2 Hours of English Words, Phrases and Phrasal Verbs To Become FLUENT

9,749 views ใƒป 2024-11-22

JForrest English


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
In this English Vocabulary Master class, you'reย  going to learn over two hours of English words,ย ย 
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์ด ์˜์–ด ์–ดํœ˜ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ๋Š” IELTS ๋ฐ TOEFL๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ธ์–ด ์‹œํ—˜์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์˜์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด, ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ, ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:06
phrases, and phrasal verbs for languageย  exams like your IELTS and TOEFL.
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.
00:13
Welcome back to JForrest English.
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JForrest English์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
Of course, I'm Jennifer.
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๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด์ฃ . ์ €๋Š” ์ œ๋‹ˆํผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
Now let's get started.
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์ด์ œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
First, in this master class, you're going to learnย  33 advanced words for exams #1 feasible, feasible.
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๋จผ์ €, ์ด ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜ #1์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋‹จ์–ด 33๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
This means possible to do easily or conveniently.
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์‰ฝ๊ณ  ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
Now, this is commonly used inย  writing when discussing theย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ด๋Š”
00:35
practicality how practicalย  is proposals or solutions.
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์ œ์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ์ง€ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์„œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
For example, switching to renewable energyย  on a large scale may not be feasible,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ์‹คํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ œํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ
00:49
may not be easily or conveniently done inย  certain regions due to geographic limitations.
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์—์„œ๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:56
Or for an everyday example, you couldย  say when you have a great teacher,ย ย 
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๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
01:01
getting a high IL score becomesย  feasible, becomes easy to do.
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๋†’์€ IL ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์‰ฌ์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
Do you agree with that?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋™์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:08
If you do, put that's right, that'sย  right, put that's right in the comments.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋งž๋‹ค, ๋งž๋‹ค, ๋งž๋‹ค, ๋งž๋‹ค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ๋‹ฌ์•„์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
01:13
And don't worry about taking notes becauseย  I summarize everything in a free lesson PDF.
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ•์˜ PDF์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์š”์•ฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋ฉ”๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
01:18
You can find the link in theย  description #2 Proponent Proponent.
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์„ค๋ช… #2 ์ œ์•ˆ์ž ์ œ์•ˆ์ž์—์„œ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก , ์ œ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™ ๋ฐฉ์นจ์„
01:24
This is a person who advocates for who supportsย  a theory, proposal, or course of action.
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์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
01:34
Now, this is frequently seen inย  discussions about policy debatesย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ด๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ํ† ๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก 
01:38
and research in both speaking and writing,ย  for example, proponents of renewable energy.
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๊ณผ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ( ์˜ˆ: ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ง€์ง€์ž)์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
So this is people who support,ย  who advocate for renewable energy,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:51
argue that it provides a sustainableย  alternative to fossil fuels.
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์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
01:57
I am a proponent of supporting any,ย ย 
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์ €๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š”
02:01
any foundation, any, any type of groupย  that is being proactive about this.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์žฌ๋‹จ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
02:07
As you know, I've been a very strong andย  vocal proponent in the industry regardingย ย 
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ €๋Š”
02:13
the both the need and the opportunity toย  rethink the models from the ground up.
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๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํšŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
I'm a huge proponent of all of us beingย  interdependent versus independent.
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์˜์กด์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํžˆ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Independent #3 deploy, deploy.
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๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ #3 ๋ฐฐํฌ, ๋ฐฐํฌ.
02:31
This means to move into position forย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธ
02:33
action or it can mean to utilizeย  something in a strategic manner.
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ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ „๋žต์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
This is often used in writing toย  describe the implementation of resources.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
02:44
So the use of resources orย  strategies in various fields,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ,
02:49
for example, the government, thisย  is commonly used with government.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ž์›์ด๋‚˜ ์ „๋žต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
The government deployed emergency teams,ย ย 
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์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋น„์ƒํŒ€์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:57
so they put those teams in positionย  or used them strategically.
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ํ•ด๋‹น ํŒ€์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
So how did they use them strategically?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋ฅผ
03:04
Perhaps to help tackle theย  aftermath of the hurricane?
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ ๊นŒ์š” ?
03:10
Deploy algorithm and accidentallyย  deploy when you were landing.
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
Deploy the fleet #4 notable, notable.
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์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ํ•จ๋Œ€ #4๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
03:18
This means worthy of attention or notice.
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
It could also simply mean remarkable.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
This is commonly found in writing to highlightย  significant differences or achievements.
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์ด๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
03:32
For example, one notable difference.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
So one significant difference.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
One important difference between rural andย ย 
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๋†์ดŒ ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
03:40
urban lifestyles is the level ofย  access to healthcare facilities.
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์˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
African soldiers proved to be notable jungleย  fighters, and that's one of the more notableย ย 
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ •๊ธ€ ์ „์‚ฌ์ž„์ด ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ , ์ด๋Š” ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ํ™•์‹คํžˆ 1490๋…„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
03:50
aspects of how we painted at this timeย  anyway, certainly through the 1490s.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
03:54
This well preserved church isย  notable due to its high churchย ย 
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์ž˜ ๋ณด์กด๋œ ์ด ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋งž์€ ๋†’์€ ๊ตํšŒ ํƒ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:57
tower that has been struck by lightningย  numerous times throughout its history.
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.
04:01
#5 detrimental.
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#5 ํ•ด๋กญ๋‹ค.
04:04
Detrimental This means causingย  harm or tending to cause harm.
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ํ•ด๋กœ์šด(Detrimental) ์ด๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
This is used in writing mainly to discuss negativeย  impacts or consequences of policies and actions.
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์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์กฐ์น˜์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜
04:17
You could say while many aspectsย  of technology are beneficial,ย ย 
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์œ ์ตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
04:22
excessive screen time can have a detrimentalย  effect a negative effect on mental health.
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๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ํ™”๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ •์‹  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
So this is a great word to have that contrast,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š”
04:33
which is commonly done inย  writing, can be detrimental.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋กœ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
Matt, you're a detriment here.
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๋งท, ๋„Œ ์ •๋ง ์†ํ•ด์•ผ
04:39
My bitterness would be detrimental to my recovery.
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๋‚˜์˜ ๊ดด๋กœ์›€์€ ๋‚˜์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์— ํ•ด๋กœ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
Number six, mitigate, mitigate.
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์—ฌ์„ฏ์งธ, ์™„ํ™”, ์™„ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
This means to make lessย  severe, serious or painful.
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์ด๋Š” ๋œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
This is useful in writing and I'm speakingย  to discuss ways to reduce negative impacts,ย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ €๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ILS์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:55
especially in environmental contexts,ย  which are common on the ILS.
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.
05:00
For example, countries worldwideย  are investing in renewable energyย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š”
05:06
as a means to mitigate to reduceย  the effects of climate change.
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
So to make those effects less serious,ย  to mitigate, stop mitigating everyoneย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์œ„ํ—˜ #7 ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค‘์ง€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”
05:17
with mitigating circumstances on mitigatingย  the health risks #7 discrepancy discrepancy.
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.
05:25
This is a lack of compatibility orย  similarity between two or more facts.
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์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜ธํ™˜์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
This is commonly used in writing whenย  analyzing data or discussing research findings.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
For example, a noticeableย  discrepancy exists betweenย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
05:44
the reported income levels ofย  urban and rural populations.
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๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋„์‹œ ์ธ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋†์ดŒ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์†Œ๋“ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
So the discrepancy is that difference.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
Why is there this discrepancy?
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์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:55
It seems that we're doing aย  comparative evaluation, but typically,ย ย 
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๋น„๊ตํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ธด ํ•œ๋ฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต์€
05:59
I could find a discrepancy and thenย  I would say, well, I'm not saying it.
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๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด ' ๊ธ€์Ž„, ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
06:03
And any discrepancy should hopefully be external.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
So as I go #8 resilient.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ # 8 ํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
Notice that resilient, Resilient.
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ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
06:13
If someone is resilient, it means they're able toย ย 
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ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„
06:16
withstand or recover quicklyย  from difficult conditions.
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๊ฒฌ๋””๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
06:21
This is very useful in speaking andย  writing when discussing communitiesย ย 
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์ด๋Š”
06:26
or individuals facing challenges,ย  which is very common on the IELTS.
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IELTS์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
For example, communities affected by naturalย  disasters have proven to be remarkably resilient,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณต๊ตฌ
06:39
rebuilding their lives and homes so they're ableย  to quickly recover from these negative situations.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ง‘์„ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด์ œ ์–ต์••์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
06:46
It's time to embrace a resilient, strongย  culture of processing, not repressing.
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ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
06:53
We can push for a safe, kind,ย  resilient and human digital future.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
People are leaving these climateย  resilient areas for economic reasons.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„ ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
Are you enjoying this lesson?
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์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
07:07
If you are, then I want to tell youย  about the Finally Fluent Academy.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ Fluent Academy์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
This is my premium training program whereย  we study native English speakers from TV,ย ย 
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TV,
07:18
movies, YouTube and the news.
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์˜ํ™”, ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ, ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์›์–ด๋ฏผ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์—„ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
So you can improve your listeningย  skills of fast English, expand yourย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์˜์–ด ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
07:25
vocabulary with natural expressions,ย  and learn advanced grammar easily.
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ , ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
Plus, you'll have me as your personal coach.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฝ”์น˜๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด
07:34
You can look in the descriptionย  for the link to learn more,ย ย 
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์„ค๋ช…์—์„œ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
07:37
or you can go to my website andย  click on Finally Fluent Academy.
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๋‚ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ Final Fluent Academy๋ฅผ โ€‹โ€‹ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
07:41
Now, let's continue with our lesson #9 Alleviate.
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์ด์ œ ์ˆ˜์—… #9 ์™„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
Alleviate.
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๋œ๋‹ค.
07:48
This is to make suffering orย  deficiency or a problem less severe.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐํ• ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
This is commonly used in writing and speaking toย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ๋นˆ๊ณค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:58
discuss solutions to societalย  issues like poverty or health.
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.
08:05
For example, local governments areย  implementing policies to alleviateย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๋„์‹ฌ์ง€ 10๊ณณ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:11
to reduce housing shortages inย  urban centers #10 vulnerable.
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.
08:18
Do you know this one?
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์ด๊ฑฐ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
08:19
Vulnerable.
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์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ.
08:21
This means susceptible toย  physical or emotional harm.
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์ด๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์„œ์  ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
08:26
Again, this is often used in discussions aboutย ย 
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š”
08:29
social issues, health, andย  even environmental concerns.
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์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
You could say older populations are moreย  vulnerable, so they're more susceptibleย ย 
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๋…ธ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
08:40
to health issues, which means theyย  get health issues easier and faster.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
Vulnerable, especially duringย  severe weather conditions.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์•…์ฒœํ›„์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
08:52
He's vulnerable.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
Vulnerable being vulnerable #11 paradigm.
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์ทจ์•ฝํ•จ์€ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•จ #11 ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„.
08:57
This one is very common paradigm.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
This is a typical example or pattern of something.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋‚˜ ํŒจํ„ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
You can think of it as a model.
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๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
This is frequently found in writing toย  discuss shifts in thinking or approaches.
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์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ
09:14
You could say the adoption of digital technologyย ย 
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:17
in classrooms represents aย  significant paradigm shift.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
So a shift in thinking in education.
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๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
Is that it's a paradigmย  that's trying to hold us back.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
09:28
So it's kind of a new paradigm that actually seemsย  to unlock things not only in fundamental physics,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:34
but also in the foundations ofย  mathematics and computer science,ย ย 
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์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ,
09:37
and possibly in areas likeย  biology and economics as well.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž ๊ธˆ์„ ํ•ด์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
09:40
I believe it's time to reject that old paradigmย  and realize that our fates are linked #12 viable.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ ๋‚ก์€ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์„ ๋•Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. #12 ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
Viable.
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์ƒ์กด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ.
09:50
This means capable of working successfully.
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์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค.
09:54
It can also mean feasible.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
So it's very important to learn alternatives,ย  synonyms because you'll commonly see them.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ, ๋™์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
10:02
And if you want to discuss these same issues,ย  you can use an alternative word, a synonym.
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๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋‹จ์–ด์ธ ๋™์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
So now we have viable.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
This is used in discussions aboutย  sustainability and practical solutions.
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์ด๋Š” ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
For example, solar power, you couldย  say, is becoming a viable alternativeย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ๋ฐœ์ „์€
10:22
to traditional energy sources in manyย  sunny regions at least #13 benign.
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ํ–‡๋ณ•์ด ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Š” #13 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
Notice that silent G Benign.
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์กฐ์šฉํ•œ G Benign์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
10:34
9.
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9.
10:35
Benign.
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์–‘์„ฑ.
10:36
This means having no significantย  harm or adverse effect.
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์ด๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์—†์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
Negative effect.
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๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ.
10:43
This is commonly used in discussions aboutย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ
10:46
impacts and effects to talk aboutย  something not having an effect.
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ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
For example, despite initial fears,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
10:54
the new construction projects are expectedย  to have a benign effect on local wildlife.
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์ƒˆ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
So it means the new constructionย  projects don't have an effect.
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์ฆ‰, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑด์„ค ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
They don't have a significant effect.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
They have a benign effect.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–‘์„ฑ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
It's benign.
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์–‘์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
Were they benign?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–‘์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
11:14
Fine and benign #14 conducive.
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๋ฏธ์„ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์–‘์„ฑ์ธ #14๋Š” ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
Conducive.
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๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
11:20
This means making a certain situationย  or outcome likely or possible.
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์ด๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
This is common in discussions about environmentsย  that encourage certain behaviors or outcomes.
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์ด๋Š” ํŠน์ • ํ–‰๋™์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
11:32
For example, students suggestย  that a clutter free space.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊น”๋”ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
A space free of clutter, free of things,ย  distracting things is conducive to betterย ย 
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์–ด์ˆ˜์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
11:43
concentration and learning, so itย  helps you achieve that outcome.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜
11:48
It's not conducive to health thatย  was here, wasn't conducive, right?
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๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  , ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ ? ์šด์œจ์„ ์ž˜ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š”
11:52
Doesn't isn't conducive toย  rhyming well #15 incentive.
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๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. #15 ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ.
11:56
Incentive.
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์ž๊ทน.
11:57
Do you know this one?
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์ด๊ฑฐ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
11:58
This is a thing that motivates orย  encourages someone to do something.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
This is used in discussions aboutย  economics, business, and public policy.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค, ๊ณต๊ณต ์ •์ฑ…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
You hear this frequently.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ์ž์ฃผ ๋“ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
For example, to reduce emissions, the governmentย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋ถ€๋Š”
12:15
introduced financial incentives forย  companies investing in clean energy.
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์ฒญ์ • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์— ์žฌ์ •์  ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
So those companies will get something in returnย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š”
12:24
and incentive if they investย  in clean energy #16 compile.
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์ฒญ์ • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ #16 ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์™€ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:31
Compile.
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์—ฎ๋‹ค.
12:33
This means to produce by assemblingย  information and other sources.
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์ด๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
12:38
This is often used in academicย  writing and research discussions.
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์ด๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ† ๋ก ์— ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
For example, the researchersย  compiled so gathered togetherย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์€
12:48
compiled data from numerous sourcesย  to ensure a comprehensive analysis,ย ย 
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ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
12:54
compiled them in our data processesย  and combined it with compilation.
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์—์„œ ํŽธ์ง‘ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํŽธ์ง‘๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
Who compiled this map?
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์ด ์ง€๋„๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ–ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
13:02
17 Contradictory Contradictory.
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17 ๋ชจ์ˆœ์  ๋ชจ์ˆœ.
13:06
This means mutually opposed or inconsistent.
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์ด๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
This is used in writing when discussingย  conflicting ideas or conflicting data.
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์ด๋Š” ์ƒ์ถฉ๋˜๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ถฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์„œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
For example, the study presentsย  contradictory findings,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
13:22
with one portion indicating benefits andย  another highlighting potential risks.
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ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ด์ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
So they're opposed to each other, risksย  and benefits and risks they're opposed.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ณผ ํ˜œํƒ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
So it's contradictory.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
Saying that out loud almost sounds contradictory.
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ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
Upside and grief.
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์žฅ์ ๊ณผ ์Šฌํ””.
13:42
And honestly, our physics is tellingย  us a lot of contradictory things.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
13:46
They allow us to interpret itsย  complex and contradictory signals.
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๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
#18 Foster Foster This is to encourage orย  promote the development of something, and usuallyย ย 
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#18 Foster Foster ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
14:00
something good, and this is commonly used inย  discussions about education and social policies.
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๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
Educational institutions should foster creativity,ย ย 
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๊ต์œก ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ง€์—
14:12
encourage creativity because it is positive andย  critical thinking in their students #19 retention.
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
14:23
Retention.
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๋ณด์œ .
14:24
This is the continued possession,ย  use, or control of something.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์œ , ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋˜๋Š” ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
This is used in writing when discussingย  education and employment practices.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์šฉ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์„œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
14:36
Very common in employment, for example, employeeย  retention, the ability to retain keep employees.
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์ง์› ์œ ์ง€, ์ง์› ์œ ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ ๊ณ ์šฉ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
Employee retention remainsย  a priority as high turnover.
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๋†’์€ ์ด์ง๋ฅ ๋งŒํผ ์ง์› ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:50
Employees leaving as high turnover canย  disrupt team dynamics #20 depict depict.
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๋†’์€ ์ด์ง๋ฅ ๋กœ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง์›์€ ํŒ€ ์—ญํ•™ #20 ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
This is to represent by a drawing,ย  painting, or other art form.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
This is common in discussions about art andย  literature, which is common in writing tasks.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
15:12
For example, art from this.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ .
15:16
Typically depicts scenes so in thatย  art you see this scene represented,ย ย 
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์ด ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
15:23
so depicts scenes of everyday life.
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์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
Show casting rural traditions inside the church.
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๊ตํšŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์‹œ๊ณจ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ์ฃผ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
15:30
The paintings depict scenes from the Old andย  new testaments and effigies of patron Saints.
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ๊ตฌ์•ฝ๊ณผ ์‹ ์•ฝ์˜ ์žฅ๋ฉด ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ƒ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
Would it would depict it as an illustration of theย  flexibility and wisdom of common law adjudication.
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๊ด€์Šต๋ฒ• ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
15:41
The paintings depict the image of a chair inย  various stages of completion or dissolution.
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์™„์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•ด์ฒด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์ž์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
15:50
21 to steer clear of So notice here we haveย  a phrase to steer clear of of something.
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21 to steer off of ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์˜ํ•  ์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:58
This means to avoid someone or something.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ํ”ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
This is used in speaking and you can useย  it to give advice or recommendations,ย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ IELTS์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์กฐ์–ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:07
which is very common on IELTS.
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.
16:10
For example, health professionalsย  often advise patients to steerย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์›ฐ๋น™์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์กฐ์–ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:14
clear of to avoid processed foodsย  to maintain overall well-being.
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.
16:21
22 solely solely.
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22๊ฐœ๋งŒ.
16:25
This means not involving anyone or anything else.
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:29
It can also be a replacement to only.
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๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:32
This is useful in writing to clarifyย  specific points or responsibilities.
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์ด๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
16:38
For example, the success of the projectย  does not solely depend on funding.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์€ ์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:44
So it does not only depend on funding,ย  but also on effective management.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—๋„ ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:50
So this is a nice complex sentence andย  you can replace only with solely 23.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด๋ฉฐ 23์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:57
Abundant.
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. ํ’๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
Abundant.
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ํ’์กฑํ•œ.
17:00
This means existing orย  available in large quantities.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:04
It also means plentiful.
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ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:07
This is commonly used in discussionsย  about resources and, again, environments.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:13
The country is known for its abundant naturalย  resources, particularly oil and timber.
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์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์ž์›, ํŠนํžˆ ์„์œ ์™€ ๋ชฉ์žฌ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
Public space must be as free andย  abundant as the air we breathe.
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๊ณต๊ณต ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ์‰ฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋งŒํผ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:26
Fishing near the village.
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๋งˆ์„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋‚š์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:27
Seals in Caribou were abundant to speak of.
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์ˆœ๋ก์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:30
It does have abundant landย  and abundant sun and wind.
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ํ† ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‡๋น›๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:33
We can't all duplicate that 20.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 20.
17:35
4 Sustainability Sustainability This isย ย 
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4 ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
17:40
the ability to be maintainedย  at a certain rate or level.
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์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋น„์œจ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:45
This frequently appears in discussionsย  about environmental issues and development.
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์ด๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:51
Investing in renewable resources is criticalย  for the sustainability of our environment.
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์žฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ž์›์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:59
You will absolutely hear this wordย  and you should use it as well.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹น์‹ ๋„ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:04
Biodiversity can contribute toย  the sustainability of a community.
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์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:08
And I think the main way I I think youย  should look at it is about sustainability.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:14
Sustainability.
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์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ. ์š”์ฆ˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
18:15
It's become something that a lot ofย  people in the world are striving forย ย 
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:19
because we recognize what's goingย  on with the world these days.
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.
18:22
25 Assess Assess This means toย  evaluate or estimate the nature,ย ย 
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25 ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ,
18:29
ability, or quality of something.
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋˜๋Š” ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
18:32
This is common in writing when discussingย ย 
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๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:35
evaluations in educationย  and business, for example.
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.
18:39
Teachers assess students understandingย  through regular tests and assignments.
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๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‹œํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:46
It assesses tests, assess your options.
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ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ต์…˜์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:49
Interesting assessment 26 Target target.
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ํ‰๊ฐ€ 26 ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋Œ€์ƒ.
18:55
This is an objective or resultย  toward which efforts are directed.
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์ด๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
19:00
So you direct your efforts toward a target.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:04
This is commonly used in writing, especiallyย  in essays discussing your goals and objectives.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์—์„ธ์ด์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:11
You can say the initiative targets a 25%ย  reduction in carbon emissions within five years.
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์ด ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” 5๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ 25% ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
19:20
So notice here it's a verb.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
19:22
The initiative targets to target.
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์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:25
This is also a noun odd target.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:27
The target is a 25% reduction.
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๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” 25% ๊ฐ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค.
19:31
27 Illicit Illicit.
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27 ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•.
19:35
This is to get a response, answer or fact fromย  someone, often through questioning or discussion.
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์ด๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋‚˜ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‘๋‹ต, ๋‹ต๋ณ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
19:42
This is commonly used in writing whenย  discussing studies, research or data.
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์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:48
For example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด.
19:49
The questions were designedย  to elicit authentic responses.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:53
So to get real honest responsesย  from participants #28 decipher.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •๋ง ์ •์งํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด #28์„ ํ•ด๋…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:01
Decipher.
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ํ’€๋‹ค.
20:03
This means to interpret or to make sense ofย  something that is difficult to understand.
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์ด๋Š” ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
20:09
A synonym is to decode, to decipher, to decode.
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๋™์˜์–ด๋Š” ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๋‹ค, ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๋‹ค, ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๋‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:13
This is commonly used in writing whenย  discussing the meaning of someone or something.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:20
For example, scholars spent decadesย  attempting to decipher the ancient script.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:27
So attempting to understand theย  meaning of the ancient script,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
20:32
Professor Arm wants to decipher whichย  data can lead to discriminatory actionsย ย 
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Arm ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ํ–‰์œ„
20:37
or privacy invasions and to set safeguardsย  for a better protection of human subjects.
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ์นจํ•ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:42
In data science, students with hearing loss relyย  more heavily on visual cues to decipher what isย ย 
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋‹จ์„œ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์˜์กดํ•˜๋ฉฐ
20:48
being said, and now we have the capacity toย  decipher life in a way we never did before.
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, ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ํ•ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ถ์„ ํ•ด๋…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:55
29 Fluctuate fluctuate.
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29 ๋ณ€๋™ ๋ณ€๋™.
20:59
This means to change or vary irregularly,ย ย 
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์ด๋Š”
21:03
so not by following a patternย  and often in amount or level.
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ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์–‘์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:09
This is commonly used when discussing theย  results or current state of something.
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์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:15
For example, the stock market fluctuates.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ฃผ์‹ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๋ณ€๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:18
It's up, it's down, andย  it's not a regular pattern.
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์ƒ์Šน, ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:22
It's irregular.
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๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•ด์š”.
21:23
The stock market fluctuates dramaticallyย  in response to world events.
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์ฃผ์‹ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:29
Any weight fluctuations Weight fluctuates.
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์ฒด์ค‘ ๋ณ€๋™ ์ฒด์ค‘์ด ๋ณ€๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:32
Any weight fluctuations #30 Outline outline.
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์ฒด์ค‘ ๋ณ€๋™ #30 ๊ฐœ์š” ๊ฐœ์š”.
21:36
This is to give a summary of something and it'sย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
21:40
often used in writing to presentย  main ideas or structures clearly.
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์ฃผ์š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:46
For example, the professor outlined theย  main points of the lecture at the beginning.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ
21:53
Just the outline anything you outlineย  with this I just outlined for you.
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์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์š”๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
21:57
31 Promote Promote This means to supportย  or actively encourage This is frequentย ย 
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31 ํ™๋ณด ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค ์ด๋Š” ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”
22:05
in discussions about public health,ย  education, and social initiatives.
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๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด, ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:11
For example, government campaigns often promoteย  healthier lifestyles to reduce healthcare costs.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ •๋ถ€ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:19
32 Habitat Habitat This is the naturalย  environment in which an Organism lives.
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32 ์„œ์‹์ง€ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:28
This is commonly used in discussionsย  about ecology and conservation.
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์ด๋Š” ์ƒํƒœํ•™๊ณผ ๋ณด์กด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:33
For example, protecting forests is essential toย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ˆฒ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
22:37
preserving the habitats theย  homes of numerous species.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ข…์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€์ธ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:43
33 Augment augment.
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33 ์ฆ๊ฐ• ์ฆ๊ฐ•.
22:47
This is to make somethingย  larger, greater, or more intense.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ, ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:52
This is common in speaking and writingย  to discuss increases or improvements inย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
22:58
systems, infrastructures, or even skills.
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.
23:02
For example, the government allocated additionalย  funds to augment public health services so toย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
23:09
help improve the size or state of these publicย  health services in response to rising demands.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋‚˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ํ• ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
23:18
Amazing job.
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด๊ตฐ์š”.
23:19
Now let's move on and focus on phrases.
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์ด์ œ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:21
And you'll learn 30 full phrases for exams.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œํ—˜์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ 30๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:26
Of course, on the IELTS, they'reย  going to ask you where do you live?
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๋ฌผ๋ก  IELTS์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:31
You can say I was born and raised in Winnipeg.
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์ €๋Š” ์œ„๋‹ˆํŽ™์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ž๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:36
That's where I was born and raised.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ž๋ž€ ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค.
23:38
Did you know that I was born andย  raised to be born and raised in?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ž๋ผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ž๋ž๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
23:45
Now here your verb is to be.
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:47
So of course you need to conjugate it in the past.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:51
Simple because it's a completed past action.
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์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ–‰์œ„์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:54
I was born and raised in and then youย  can state your city or your country.
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์ €๋Š” ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ž๋ž€ ๋„์‹œ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:01
Now don't worry about taking notes becauseย  I summarize everything in a free lesson PDF.
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์ด์ œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ•์˜ PDF์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์š”์•ฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋ฉ”๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
24:06
You can look in the description for the link.
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๋งํฌ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:10
You can add on to this to make it sound moreย  complex, to make you sound more advanced.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ๋” ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:16
I was born and raised in Winnipeg, but now?
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์œ„๋‹ˆํŽ™์—์„œ ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ž๋ž๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€?
24:19
But now I live in Ottawa.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์˜คํƒ€์™€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
24:23
Go even further and say I'veย  lived here for over 10 years now.
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๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 10๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
24:30
Notice I used the present perfect.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
24:33
You can also use the present perfect continuousย  only for the verbs live, work and study.
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live, work, Study ๋™์‚ฌ์—๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:41
And this is for an action that startedย  in the past and continues until now.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
24:46
So in the present perfect continuous,ย  I've been living here for over 10 years.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 10๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
24:53
You can use 4 plus the specific number of years.
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4์— ํŠน์ • ์—ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:57
You can even say four years, severalย  years, many years, a number of years.
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4๋…„, ๋ช‡ ๋…„, ๋ช‡ ๋…„, ๋ช‡ ๋…„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:04
All of those are possibilities.
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:06
Now let's move on to tell me about your work.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:09
You can say I'm an engineer.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:13
I know this is a very simple sentence,ย ย 
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•Œ์ง€๋งŒ
25:15
but most students get it wrongย  because they forget the article.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:20
You must use an article before your job title.
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์ง์œ„ ์•ž์—๋Š” ๊ด€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:24
Most likely you're going to use AH or an,ย  but it is possible to use the article.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ AH๋‚˜ an์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:30
The This is when there is only one position inย  the organization and you have that one position.
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์ด๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์— ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ง์œ„๋งŒ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ง์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:38
For example, I'm the executive director, soย  there's only one executive director and that's me.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ €๋Š” ์ „๋ฌด์ด์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „๋ฌด์ด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ช…, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ €์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:47
Now, if we use the, it's more common to explainย  what the organization is or what the company is.
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์ด์ œ the๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:55
But if you include just your job title withย  a or an, you can, but you don't need to.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ a ๋˜๋Š” an์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง์œ„๋งŒ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:02
But if you use the, make sureย  you state your organization.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ช…์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:05
Now add to this and add a generalย  state about your specific job.
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠน์ • ์ง์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
26:13
Being an engineer is rewarding.
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์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณด๋žŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:17
Notice here being starts the sentenceย  because it's a gerund statement.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š” . ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ(
26:23
Gerund statements will absolutelyย  make you sound more advanced.
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Gerund) ์ง„์ˆ ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
26:28
You could say I love using my analyticalย  skills to solve complex problems.
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๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
26:36
Love is a verb, a preference, so youย  need the verb a preference plus a gerund.
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘์€ ๋™์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์„ ํ˜ธ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋™์‚ฌ์— ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์™€ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:42
Love using.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:43
You could say I enjoy collaborating with my team.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:48
Enjoy is a verb, a preference,ย  so you need the gerund.
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Enjoy๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์„ ํ˜ธ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:52
I enjoy collaborating withย  my team and brainstormingย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ํŒ€๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ํ•˜๊ณ 
26:58
unique solutions to complex problems.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šคํ† ๋ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:04
So sure, you could say brainstorming solutions toย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šคํ† ๋ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
27:06
problems, but adding adjectivesย  makes you sound more advanced.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข€ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:11
You just mentioned somethingย  positive about your work.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ์—…๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:16
Why not make a contrastingย  statement and start with?
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๋Œ€์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ง„์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
27:20
However, this is a transition wordย  that we use to make a contrast,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜์–ด์ด๋ฉฐ,
27:25
and using transition words willย  make you sound so advanced.
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์ „ํ™˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:30
However, being an engineerย  also has its challenges.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€๋„ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:34
So before we had positivesย  about being an engineer,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
27:38
however, and now a negative aboutย  being an engineer, a contrast.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:44
So now you can share one of those challenges,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜,
27:48
specifically another transitionย  word to make you sound advanced.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „ํ™˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:53
Specifically, I work around theย  clock to meet tight deadlines.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ €๋Š” ์ด‰๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๋งˆ๊ฐ ๊ธฐํ•œ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:59
To work around the clock is an expression.
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24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:03
And using expressions really shows you understandย  the language more at an advanced native level.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:11
And of course, to work around the clock,ย  you can just imagine you work continuously.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ผํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:15
You work non-stop.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์‰ฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:18
Now let's talk about hobbies.
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์ด์ œ ์ทจ๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
28:20
You can begin with a gerund statementย  that expresses your opinion on hobbies.
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์ทจ๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
28:27
In my opinion, having hobbies isย  integral to living a fulfilling life.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:34
So our gerund statement isย  having hobbies is integral to.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ทจ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:40
But then I just added on toย  that by expressing my opinion.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‚ด ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ง๋ถ™์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:44
So let's review some opinion words.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:47
Of course, in my opinion, in my view, from myย  perspective, notice here from from my perspective,ย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”, ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”, ๋‚ด ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ, ๋‚ด ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ,
28:56
personally, I think that have atย  least four different opinion words.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . IELTS๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์–ดํœ˜
29:02
You can use these four in yourย  vocabulary when you go for your IELTS.
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์— ์ด ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
29:08
Now let's get back to hobbies.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ทจ๋ฏธ์ƒํ™œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค.
29:09
You made your general statement, your gerundย  statement, beginning with an opinion word.
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๊ท€ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ง„์ˆ , ์ฆ‰ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:15
Now you can state your specific hobby.
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์ด์ œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:18
I'm an avid hiker, or maybe I'mย  an avid cyclist, guitar player,ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ด์ •์ ์ธ ๋“ฑ์‚ฐ๊ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—ด์ •์ ์ธ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ํƒ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž,
29:26
tennis player, whatever your hobby is.
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ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ ์ทจ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ๊ฐ„์—์š”.
29:30
So here the structure is to be anย  avid and then you need a noun andย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์—ด์„ฑ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š”
29:37
this means you have a strong interest,ย  passion or enthusiasm for that activity.
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ํ•ด๋‹น ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ, ์—ด์ • ๋˜๋Š” ์—ด์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:44
Now you can make a gerund statementย  about why you enjoyed this activity.
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์ด์ œ ์ด ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ฆ๊ฒผ๋˜ ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:50
Hiking gives me the opportunity to disconnectย  from my devices and enjoy the beauty of nature.
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ํ•˜์ดํ‚น์€ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์„ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:58
Now notice that the gerund statementย  started with the verb hiking.
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์ด์ œ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‚ฌ ํ•˜์ดํ‚น์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
30:03
You can also start a gerundย  statement with the noun.
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๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ฌธ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:06
For example, guitar.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ธฐํƒ€.
30:08
Guitar gives me the opportunityย  to, you could say, play guitar.
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๊ธฐํƒ€๋Š” ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:14
So you're using the verb formย  or the noun form with guitar.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐํƒ€์—๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:19
Both are correct.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:20
Now, let's say you don't have any hobbies.
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์ž, ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ทจ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
30:23
Don't worry, you can still answerย  this question in a very advanced way.
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๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:28
You can say until now myย  focus has been on my career.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:35
However, I'm considering taking up andย  then an activity taking up drawing.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ์— ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:42
So notice we have our present perfect.
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์ด์ œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
30:45
My focus has been because the actionย  started in the past and continues until now.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:52
Take up is the phrasal verb we useย  specifically with hobbies and activitiesย ย 
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Take up์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ทจ๋ฏธ์™€ ํ™œ๋™์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ
30:58
to mean start and notice.
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์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:01
Consider plus gerund.
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ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
31:03
I'm considering that's in the present continuous.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:07
I'm considering taking up take is inย  the gerund because consider plus gerund.
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ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— take๋ฅผ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:14
You could also say, however,ย  I'd love to take up drawing.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:19
The expression here is I wouldย  love and then infinitive.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ I would love์™€ ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:25
Perhaps it's simpler to rememberย  and it still sounds advanced,ย ย 
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ฐ„๋‹จ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
31:29
so feel free to use this alternative now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
31:32
You can still add on a gerundย  statement about drawing,ย ย 
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๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
31:37
but use the future simple becauseย  you're not doing the activity right now.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
31:42
Drawing will give me theย  opportunity to disconnect.
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:48
You could say I'm confident that or I'm hopefulย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
31:52
that drawing will give me theย  opportunity to disconnect.
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๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋Š์„ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํฌ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:57
You will sound very advanced.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:00
Now let's move on to tell me about your family.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
32:04
You can say I'm from a closeย  knit family, close knit.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์นœ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
32:09
Notice that pronunciation close knit.
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๋ฐœ์Œ์ด ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
32:11
This is an adjective that describes the family.
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๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:15
Now this is the same as sayingย  my family and I are very close.
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์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์นœํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:22
My family and I, this is the subject.
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๋‚˜์™€ ๋‚ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:26
We, my family and I are very close.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:30
You can say everyone in my family gets alongย  because everyone is conjugated as a singular.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:38
Everyone gets along really well or usedย  extremely well to sound more advanced.
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์ •๋ง ์ž˜ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:47
Here's a great expression.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:49
Everyone says I take after my mom in looksย  and I take after my dad in personality.
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์™ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—„๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  , ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๋„ ์•„๋น ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์š”.
32:56
When you take after someone, it meansย  that you resemble them physically.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:02
So if you have a photo of youย  and your mom and people say,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์—„๋งˆ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด '
33:07
oh, I see the similarities, you takeย  after your mom because your mom cameย ย 
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์•„, ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ์ด ๋ณด์ด๋„ค์š”'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ์˜ค์…จ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์—„๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ๊ณ 
33:13
first and maybe your mom takesย  after your grandmother, etcetera.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์—„๋งˆ๋Š” ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:17
But for personality, you can use this as well.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:20
So maybe your dad is veryย  funny and you are very funny.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:25
So you take after your dad in personality.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:28
A great phrasal verb to use onย  the IELTS to sound very advanced.
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IELTS์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:33
Now let's move on to talk.
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์ด์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:34
Talking about travel, you can say I'd love,ย  I would love, I'd love the opportunity toย ย 
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์—ฌํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋‚˜๋Š”
33:44
see Egypt, to travel, to notice travelย  to Egypt, but see Egypt, visit Egypt.
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์ด์ง‘ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ , ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์› ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:54
So know when certain verbs requireย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํŠน์ • ๋™์‚ฌ์—
33:57
additional prepositions, Travelย  to a location, visit a location.
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์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠน์ • ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ•ด๋‹น ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
34:03
If I could travel anywhere, I'd choose Egypt.
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์–ด๋””๋“  ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:09
This is our second conditional because it'sย ย 
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์ด๋Š”
34:12
hypothetical and notice weย  have modal plus base verb.
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๊ฐ€์ •์ด๊ณ  ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:17
Don't use the infinitive modal plus base verb.
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๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
34:21
Of course you can use a gerund statement.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ฌธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:25
Visiting Egypt is at the top of my list.
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์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‚ด ๋ชฉ๋ก์˜ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€
34:29
Imagine you have a list of places youย  want to visit and Egypt is at the top.
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์žฅ์†Œ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋งจ ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ํ˜„์žฌ Perfect๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
34:34
You can make this more advancedย  by using the present Perfect.
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
34:40
Travelling to Egypt has been at the topย  of my list for as long as I can remember,ย ย 
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์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์—ฌํ–‰์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚ด ๋ชฉ๋ก์˜ ์ƒ์œ„๊ถŒ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
34:48
an action that started in theย  past and continues until now.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:53
Now, why not use an opinion word?
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์ด์ œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
34:56
From my perspective, the pyramids areย  one of our world's greatest treasures.
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๋‚ด ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ณด๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:03
So you're sharing an opinion thatย  reinforces why you want to visit Egypt.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ท€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:10
You can go go on and say, and I'd revel in,ย ย 
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:14
I'd revel in the opportunityย  to see them with my own eyes.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ์— ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:20
The expression is to revel in the opportunityย  and then you're infinitive to see them.
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ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:28
This is a very advanced way of saying Iย  would thoroughly enjoy seeing the pyramids.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
35:35
Now, as a bonus, let me share some phrases thatย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค๋กœ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
35:38
you can use when you wantย  to clarify by your answer.
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.
35:41
So you're answering and you realize thatย  the words aren't coming out very well.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:47
You can say what I'm trying to say is,ย  and then you can change your thought.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์…”๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:56
You can express your thought a different way.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:59
What I mean is what I'm getting atย  is what I'm trying to get at is toย ย 
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๋‚ด ๋ง์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ป๊ณ  ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
36:08
put it another way, in other words,ย  and then you communicate your idea.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. IELTS๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ
36:15
I suggest memorizing four of these because theyย ย 
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ์ค‘ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์™ธ์›Œ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
36:19
will be very helpful whenย  you're taking your IELTS.
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.
36:23
You're doing amazing.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
36:25
Now let's focus on phrasal verbs, and we'll reviewย  some academic and perfection phrasal verbs first.
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์ด์ œ ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๋ฐ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•จ ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:33
In this section, I'm going to quiz you, andย  then you'll learn the phrasal verb in detail,ย ย 
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์ด ์„น์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ 
36:40
and then you'll complete another quizย  to make sure you really know them.
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์ •๋ง ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:45
Question one.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ 1.
36:47
I recommend providing a fewย  more examples to your point.
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๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ œ์‹œํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:56
Now I'll only give you 3 seconds to answer, whichย  is not a lot of time, so feel free to hit pause,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ 3์ดˆ๋งŒ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ผ์‹œ ์ค‘์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ 
37:02
take as much time as you need, and whenย  you're ready to see the answer, hit play.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋งŒํผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๋ณผ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ์žฌ์ƒ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด์„ธ์š”.
37:09
Flesh out question 2.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ 2๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
37:13
Thankfully, the new requirementsย  don't our research bear on question 3.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ 3๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์„œ์žฅ์—๊ฒŒ
37:25
Have you your recommendationsย  to the head of the department?
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์ถ”์ฒœํ•  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š” ?
37:33
Put forth question 4 if you need help the study.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์งˆ๋ฌธ 4๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
37:40
I have an experienced graduateย  student carrying out question 5.
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์ €๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ 5๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:49
I hope our recommendations positiveย  change bring about Question 6.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ถŒ์žฅ ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ 6์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:00
These statistics really our hypothesis backupย  Question 7 we're conducting a new study to theย ย 
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์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋ฌธ 7 ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
38:16
results of our last study build on Question 8, I'mย  surprised your thesis only the government's role.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ 8์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:29
I expected to read more aboutย  it touched on question 9.
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์ €๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ 9์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ฝ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:37
The majority of the presentation.
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ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:40
Our recent findings dwellsย  on and finally, question 10.
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ 10์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:50
It's obvious the presenter, herย  experience as a medical doctor, drew on.
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๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:00
So how'd you do with that quiz?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ’€์—ˆ์–ด์š”?
39:01
Was it difficult?
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์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‚˜์š”?
39:02
Don't worry if it was, because nowย  I'm going to explain each phrasalย ย 
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๊ทธ๋žฌ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์ด์ œ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋™์‚ฌ์—
39:07
verb in detail and you're going toย  feel very comfortable with them.
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๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:11
Let's start that now to put forth.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:15
This is used when you present or propose anย  idea, argument, or theory for consideration.
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๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด, ์ฃผ์žฅ, ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œ์•ˆํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:24
For example, the scholar put forth an intriguingย  hypothesis regarding cultural evolution.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ•™์ž๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:32
In this case, when you say she put forthย  this hypothesis, it means she presented it,ย ย 
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด , ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๊ณ ,
39:40
she proposed it, and it suggestsย  there's going to be consideration.
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์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๊ณ , ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์•”์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
39:46
Is this a good hypothesis?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ธ๊ฐ€?
39:48
Is this a bad hypothesis and why?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
39:52
So they'll discuss it and decide.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ๋‹ค ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉํ˜•
39:54
Let's talk about the verbย  conjugation of the verb to put forth.
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์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
40:01
So the phrasal verb is to put forth.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ~์„ ๋‚ด๋†“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:03
But with phrasal verbs, youย  only conjugate the verb.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋™์‚ฌ๋งŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:07
Here the verb is put.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ฃ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:09
The base form is put.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:12
The past simple is yesterday.
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๋‹จ์ˆœ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์–ด์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:15
She put forth a hypothesis.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:19
And the past participle is put.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:25
She's already put forth.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ถœ์„ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:28
She has put forth.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚˜์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:31
So notice those 3 conjugations are put.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉํ˜•์ด ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
40:34
It's the time reference or the context ofย  the sentence that will make it obvious ifย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด
40:40
it is the base verb, the past simple,ย  or the present perfect to bring about.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ์ธ์ง€, ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์ธ์ง€ , ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:46
This is used to say that something causes orย  initiates a change, a result or an outcome.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:55
For example, this study aims to bring about aย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
40:59
shift in public perceptionย  of environmental issues.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:03
So in this case, they want to bringย  about a shift in public perception,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ธฐ
41:08
so they want to initiate aย  change in the public perception.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:15
To draw on this is when you use orย  refer to existing knowledge or sources.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง€์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:23
For example, the author drew on previousย  studies to support the proposed hypothesis.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:30
So if the author drew on the previous studies,ย  it means the author used the information inย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋Š” ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
41:38
those previous studies or referred to theย  information in those previous studies.
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์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:45
So simply use the information andย  notice here it's an irregular verb.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋™์‚ฌ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
41:52
The author drew on, that's the past simple.
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์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
41:56
So the author draws on, that's the present simple.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €์ž๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌํ˜•์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:01
The author drew on, that's the past simple.
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์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:05
And the author has drawn on,ย  that's the present perfect.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์ž๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:10
So draw drew drawn.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:13
To flesh out this is to fully develop an idea,ย ย 
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๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ,
42:18
and you do that by providing moreย  information, details, or explanations.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด, ์„ธ๋ถ€์ •๋ณด ๋˜๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:25
For example, the next chapter of the thesisย  will flesh out the theoretical framework.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์  ํ‹€์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:33
If I read this, then I know that the next chapterย ย 
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์ด ๊ธ€์„ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ‹€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
42:38
will provide more informationย  about the theoretical framework.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
42:43
All know that right now I don't reallyย  know what the theoretical framework is,ย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ‹€์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:48
but that's OK because the nextย  chapter will flesh it out.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์Œ ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:52
In the next chapter, I'llย  have a lot more information.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:55
Perhaps they'll be some examples,ย  they'll be better descriptions.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:01
So in the next chapter, all myย  questions about the theoreticalย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—
43:05
framework will be answered becauseย  the author is going to flesh it out.
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๋‹ตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
43:11
To bear on this means to be relevant orย  applicable to a situation or an argument.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:18
For example, these findings bear on theย  ongoing debate on educational policies.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ต์œก ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์Ÿ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:26
So if these findings bear on the ongoing debate,ย  it means that the findings are relevant to theย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€
43:36
ongoing debate, or that you can applyย  these findings to the ongoing debate.
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์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ํ† ๋ก ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:43
So basically they're useful.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:45
It's useful information to have to bear on.
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๊ผญ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:50
This is also an irregular verb, soย  the base verb is bare, the past simpleย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋™์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
43:57
is bore, The findings bore on the ongoingย  debate, and the past participle is born.
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์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ
44:07
The findings have borne on the ongoing debate.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:12
To backup, this is when you provide evidence,ย  support, or validation for a claim or argument.
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๋ฐฑ์—…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ, ์ง€์› ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:20
For example, the statistical data backs up theย  researchers assertions about demographic trends.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ์ถ”์„ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:29
So here, if the data backs upย  the researchers assertions,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
44:35
it means the data supports whatย  the researcher said or thought.
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:42
It supports it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:44
And generally, if you're making a claim, it'sย  always useful to have the data, the evidence,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
44:52
or the information to back thatย  claim up to support that claim.
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.
44:58
To build on.
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๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:59
This is when you develop or expand onย  existing theories, ideas, or concepts.
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๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก , ์•„์ด๋””์–ด, ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:08
For example, the new theory builds onย  previous research in cognitive psychology.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ธ์ง€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:16
So if this new theory builds on previousย  research, it means that the new theoryย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ก ์ด
45:22
expands this previous researchย  so it provides more information,ย ย 
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์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
45:28
or perhaps new information but on the sameย  topic as before, cognitive psychology.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ „๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ์ธ์ง€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:36
To carry out this simply meansย  to do or to complete something.
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์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:42
For example, the research team carriedย  out a study involving 100 participants.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์€ 100๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:50
This sounds more advanced than simplyย  saying the research team completed a study,ย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ 
45:57
they carried out a study.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
45:59
It means the same thing, but by sayingย  carried out, you sound more advanced.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข€ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:04
To touch on this means to briefly mention aย  topic or an idea without going into the details.
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touch on this๋Š” ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ฃผ์ œ๋‚˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:16
For example, my presentation will touchย  on the key findings of our recent study.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:24
So you can expect that this presentationย  will briefly discuss the findings of theย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
46:30
recent study, but it will not go into the details.
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์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:35
So it won't flesh it out.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:38
It won't flesh out the recent findings.
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:42
It will only touch on them, soย  it will mention them briefly,ย ย 
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ํ•ด๋‹น ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰
46:46
or it will mention what the finding is, but itย  won't explain how that finding was developedย ย 
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ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€
46:53
or the implications of that finding, or whatย  they're going to do next because of that finding.
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ž‘์—…์€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—.
46:59
It will only touch on it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:02
To dwell on this is to focus extensivelyย  on a specific topic or idea or aspect.
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠน์ • ์ฃผ์ œ๋‚˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:12
For example, the author does not dwell onย  the importance of environmental regulation.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ €์ž๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
47:20
So this means that the author doesn'tย  focus extensively on environmentalย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ
47:27
regulation or the importanceย  of environmental regulation.
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๊ทœ์ œ๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:31
So it's possible that the author touches onย  the importance of environmental regulation,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
47:37
mentions it briefly, but it's notย  something that is discussed in detail.
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๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:45
Now that you're more comfortable withย  these academic phrasal verbs, how aboutย ย 
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์ด์ œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ์— ์ข€ ๋” ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋‹ˆ ,
47:49
we do that same quiz again, and I promiseย  your score will be a lot higher this time.
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๊ฐ™์€ ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”? ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†’์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:56
Here are the questions.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์‹œ
47:58
Hit pause.
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์ •์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด์„ธ์š”.
47:59
Take as much time as you need, and whenย  you're ready, hit play to see the answers.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋งŒํผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ์žฌ์ƒ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
48:07
Here are the answers.
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๋‹ต๋ณ€์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์‹œ
48:09
Hit pause.
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์ •์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด์„ธ์š”.
48:10
Compare your answers to mine,ย  and when you're ready, hit play.
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๋‚ด ๋‹ต๋ณ€๊ณผ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด์„ธ์š”.
48:16
Amazing job.
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด๊ตฐ์š”.
48:17
Share your score in the comments.
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๋Œ“๊ธ€๋กœ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
48:19
And now let's do something different.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:21
We'll review an article together, and this articleย  is from the Academic IELTS Reading Section 3.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” Academic IELTS Reading ์„น์…˜ 3์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ทŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:29
Our article is called Time Travel.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:33
Let's start the first section.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„น์…˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:35
Time travel took a small step away fromย  science fiction and toward science.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์€ SF์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
48:43
So you have here is science fiction.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ SF ์†Œ์„ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:46
Fiction is the opposite of fact.
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ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค.
48:49
So we have two categories.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:51
We have fiction which is not.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:53
Real like Harry Potter.
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์ง„์งœ ํ•ด๋ฆฌํฌํ„ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ.
48:55
And then we have non fiction.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ผํ”ฝ์…˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:58
Which is real, like a historical biography or?
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์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‹ค์ œ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
49:03
Biography.
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์ „๊ธฐ.
49:04
I wrote those definitions here.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:06
So time travel took a step away from fiction,ย  so away from not true and toward true.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—ฌํ–‰์€ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:17
Here, notice how we have theย  word toward as a preposition.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋กœ to๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š” .
49:21
2 spellings are correct.
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2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฒ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:23
You can say toward or towards with an S.
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S๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:27
So if you hear someone say towardsย  with an S, it's not incorrect.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ S๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:32
Both of them are grammaticallyย  correct and acceptable.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:35
And towards science recentlyย  when physicists discoveredย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
49:39
that subatomic particles known as neutrinos.
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์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์•„์›์ž ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:44
Neutrinos.
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์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž.
49:46
Just listen to my pronunciation.
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๋‚ด ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
49:48
Neutrinos can exceed the speed of light.
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์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:52
So if you exceed something, itย  means you've gone beyond it.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:58
Now, in this case, they're talking about speed.
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์ด์ œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์†๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:00
So to go beyond means to go faster than.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋„ˆ๋จธ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ
50:05
If you exceeded your spending limit on yourย  credit card, you've gone beyond that limit,ย ย 
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์ง€์ถœ ํ•œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ํ•œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:12
which means you've spent moreย  money than you have a available.
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์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธˆ์•ก๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ์ง€์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:17
And notice here we have can which is a modal verbย  and then we have exceed which is the base verb.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์ธ can์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ์ธ ์ดˆ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:26
So grammatically you alwaysย  have modal plus base verb,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:31
not the infinitive can tooย  exceed no just can exceed.
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not ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ๋Š” can too over no just can extra๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:37
So modal plus base verb canย  exceed the speed of light.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:42
So these neutrinos, whichย  are sub atomic particles,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์›์ž ์ดํ•˜ ์ž…์ž์ธ ์ด ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š”
50:46
don't worry, I don't know what a neutrino is.
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๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์ €๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
50:49
I don't really know what a subatomicย  particle is because I'm not a physicist,ย ย 
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„์›์ž ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ,
50:55
but I understand that they're particles andย  they can go faster than the speed of light.
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์ž…์ž์ด๊ณ  ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:00
That is what I know based on theย  article, The Unassuming Particle.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ The Unassuming Particle์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
51:06
Unassuming is an adjective, and whenย  you describe something as unassuming,ย ย 
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Unassuming์€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ unassuming์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด
51:11
it means it doesn't attract aย  lot of interest or attention.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
51:16
So maybe you're walking down aย  street and there's a restaurant,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
51:21
but it doesn't attract your interest orย  attention because maybe it's very small.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:26
It doesn't look very nice from the outside.
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๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์•„๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋„ค์š”.
51:30
There isn't a lot of decorations.
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์žฅ์‹์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:32
The sign for the restaurant is very small, soย  you almost don't even notice the restaurant.
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์‹๋‹น ๊ฐ„ํŒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•„์„œ ์‹๋‹น์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:40
So it's an unassuming restaurant, butย  you go in and the food is delicious,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์‹๋‹น์ธ๋ฐ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์Œ์‹์ด ๋ง›์žˆ๊ธด
51:46
but you almost didn't noticeย  it because it's unassuming.
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ํ•œ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋ผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š” .
51:50
So these particles, theseย  neutrinos, are unassuming.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž…์ž, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€
51:54
They don't attract a lot of attention orย  interest, likely because they're just very small.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:00
They're not considered somethingย  that's very important in science.
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๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:04
The unassuming particle, it is electricallyย  neutral, small, but with a non 0 mass.
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์ด ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ž…์ž๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ด๊ณ  ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด 0์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:13
So this is simply giving us moreย  information about what this particle is,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ด ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:18
because the average person doesย  not know what a neutrinos is.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:23
A physicist knows what this is,ย  but the average person does not.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:27
So this is giving us more information onย  this particle, the unassuming particle.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์ž…์ž, ์ฆ‰ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž…์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:33
It is electrically neutral, small butย  with a non 0 mass and able to penetrate.
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์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด 0์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:40
Now notice here able to penetrate isย  something missing from this expressionย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์—์„œ ๋น ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
52:47
and able to penetrate the expression isย  to be able to that's the full expression.
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, ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:55
But notice it is electricallyย  neutral and able to penetrate.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:03
So when we have and you don'tย  need to repeat the main verb.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:09
So you can say for example, she is tall and thin.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ ์”ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:16
OK, she is tall and thin, so you don'tย  have to say she is tall and is thin.
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ ์”ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ ์”ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:24
You can get rid of this main verbย  and just say she is tall and thin.
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์ด ์ฃผ์š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ ์”ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ ๋งŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:30
The same thing is happening here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:33
The only difference is instead ofย  having one simple word like tall,ย ย 
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด ๋Œ€์‹ 
53:38
we have all of this information.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:42
So it's easy to forget that this isย  is also attached to able to becauseย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
53:50
the expression is not able to it's be able to.
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can not to it's be to๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด is๊ฐ€ could to์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:56
OK, so for example, you can'tย  say she able to speak Japanese.
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:04
You can't say that this is grammaticallyย  incorrect because the verb to be is missing.
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to be ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น ์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:10
So I'll put a :( and an X she.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” :( ์™€ X she.
54:13
Is able to.
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Is could ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:15
Speak Japanese.
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์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
54:18
So now this is correct because we haveย  to be able and then your infinitive.
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์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด we have to beable๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:25
So that is what's happening here and able to.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:29
But we're using the verb to be forย  both sections before and and after.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” be ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์•ž๊ณผ ๋’ค ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:36
And so don't forget that withย  able to and able to penetrate,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
54:43
when you penetrate something,ย  it simply means you go into.
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๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ์นจํˆฌ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
54:47
So let's say I'm putting cream on my skin.
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€.
54:51
When this, when the cream goesย  into my skin and you can no longerย ย 
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์ฆ‰, ํฌ๋ฆผ์ด ๋‚ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
54:56
see it, it means the cream penetrated my skin.
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ํฌ๋ฆผ์ด ๋‚ด ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์นจํˆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:01
It went into my skin.
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55:04
So this neutron, this neutrinos canย  go into your skin, it can penetrateย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž, ์ด ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ์ง€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชธ์— ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:12
the human form undetected, soย  you don't see something going.
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, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:19
Into.
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55:20
Your skin, because they they're not visible,ย  they're so small that you can't see them.
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๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•„์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:25
So that means undetected, not visible, notย  known, not visible, or not known, not known.
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ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:39
Undetected is on its way to becomingย  a rock star of the scientific world.
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๊ฐ์ง€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ ์ด ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ๋ก์Šคํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:47
When you see this dash here and thenย  another dash, it means you can removeย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ด โ€‹โ€‹๋Œ€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉด
55:54
all of the information between the dashes andย  the sentence would be grammatically correct.
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๋Œ€์‹œ์™€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ญ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งž์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:00
For example, let me read itย  without the information in blue.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:04
The unassuming particle is on its way toย  becoming a rock star of the scientific world.
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์ด ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ๋ก์Šคํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:10
Grammatically correct.
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:11
The information between the dashes isย  additional supplementary information,ย ย 
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๋Œ€์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ถฉ ์ •๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ,
56:17
and in this case, it gives you more informationย  about what the new tree knows is because,ย ย 
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒˆ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:22
as I said, the average person just doesn't know.
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์•ž์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:26
Don't worry about writing all this down becauseย  I summarize everything in the free lesson PDF.
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ•์˜ PDF์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์š”์•ฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
56:33
So you can look in the descriptionย  below to download the free lesson PDF.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„๋ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ•์˜ PDF๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:38
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
56:40
Researchers in Geneva sent the neutrinosย  hurtling through an underground corridor.
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์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ”์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ•˜ ๋ณต๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:48
Let's take a look.
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์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:49
At hurtling, this means to move very fast,ย  but it also implies in a dangerous way.
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๋Œ์ง„ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:57
So when these neutrinos were hurtlingย  through the underground corridor.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ•˜ ๋ณต๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:02
So imagine the corridor is going straightย  and the neutrinos are going very fast,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณต๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™
57:06
but maybe they're bangingย  against the sides of the wall.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํž ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
57:10
They're crashing into each other, not in a.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:13
Orderly, straight way.
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์งˆ์„œ์ •์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ๊ณง๊ฒŒ.
57:16
So you can use this, for example, with drivers,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์šด์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:20
you might say the deliveryย  driver hurdled up my driveway.
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๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์ง‘ ์ง„์ž…๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:25
So he came up your driveway.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ง„์ž…๋กœ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:27
He drove up your driveway very quickly,ย  but also very dangerously so quickly.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ง„์ž…๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์šด์ „ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์šด์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:35
And maybe he's swerving.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:38
There's a object here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:40
He's going right for it.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:41
Maybe you're standing here andย  he doesn't seem to be stopping.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:44
He hurdled up your driveway.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ง„์ž…๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:48
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
57:49
Researchers in Geneva sent the neutrinosย  hurtling through an underground corridor towardย ย 
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์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ”์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์€ ์ง€ํ•˜ ๋ณต๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋ฅผ
57:56
their colleagues or towards remember theirย  colleagues 730 kilometers away in Italy.
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๋™๋ฃŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ 730km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:05
The neutrinos arrived promptly.
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์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:08
Promptly is an adverb and it means quicklyย  without delay, but also at the scheduled time.
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Promptly๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ง€์ฒด ์—†์ด ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:16
So for example, the meetingย  will start promptly at 9:00 AM.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํšŒ์˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ „ 9์‹œ์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:20
Often when you schedule a meeting at 9, someย  people might come to the meeting 903905.
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์ข…์ข… 9์‹œ์— ํšŒ์˜ ์ผ์ •์„ ์žก์„ ๋•Œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํšŒ์˜ 903905์— ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:28
Just a little bit.
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์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ.
58:29
Late.
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58:29
But if you say the meetingย  will start promptly at 9:00,ย ย 
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๋Šฆ์€.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ 9์‹œ ์ •๊ฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด
58:33
I will start the presentationย  at 900, not 901 or 902.
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901์ด๋‚˜ 902๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ 900์— ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:40
Promptly at 9:00, so immediately at 9:00.
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์ •์‹œ์— 9์‹œ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ฆ‰์‹œ 9์‹œ์—์š”.
58:45
So in this case, the neutrinos arrived promptly.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:48
So we can say quickly without delay.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€์ฒด ์—†์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:50
So promptly in fact, that they triggeredย  what scientists are calling the unthinkable.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:58
Let's look at triggered and unthinkable.
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ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:01
So first triggered.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:02
When something triggers something, itย  simply means it causes it to start.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:09
So the fact that the neutrinos travelledย  so promptly caused something else to start.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:19
And that something else is thatย  scientists are now rethinking time travel.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด์ œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:27
So that's the something you could say, forย  example, speaking in public triggers my anxiety.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์ด ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:35
So speaking in public causes my anxiety to start.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์•ž์—์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:41
I wrote that example here for you.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:44
Now, the unthinkable.
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์ด์ œ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:46
This is when something is just so shocking orย  unlikely that it's difficult for you to imagine,ย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
59:54
difficult for you to actually form a picture.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:57
For example, a world withoutย  language would be unthinkable.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:03
Can you even contemplate?
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
60:05
Can you think about what life wouldย  be like if nobody spoke any language?
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ถ์ด ์–ด๋–จ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
60:11
Language was not invented.
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:14
A human being never uttered, which means spoke,ย  never uttered a word, never spoke a word, ever.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋งํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””๋„ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””๋„ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:22
Could you even imagine how weย  would interact with each other?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ• ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
60:26
It's unthinkable.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋‹ค.
60:28
It's so shocking and unlikely, weย  can't even really think about it.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:33
So time travel is anotherย  thing that's just unthinkable.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์€ ์ƒ์ƒ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:36
Can you imagine what life wouldย  be like if we could time travel?
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ถ์ด ์–ด๋–จ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
60:40
It's unthinkable that everything theyย  have learnt, known or taught stemmingย ย 
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60:46
from the last 100 years of the physicsย  discipline may need to be reconsidered.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ง€๋‚œ 100๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:53
So this is the unthinkable that everythingย  that physicists know about their discipline,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ,
61:01
they may need to think about itย  again if time travel is possible.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:06
I want to point out the pastย  simple here of the verb learnย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ learn์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:10
because you might be confused as to why it has AT.
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์™œ AT๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:16
So learnt is the preferredย  spelling and pronunciation inย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
61:22
British English in American English which I teach.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์™€ ์˜๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ ์ž์™€ ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:27
The.
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๊ทธ๋งŒํผ.
61:28
Preferred spelling and pronunciation isย  learned, so notice we have a soft T here.
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์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ ์ž์™€ ๋ฐœ์Œ์ด ํ•™์Šต๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด T๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:34
Learnt and then in Americanย  learned with a soft D learned.
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๋ฐฐ์šด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ D๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:41
Both of them are grammatically correct, it'sย  just two countries preferred two different words.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:50
Everything they have learnt, known orย  taught stemming from here To stem fromย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์› ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
61:57
simply means come from, to come from, come from.
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.
62:05
So in this case, because it's in the gerundย  form, I'll put mine in the gerund form.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ €๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋„ฃ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:10
Coming from the last 100 years of the physicsย  discipline may need to be reconsidered.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ง€๋‚œ 100๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:16
So when you add re in front of theย  verb, it means you do the verb again.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ ์•ž์— re๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:21
So you need to consider again.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:26
So that means consider again because you addย  re reconsidered, we need to consider it again.
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์ฆ‰, ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:33
So let's say you asked your boss forย  a promotion and your boss said no.
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์ƒ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์Šน์ง„์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:39
Maybe you could say, can you reconsiderย  what he can you consider my proposal again?
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
62:48
And most likely he'll say no.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:51
But hey, maybe he'll say,ย  I guess I could reconsider.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:55
And then you can explain againย  why you deserve a promotion.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์Šน์ง„ํ•  ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:00
And maybe this time your boss will say yes.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:04
So it's always possible for someone to reconsider.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:07
Let's continue the issue at stake.
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์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
63:10
So at stake is simply whenย  something is being considered.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:15
So here, the issue being considered.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:18
The issue at stake?
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์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
63:19
So being considered is a tiny segmentย  of time, precisely 60 nanoseconds.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ 60๋‚˜๋…ธ์ดˆ์ธ ์ž‘์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:28
So now they're going toย  explain what 60 nanoseconds is,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 60๋‚˜๋…ธ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:32
because the average person whoย  is not a physicist does not know.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:36
So 60 nanoseconds is 60 billionths of a second.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 60๋‚˜๋…ธ์ดˆ๋Š” 600์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:42
So you have one second, and then you divide thatย  one second into billions and you take 60 of them.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 1์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๊ทธ 1์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘ 60๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:51
For me, I can't really comprehend what 60 billionsย ย 
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๋‚˜๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ 600์–ต 1์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
63:56
of a second is, to be honest,ย  because a second is like that.
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1์ดˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
64:00
And imagine you take 60 billions of that second.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ 600์–ต์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
64:05
It would be so, so fast.
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์ •๋ง ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
64:08
It's unthinkable.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋‹ค.
64:09
I can't even imagine what that would be.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:12
So notice I just used unthinkable.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ unthinkable์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
64:16
This is how much faster thanย  the speed of light the neutrinosย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ
64:20
managed to go in their undergroundย  travels, and at a consistent rate.
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์ง€ํ•˜ ์ด๋™์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:27
Even allowing for a margin ofย  error of 10 billionths of a second,ย ย 
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100์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
64:33
this stands as proof that it isย  possible to race against light and win.
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์ด๋Š” ๋น›๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:41
So here they're comparing theย  speed of the neutrinos to the.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:47
Speed of light.
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๋น›์˜ ์†๋„.
64:49
Which is just so fast that you and I averageย  people can't really comprehend, understandย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ๊ณผ ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ,
64:56
how fast it is because it just happens so quickly.
778
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:00
So they're just letting you know itย  happened faster than the speed of light.
779
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:06
And this allowing for a margin of error,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
65:10
they're saying even if our calculation wasย  incorrect, don't worry, it's still accurate.
781
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๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:17
So they accounted for that.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:20
They allowed some miscalculation in theirย  formula and the neutrinos are still fasterย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์‹์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•
65:29
than the speed of light even if theirย  calculation is somewhat inaccurate.
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ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
65:33
So that's a margin of error.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋„ค์š”.
65:36
You'll see this a.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:37
Lot in studies, scientificย  studies, research studies.
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๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ.
65:42
A margin of error of 10 billionths of.
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์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 100์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:45
A second the.
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์ž ์‹œ๋งŒ์š”.
65:47
Duration of the experiment.
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์‹คํ—˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„.
65:49
Duration is the length, theย  duration of the experiment,ย ย 
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๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ธธ์ด, ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„,
65:54
the length of this experiment,ย  the entire time of the experiment.
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์‹คํ—˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ์ „์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:59
So length or entire time of theย  experiment also accounted for.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:05
When you account for something,ย  you simply consider it.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:10
So they considered that margin of error thatย  their calculation may be somewhat inaccurate.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:18
So to consider also accounted for.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:23
Considered.
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์กด๊ฒฝ๋ฐ›๋Š”.
66:24
So here accounted for something.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:29
So notice the preposition.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
66:30
You account for something,ย  but you consider something.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช… ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:35
So we don't use considered for,ย  it's just considered because weย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ for๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋‹จ์ง€
66:40
don't need the preposition forย  and considered and ruled out.
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ for๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๊ณ  ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
66:45
The phrasal verb to rule something out is whenย  you no longer have something as a possibility,ย ย 
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š”,
66:55
so to no longer have an option as a possibility.
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์ฆ‰ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:02
So basically it means to excludeย  an option to exclude an option.
805
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:09
So let's say you.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ • ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
67:10
Are considering different options.
807
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:13
Maybe you're going to give your team a promotion,ย ย 
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ํŒ€์— ์Šน์ง„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
67:17
give them an extra vacation day orย  give them free lunch on Fridays.
809
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ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ์— ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:23
Those are your three options toย  show your support for your staff.
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์ด๋Š” ์ง์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ต์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:28
But you're going to rule out promotions.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜์€ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜์„
67:31
You're going to no longer considerย  that as an option because you don'tย ย 
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67:36
have the financial resources to offerย  promotions and it's very expensive.
813
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์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์žฌ์ •์  ์ž์›์ด ์—†๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ต์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:41
So you're going to rule out promotions.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:43
Now you just have two options to consider.
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์ด์ œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์˜ต์…˜์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:47
So they ruled out any possible lunar effects.
816
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:50
Lunar is the moon, so effectsย  from the moon because the moonย ย 
817
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๋‹ฌ์€ ๋‹ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€
67:54
can influence time and tidal bulges.
818
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์กฐ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€ํ’€์Œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:59
I don't know what a bulge is, Iย  assume it's similar to a wave.
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๋Œ์ถœ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ํŒŒ๋„์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:04
And tidal relates to the tide so going when theย  water goes in and out that is called the tide.
820
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:14
So tidal bulges in the Earth cross.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ต์ฐจ์ ์—์„œ ์กฐ์„์ด ๋ถ€ํ’€์–ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
68:18
So this information is just to let youย  know that their calculation consideredย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด
68:25
many different factors toย  understand if they are wrong.
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:31
And they're still saying even ifย  we take all of this into account,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด
68:36
consider all of this, the neutrinos areย  still faster than the speed of light.
825
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:43
Let's continue nevertheless the transitionย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ „ํ™˜
68:47
word neither the nevertheless is usedย  when you are going to have a contrast.
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๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:54
So here they're talking about all the reasons whyย  the neutrinos are faster than the speed of light.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:01
But now, because I have, nevertheless, Iย  know they're going to introduce evidenceย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
69:06
to say that this might not be trueย  because there has to be a contrast.
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.
69:12
So this is a transition word usedย  to introduce a contrasting point.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ ์ง€์ ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:18
Nevertheless, there's plentyย  of reason to remain skeptical.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํšŒ์˜์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:22
Skeptical means I'm not sure if I believeย  you or I'm not sure if I believe this topic.
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ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด๋ž€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:32
I'm not sure if I believe thatย  we can travel through time.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:36
I'm skeptical so not sure if theย  person can be trusted or believed.
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ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:48
Person or information.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด.
69:50
In this case, it's theย  information they're presenting.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:54
Information can be trusted orย  believed, so I'm skeptical.
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์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70:00
I'm not sure.
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์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70:01
According to Harvard Universityย  science historian Peter Gallison,ย ย 
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ณผํ•™์‚ฌํ•™์ž ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๊ฐค๋ฆฌ์Šจ(Peter Gallison)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,
70:06
Einstein, Albert Einstein, Of course,ย  Einstein's relativity theory has beenย ย 
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์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ, ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™
70:12
pushed harder than any theory in theย  history of the physical sciences.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋ก ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
70:17
Pushed harder than It means that every scientistย  has tried to prove that his theory is not correct,ย ย 
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๋” ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ€์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์˜ณ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๊ธฐ
70:27
so they've pushed his theory harder than anyย  theory in the history of the physical sciences.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋ก ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋” ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
70:33
Yet each prior challenge, prior means previous.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ด์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ, ์ด์ „์€ ์ด์ „์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70:38
So each challenge that hadย  previously happened prior, previous.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70:45
You see this a lot in job interviews.
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์ทจ์—… ๋ฉด์ ‘์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70:47
Do you have any prior experience?
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์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
70:50
Do you have any previous experience?
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์ด์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
70:53
So let me write that for you.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์“ฐ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70:55
Do you have any prior experience in Excel?
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์ด์ „์— Excel์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
71:03
So Excel is a Microsoftย  software for organizing data.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Excel์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ Microsoft ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:08
Do you have any prior experience in Excel?
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์ด์ „์— Excel์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
71:10
Do you have any previous experience yet?
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์•„์ง ์ด์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
71:14
Each prior challenge has come to no avail.
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์ด์ „์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋„์ „์€ ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:18
So remember I said they've tried to prove thatย  Einstein's theory is inaccurate or incorrect,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
71:24
but it's come to no avail, whichย  means they have not been successful.
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์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:30
So no avail means not successful.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„๋ฌด ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:36
Let's review this example.
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์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:38
I asked my boss for a promotion but to no avail.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์Šน์ง„์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
71:42
So notice the expression is to noย  avail and this means not successful.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:48
So I didn't get the promotion.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šน์ง„์„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
71:50
My boss said no, but to no avail.
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๋‚ด ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฌด ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:53
I'm hopeful he'll reconsider.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค.
71:56
I'm hopeful that's just another wayย  of saying I hope he'll reconsider.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:01
So remember we talked about this, consider itย  again and change his decision, but he's skeptical.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:10
I don't know.
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72:10
I'm not sure if Jennifer's ready for a promotion.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ œ๋‹ˆํผ๊ฐ€ ์Šน์ง„ํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:16
He's skeptical that I'm readyย  for a management position.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ง์„ ๋งก์„ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:19
So here we used a lot of expressionsย  in one thought, one advanced thought.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋งŽ์€ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:26
Let's continue.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
72:28
So is time travel just around the corner?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด ๊ณง ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ๊นŒ์š”?
72:32
When something is just around the corner,ย  it means happening soon, happening soon.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ž„๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณง ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ, ๊ณง ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:40
So you could say my vacationย  is just around the corner.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‚ด ํœด๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š” .
72:44
Happening soon.
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๊ณง ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:46
So is time travel happeningย  soon just around the corner?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด ๊ณง ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
72:50
The prospect.
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์ „๋ง.
72:51
So the prospect is the idea that Chimeย  travel is just around the corner.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „๋ง์€ ์ฐจ์ž„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด ๊ณง ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:57
The prospect has certainly been wrenchedย  much closer to the realm of possibility.
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์ž ์žฌ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:03
This simply means moved closer to the realm ofย  possibility, meaning that something is possible.
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ , ์ฆ‰ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:12
So a simple way of saying this is the prospect hasย  certainly been moved towards possibility now thatย ย 
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ์ž ์žฌ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ
73:24
a major physical hurdle, a hurdle is an obstacle,ย  something that prevents you from achieving a goal.
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์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ, ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:33
So an obstacle, hurdle,ย  obstacle the speed of light.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ, ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ, ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:39
So this is the obstacle,ย  the hurdle for time travel,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ,
73:43
the fact that we need to travelย  faster than the speed of light and so.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋“ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:50
Far.
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๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ. ์ด ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋น›
73:51
Nothing has traveled faster than the speed ofย  light until these neutrinos has been cleared.
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์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
73:59
So to clear the hurdle means toย  get rid of it, to eliminate it.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
74:03
If particles, these neutrinos.
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์ž…์ž๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
74:06
If particles can travel faster than light, inย  theory, traveling back in time is possible.
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์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
74:13
That's unthinkable, isn't it?
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ƒ์ƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€?
74:16
How anyone harnesses that to harness somethingย  is when you use something successfully.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
74:23
To use something successfully,ย  use something successfully.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
74:29
For example, we have now harnessed theย  power of the sun through solar panels.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ํŒจ๋„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ํž˜์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
74:38
So you put a solar panel on the roof of your houseย  and it harnesses the sun, the energy of the sun.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง‘ ์ง€๋ถ•์— ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ํŒจ๋„์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ํƒœ์–‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ธ ํƒœ์–‘์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘์„ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
74:47
It uses that energy successfullyย  by then heating your house.
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๊ทธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
74:52
So we've already harnessedย  many things in our environment.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
74:56
Why not time travel?
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์—ฌํ–‰์€ ์™œ ์•ˆ๋˜๋‚˜์š”?
74:59
How anyone harnesses that?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
75:01
So how anyone uses time travel successfully toย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
75:08
some kind of helpful end is far beyondย  the scope of any modern technologies.
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๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:14
OK, so far beyond the scope of.
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์ข‹์•„, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:17
When something is beyond the scope of, it meansย  that it is not included in, not included in.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ, ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:28
For example, teaching you aboutย  Einstein's theory of relativityย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
75:33
is beyond the scope of this lesson, whichย  means it's not included in this lesson.
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์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:39
It doesn't mean it's not important, it'sย  just beyond the scope of this lesson.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:45
It's not included in this lesson.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜์—๋Š” ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:47
So it's beyond the scope of any modern technology,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š”
75:51
however, and will be left toย  future generations to explore.
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๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:56
When you leave something to someone, it meansย  that you give the responsibility to someone else.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋งก๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:06
So the future generations now have theย  responsibility to Take the informationย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ด์ œ
76:13
from this article, the fact that these neutrinosย  can travel faster than the speed of light and tryย ย 
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์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •๋ณด, ์ฆ‰ ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
76:19
to harness that, try to turn it into somethingย  tangible that we can use and benefit from.
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ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:28
So that's not our responsibility.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:30
We're going to leave that toย  future generations to explore.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:36
So that's the end of the article.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:38
What I'll do now is I'll go to theย  beginning and I'll read the articleย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•  ์ผ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
76:43
from start to finish and this timeย  you can focus on my pronunciation.
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์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:48
Time travel Time travel took a small stepย  away from science fiction and towards scienceย ย 
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์€ ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:55
recently when physicists discovered that subatomicย ย 
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์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
76:58
particles known as neutrinosย  can exceed the speed of light.
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์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์•„์›์ž ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:03
The unassuming particle, it is electricallyย  neutral, small but with a non 0 mass, and able toย ย 
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์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ด๊ณ , ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด 0์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ,
77:10
penetrate the human form undetected, is on its wayย  to becoming a rock star of the scientific world.
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๊ฐ์ง€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชธ์— ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ๋ก์Šคํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:18
Researchers in Geneva sent the neutrinosย  hurtling through an underground corridorย ย 
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์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ”์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์€ ์ง€ํ•˜ ๋ณต๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋ฅผ
77:24
toward their colleagues 730ย  kilometers away in Italy.
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์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์žˆ๋Š” 730km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:29
The neutrinos arrived promptly.
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์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:31
So promptly, in fact, that they triggeredย  what scientists are calling the unthinkable,ย ย 
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด‰๋ฐœ์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
77:37
that everything they have learned, known,ย ย 
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77:39
or taught stemming from the last 100 years of theย  physics discipline may need to be reconsidered.
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์ง€๋‚œ 100๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์› ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:48
The issue at stake is a tiny segment of time,ย ย 
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์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
77:51
precisely 60 nanoseconds, whichย  is 60 billionths of a second.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ 60๋‚˜๋…ธ์ดˆ, ์ฆ‰ 600์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ์ธ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:57
This is how much faster thanย  the speed of light the neutrinosย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ๋ฏธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ
78:02
managed to go in their undergroundย  travels, and at a consistent rate.
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์ง€ํ•˜ ์ด๋™์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:07
Even allowing for a margin ofย  error of 10 billionths of a second,ย ย 
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100์–ต๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
78:12
this stands as proof that it isย  possible to race against light and win.
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์ด๋Š” ๋น›๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:18
The duration of the experimentย  also accounted for and ruledย ย 
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์‹คํ—˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๋˜ํ•œ
78:23
out any possible lunar effects orย  tidal bulges in the Earth's crust.
937
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๋‹ฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์กฐ์„ ๋Œ์ถœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์ œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:29
Nevertheless, there's plentyย  of reason to remain skeptical.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํšŒ์˜์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:34
According to Harvard University science historianย  Peter Galison, Einstein's relativity theory hasย ย 
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ Peter Galison์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™
78:41
been pushed harder than any theory inย  the history of the physical sciences.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋ก ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
78:47
Yet each prior challenge has come to no avail,ย  and relativity has so far refused to buckle.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋„์ „์€ ์†Œ์šฉ์ด ์—†์—ˆ ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:55
So is time travel just around the corner?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด ๊ณง ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ๊นŒ์š”? ์ด์ œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ธ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
78:58
The prospect has certainly been wrenchedย  much closer to the realm of possibilityย ย 
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์ „๋ง์€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
79:03
now that a major physical hurdle,ย  the speed of light, has been cleared.
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.
79:08
If particles can travel faster than light, inย  theory, traveling back in time is possible.
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์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น›๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜
79:15
How anyone harnesses that to some kindย  of helpful end is far beyond the scope ofย ย 
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋ฉฐ
79:20
any modern technologies, however, and willย  be left to future generations to explore.
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ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ฒจ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:27
Think of everything you've learned so far.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
79:29
Now let's keep going and learn natural phrases.
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์ด์ œ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
79:32
And you'll do this by listening to fast English.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:36
You'll listen to a sentence three times,ย  and I want you to write down what you hear.
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  , ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ ์–ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
79:43
And then after you'll learnย  vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.
952
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์–ดํœ˜, ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•, ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:48
So here we go.
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์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:49
I'll say it three times.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:51
Did you break it to him?
955
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ธ์–ด์š”?
79:53
Did you break it to him?
956
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ธ์–ด์š”?
79:55
Did you break it to him?
957
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ธ์–ด์š”?
79:58
Did you get that one?
958
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๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด?
79:59
I said, did you break it to him?
959
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€, ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ธ์–ด?
80:04
First, let's talk about the pronunciation changes.
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๋จผ์ € ๋ฐœ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
80:07
Did you?
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๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‚˜์š”?
80:08
We pronounce this as didja, Didja, didja.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋””์ž, ๋””์ž, ๋””์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
80:13
So I combine those sounds together andย  I take you and I change it to ya didja.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ya didja๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ฃ .
80:19
Didja.
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๋””์ž.
80:20
Did you break it?
965
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๊นจ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‚˜์š”?
80:21
Tim?
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ํŒ€?
80:22
Notice the last two wordsย  really sounded like one word.
967
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‘ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
80:27
Tim.
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80:27
Tim.
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ํŒ€.
ํŒ€.
80:28
It almost sounded like Tim the name Tim, andย  that's because we frequently get rid of theย ย 
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Tim์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ Tim์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
80:36
age on him and her at a natural paceย  and we connect it to the word before.
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๊ทธ์™€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์†๋„๋กœ ์ž์ฃผ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ์ด์ „ ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
80:42
So it really sounds like MMM.
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์ •๋ง MMM์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
80:46
And then you hear the from 2 Tim.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ํŒ€ 2์„œ์˜ ๋ง์”€์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
80:50
Tim, Did you break it?
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ํŒ€, ๋ถ€์ˆด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์–ด?
80:51
Tim?
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ํŒ€?
80:52
Now what does this mean?
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์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
80:54
To break something to someone is an expression.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
80:58
And we use this when you share news or informationย  with someone, but it's always negative.
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๋‰ด์Šค๋‚˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:06
So maybe you applied for a promotion, butย  you're not going to get the promotion.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜์„ ์‹ ์ฒญํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:13
So that's the negative news.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์†Œ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ
81:16
Did you break it to him thatย  he's not getting the promotion?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์Šน์ง„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์คฌ๋‚˜์š”?
81:21
So did you share this negative news with him?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์†Œ์‹์„ ์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
81:26
Did you break it to him?
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ธ์–ด์š”?
81:27
Our next listening test, remember toย  put what you hear in the comments.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ๊ธฐ์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
81:32
Cut it out, would you?
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๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘ฌ, ์‘?
81:34
Cut it out?
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81:34
Would you Cut it out?
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์ž˜๋ผ?
์ž˜๋ผ ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
81:36
Would you?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
81:38
Did you get that one?
989
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๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด?
81:39
I said cut it out, would you?
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋งŒํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ž–์•„, ์‘?
81:44
First, let's talk about pronunciation.
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๋จผ์ € ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
81:46
Did ya?
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๊ทธ๋žฌ์–ด?
81:47
The same thing is happening here with would you,ย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š” would you,
81:51
you becomes ya and I combineย  those sounds, would ya, ya?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ya๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด, would ya, ya?
81:57
Ya would ya?
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์‘ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊ฑฐ์•ผ?
81:58
Would ya?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
81:59
Would ya Cut it out, would ya?
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๊ทธ๋งŒํ• ๋ž˜, ์‘?
82:03
Now let's talk about cut it out.
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์ด์ œ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Œ ์‚ฌ์ด
82:06
You'll notice we have TS inย  between vowels In American English.
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์— TS๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
82:11
When AT comes between vowels,ย  we change that to a very soft D.
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AT๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์Œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์˜ค๋ฉด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด D๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:18
Cut it out, cut it out and Iย  pronounce all three as one.
1001
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์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๋ฉด ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:23
Cut it out, Cut it out, cutย  it out, cut it out, would you?
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์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด์„ธ์š”, ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด์„ธ์š”, ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด์„ธ์š”, ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
82:29
The expression to cut somethingย  out means to stop something thatย ย 
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Cut out์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์€
82:35
is annoying or frustratingย  or irritating or unwanted.
1004
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์งœ์ฆ๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ต๋‹ตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์งœ์ฆ๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์›์น˜ ์•Š๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:41
So let's say you're in a meeting for work andย  in the background your kids are going crazy.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์—…๋ฌด ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋’ค์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์—ด๊ด‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:47
They're screaming, they'reย  yelling, they're fighting.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋ช…์„ ์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ , ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ , ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:50
This is behavior that is unwanted, frustrating,ย  irritating, annoying, and you want them to stop.
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์ด๋Š” ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์‹ค๋ง์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ , ์งœ์ฆ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์งœ์ฆ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:58
So you can say to yourย  kids, cut it out, would you?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋งŒํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
83:02
Our next listening exercise, writeย  what you hear in the comments.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต์—์„œ๋Š” ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ์ ์–ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
83:07
You got to kick it up a notch.
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ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:10
You got to kick it up a notch.
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ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:12
You got to kick it up a notch.
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ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:15
Did you get that one?
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๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด?
83:16
I said you gotta kick it up a notch first.
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๋จผ์ € ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
83:23
Notice how I used gotta.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ got์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
83:26
This is a reduction.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:28
It's a combination of the words gotย  to and it's pronounced as one gotta.
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got to๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ one got์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:35
You gotta.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ํ•ด.
83:36
You can also say you've gotta, you have got to.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:42
But in American English, it'sย  very common to just say you gotta,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ you got, you got to๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
83:46
you gotta, you got to is the same as you have to.
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. you got to๋Š” you got to์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:51
Now let's talk about the expressionย  to kick something up a notch.
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์ด์ œ ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
83:57
When you kick something up a notch isย  just encouraging you to perform better,ย ย 
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ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ ,
84:04
work faster, work harder.
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๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ๋” ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
84:07
So let's say you were tasked with assemblingย  1 100 boxes and two hours have passed andย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด 1,100๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜๊ณ  2์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
84:16
your boss sees that you've only assembledย  20 boxes and your boss wants to tell youย ย 
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์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ƒ์ž 20๊ฐœ๋งŒ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ
84:22
that you need to work harder, you need toย  work faster, you need to perform better.
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๋” ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด.
84:28
She can say you've got to kick it up a notch.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
84:31
You got to work faster.
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๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
84:32
You got to work harder.
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๋” ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
84:34
Our next listening exercise, Writeย  what you hear in the comments.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต์€ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ ์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
84:38
I'll say it three times.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
84:40
Don't let him get to you.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
84:42
Don't let him get to you.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
84:45
Don't let him get to you.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
84:47
How'd you do it?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”?
84:48
That one I said don't let him get to you first.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋จผ์ € ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
84:54
Let's talk about pronunciation.
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๋ฐœ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
84:56
Don't let him, let him notice again.
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๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
84:59
I take that H off of him.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๊ทธ H๋ฅผ ๋–ผ์–ด ๋‚ธ๋‹ค.
85:02
I drop the sound and then I'm left with him.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š๊ณ  ๊ทธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
85:06
But I combine it with the word before.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
85:09
Let em, let em let em don't letย  em don't let them get to you.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†”๋‘์„ธ์š”.
85:15
Now I said you at the end, manyย  native speakers will drop this to ya.
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์ด์ œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋งŽ์€ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
85:21
Don't let them get to ya, get to ya.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ๋‘์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ , ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
85:23
Just like we saw with Didja wouldja.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ Didja wouldja์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
85:27
But I said you don't let them get to you Nowย  what does this mean When someone gets to you?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ์ด์ œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
85:34
It means that you become angry, annoyed,ย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์งœ์ฆ์„ ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
85:38
irritated, or frustrated becauseย  of of that person's behavior.
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์งœ์ฆ์„ ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ขŒ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
85:44
But we can also use this in situations.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด์ฆ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜”์„
85:47
If you get really angry whenย  you're stuck in traffic,ย ย 
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๋•Œ ์ •๋ง ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ,
85:53
I can say don't let the traffic get to you.
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๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด์ฆ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
85:57
So don't let the situation make youย  angry because what does being angry do?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ํ™”๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋†”๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š” .
86:04
It doesn't benefit the situation in any way.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:07
Don't let the traffic get to you.
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๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด์ฆ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋„๋ก ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
86:10
Don't let your bosses criticism get to you.
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์ƒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฟ๋„๋ก ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
86:14
Don't let it anger you,ย  frustrate you, or annoy you.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ํ™”๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ขŒ์ ˆ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์งœ์ฆ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
86:19
Our next listing exercise,ย  I'll say it three times.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์—ฐ์Šต์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:23
Write what you hear in the comments.
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๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋Œ“๊ธ€๋กœ ์ ์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
86:26
What are you looking at?
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
86:28
What are you looking at?
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
86:30
What are you looking at?
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
86:31
Did you get that one?
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๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด?
86:33
What are you looking at?
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
86:37
So here we have a very simple sentence,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:39
but it might be difficult for you becauseย  of those natural pronunciation changes.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฐœ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
86:45
How I combine my words at a natural pace.
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์†๋„๋กœ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•.
86:48
What are you?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
86:50
Sounds like one word.
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ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:52
What are you?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
86:53
What are you?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
86:54
So the R just becomes RRR and I attach it toย  what what are, what are, what are, what are you?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ R์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ RRR์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ What is, what is, what is, what is, what is you?์— ๋ถ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:03
Now I think I said you, but you can also again,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ
87:07
shorten that to ya and nativeย  speakers commonly do that.
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์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ya๋กœ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ํ”ํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:11
So get comfortable with it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚ด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
87:13
What are you?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
87:14
What are ya?
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87:14
What are you, What are ya?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
87:17
But remember, it sounds like one word.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:20
What are you?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
87:21
What are you looking at here?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
87:23
It's very common to take a word thatย  ends in ING and drop the G sound.
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ING๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์—์„œ G ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:30
That G sound and just ended on lookin,ย  lookin, lookin that, lookin that.
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๊ทธ G ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ looking, looking, looking that, lookingin์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:38
But notice I combine it with the wordย  that comes next because it's a vowel.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ์Œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š” . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
87:44
Lookin that so instead of lookin at it soundsย  like not not and then I combine them looking atย ย 
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Lookin that so ๋Œ€์‹ ์— looking in at it's like not ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ looking at
87:54
not looking at looking at what are you looking at?
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not looking at what you looking at ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
87:58
So how did you do with those listening exercises?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
88:01
Share your score in the comments below andย  remember you were being test on your abilityย ย 
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์•„๋ž˜ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด๊ฐ€
88:07
to understand the words I say, but also theย  ability to understand what my meaning is.
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๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‚ด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
88:15
So maybe you understood the words,ย ย 
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ด
88:17
but you you didn't know the expression orย  the idiom, you didn't know what it meant.
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ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๋ž๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:22
So you need both.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:24
But don't worry if this was difficult becauseย  the more you practice, the more you study nativeย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ์Šตํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
88:29
speakers, the more you add these expressionsย  to your vocabulary, the easier it will become.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์–ดํœ˜์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ์‰ฌ์›Œ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:36
So now what I'm going to do is I'mย  going to say each sentence again,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ผ์€ ๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:41
and I want you to imitate me and try to sayย  it as closely to the way I pronounce it.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜์…”์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋ง์”€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:48
And if you're in a private space,ย  I want you to say it out loud.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๊ณ„์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ง์”€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:53
If you're in a public space,ย ย 
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๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง‘์—
88:54
well then try this again when you'reย  at home and you can say it out loud.
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์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
89:00
Did you break it to him?
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ธ์–ด์š”?
89:02
Did you break it to him?
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ธ์–ด์š”?
89:04
Did you break it to him?
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ธ์–ด์š”?
89:05
Cut it out, Would you?
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๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘ฌ, ์‘?
89:07
Cut it out?
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์ž˜๋ผ?
89:08
Would you?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
89:09
Cut it out?
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์ž˜๋ผ?
89:10
Would you?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
89:11
You got to kick it up a notch.
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ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
89:14
You got to kick it up a notch.
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ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
89:16
You got to kick it up a notch.
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ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
89:18
Don't let them get to you.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
89:20
Don't let them get to you.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
89:21
Don't let them get to you.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ๋‘์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
89:23
What are you looking at?
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
89:25
What are you looking at?
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
89:26
What are you looking at now?
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
89:29
Practice this again and againย  until you feel very confidentย ย 
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89:33
that your pronunciation is close to mine.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ์ด ๋‚ด ๋ฐœ์Œ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ์ด ๋“ค ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
89:36
What do you mean she can't make it?
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ด์•ผ?
89:38
Did you hear what I just said?
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
89:40
What do you mean she can't make it?
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ด์•ผ?
89:42
I said what do you mean she can't make it?
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
89:49
But of course I didn't say it like that.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
89:51
I said, what do you mean?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ด์—์š”?
89:53
She can't make it.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
89:55
Notice how I said what do you whatย  do ya, what do ya, what do you mean?
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š” , ๋ญํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ๋ญํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
90:00
What do you mean?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด์—์š”?
90:02
This is called connected speech, and nativeย  speakers love connecting their speech.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์Œ์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:08
But of course, this makes itย  difficult for you to understand us.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๋Š” ๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:13
So let me share the most commonย  connected phrases that you need to know.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:18
The first one, of course, what doย  ya, what do ya, what do you mean?
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋ญ์•ผ, ๋ญ์•ผ, ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด์•ผ?
90:22
What do you doing?
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๋ญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ผ?
90:23
What do you want?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์›ํ•˜์„ธ์š”?
90:25
How do you know she can't make it?
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
90:27
Did you catch this one?
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์ด๊ฑฐ ์žก์•˜์–ด?
90:29
How do you?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
90:31
How do you?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
90:32
How do you?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
90:33
How do you know what you doing this weekend?
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
90:37
Did you get this one?
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์ด๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”?
90:39
What are you becomes whatcha?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
90:43
Whatcha, whatcha, whatcha doing this weekend?
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๋ญ์•ผ, ๋ญ์•ผ, ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ๋ญํ•ด?
90:46
So make it your goal to learn theseย  connected phrases, but for now,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์œผ์„ธ์š” . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€
90:51
focus on the top three you need toย  know what do ya, how do ya and whatcha?
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์œ„ 3๊ฐ€์ง€์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
90:59
How about this one?
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์ด๊ฑด ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
91:00
How are you going to get to the mall?
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์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
91:03
How are ya?
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91:03
That's a connected phrase.
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์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด์š”?
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:05
How are you?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚ด์„ธ์š”?
91:06
How are ya?
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์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด์š”?
91:07
How are ya gonna now?
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์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚ด์š”?
91:10
This is a reduction.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:12
We take 2 words going to andย  we reduce it into one gonna.
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Going to๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์„œ Going์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:19
These are informal.
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์ด๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:21
They're very casual, but they'reย  frequently used in spoken English.
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๋งค์šฐ ์บ์ฃผ์–ผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜์–ด ํšŒํ™”์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:27
I gotta go.
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๋‚œ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ด.
91:28
I'm sure you know this one got to.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:31
Sounds like gotta.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ตฐ์š”.
91:33
I gotta go.
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๋‚œ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ด.
91:34
Give me a break.
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ํœด์‹์„ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
91:36
Gimme.
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๋‚ด๋†”.
91:37
Gimme, Give me a break.
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์ž ๊น๋งŒ์š”, ์ข€ ์‰ฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
91:40
Give me sounds like Gimme.
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Gimme ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
91:43
I don't know.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:45
I don't know.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:46
Don't know.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
91:47
As a reduction.
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๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ.
91:49
I don't know.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:50
I want to go to the movies.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค.
91:52
Want to becomes wanna startย  with these and pay attentionย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ 
91:58
and keep adding more reductions to your speech.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ์„ค์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:03
We'll be there at 5:00.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 5์‹œ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
92:05
We'll be there at 5:00.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 5์‹œ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
92:08
We will be there at 5:00.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 5์‹œ์— ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:11
We'll be there will, will.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ, ์œŒ.
92:13
This is a contraction.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:15
We take two separate words and we form one word.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:20
The thing you need to know about contractionsย  is that they are grammatically correct.
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์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ ์€ ์ถ•์•ฝ ํ˜•์ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:26
You can use them in your spoken Englishย  and your writing, and although they doย ย 
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์˜์–ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ž‘๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
92:31
sound more casual, they are grammatically correct.
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์ข€ ๋” ์บ์ฃผ์–ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:35
I would never say it is a hot day.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋”์šด ๋‚ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:40
I would say it's a hot day.
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๋”์šด ๋‚ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:42
It's it's it's a hot day.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ตฐ์š” ๋‚ ์ด ๋”์›Œ์ง€๋„ค์š”.
92:45
I would not say she is my friend.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:49
I would say she's my friend.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:51
She's my friend now.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋‚ด ์นœ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:54
Because of this, students might not get the verb.
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์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:58
Because it's in a.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ a์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
93:00
Contraction.
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์ถ•์†Œ. ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
93:01
You must learn contractions if youย  want to understand native speakers.
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์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
93:06
Let's start with the most common.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
93:09
It is, it's there is, there's I have, I've youย  are your should not, shouldn't, will not won't.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์žˆ๋‹ค, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์žˆ๋‹ค, ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜๊ณ , ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
93:24
Start with these and keep addingย  contractions to your speech.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์„ค์— ์ˆ˜์ถ•์„ ๊ณ„์† ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
93:29
It will help you understand native speakers.
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์›์–ด๋ฏผ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
93:32
Let's try that listening exerciseย  from the beginning again.
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๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
93:36
What do you mean you can't make it?
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ด์—์š”?
93:38
What do you mean you can't make it?
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ด์—์š”? ์ด์ œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์…จ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
93:40
I'm sure you already understand this a lot moreย  because you now understand the connected speech.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
93:47
But did you also know I said make it?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
93:50
Make it now?
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋งŒ๋“œ์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
93:53
If you looked at each individualย  sound, it sounds like May Kit.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฉ”์ดํ‚ท(May Kit) ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
93:59
So you might be thinking May, the month ofย  May, April, May and Kit like a Kit Kat bar.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 5์›”, 5์›”, 4์›”, 5์›”, Kit๋ฅผ Kit Kat ๋ฐ”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:08
I don't understand.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
94:11
This is linking.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:13
Linking is when we take a sound from oneย  word and we put that sound on the next word.
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ž€ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์„œ ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ์–ด์— ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:21
We do this in English to help usย  connect our speech and smooth ourย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ 
94:26
pronunciation so we can speak without pauses.
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๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‰ฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:30
Make it notice.
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๊ณต์ง€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
94:33
There's that on make, but itย  forces me to take a pause.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ค€๋น„ ์ค‘์ธ๋ฐ, ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
94:38
Make it.
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ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
94:40
So to get rid of that pause, I takeย  that and I put it on the next word.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฉˆ์ถค์„ ์—†์• ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ์–ด์— ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:46
Make it make it.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
94:50
Let's try another listening exercise.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ž.
94:53
You shouldn't walk alone at night.
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๋ฐค์—๋Š” ํ˜ผ์ž ์‚ฐ์ฑ…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:55
Now I used a contraction should notย  becomes shouldn't, you shouldn't.
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์ด์ œ ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด should not์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Should't, you should't๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:01
And then I said walk alone,ย  but again, there's that sound.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜ผ์ž ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ , ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋„ค์š”.
95:08
So I take that K sound and I put it onย  the next word and it becomes wah, Cologne.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ K ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ์–ด์— ๋ถ™์ด๋ฉด ์™€, ์พฐ๋ฅธ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:14
But Cologne sounds a lot like men's perfume,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์พฐ๋ฅธ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์šฉ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ํก์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:19
which we call Cologne for women isย  perfume, but for men it's Cologne.
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์พฐ๋ฅธ์„ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์šฉ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์พฐ๋ฅธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:25
So this can cause confusion because you mightย  think I just said Cologne meaning men's perfume.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” Cologne์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ˜ผ๋™์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:32
But this is part of walk alone,ย  walk alone, walk alone with linking.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜ผ์ž ๊ฑท๊ธฐ, ํ˜ผ์ž ๊ฑท๊ธฐ, ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜ผ์ž ๊ฑท๊ธฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ
95:39
The best way to get comfortable withย  linking is to study native speakers.
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์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:46
So instead of listening to an entire third 30ย  minute episode, just listen to one sentenceย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 30๋ถ„์งœ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
95:53
on YouTube or on TV and pause and listenย  to that sentence many, many times.
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YouTube๋‚˜ TV์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
96:00
And really get comfortable with howย  those sounds are pronounced together.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€์„ธ์š”.
96:07
And really get comfortable with howย  those sounds are pronounced togetherย ย 
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96:07
and really get comfortable with how thoseย  sounds are pronounced at a natural pace.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ •๋ง ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ 
, ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ •๋ง ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
96:14
Let's try a listening exercise.
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๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ž.
96:16
I got a lot of merch.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.
96:18
I got a lot of merch.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.
96:20
I got a lot of merch here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์–ป์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
96:22
I used a reduction.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
96:24
A lot of is pronounced.
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๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์Œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
96:27
A lotta, a lotta.
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๋งŽ์ด, ๋งŽ์ด.
96:29
Now what is merch?
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์ด์ œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
96:32
Maybe you understood the sound.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
96:35
You understood I said merch, butย  you have no idea what that means.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
96:41
That's because native speakers weย  shorten words all the time for no reason.
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์›์–ด๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฌด ์ด์œ  ์—†์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
96:47
This is very casual and informal, but it'sย  done in both a professional and social context.
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์บ์ฃผ์–ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
96:53
So merge is short for merchandise.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ์•ฝ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋Š”
96:57
If you work in a companyย  that buys and sells products,ย ย 
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
97:01
most likely your coworkers will say merchย  and you might not understand what they mean.
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๋™๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ท€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ง
97:08
That's a fab dress.
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์Šค๋„ค์š”.
97:10
Fab is short for fabulous.
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Fab๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค์˜ ์ค„์ž„๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
97:13
I have to take my cat to the vet.
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๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
97:16
Vet is short for veterinarian.
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์ˆ˜์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์•ฝ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
97:19
Are we meeting at HQHQ is an acronym forย  headquarters, which is the head office,ย ย 
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Are we Meet at HQHQ๋Š” ๋ณธ์‚ฌ,
97:26
the main office of a company, butย  pretty much everyone calls it HQ.
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ถ€(Head Office)์˜ ์•ฝ์ž์ธ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด HQ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
97:32
So when you're studying native speakers,ย  listen for these shortened words and justย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ์ถ•์–ด๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ 
97:38
make a list of them and keep addingย  the most common ones to your speech.
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๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์„ค์— ๊ณ„์† ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
97:43
Let's try another listening exercise.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ž.
97:45
You got to cut it out.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž˜๋ผํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
97:46
You got to cut it out.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž˜๋ผํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
97:48
I used a reduction.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
97:50
Got to gotta, you gotta cut it out.
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ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด, ๋Š์–ด์•ผ ํ•ด.
97:55
Cut it out, cut it, cut it out.
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์ž˜๋ผ๋ผ, ์ž˜๋ผ๋ผ, ์ž˜๋ผ๋ผ.
97:58
Now maybe you heard the what and you're thinking,ย  hmm, what does Jennifer have to cut out?
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ' ํ , ์ œ๋‹ˆํผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:04
Does she have to cut something out?
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
98:07
But no, because this is an idiom.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ™์–ด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:11
So to understand native speakers,ย  you have to learn phrasal verbs,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ,
98:16
idioms and expressions becauseย  we use them all the time.
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์ˆ™์–ด, ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:21
Take a look at this article from Forbes magazine.
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Forbes ๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง„์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
98:24
Now everything I have underlined is eitherย  a phrasal verb, an idiom, or an expression.
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์ด์ œ ๋ฐ‘์ค„ ์นœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ, ๊ด€์šฉ์–ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:30
And and they don't have literal meanings.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:34
So maybe you understood the wordย  cut, but that doesn't help youย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ปท์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์…จ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ
98:39
understand my message because itย  doesn't have a literal meaning.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚ด ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
98:43
Now there are hundreds and hundreds ofย  phrasal verbs, idioms, and expressions.
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์ด์ œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ, ์ˆ™์–ด, ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
98:47
But don't worry because I have manyย  video tutorials on my channel already.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ด ์ฑ„๋„์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งŽ์€ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŠœํ† ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
98:54
So make it your goal to add 11 a day.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 11๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์œผ์„ธ์š”. ํ•˜๋ฃจ์—
98:58
One phrasal verb, idiom, or expressionย  a day, and that will be 365 in one year.
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๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ, ์ˆ™์–ด, ํ‘œํ˜„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ , 1๋…„์ด๋ฉด 365๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:05
And by expanding your vocabularyย  with these phrasal verbs, idioms,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ, ์ˆ™์–ด, ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด
99:08
and expressions, it will reallyย  help you understand native speakers.
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์›์–ด๋ฏผ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ •๋ง ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:13
Here is how this lesson will work.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:15
I'll say a sentence three times, and youย  need to write down exactly what you hear.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ ์–ด์ฃผ์…”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:22
After, I'll explain the pronunciationย  changes that I used in spoken English,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜์–ดํšŒํ™”์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐœ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ
99:28
and I'll explain what the expression means.
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ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ธ์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:32
Are you ready for your first listening exercise?
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
99:36
Get out of here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
99:38
Get out of here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
99:41
Get out of here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
99:42
Did you get this one?
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์ด๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”?
99:44
I said get out of here.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
99:47
Let's talk about a common reduction.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
99:50
Outa out of side.
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์•„์›ƒ ์•„์›ƒ.
99:53
By side you can pronounce as outa,ย  outa, get out of here, get out of here.
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์˜†์—์„œ๋Š” outa, outa, get out of here, get out here๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:59
And if you don't feel comfortableย  using that in your speech, that's fine.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ๊ทธ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆํŽธํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
100:04
But you should understandย  it because native speakersย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์€
100:07
use it the majority of the time in spoken English.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
100:12
Outa get out of here.
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์•„์šฐํƒ€๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
100:14
Get out of here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
100:16
And maybe you understood the words,ย  but did you understand the expression?
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ‘œํ˜„๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”? ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์—๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€
100:22
This might be a trick question because there areย ย 
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์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Š” ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
100:25
actually 2 totally differentย  meanings for this expression.
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. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€
100:30
There's the more literal meaning where I wantย  you to leave the room that I'm currently in.
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์ข€ ๋” ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
100:40
Being here get out means leave, leaveย  of here of the room I'm currently in.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
100:49
So I'm recording this video and my annoying littleย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์˜์ƒ๊ณผ ์ œ ์งœ์ฆ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋…นํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
100:53
sister barges in and startsย  talking Get out of here.
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์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์ด ๋ผ์–ด๋“ค์–ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
100:59
That's what I would say.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:01
Now most likely you're going to say itย  with a little bit of anger or annoyance.
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์ด์ œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋‚˜ ์งœ์ฆ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์ฑ„ ๊ทธ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:06
Get out of here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
101:07
And it's not a very polite expression.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ •์ค‘ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:10
So if you politely want to ask someoneย  to leave, don't say get out of here.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ •์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋– ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ๋‚˜๊ฐ€
101:17
You should say would you mind leaving could youย  please leave because I need to film a video.
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์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”? ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ ๋– ๋‚˜์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
101:26
Get out of here is also used as an expressionย  to show shock or surprise at what someone said.
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Get out here๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋†€๋žŒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:35
So let's say my friend just told meย  she's going to move from Chicago toย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‚ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์—์„œ
101:44
Australia around the world, and sheย  has lived in Chicago her entire life.
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๊ณ  ํ‰์ƒ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:50
To show my surprise or even shock, I couldย  say get out of here, get out of here.
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๋†€๋ผ์›€์ด๋‚˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:57
It's almost like saying really, wow, I can'tย  believe it, get out of here, get out of here.
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์ •๋ง '์™€, ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
102:05
Now with this expression, it will be lighter.
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์ด์ œ ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์›Œ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
102:09
There won't be that anger or annoyance in it.
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋‚˜ ์งœ์ฆ์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
102:12
Get out of here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
102:13
There'll be more surprise in it.
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋†€๋ผ์›€์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
102:15
Get out of here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
102:16
So the meaning will depend on theย  overall context of the situation.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
102:21
And also look for the tone of voice because thatย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ†ค๋„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต์„
102:24
can be very helpful to decideย  our next listening exercise.
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๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
102:29
I'll say it three times.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
102:32
Give me a break.
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ํœด์‹์„ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
102:34
Give me a break.
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ํœด์‹์„ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
102:37
Give me a break.
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ํœด์‹์„ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
102:38
Did you get this one?
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์ด๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”?
102:40
Give me a break.
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ํœด์‹์„ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
102:43
Pretty easy, right?
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๊ฝค ์‰ฝ์ฃ ?
102:45
Did you hear that reduction?
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
102:47
Give me Gimme, Gimme, Gimme again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ค˜, ์ค˜, ์ค˜.
102:53
You might not feel comfortableย  using reductions in your speech,ย ย 
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๋ง์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆํŽธํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
102:57
but you should understand them becauseย  native speakers use the most of the time.
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์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
103:03
Gimme, give me a break.
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์ž ๊น๋งŒ์š”, ์ž ์‹œ ์‰ฌ์„ธ์š”.
103:06
What does this mean?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
103:09
This is another expression.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์„
103:11
We use this to expressย  disbelief in what someone says.
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ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
103:19
Let's say I am watching TV late atย  night and I see an advertisementย ย 
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ TV๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
103:26
for a pill that is supposed toย  help me lose 20 lbs overnight.
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ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค ์‚ฌ์ด์— 20ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
103:34
That's what the ad says.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
103:37
If I want to show my distrustย  or disbelief with this ad,ย ย 
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๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
103:43
I can say give me a break, give me a break.
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์ž ์‹œ ์‰ฌ์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
103:47
There's no way that's true.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์š”.
103:50
Give me a break.
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ํœด์‹์„ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
103:51
So that's a fun expression youย  can use and remember that tone.
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์ด๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ํ†ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
103:55
You'll want to add some sarcasm into this.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ’์ž๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
103:59
Give me a break.
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ํœด์‹์„ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ๋น ๋ฅธ ์˜์–ด ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„
104:01
Do you want to keep improving yourย  listening skills of fast English?
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š” ?
104:05
Well then I want to tell youย  about the finely Fluent Academy.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„ฌ์„ธํ•œ Fluent Academy์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
104:09
This is my premium training program whereย  we study native English speakers on TV,ย ย 
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TV,
104:15
movies, YouTube and the news.
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์˜ํ™”, ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ, ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์›์–ด๋ฏผ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์—„ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
104:17
So you can improve your listening skills,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
104:19
learn common expressions andย  learn advanced grammar as well.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ , ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๋„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
104:24
Plus, you'll have me as personal coach.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฝ”์น˜๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
104:27
You can look in the description Forย  more information on how to join.
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๊ฐ€์ž… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
104:31
Are you ready for another listening exercise?
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
104:34
I'll say it three times.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
104:36
My sister will know.
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์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•Œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
104:39
My sister will know.
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์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•Œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
104:41
My sister will know.
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์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•Œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
104:43
I said my sister will know.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
104:47
Did you hear the verb will?
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๋™์‚ฌ will์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
104:50
My sister will know.
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์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•Œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
104:53
Probably didn't hear it, but maybe based on theย  grammar, you understood that it has to be there.
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์•„๋งˆ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์…จ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
105:00
Because my sister know.
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์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
105:03
Doesn't make any sense.
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๋ง์ด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
105:05
Something's missing.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋น ์กŒ์–ด์š”.
105:06
My sister will know.
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์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•Œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
105:09
You probably know that we formย  a subject will contractions.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ œ ์˜์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
105:13
I will go.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
105:16
I'll go, you'll go, he'll go.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ๊ฒŒ, ๋„ˆ๋„ ๊ฐˆ๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ๋„ ๊ฐˆ๊ฒŒ.
105:19
She'll go.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
105:20
It'll go, We'll go, they'll go.
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๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ.
105:23
Those are subject pronoun contractions,ย  and they are grammatically correct.
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์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
105:28
Learning contractions is anotherย  must when you want to understandย ย 
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์ˆ˜์ถ• ํ•™์Šต์€
105:33
native speakers, in this case, a noun phrase.
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์›์–ด๋ฏผ(์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ)์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
105:39
My sister isn't contracted grammatically, but inย  spoken English we combine them together anyway,ย ย 
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๋‚ด ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
105:48
even though grammatically this isn't done simplyย  to be able to speak faster and confuse students.
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๋น„๋ก ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ง์„ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
105:57
But remember, grammatically, we onlyย  contract subject pronouns with will.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋งŒ will๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
106:04
So in your writing, make sure you don'tย  write my sister will as a contraction,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ my sister will์„ ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
106:10
but in spoken English, you'll hear it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:14
Another listening exercise.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต.
106:16
I'll say it three times.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:18
You oughta caller.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ „ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:19
You oughta caller.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ „ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:21
You oughta caller.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ „ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:26
Did you get this one?
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์ด๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”?
106:27
You ought to call her.
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๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
106:31
So here ought to a very common reduction.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:35
Oughta.
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๋ง™์†Œ์‚ฌ.
106:36
Oughta ought to is a modalย  verb used to express necessity.
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Oughta ought to๋Š” ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:43
More commonly you should call her, but youย  can also use ought to you oughta call her.
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๋” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ought to you oughta call her๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:51
In spoken English, native speakers willย  say oughta the majority of the time.
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์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ oughta๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:57
Now, did you hear call her?
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์ง€๊ธˆ, ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
107:00
Maybe to you it sounded like one wordย  collar collar, like a dog collar.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐœ ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ์นผ๋ผ ์นผ๋ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ ธ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:07
That's because we drop the H sound onย  her and it sounds like, uh, uh, butย ย 
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” H ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ค์„œ ' ์–ด, ์–ด'์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ,
107:16
we also combine it with the previous word call.
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์ด์ „ ๋‹จ์–ด ํ˜ธ์ถœ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:21
Uh, and then we combine them collar, collar.
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์•„, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์นผ๋ผ, ์นผ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:25
Again, based on context, you'll understandย  that I'm not saying collar like a dog collar.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ชฉ์ค„์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:33
And I'm in fact saying call her.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
107:36
You ought to call her.
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๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
107:38
How about one more listening exercise?
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๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋” ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
107:40
I'll say it three times.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:43
I had an inkling she'd bail.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:46
I had an inkling she'd bail.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:49
I had an inkling she bail.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
107:52
Oh, did you get this one?
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์•„, ์ด๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด?
107:54
I had an inkling she'd bail.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
107:59
She'd bail.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
108:00
She would as a contraction.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถ•์„ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
108:03
This is a grammatically correct contraction.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
108:07
She'd bail on I had.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
108:10
Had can also be in a contraction with aย  subject pronoun when it's the auxiliary verb.
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Had๋Š” ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃผ์–ด ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ์ถ•์†Œํ˜•์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
108:19
So if I turn this into the past perfect,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด
108:23
I had gone, I can say I'd gone becauseย  then had is the auxiliary verb.
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I had gone, I'd gone์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด then had๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
108:30
I'd gone.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ”๋‹ค.
108:31
I'd gone.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ”๋‹ค.
108:32
But here, because it's the main verb,ย  we don't turn it into a contraction.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋™์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
108:38
I had an inkling she'd bail.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
108:42
What does it mean she'd bail?
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด์—์š”?
108:45
Bail.
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๋ณด์„.
108:46
Well, when someone bails.
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฉด.
108:49
This is an expression that's used when someoneย  doesn't do what they said they were going to do,ย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ,
108:57
and we specifically use thisย  with plans and arrangements.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‚˜ ์ค€๋น„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
109:01
So let's say I made a plan with my friend to watchย  a movie on Saturday at 7:00, then Saturday 7:00.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ† ์š”์ผ 7์‹œ์™€ ํ† ์š”์ผ 7์‹œ์— ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
109:12
No friend.
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์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
109:13
She bailed.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
109:14
She bailed on me.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ์คฌ๋‹ค.
109:16
I can't believe she bailed on me.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ์คฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
109:17
Again, she didn't do whatย  she said she was going to do.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
109:23
And again, we use this frequentlyย  with plans and arrangements.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์ค€๋น„์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
109:27
Now what's an inkling?
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์ด์ œ ์–ด๋ ดํ’‹ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
109:29
An inkling?
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์–ด๋ ดํ’‹์ด?
109:30
I had an inkling.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ ดํ’‹์ด ์ง์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
109:31
She bail.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
109:33
An inkling is a slight indication,ย  a slight hint, a slight suggestion.
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Inkling์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‘œ์‹œ, ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ํžŒํŠธ, ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
109:42
So something my friend said madeย  me think she was going to bail.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ง ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋์–ด์š”.
109:50
Maybe she didn't sound thatย  excited about seeing the movie.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์‹ ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
109:55
Maybe she's been talking about how tired she is.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•œ์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:00
So that's an inkling.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•”์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:02
An inkling?
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์–ด๋ ดํ’‹์ด?
110:03
That's fun to say.
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๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ์ฐธ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
110:05
An inkling.
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์–ด๋ ดํ’‹ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ.
110:06
I had an inkling.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ ดํ’‹์ด ์ง์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
110:07
She'd bail.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ณด์„๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:08
You're doing such a great job.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ •๋ง ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:09
Now let's focus on confusing English words.
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์ด์ œ ํ—ท๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:12
And we'll also do this as a quiz.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋กœ๋„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:15
You need to complete thisย  sentence with the correct word.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ์™„์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:19
And you need to do that in only three seconds.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹จ 3์ดˆ ์•ˆ์— ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:23
Do you think the discount will the client?
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๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด ํ• ์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
110:29
Which option A or B?
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์˜ต์…˜ A ๋˜๋Š” B ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
110:31
I'll give you 3 seconds.
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3์ดˆ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:35
Appease the client.
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ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ž˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
110:38
Appease is a verb.
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๋‹ฌ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:40
We use this when you want toย  give someone something theyย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
110:45
want in order to make them happy or inย  order to prevent further disagreement.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:53
So I'm giving them a discount to make them happy.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ• ์ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:57
It will appease them.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ž˜์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
111:00
Now if you said be appeal, keep in mindย  that appeal has a very similar meaning.
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์ด์ œ ํ•ญ์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ญ์†Œ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ช…์‹ฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
111:07
It means to be attractive to.
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๋งค๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค.
111:11
But grammatically the sentence isย  incorrect because if you use appeal,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ดํ•„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
111:17
it's appeal to the client.
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๊ณ ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ดํ•„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
111:21
And because I don't have the preposition,ย  2B is an incorrect option grammatically.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 2B๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์˜ต์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
111:27
Question 2, She's a very employee.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ 2. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ง์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
111:32
Option one.
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์˜ต์…˜ 1.
111:33
Option 2, The correct answer is a diligent.
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์„ ํƒ 2, ์ •๋‹ต์€ ๋ถ€์ง€๋Ÿฐํ•จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
111:41
She's a very diligent employee.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์ง€๋Ÿฐํ•œ ์ง์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
111:45
To be diligent, this means to be careful orย  using a lot of effort and attention to detail.
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๋ถ€์ง€๋Ÿฐํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
111:53
For example, I worked diligentlyย  on the report all week.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ์ž‘์„ฑ์„ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
111:59
So notice in this case, it's an adverb.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
112:01
Diligently.
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๋ถ€์ง€๋Ÿฐํžˆ.
112:02
I worked diligently on the report all week.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ์ž‘์„ฑ์„ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
112:06
Question three, Sorry, I can't help.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ 3. ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์™€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
112:09
I'm at math A or B be inept.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™ A ๋˜๋Š” B์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
112:20
I'm inept at math To be inept at something.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์— ๋ฌด๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์— ๋ฌด๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.
112:26
This means to not be skilled orย  to be ineffective at something.
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์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์— ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ย ๋ฌด๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
112:32
I'm enough at math #4 She'sย  the most member of our team.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™ #4์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
112:41
A or B.
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A ๋˜๋Š” B.
112:46
A gregarious B is incorrect.
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์‚ฌ๊ต์ ์ธ B๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
112:50
Grammatically, we can't say most great.
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
112:53
You would say greatest, right?
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
112:56
So grammatically, B doesn't work.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ B๋Š” ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
112:59
A gregarious to be gregarious.
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์‚ฌ๊ต์ ์ด์–ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
113:02
When someone is described as gregarious,ย  it means that they're very social.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ต์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์‚ฌ๊ต์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
113:08
They enjoy being around other people.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
113:11
So what about you?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
113:12
Let us know in the comments.
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๋Œ“๊ธ€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
113:14
Would you describe yourselfย  as a gregarious person?
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์ž์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
113:17
Do you enjoy being around other people?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
113:20
Are you very social?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‚ฌ๊ต์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? #5๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ
113:22
Let us know in the comments so you can practiceย ย 
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์—ฐ์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋Œ“๊ธ€๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ๊ณ„ ๋ถ€์„œ
113:25
that word #5 We need to withย  the accounting department.
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์— ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
113:32
A or B?
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A์ธ๊ฐ€ B์ธ๊ฐ€?
113:37
The answer is B Follow up withย  grammatically, A is incorrect.
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๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ B์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ A๋Š” ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
113:45
You don't follow out with someone,ย  you follow up with someone.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ํ›„์† ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ํ›„์† ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
113:50
And this means that you continue a discussionย  or conversation that was previously started.
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์ด๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
113:58
I could say I already followed upย  with the accounting department.
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์ด๋ฏธ ํšŒ๊ณ„ ๋ถ€์„œ์— ํ›„์† ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด์ „์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ
114:03
I already continued the conversationย  we had previously started.
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๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
114:08
Number six, that's a difficultย  concept to A or BB to grasp.
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์—ฌ์„ฏ์งธ, A๋‚˜ BB๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
114:20
When you grasp something, it simplyย  means that you understand it.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
114:25
So it's the same as saying that'sย  a difficult concept to understand.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
114:29
That's a difficult concept to grasp #7 you shouldย  all your debt to reduce your interest rate.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. #7 ์ด์ž์œจ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋นš์„ ๊ฐš์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
114:39
A or BB consolidate.
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A ๋˜๋Š” BB๊ฐ€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
114:47
Consolidate.
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ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค.
114:49
When you consolidate 2 or more things,ย  it means you combine them together.
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2๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
114:55
So if I said the two firms consolidated lastย  year, this means that last year there was firm A,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž‘๋…„์— ๋‘ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž‘๋…„์—๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ A,
115:03
firm B, but now because theyย  consolidated, there's one firm.
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ B๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋‘ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
115:08
So the two.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‘˜.
115:09
To become one consolidate #8 the bookย  discusses his illness and resignationย ย 
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ #8์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ
115:19
from politics A or BA subsequentย  his subsequent resignation from.
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์ •์น˜ A ๋˜๋Š” BA์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
115:31
Politics.
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์ •์น˜.
115:32
This has a simple meaning.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
115:34
Subsequent just means somethingย  that comes after something else.
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ํ›„์†์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
115:40
So first he had his illness, and afterย  he resigned, his subsequent resignation.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋จผ์ € ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์„ ์•“์•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•œ ํ›„์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
115:47
His resignation that came after his illness.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ›„์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž„.
115:52
We commonly use this as anย  adverb to start a sentence.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
115:56
So I could say he moved to Australiaย  subsequently he got married.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ๋’ค ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
116:03
And I'm using subsequently to let you knowย  that he got married after something else.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ดํ›„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
116:10
And that's something else isย  after he moved to Australia.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
116:14
He moved to Australia, subsequently he gotย  married #9 He gets stressed out when he's A or B.
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ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค #9 A๋‚˜ B์ผ ๋•Œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค.
116:30
The correct answer has to be be under pressureย  because over pressure is the wrong preposition.
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์ •๋‹ต์€ under Pressure์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
116:40
The preposition you need is underย  pressure to be under pressure.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋Š” under ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
116:45
And that's simply when you have a lotย  of work and you're feeling overwhelmed,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์••๋„๊ฐ์„
116:52
you're feeling anxious,ย  you're feeling stressed out.
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๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
116:55
You can use this positively and say I workย  really well under pressure, so when I have a.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์••๋ฐ•๊ฐ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์„ ์ •๋ง ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
117:02
Lot of work I actually perform better, not worse.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋‚˜์˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
117:07
I work really well under pressure #10ย  women face a lot of in the workplace.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์†์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์„ ์ •๋ง ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค #10 ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
117:16
A or B?
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A์ธ๊ฐ€ B์ธ๊ฐ€?
117:21
Well, ostrich is a bird.
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์Œ, ํƒ€์กฐ๋Š” ์ƒˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
117:25
So women don't face a lot ofย  ostriches in the workplace.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ํƒ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
117:30
They face a lot of obstacles.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
117:32
Obstacles, An obstacle is somethingย  that blocks you and it can be somethingย ย 
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์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ, ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์€
117:40
physical like a roadblock, or it can beย  something non physical like discrimination.
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์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
117:48
So it's something that blocksย  you from making progress.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š”ย ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
117:52
That's an obstacle #11 Thank you for your.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด๊ตฐ์š” #11 ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
117:57
Remark.
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์ฃผ๋ชฉ.
117:59
A or B.
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A ๋˜๋Š” B.
118:03
The answer is be pertinent, pertinent remark.
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๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์ ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
118:09
When something is pertinent, it means it'sย  relevant to the topic or discussion at hand.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฃผ์ œ๋‚˜ ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
118:16
So let's say you're having a conversationย  and then someone raises a point and youย ย 
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๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์š”์ ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ
118:21
think the point is very relevantย  to the topic or conversation.
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์š”์ ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
118:25
You can say that's pertinent, that's pertinent,ย ย 
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๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
118:29
that's relevant, related toย  our topic at hand, number 12.
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๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์ธ 12๋ฒˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
118:34
You can that to the interns, A or B be delegate.
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์ธํ„ด A ๋˜๋Š” B์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„์ž„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
118:46
You can delegate that to the interns.
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์ธํ„ด์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„์ž„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
118:49
When you delegate something is when youย ย 
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„์ž„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
118:52
give someone else responsibilityย  for a task or a specific job.
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์ž‘์—…์ด๋‚˜ ํŠน์ • ์—…๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
118:59
So when you're doing a task thatย  you really don't want to be doing,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ด ์ผ์„ ์œ„์ž„ํ•  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
119:03
you can say, I wish I hadย  someone to delegate this to.
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์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
119:09
I wish I had someone who I couldย  give this task to number 13 14.
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13 14๋ฒˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋งก๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
119:15
I have a really workload this month.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ๋‹ฌ์—๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
119:20
A or B?
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A์ธ๊ฐ€ B์ธ๊ฐ€?
119:26
A heavy B is a direct translation.
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๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด B๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
119:31
It's not something that we use in natural English.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
119:35
It sounds awkward and unnatural.
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์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
119:38
A Heavy is the adjective thatย  we use to describe our workload.
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Heavy๋Š” ์ž‘์—…๋Ÿ‰์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
119:43
When your workload is heavy, it simplyย  means you have a lot of work to do.
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์ž‘์—…๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
119:48
And what's the opposite of heavy?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด๊ฒ๋‹ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ง์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
119:52
The opposite is light, right?
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋Š” ๋น›์ด์ฃ ?
119:55
Light.
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119:55
So when you don't have a lot of work to do,ย ย 
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๋น›.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ
119:58
you would say I have a light workload,ย  heavy workload, light workload.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ์ž‘์—…, ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์ž‘์—…, ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
120:04
So what about you?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
120:05
How would you describe your workload right now?
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์—…๋ฌด๋Ÿ‰์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
120:08
Would you say it's heavy or light?
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๋ฌด๊ฒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ๊นŒ์š”, ๊ฐ€๋ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
120:11
Let us know in the comments.
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๋Œ“๊ธ€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
120:13
So you practice this new expressionย  #14 The police have been unable to.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. #14 ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
120:21
What caused the explosion?
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ํญ๋ฐœ์˜ ์›์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
120:23
A or BB?
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A ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด BB?
120:30
Ascertain.
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค.
120:32
Ascertain.
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค.
120:33
When you ascertain something,ย  you discover something.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
120:38
So to ascertain the cause of the explosion isย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํญ๋ฐœ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํญ๋ฐœ
120:42
to discover the cause of theย  explosion to understand why.
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์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
120:48
So when the police do understand why, why theyย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ์™œ, ์™œ
120:52
discover it, they can say we've finallyย  ascertained what caused the explosion.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํญ๋ฐœ ์›์ธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
120:58
It was a faulty gas line.
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๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ผ์ธ์— ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
121:00
And then they can tell you theย  cause of the explosion and.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ํญ๋ฐœ ์›์ธ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
121:04
Finally.
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121:04
Your last question in theย  quiz #15 you've been all week.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ.
์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ํ€ด์ฆˆ #15์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
121:12
Just do it already.
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์ด๋ฏธ ํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
121:14
A or B?
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A์ธ๊ฐ€ B์ธ๊ฐ€?
121:19
The answer is.
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๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
121:21
B Procrastinating.
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B ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋‹ค.
121:23
You've been procrastinating all week.
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์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์…จ๊ตฐ์š”.
121:27
When you procrastinate, it meansย  that you delay doing something,ย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
121:32
but that's something has to beย  done and you delay doing it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
121:36
And why?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™œ?
121:38
Well, generally because it's unpleasant.
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
121:40
Like chores around the house, cleaning theย  garage, cleaning the bathroom, doing the dishes.
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์ง‘์•ˆ์ผ, ์ฐจ๊ณ  ์ฒญ์†Œ , ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค ์ฒญ์†Œ, ์„ค๊ฑฐ์ง€ ๋“ฑ. ์˜ท์žฅ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์„œ๋ฅ˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ
121:47
It's unpleasant or it's simply boring, likeย  organizing your closet or filing your paperwork.
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๋ถˆ์พŒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
121:55
So you delay doing it, but it has to be done.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋”๋ผ๋„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
121:58
That's procrastinating.
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๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
121:59
Think of everything you learned today that willย ย 
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122:01
help you for your exam and alsoย  communicating in the real world.
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์‹œํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
122:06
Do you want me to make another lesson like this?
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ ˆ์Šจ์„ ๋˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋‚˜์š”?
122:09
If you do, put Master class, Masterย  class, put Master class in the comments.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ“๊ธ€์— Master class, Master class, Master class๋ฅผ ์ ์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
122:13
And of course, make sure you like this lesson,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“œ์…จ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ,
122:15
share it with your friends and subscribe soย  you're notified every time I post a new lesson.
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์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์•Œ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
122:20
And you can get this freeย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
122:22
speaking guide where I share 6 tips on howย  to speak English fluently and confidently.
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์œ ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŒ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
122:26
You can click here to download it orย  look for the link in the description.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„ค๋ช…์—์„œ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
122:29
And I have another master class I knowย  you'll love, so make sure you watch it now.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ผญ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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