:48
which means to show your lack ofย  satisfaction toward something.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
13:57
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
After months of warnings, Trump on Tuesdayย  slapped 25% tariffs on nearly all Canadian goods.
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ๋์— ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ํ™”์š”์ผ์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ƒํ’ˆ์— 25% ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
The verb to slap is to do that.
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๋™์‚ฌ '๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค'๋Š” '๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
In this context, slappingย  something on means to enforce it.
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์ด ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
But just like a slap is very fast andย  forceful, that's the meaning as well.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
So to enforce tariffs, and they didย  it quickly, quickly and forcefully.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹จํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:32
So Trump on Tuesday slapped again becauseย  we have this P, this pronunciation of Ed isย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๋Š” ํ™”์š”์ผ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ P๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, Ed์˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ์€
14:38
a soft T, slapped 25% tariffs on nearly allย  Canadian goods, sending markets plummeting.
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๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด T์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ƒํ’ˆ์— 25% ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ–ˆ๊ณ  , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ํญ๋ฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
So plummeting is quickly decliningย  or going down South sending marketsย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํญ๋ฝ์€ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์žฅ์„
14:53
plummeting and driving Canadaย  US relations to a new low.
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ํญ๋ฝ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ตœ์ €์น˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
Almost immediately Canadian leader Trudeauย  responded with matching tariffs on $20.8 billion.
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ํŠธ๋คผ๋„ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ 208์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
So notice when you say this 20ย  point point, $20.8 billion withย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 20ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ , 208์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ
15:19
an S billion dollars worth of Americanย  goods with potentially more to come.
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๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‚ฐ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด 10์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ๋‹น์ด๋ฉฐ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
15:28
Just remember that S goes on dollarsย  and not on billion, billion dollars.
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S๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ์œ„์— ๋ถ™๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€ ์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ์œ„์— ๋ถ™๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
15:36
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
Canadians are reasonable and we are polite,ย  but we will not back down from a fight.
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์ธ์€ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
So this is the reference of elbows up becauseย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋’ค๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
15:48
if you back down it means youย  retreat so you do not respond.
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ํ›„ํ‡ด๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:55
So your elbows would not go up, but if you doย  not back down from a fight, it means you respond.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜๋Š” ์œ„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
So that reference to elbowsย  up in a defensive position.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ ์ธ ์ž์„ธ์—์„œ ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ์น˜์ผœ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
16:08
And of course that is figuratively.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„์œ ์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:11
They're not actually talking aboutย  fighting each other physically.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์œก์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
16:17
Now notice here you also have that additionalย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ from์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‘์„ธ์š”.
16:20
preposition from if you specifyย  the noun, in this case a fight.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” fight์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:27
But just like we saw with fightย  back, if you don't specify the noun,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ fightย  back์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ช…์‚ฌ,
16:33
the someone or something, you don'tย  need that additional preposition.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:37
So you could say we will notย  back down, we will fight back.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ  .
16:42
So if you specify the noun, it will be we willย  not back down from a fight, we will fight back.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:50
What was the preposition here?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
16:52
If it were tariffs, what's that preposition?
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๊ด€์„ธ๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ญ์˜€์„๊นŒ?
16:57
Fight back against tariffs.
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๊ด€์„ธ์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ์„ธ์š”.
17:02
Now I wrote ah, but there is no AHย  because tariffs is plural and youย ย 
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์ด์ œ ah๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ AH๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์„ธ๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด๊ณ 
17:06
do not use AH with a plural, so against tariffs.
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AH๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ด€์„ธ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:11
So this would be optional.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ด๊ฑด ์„ ํƒ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ tariffs๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ
17:13
You would only use against ifย  you included the noun tariffs.
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๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ against๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
17:17
And here you could say from a fight, we will not,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
17:23
we will fight back againstย  tariffs, so let's continue.
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๊ด€์„ธ์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
17:28
But we will not back down from aย  fight, not when our country andย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŠธ๋คผ๋„๋Š” ํ™”์š”์ผ์— " ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€
17:34
the well-being of everyone in itย  is at stake, Trudeau said Tuesday.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:40
So notice this at stake, so here, he said.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š”, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์š”, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:43
Our country and the well-beingย  of everyone in it is at stake.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ๋ณต์ง€๊ฐ€ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:49
This at stake means at risk.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ„ํƒœ๋กญ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:52
So at risk of being lost.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธธ์„ ์žƒ์„ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
17:55
The country is at risk of being lost if the USย  is serious about wanting to annex Canada, and theย ย 
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
18:04
well-being of everyone is at risk of being lostย  if these high tariffs are slapped onto Canada.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋†’์€ ๊ด€์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์— ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:14
You might say my job is at stake if Iย  don't improve my communication skills.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋‚ด ์ง์—…์ด ์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์›Œ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
18:20
So here to be at stake.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:23
So my job is at risk of being lost.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
18:26
So it's another way of saying I could lose myย  job if I don't improve my communication skills.
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์ฆ‰, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ง์žฅ์„ ์žƒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:33
Don't worry, don't worry.
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๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”, ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
18:34
That's why I'm here to help.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„์™€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
18:37
Trump said he told Trudeau on Wednesdayย  on a Wednesday telephone call.
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ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ ์ „ํ™”ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŠธ๋คผ๋„์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
18:43
OK, so if it were just onย  Wednesday like I first read it,ย ย 
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์•Œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ฝ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด '
18:48
then you would not use ah, youย  could just say on Wednesday.
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์•„'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ '์ˆ˜์š”์ผ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:51
But here Wednesday tells youย  information about the telephone call.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ์€ ์ „ํ™” ํ†ตํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:57
So it functions as an adjective.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:00
So on a telephone call, onย  a Wednesday telephone call.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ ์ „ํ™”ํ†ตํ™”์—์„œ.
19:06
So you could say my bossย  told me the news on Monday.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ œ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์›”์š”์ผ์— ๊ทธ ์†Œ์‹์„ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
19:11
So on plus day of the week on Monday, or youย  could say my boss told me the news on a call.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์š”์ผ ์ค‘ ์ฒซ์งธ ์›”์š”์ผ์—, ํ˜น์€ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ™”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์†Œ์‹์„ ์ „ํ•ด์ค€ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
19:18
Now what type of a call?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
19:20
A conference call, a Zoom call,ย  a telephone call, a Monday call.
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์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค ์ฝœ, ์คŒ ์ฝœ, ์ „ํ™” ์ฝœ, ์›”์š”์ผ ์ฝœ.
19:27
So this gives information about the call.
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์ด๋Š” ํ†ตํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:30
So Trump said he told Trudeau on a Wednesdayย  telephone call that the Canadian leader,ย ย 
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ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ ์ „ํ™” ํ†ตํ™”์—์„œ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํŠธ๋คผ๋„ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
19:35
Trudeau, hadn't done enough toย  curb fentanyl crossing the border.
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๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜๋Š” ํŽœํƒ€๋‹์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:41
So fentanyl is a drug and to curb means toย  to prevent the drug from crossing the border,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํŽœํƒ€๋‹์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด๊ณ  ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:52
to stop the drug from crossing the border.
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:57
So this is a verb to curb somethingย  and you curb something negative.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์ด๊ณ , ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:03
For example, how can we curb cheating?
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
20:06
So notice if you have a now aย  verb, it will be in the ING form.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ING ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:10
It functions as the gerund.
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์ด๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:12
How can we curb cheating now thatย  everyone has access to ChatGPT?
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์ด์ œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ChatGPT์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
20:18
Or you might, you might want to Curbย  Your spending on unnecessary things.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ถœ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:24
So again, it's always something that you view as.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:27
Negative.
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๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ.
20:29
So Trump feels that Trudeau hadn't doneย  enough to curb fentanyl crossing the border.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ํŠธ๋คผ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜๋Š” ํŽœํƒ€๋‹์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:35
So going from Canada into the US,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ด์›ƒ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š”
20:38
despite the minuscule amount that arrivesย  in the US from its northern neighbor.
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์–‘์ด ๊ทนํžˆ ์ ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:44
So here the minuscule amount means that onlyย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ์–‘์ด๋ž€
20:48
a very small amount of this drugย  travels from Canada to the USA.
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์ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰๋งŒ์ด ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋ฐ˜๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:57
Very small, minuscule.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•ด์š”. '
21:00
Minuscule is a powerful word becauseย  it doesn't just mean extremely small,ย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ค'๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
21:04
it also implies that it's insignificant.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:08
So the the amount is so small, it'sย  not important, it's insignificant.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ์–ด์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ํ•˜์ฐฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:14
So you could say I tried to curb my spending,ย  so limit, reduce, or stop my spending.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ถœ์„ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ์ง€์ถœ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค„์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
21:21
But remember you view this as a negative thing,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
21:25
so you're spending on thingsย  that you view are unnecessary.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ˆ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š” .
21:30
I tried to curb my spending,ย  but the results were minuscule.
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€์ถœ์„ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:35
So the results were so small,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•„์„œ
21:37
they were insignificant on theย  total amount of money you spend.
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์ง€์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๊ธˆ์•ก์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:44
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:45
Later in the week, the US presidentย  announced brief reprieves from the tariffs.
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์ฃผ์ค‘์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ๊ด€์„ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:51
For automakers.
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์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด.
21:53
A reprieve is a stop or a delay.
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์œ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์ค‘๋‹จ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ฐ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:57
Now, because they said aย  brief reprieve, it's a delay.
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž ๊น์˜ ์œ ์˜ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€์—ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:02
A permanent reprieve could meanย  a stop and it's a stop or delay.
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์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์œ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์ •์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:07
But this word is only used with something negativeย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š”
22:10
such as a punishment or justย  any other negative action.
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์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™ ๋“ฑ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:15
So a brief reprieves from the tariffs forย  automakers and for goods that fall under.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด์™€ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉด์ œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:21
So if something falls under a category, it meansย  it's included in that category that falls under.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:29
And in this case, the category is theย  United States, Mexico, Canada Agreement,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ˜‘์ •์ธ๋ฐ,
22:35
which was formerly called NAFTA, theย  North American Free Trade Agreement,ย ย 
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์ด์ „์—๋Š” NAFTA, ์ฆ‰ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์ž์œ ๋ฌด์—ญํ˜‘์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ,
22:39
but now it's called the Unitedย  States Mexico Canada Agreement.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ˜‘์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:43
So goods that fall under areย  included in this agreement.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '~
22:49
The phrasal verb to fall under is veryย  commonly used with policies or departments.
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์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค'๋Š” ์–ด๊ตฌ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:56
Anything that has classifiedย  classification or categories,ย ย 
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23:00
for example, all future exams fallย  under our new policy to curb cheating.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋‚˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œํ—˜์€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œํ—˜์— ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:08
So there's this new policy and there areย  provisions to prevent, stop, limit cheating.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ถ€์ • ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€, ์ค‘๋‹จ, ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:15
And all future exams are subjectย  to so fall under are included in.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œํ—˜์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:21
But the current exams orย  past exams do not fall under.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œํ—˜์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œํ—˜์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:27
So they're not subject to,ย  they're not included in.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:31
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:32
But for many, the two months of back and forthย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ด€์„ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์™€ 2๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ˜‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
23:35
with Trump on tariffs haveย  irreparably damaged ties.
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๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์ดํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์†์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:41
So notice how I pronounce thisย  back and forth, back and forth.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ, ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š” .
23:45
When you have this, and you can justย  pronounce it as a back and back and forth,ย ย 
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋ฉด
23:51
but you must pronounce it as one wordย  in order for that to sound correct.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
23:55
Back and forth, back and backย  and forth, back and forth.
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์•ž๋’ค๋กœ, ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ, ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ.
23:59
And if you go back and forth, it means oneย  minute you say yes, tariffs, the next day,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์™”๋‹ค ๊ฐ”๋‹ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์–ด๋Š ๋‚ ์€ ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ ์—๋Š”
24:05
no tariffs, 25 percent, 10%,ย  all products, some products.
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๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, 25%, 10%, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ œํ’ˆ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:11
So you're constantly changing your mind,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
24:13
which can of course 'cause confusionย  and even cause tension to brew to brew.
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ธด์žฅ๊ฐ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:21
Now you can use this in any situation.
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์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:24
We went back and forth on where to go on vacation.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๋…ผ์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:29
So you changed your mind.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๊ตฐ์š”.
24:30
One minute it's France, Italy, andย  then you're constantly changing yourย ย 
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์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, โ€‹โ€‹์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ,
24:35
mind of where to go so you canย  go back and forth on something.
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์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ง€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์™”๋‹ค ๊ฐ”๋‹ค ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:42
Let's review this example.
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์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:43
The directors went back and forth.
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์ด์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:46
So the verb is to go to go, andย  this is conjugated in the past,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” '๊ฐ€๋‹ค, ๊ฐ€๋‹ค'์ด๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
24:51
simple to go back and forthย  on how to curb cheating.
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๋ถ€์ •ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•ž๋’ค๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:56
So they had frequent discussions,ย  debates, and changes in decisions.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์žฆ์€ ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:03
Now notice here the two months of back and forth.
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์™•๋ณต์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
25:07
This functions as a noun, whichย  is why you don't see the verb go.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋™์‚ฌ go๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:13
You could say, but for many, Trumpย  going back and forth for two months.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๋Š” ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ์—‡๊ฐˆ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
25:20
So you could say it in anotherย  way to use the verb form,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:24
because if you use the verb, you need to use go.
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๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ go๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:26
But in this case, it's a noun.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„
25:28
The two months of something of back and forth withย  Trump on terrorists have irreparably damaged ties.
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์™€ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ๋Œ์ดํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์†์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:36
Irreparably is a strong adverb.
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๋Œ์ดํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค.
25:39
It means that it cannot be fixed,ย  and in this case the IT is the ties.
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์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ •์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ IT๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:45
So the relationship between Canada and theย  US cannot be fixed, repaired or undone.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ทจ์†Œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:51
That's the meaning of irreparably damaged ties.
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์ด๋Š” ํšŒ๋ณต ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†์ƒ๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:56
And that's the end of the article.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:57
So what I'll do now is I'll readย  the article from start to finish,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:00
and this time you can focus on my pronunciation.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์ œ ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
26:03
Elbows up.
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ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„๋กœ.
26:04
How Canadians are fighting back against Trump'sย ย 
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์ธ๋“ค์ด ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ํ† ๋งˆํ† ๋ฅผ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ† ๋งˆํ† ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ๊ด€์„ธ์— ๋งž์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”
26:07
tariffs replacing Californianย  tomatoes with Italian tomatoes.
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.
26:11
Ohio made pepperoni with meatsย  produced in Ontario and Quebec.
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์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ์™€ ํ€˜๋ฒก์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํŽ˜ํผ๋กœ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:16
Coca-Cola with sparkling waterย  sweetened with Canadian Maple syrup.
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋ฉ”์ดํ”Œ ์‹œ๋Ÿฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ง›์„ ๋”ํ•œ ํƒ„์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ.
26:20
At the end of January, U.S.
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1์›” ๋ง,
26:21
President Donald Trump ramped up threats toย  annex Canada and wreck its economy with tariffs.
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๋„๋„๋“œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€์„ธ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ์ˆ˜์œ„ ๋†’์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:28
An unfamiliar emotion has been brewingย  in normally polite Canada anger sinceย ย 
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26:34
Trump first threatened to enactย  sweeping tariffs on Canadianย ย 
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ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด€์„ธ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
26:37
imports and began referring to EU s sย  northern neighbor as the 51st state.
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EU์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ด์›ƒ์„ 51๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฃผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ, ํ‰์†Œ์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋˜ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ถ„๋…ธ์— ์ƒ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์†Ÿ๊ตฌ์ณ ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:42
Animosity toward the US andย  its leader has been mounting.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ง€๋„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:47
Canadians have cancelled vacations South of theย ย 
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ทจ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ณ 
26:49
border and loudly booed the Starย  Spangled Banner at sports events.
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์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์•ผ์œ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:54
After months of warnings, Trump on Tuesdayย  slapped 25% tariffs on nearly all Canadian goods,ย ย 
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ๋์— ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ํ™”์š”์ผ์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ƒํ’ˆ์— 25% ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ
27:01
sending markets plummeting and drivingย  Canada US relations to a new low.
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์ธํ•ด ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ํญ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ตœ์ €์น˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:06
Almost immediately, Canadian leaderย  Trudeau responded with matching tariffsย ย 
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ํŠธ๋คผ๋„ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š”
27:11
on $20.8 billion worth of Americanย  goods, with potentially more to come.
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208์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ๋‹น์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‚ฐ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋คผ๋„๋Š” ํ™”์š”์ผ์—
27:18
Canadians are reasonable and we are polite,ย  but we will not back down from a fight,ย ย 
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์€ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ,
27:23
not when our country and the well-being ofย  everyone in it is at stake, Trudeau said Tuesday.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์šธ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:29
Trump said he told Trudeau onย  a Wednesday telephone call thatย ย 
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ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ ์ „ํ™” ํ†ตํ™”์—์„œ
27:33
the Canadian leader hadn't done enoughย  to curb fentanyl crossing the border,ย ย 
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ด์›ƒ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ํŽœํƒ€๋‹์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜๋Š” ํŽœํƒ€๋‹์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŠธ๋คผ๋„์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
27:38
despite the minuscule amount that arrivesย  in the US from its northern neighbor.
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.
27:44
Later in the week, the US presidentย  announced brief reprieves from theย ย 
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์ฃผ์ค‘์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€
27:48
tariffs for automakers and for goods that fallย  under the United States Mexico Canada Agreement.
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์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ-๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”-์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ˜‘์ •์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ž ์‹œ ์œ ์˜ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:54
But for many, the two months of backย  and forth with Trump on tariffs haveย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ด€์„ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์™€ 2๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ˜‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
27:58
irreparably damaged ties.
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๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์ดํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์†์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ
28:00
Do you want to keep learningย  English with the news?
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๊ณ„์† ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š” ?
28:03
If you do, put yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes,ย  put yes, yes, yes in the comments below.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์— '์˜ˆ', '์˜ˆ', '์˜ˆ', '์˜ˆ', '์˜ˆ', '์˜ˆ', '์˜ˆ' , '์˜ˆ'๋ฅผ ์ ์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
28:07
And of course, make sure you like this lesson,ย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
28:09
share it with your friends and subscribe soย  you're notified every time I post a new lesson.
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์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ๋…์„ ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์•Œ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:14
And you can get this free speakingย  guide where I share 6 tips on howย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
28:17
to speak English fluently and confidently.
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์œ ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŒ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:20
You can click here to download it orย  look for the link in the description.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„ค๋ช…์—์„œ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ์„ธ์š”.
28:23
And here's another lesson I know you'll love.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:26
Watch it now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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