4 HOUR ENGLISH LESSON - ADVANCED ENGLISH VOCABULARY (Confusing English Words)

Today I have an English vocabulary master class for you, and we're going to review all

the most confusing words in English.

These are confusing words that I hear even advanced students make mistakes with.

So by the end of this lesson, you're going to feel very confident because you're using

all of these common words correctly.

Welcome back to JForrest English.

Of course, I'm Jennifer.

Now let's get started.

Here's how this lesson will work.

First, we're going to learn a group or a pair of confusing words.

You're going to understand how to use them correctly.

And then you're going to complete a quiz to make sure you really.

Know how to?

Use them, and then we'll continue on to the next group.

Let's get started with our first group first.

You're going to learn the difference between ON time and in time.

Let's start off with on time.

Now we use on time time to refer to a specific time, and it's a specific time that something

will happen, and we commonly use this with scheduled events.

For example, traffic was terrible, but thankfully I got to the meeting on time.

So of course you can imagine that there's a scheduled time that that meeting will start.

The meeting will start at, let's say, 3:00.

So if you get to the meeting at 3:00 or before, then you're on time.

If you get to the meeting at three O 1 or after, then you're what you're late, right?

So that would be the opposite of on time late.

Now you could also make a general statement and say I'm always on time, so notice it's

in the present simple because it's a routine action which means.

I always.

Get to my scheduled events on, on or before the time they're supposed to start, The time

they're scheduled to start.

I'm always on time.

So what about you?

Are you always on time?

Let us know in the comments.

And if not, what adverb would you use?

I'm sometimes on time.

I'm usually on time.

I'm rarely on time or I'm never on time.

So let us know in the comments which one best describes you.

Now let's talk about in time.

In time simply means that you have sufficient time.

So you can think of it as to have enough time, enough time to do something, to do what you

want to do, or to do what you need to do.

But the real difference that you need to keep in mind is that there is a scheduled start

time Okay.

So let's imagine, let's imagine that I need to buy some eggs okay because I'm going to

make a cake, so I need to buy some eggs.

Now it will take me 15 minutes to drive to the store and then 5 minutes to get my eggs.

So the amount of time I need is 20 minutes.

Now let's say that the store closes in 25 minutes.

So I don't have a lot of time, right?

But remember, there isn't a scheduled time that I need to get to the store.

I don't have an appointment at the store to buy eggs, right?

So that's the thing.

There isn't a scheduled time, but I need a sufficient amount of time to buy my eggs before

the store closes.

So maybe I could say, Oh no, I'm not going to get there in time.

I'm not going to get there in time.

Because remember, I need 20 minutes to complete this task, but the store closes in 25 minutes.

Of course it's going to might take me a little bit longer, right?

So I might be concerned, Oh no, I'm not going to get there in time.

It's like saying I don't have enough time to do what I want to do.

But let's say thankfully there was no traffic at all and I got there in 15 minutes.

Then I could say who I got here in time.

I got here in time.

It's not on time because there isn't a scheduled event.

It's in time simply because it means I have enough time, sufficient time to do what I

need to do, buy eggs before the store closes.

So it's a very.

Subtle difference, right?

And I think the easiest way for you to know which one should I use is.

Just remember on time is for a scheduled event.

If you have a meeting that starts at a scheduled time, an appointment, a class, anything like

that, then you would use on time and if you're just talking about having enough time, sufficient

time.

Then you use.

In time the best way to feel confident with these is really to practice.

So I want you to leave 2 examples for each, Two examples for on time and two examples

for in time.

Put them in the comments below and that way I can review them and if I see any mistakes

then I can correct them and address them.

So now you know the difference between on time and in time.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are the questions.

Hit pause.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

How did you do with that quiz?

Make sure you share your score in the comments below, and let's continue on to the next group.

Now let's talk about the difference between affect and.

Affect affect.

Is this a noun or a verb?

Put it in the comments below.

Noun or verb?

Did you get it?

Are you sure?

Do you know which one affect?

Is a verb.

Okay verb.

It's an action word.

So brain association, affect action, affect action.

That can be an easy way for you to remember that.

OK, so now I'm going to make this very easy for you.

Put it.

In the comments, effect.

Is that a noun or a verb?

What do you think?

Put it in the comments.

Well, of course, if a fact is a verb, then E fact is a noun.

So really right there.

Boom.

You know the difference?

Because like I said, if you know, if one's a verb and one's a noun, then based on sentence

structure only one of them can be used.

But let me give you some examples so you can really see the difference.

And then at the end, I'm going to show you how you can actually use a fact and effect

in the same sentence.

And this does happen more.

Than you would.

Think so.

Let's start with a fact.

Like I said, a fact is a verb.

So for sentence structure, something effects something.

That's really the structure that you need to remember.

So let's see, before we go any further.

If you can think of an example sentence using affect, put it in the comments.

Pause the video.

If you need, put that example sentence using affect in the comments below.

Did you put one in the comments?

OK, here's mine.

The dry weather affected.

The.

Crops.

Remember our sentence structure?

We have something.

What's the something?

Put it in the comments.

What's the something?

The dry weather, right?

That's or something Something effects something.

The dry weather affected the crops.

So the other something is.

Put it in the comments, It's the crop.

So we have something, effects, something.

But what do you notice about affect in this sentence?

It's a verb, right?

So what verb tense is this sentence?

In?

What verb tense is this in?

Put it in the comments below The dry weather affected past.

Simple.

So we know this.

Is a completed action in the past, and that's what you need to remember with a fact.

Because it's a verb, it's going to be conjugated in different structures based on the context

of this sentence.

Now, because a fact is a verb, I can take this sentence and put it in the present simple.

For example, I can put it in a different verb tense, which simply just changes the meaning.

So pause the video if you need and think about what would this sentence be in the present

simple.

And when you have your answer, put it in the comments below.

So take your time.

Pause the video if you need the dry weather affected the crops.

What would that be in the present?

Simple.

Do you have it?

It would be the dry weather affects the crops.

Did you get that?

S Yeah, I made it really dramatic there.

Obviously you wouldn't say that in real.

Situation, but just so you.

Remember.

Affect.

Is a verb the dry weather as a subject.

Would be.

What it right it affects?

The.

Crops.

So we need to remember to conjugate our verb and in the present simple we add an S to ** *** it

verbs OK.

The dry weather affects the.

Crops.

So it's important for you to remember that a fact is what a noun or a verb?

Put it in the comments.

Is a verb, and because of that it needs to be conjugated according to the time reference

and according to the subject as well.

Now let's move on to effect.

Effect is what a noun or a verb?

Put it in the comments.

The fact is a noun, and you can think of it as.

The.

Result of something.

OK, because remember, nouns are people, places or things.

So in this case, it's like a thing.

It's the result of something.

It's a thing, it's a noun effect.

And remember, because it's a noun, it could have an article, or it could be singular or.

Plural.

Those would be our choices with a noun.

So let's take a look at an example.

I could say the effect of the dry weather was devastating.

The effect?

OK, I'm starting my sentence with the noun, The effect of.

Notice that sentence structure.

The effect of something.

The something is the dry weather.

The effect of the dry weather.

Was.

Devastating.

So here, because it's a noun, I need my article in front of it the the effect.

Another example I could ask, did this policy have any negative effects?

So notice here what's different about the noun I made it.

Plural.

Right, and I'm not using an article.

In that case, did the policy have any negative effects?

So were there any results of the policy?

And were any of those results negative?

Now, just for fun, let's take a look at a sentence.

Using.

Both effects and effect.

The side effects of this medication can negatively affect your liver.

So pause the video if you need and think about this example.

Hmm.

So the side effects there, we're using it as a noun, and that's a very common way.

We use this as a noun, talking about side effects or the effects of something.

Like in our previous example, the side effects of this medication can negatively affect.

Your.

Liver.

And of course here something effects something, so it's really the side effects that affect

your liver as the something.

So this really isn't that uncommon of a situation to see effect and effect in the same sentence.

So to summarize, remember a fact is what a noun or a verb?

Put it in the comments.

A verb and effect is, Put it in the comments, a noun.

So that should be a great trick to help you instantly know which one you need to use.

Now let's end by going back to my original e-mail that I was rating.

So remember I wrote Do you think this could have MMM it.

So what do you think in this example?

Do I need fact or effect?

Do I need a noun or a verb?

Put it in the comments below.

Pause the video if you need, think about it and then put it in the comments.

Do you?

Think this.

Could.

Have affected it because I need a verb.

Something affects something, and of course this verb is conjugated according to the sentence.

All right, so now you know the difference between effect and effect.

This is an advanced topic and you're going to need to practice and review this.

So why don't we start now?

Put in the comments below an example sentence with effect and an example sentence with effect

and bonus points.

Major bonus points if you can think of an example sentence that uses both effect and

effect.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are the questions.

Hit pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the

answers.

How did you do with that quiz?

Make sure you share your score in the comments below and let's continue on to the next group.

I see lots of mistakes with this next one.

Let's talk about the difference between borrow and lend.

Now let's go back to my original question for you at the beginning.

Hey, can you borrow me your car?

What do you think about this sentence?

Can you borrow me your car?

Do you think that this sentence is correct or incorrect?

Put your answers in the comments so you can say right or wrong.

Thumbs up, thumbs down, yes or no.

Whatever you need.

Put your answer in the comments.

Hey, can you borrow me your car?

Did you get your answer in the comments?

OK, this is what I hear quite a lot from students, even really advanced students.

But I have to.

Break it to you.

That's incorrect and to a native speaker.

It's like what?

Borrow me?

Huh.

It does not sound good.

It's because the sentence structure is incorrect.

OK, so while I'm explaining the difference between Boro and Len, you really need to pay

attention to that sentence structure.

So let's start with Boro.

Now when you use borrow, you need to understand that you're the one receiving the item.

Let's compare that to lend.

When you use lend, you're the one giving.

The.

Item Now let's take a look at the sentence structure.

With borrow, You borrow something, you borrow something.

This is why my original sentence sounded so.

Weird.

It might not sound weird to you, but trust me, to a native speaker that just sounds like

nails on a chalkboard, because that's not the sentence structure.

You do not borrow someone.

Okay, when I said can you borrow me your car?

Can you borrow me your?

Car.

That's incorrect sentence structure, but there's a really easy fix.

All you need to do is get rid of the someone because it's borrow something, right?

So to make my original sentence correct, what would I need to do?

Now remember, with borrow you receive.

So as a question it would be can I?

Borrow your car.

Because I'm the one receiving the.

Car.

So can I borrow?

Your car.

Can I receive your car?

Temporarily, of course, so let me know in the comments.

Can I borrow your car?

So now it's your turn to practice.

Borrow.

OK, so let me start you off with the beginning of the sentence.

Can I?

Borrow.

We're going to.

Use this as a.

Question form, so put in the comments.

Can I borrow and fill in the blank?

So you need to identify the something.

It could be anything.

Can I borrow your cell phone charger?

Your pen?

Your earrings?

Can I borrow $50?

It can be anything.

Put your example in the comments to make sure you practice this structure.

Now let's compare the sentence structure with lend.

This is.

Why these two are confused because with lend you lend someone something.

So with lend we have the someone identified.

OK, so perhaps I'm feeling really generous and I say to you, I can lend you my car this

weekend.

I can lend you my car this weekend.

Because remember, with lend, you give.

So I'm giving my car.

That's as a positive statement.

I can lend you lend someone something.

I can lend you my car this weekend.

All right, so now it's time for you to practice Lend.

Now with lend as an offer is going to be as a positive statement.

I can lend you.

And then we need to something.

We can change our subject, right?

It could be she can lend.

You.

She.

Can lend him my boss.

Can lend my coworker.

We can play around with those subjects.

OK, but make sure your sentence structure is subject lend someone something.

So put your example in the comments to practice.

So what are you going to offer to lend me?

I'm excited to find out.

Now, one important note before we wrap up, Let's go back to my beginning sentence, which

was incorrect.

Can you borrow me your car?

Hmm.

Can you?

Borrow.

Me.

Your car.

So that sentence is incorrect.

But there's another.

Way.

We can change the sentence to make it a question, and that question would be can you lend me?

Your.

Car Can you lend me your car so notice?

Although.

Lend means to.

Give.

Notice that subject right?

Can you lend me so?

Although lend means to give, you're the one giving and I'm the one receiving, right?

So in that case, can you lend me your car is exactly the same as Do you know what I'm

about to say?

It's exactly the same as Put it in the comments.

If you do, huge bonus points if you get this Can you lend me your car?

Is exactly the same as Can I borrow your car?

So you may need to pause the video and think about it, because you need to keep in mind

the direction of who's giving, who's receiving, and you need to pay attention to that sentence

structure as well.

So that's a final exercise you can do.

Before you leave in the comments, write your own example using the two different questions,

although keep in mind that they mean exactly the same thing.

So try that out and see if you can get that as well.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are the questions.

Hit, pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the

answers.

How did you do with that quiz?

Make sure you share your score in the comments below, and let's continue on to the next group.

You're doing.

Awesome.

Let's continue on and review, compare to and compare with.

Now first, let's talk about the verb.

Compare to compare as a verb.

This means.

To identify the similarities and or differences between two things, there are two prepositions

that you can use compare to or compare with.

So let's start with compare to.

As for sentence structure, you compare something to something.

Remember compare is a verb, so you need to conjugate it with your subject and time reference.

When you compare something to something, it means that you're examining 2 things to identify

their similarities.

You're focusing on how a A is similar to B.

You're looking at A&B and you're trying to see how are they alike, what are the similarities.

That's how we use compare.

To so for.

Example, I could say many people are comparing this election to the one in 1968.

So we have the election in 2020 and the election in 1968.

So you're putting them side by side and you're doing that so you can see how are they similar,

what are the commonalities?

What is the?

Likeness between these two.

Now let's talk about compare with.

The sentence structure is exactly the same, we're just changing the preposition.

So you compare something with something.

In this case you have your two things A&B and you put them side by side to look at their

similarities and or differences, but with a focus on the differences.

So you're trying to see how are they different?

What does a have?

That's.

Different from B?

Hmm, so that's more what you're doing when you compare something with something.

So I could also say, thinking about our last example, I could say let's compare this candidate.

With.

This.

Candidate OK, so we have candidate A, Candidate B I'm going to put them side by side, but

this time I want to see how they're different.

What is this one doing that this one isn't doing?

Hmm.

How are they different?

So that's all you need to know.

Compare to focus on similarities, compare with focus on differences.

Now here's the thing.

Native speakers generally.

Don't follow this rule.

I'll be honest, I don't follow this rule, OK?

And when native speakers don't follow this rule, we just use them interchangeably.

So I don't think about whether I'm comparing similarities or differences, and compare to

two is the more common preposition.

Interestingly, in the past, like many, many years ago, with was the more common preposition

and they used it.

For both.

But now in modern usage of English.

I don't know why.

But it's more common just to use.

2.

And there's most native speakers don't use a difference between them.

OK I.

Don't.

Like I said, so whether or not you actually want to follow.

This.

Rule I'll.

Leave.

It up to you, but I don't.

And most of the people that I know don't either.

In fact, I don't really know anybody that.

Does follow this rule?

But since it was a question, I wanted you to know by definition in a textbook what the

answer is.

And this is a great example of how we have textbook English, which is quite rigid and

very strict about usage of words and language.

But then we have real English, everyday English.

Which is a.

Lot more flexible and I use everyday English.

I don't use textbook English and I always encourage my students to use everyday English

as well.

So ultimately the choice is yours.

But regardless, why don't you try 2 examples in the comments below, One with compare to

you can focus on similarities, one with compare with you can focus on differences and and

then why don't you just?

Do a third.

Example where you're using them interchangeably, and I recommend using compare to because that's

the more common choice.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are the questions.

Hit, pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the

answers.

How did you do with that quiz?

Make sure you share your score in the comments below, and let's continue on to the next group.

This next one confuses a lot of native speakers.

Let's talk about the difference between a compliment with an I and compliment with an

E Now, first of all, you need to know that there's no difference in pronunciation.

OK, so if you're using this in spoken English, it doesn't really matter which one you use

because they sound exactly the same.

But in written English, there's a difference.

Okay.

So just keep that in mind.

Now these two words have very different meanings.

Let's start with compliment.

Complement is a verb.

OK to complement and for sentence structure something complements something.

Now remember, it's a verb, so it needs to be conjugated according to the sentence.

What does this?

Mean.

It means to add to something or to complete something, or simply to go together nicely.

Here's a really easy example for you.

When I am doing my makeup, I think when I'm choosing my lipstick color, I think you know

what lipstick would compliment my shirt, for example.

Or when I'm picking out a shirt, I might think, what shirt would complement my pants?

Which combination of things go nicely together?

Does this lipstick add to my shirt?

Does it complement it or does it take away from my shirt?

And in that case, it doesn't complement it.

So that's a very easy example.

If you're a guy probably picking out a tie, what tie would complement the shirt you're

wearing?

Now let's take a really fun example.

Here we have a delicious piece of apple pie, my favorite pie of flavor.

Now think about this okay thinking about our definition to add to, to complete, to go nicely

together.

What do you think would complement this apple pie?

There's no right or wrong answer.

What you think would complement this pie could be very different than what I think.

But do you think there are other food items or beverage items that could complement this

piece of apple pie?

Put your answer in the comments.

What complements this apple pie?

Remember, it's a verb, so you need to conjugate it accordingly when you put your example in

the comments.

So stop.

Pause the video if you need, and put it in the comments.

What compliments this apple pie?

Well, many things could.

The first thing I thought of was ice cream.

Ice cream?

Definitely compliments apple pie, in my opinion.

You may disagree, and that's OK.

Whipped cream compliments apple pie.

Now, I've heard many people put a piece of cheese on apple pie and they think that cheese

really complements apple pie.

That's one that's for me a little bit.

I don't know it.

Sounds a little weird.

But lots of people think that cheese compliments apple pie.

Now thinking about beverages?

Maybe a cup of coffee or tea or hot chocolate.

Hot apple cider could complement this apple pie.

A glass of milk could complement this apple pie.

Lots of different options could complement this apple pie.

So now you know what compliment with an E means.

So put an example sentence in the comments, pause the video and think of an example sentence.

And remember, our structure is something compliments something and it's a verb.

So you need to conjugate your verb accordingly.

Pause the video.

Put your example in the comments.

Now let's talk about complement with an I.

This can be both a verb to complement and a noun, a compliment or compliments.

The.

Meaning is completely different than complement.

With an E they.

Don't relate to each other at all.

OK, so they're completely separate words.

Compliment with an I.

You can think of them as kind words of praise.

Or approval so if.

You write in the comments Hey Jennifer awesome video.

You can pause right now and write that.

In the.

Comments.

Do it.

Just do it.

OK?

It's part of the example.

So pause the video and write Hey Jennifer, awesome video right there.

You just complimented me.

Notice you just complimented me.

Is that a noun?

Or a verb.

What do you think?

Noun or verb?

Put it in the comments.

You just complimented me.

Well, it's a verb, and you can probably identify that it's a verb because it's conjugated in

the past.

Simple.

You just complimented me because you just did the action right.

It's completed.

You wrote in the comments you complimented me.

I could also say you complimented my video.

I could say that as well.

And this simply means.

You.

Offered me words of praise, words of approval and kind words.

Now if I'm walking down the street and you see me, you say, hey, I really like that sweater

you just complimented me.

You complimented my sweater.

Or if I smile and you're like.

Jennifer, you have.

Such a nice smile.

You just complimented me.

OK, so all these small little nice words.

Those.

Are compliments.

Those are compliments right there.

Did I use it as a noun or a verb?

Those.

Those.

Kind words.

Those are compliments here.

It's a noun.

OK, so as a noun, it's a thing.

Like that word of approval, that word of praise.

It's a thing.

Now, of course you can compliment somebody's smile, their hair, their earrings, their clothing,

things like that.

But in a workplace, hopefully you're going to offer compliments.

Now hopefully you're going to offer compliments based on their work, based on their performance,

right?

So anytime your Co worker or your employee does a good job, you can pay them a compliment.

Pay them a compliment.

You can also give them a compliment.

Those are two verbs that we use interchangeably with the noun.

So you can.

Give.

Someone a compliment.

You can pay someone a compliment, Okay.

So let's say you're in a meeting and your coworker gives a presentation.

At the end of the presentation, you can say that was a really amazing presentation.

You did an awesome job right there.

You just gave your coworker a compliment.

Okay, you paid your coworker a compliment.

Those two sentence structures are interchangeable, and they're using the noun form now.

You can also use the verb form.

So pause the video and think, How could I take this example and change it into the verb

form?

Hmm.

What do you think?

Write it in the comments below.

How could I take this and change it into the verb form to compliment?

Do you have it?

You just complimented your coworker.

You complimented their presentation.

You complimented them.

So in this case you need to remember that the meaning is very different between complement

and complement and also how you use them, because complement with an I can be used as

both a verb and a noun.

So I want you to get comfortable with both of these forms.

So pause the video and write in the comments an example with the noun and the verb.

So why don't you tell us the last time that you gave someone a compliment and the last

time that you complimented someone using the same sentence in both a noun and a verb form?

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are the questions.

Hit, pause.

Take as much time as you need and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

How did you do with that quiz?

Make sure you share your score in the comments below and let's continue on to the next group.

Lots of students make mistakes with the next pair.

Let's review elder and older.

Both of these are used to talk about advanced age when making a comparison.

So in order to make that comparison, we need two people.

One needs to be younger and one needs to be older, older.

So let's take Don and Ed, and let's say that Don is 15 and Ed is 18.

So of course Don is younger and Ed is older.

Now let's say Don and Ed are brothers.

So Don, Don speaking and Don could say Ed is my older brother, my older brother using

older to make that comparison between the ages and is to describe what type of brother

he is now.

Don could also say Ed is my elder brother, technically.

Technically Don can say this, but if Don is a native English speaker in North America,

Don is not going to say that because although according to a dictionary and a grammar rule

you can use elder to replace older, in a comparison between two people to talk about their age,

we don't do that.

OK, to me it sounds awkward, it sounds unnatural, and it's not something I hear.

So my recommendation to you is to use older.

Even though elder is grammatically correct, I still want you to use older because it will

help you sound more natural.

Now we can also make a general statement and say Ed is older than dawn.

So notice here I'm using older than.

That's a comparative adjective.

Olders are adjective.

Than we have our comparative adjective.

Ed is older than dawn.

Now in this case I cannot say grammatically I cannot say Ed is elder than dawn.

We don't use elder than it doesn't exist as a comparative adjective, and that's according

to grammar as well.

So you might be wondering, if I'm telling you don't use elder when you're talking about

ages between 2:00 people, when can you use elder?

Should you?

Ever use it?

Well, there is one specific case that we commonly use it in North America, and that's using

elder as a noun.

A noun okay, not an adjective as a noun.

And elder and elder would be 1 and elders would be a group they.

Are.

Senior citizens, senior citizens, and using the name Elder sounds respectful.

It sounds like a nice thing to say.

It's certainly more polite than describing them as.

Old.

People, right?

Just describing them as elders.

It's a sign of respect and it's very polite.

But we use this for senior citizens.

Now, honestly, my definition of a senior citizen is probably about someone who's 80 or.

Older.

80 or.

Older.

Why?

Because I think in today's modern world, people are working well into their 70s.

So maybe previously you'd be considered a senior citizen at 70 or maybe even 65.

But I don't see that in this modern world.

When I see a 70 year old, I see somebody who's still working, still traveling.

When I think of elder, I think of like grandmas and grandpas sitting in a rocking chair, like

knitting.

OK, so in my mind, as someone who's about 80 or older, so we have an expression, it's

just like a common saying, always respect your elders.

I heard this all the time when I was growing up as a kid.

Always respect your elders.

And keep in mind elders as a group, as a noun.

Remember, just senior citizens, people who are 80, plus, this isn't people in your direct

family.

So it's not just talking about my grandmother, my grandfather or anything like that.

My great uncle, great great uncle.

No, it's about any senior citizen, OK?

It doesn't have to be related to you.

So when we say, like always respect your elders.

I imagine if I'm on a bus, for example, public transportation, and an elder enters the bus,

gets on the bus, I would give my seat to that elder person.

Why?

Because that's how we respect our elders.

Or same thing, if I was in a grocery store, I would let the elder person go in front of

me.

But remember that is 80 plus senior citizen.

So that's an expression that we have always respect your elders.

So let me know in the comments, is that an expression that you have in your country?

I'm sure it's a universal concept.

And what's something that you do to respect your elders.

So for me, I always open doors, I let them go ahead of me in line.

I even offered to carry their bags if.

They look heavy.

Things like that.

I always try to help out elders.

What about you?

What's something you do now?

So that's how I would recommend using elders to refer to a group of senior citizens and

to summarize, when you're just talking about your brother or you know, a family member

that is more advanced in age.

Use.

Older.

Don't use elder, You'll sound more natural.

So now you have everything you need to use these two confidently.

So feel free leave two comments below, one with older, one with elder.

I already told you how to use elder.

Give us an example of how you respect your elders.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are the questions.

Hit pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the

answers.

How did you do with that quiz?

Make sure you share your score in the comments below and let's continue on to the next group.

I get questions a lot on the difference between employ, employer, employee, and employment.

Let's review these.

Now let's start with employ.

This is a verb.

To employ as a verb, of course, you need to conjugate it with your subject and your time

reference.

Now what does this mean?

Well, you need to understand the sentence structure of how to use this verb and someone

or something like a company, someone employs someone and when that someone or something

like a company employs someone, that means that they pay them money in order to do.

A.

Job.

That's what the verb employee means.

So let's look at some examples.

I could say the company employs many students.

Now you might think, oh, as a student they're just doing the work for free volunteer work.

Or it's an internship.

No, it can't.

If you use the verb employee, there has to be money exchanged for work, so it isn't volunteer,

even though that person is a student.

If a company employs them, it means they're paying them to do that job.

Another example, you could commonly ask how many.

People.

Does your company employ How many people work at your company and receive money in order

to do that work?

Employee is a noun.

You.

Are most likely an employee.

If you work for someone else, whether it's a company or an individual, and that someone

pays you money to do the work, then you're an employee.

You're not an employee if you own your own business and you work for yourself, for example.

But if you work for someone else or a company, of course then you're an employee.

Now as an example, you can ask the same question that we asked before using the verb employee.

But this time you would ask how many employees?

How many employees does this company have?

Because now we know an employee is someone who works for a company and is paid for it.

How many employees does this company have?

Or another example, the company gave every employee a raise.

So every person at that company that receives a paycheck, they gave them all a raise.

All their employees got a raise.

Now let's talk about employer.

I hear many students even sometimes native speakers confuse employee and employer.

All you have to remember is employee is the one getting paid and the employer is the one

paying the employee.

OK, so employer that's like the boss, it's the company.

Employee is the one working at that company and getting paid.

So you can think of it as an employer is a company or a person that employs people.

Now that you know what the verb employee means.

For example, let's say you're going to a job interview and they say to you, HR says to

you we need a reference from your last employer.

Your last employer.

So the last person or company that employed you.

Notice how all these words are coming together.

Or another example, and this could be a great example sentence that you leave in the comments

below.

So just think of this.

I could say the government is the largest employer in my city.

And this is true because I live in the capital.

And in the capital, that's where all the official government business takes place.

So the government is the biggest employer in my city.

The government employs the most people, so all the employees, they're employees.

Of.

The government see how it's all coming together now.

Finally, employment, employment.

You can think of this more as a concept.

It's a noun, and it's the concept of paying someone.

For work.

But as a concept, we talk about it more in terms of employment rate, employment level.

So you'll see employment used in a lot of statistics.

For example, they might say right now employment levels are at an all time low, so employment

levels, that's simply the number of people employed.

Now also they talk about unemployment, unemployment, unemployment of course are the people that

are not employed are not working for money, right.

So you might say the unemployment rate in my city is really high, so the number of people

who are not employed.

So now you know how to use employ, employee, employer and employment.

So definitely it's your turn to practice.

Try writing four sentences, leave them in a the comments below and then feel free to

leave a fifth bonus sentence and see how many you can use in one sentence because they all

relate together.

So you might need to watch this video again.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are are the questions.

Hit pawns.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

How did you do with that quiz?

Make sure you share your score in the comments below and let's continue on to the next group.

You're doing so awesome.

Our final pair is the difference between income and revenue.

First of all, you only need to know this if you own a business or if you're interested

in business topics.

Because if you're an individual who?

Works.

For a company, if you're an employee, you're employed by a company.

All you need to be concerned about is income.

Revenue does not apply to you.

OK, but you might be interested to know about the revenue that your company generates.

But an individual does not generate revenue.

A company generates revenue.

So just keep that.

Come on.

So for an individual, let's say you work for a company and you're just concerned about

the money in your pocket.

As an employee, what is income?

Income is how much money you make from all.

Sources.

All sources.

OK, So what does that mean, all sources?

Well, let's say that you are a full time employee.

OK, And let's say you have a salary and you make $75,000 a year.

But in addition to your full time employment, you're also an artist and you like to paint

in your spare time.

But twice a year you go to art shows on weekends and you sell your art.

You don't consider this a job because you love painting.

It's just a hobby of yours.

But your paintings are really wonderful and people want to buy them.

So you go to these art shows and you sell your paintings twice a year, and from those

art shows you make $20,000 from your art.

So your.

Income is not just the money you get from your employer.

Your income is all sources of money that you receive, so of course your employer is probably

going to be the most important income source I imagine.

But if you have any sort of hobbies that you generate money from, even if you have a garage

sale and you make $1000, technically that's still your income.

You sell a bike and you make 100 bucks.

You would include that in your total income.

So your total income is the money you make from all sources.

Now let's go back to the concept of revenue versus income.

But remember, this is something that only applies to businesses, small businesses, large

businesses.

It doesn't matter any type of business.

So in a business, revenue is the money generated from all sales.

So let's say a company has five different products and each of those products generates

some money.

And then you Add all of those together and that company generates $25 million that year.

That's the revenue, the money generated from all sales.

Now what's income in a company?

Income is the revenue, which we just learned, the revenue minus the expenses.

That leaves you with the income.

So let's say you generate that $25 million, but to do that you needed to spend $10 million

in advertisement.

So your revenue is $25 million, but your income is your revenue minus your expenses.

So your income is $15 million.

Now just in case you're wondering, that is also referred to as net profit.

That's just a little bonus expression for you.

So there you have it.

That's the difference between revenue and income.

So now it's your return to practice.

Why don't you leave 2 examples in the comments below, 1 using revenue and one using income?

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are the questions.

Hit pause.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

1st, let's talk about the difference between sympathy and empathy.

So let's give a scenario.

Let's imagine that your friend Ted.

Just.

Lost his.

Job.

So this could be a situation, a negative situation where you want to give some sympathy or some

empathy.

So if you want to give.

Ted.

Sympathy.

You're going to say something like, oh, I'm sorry to hear that.

Oh.

That's too bad.

That really sucks.

So you're going to say those?

Words.

To Ted.

But then you're going to go on with the rest of your day.

You're going to be happy, you're going to have fun, you're going to do whatever.

And you're not really going to think about Ted and his situation anymore.

Because sympathy is at the surface level.

Okay.

A situation happens to a friend, a colleague, a Co worker, a family member, someone you

know.

And then you just use your words to offer some words of support, words of comfort.

And then you go on with your day.

What is empathy, though?

Empathy is deeper.

Empathy is about emotion.

Empathy isn't really about words.

Empathy is about trying to understand the emotion that Ted is feeling.

So trying to either imagine what Ted must be feeling right now because he just lost

his job.

The stress he must be feeling, the insecurity, the frustration, the anger, the lack of confidence.

Whatever emotions that Ted's feeling, you want to understand them, but you want to almost

take those emotions on and you.

Feel.

Those emotions.

So even though Ted lost his job, you feel the pain of Ted losing his job.

And by doing that, you're able to offer more comfort and more support to Ted because you

truly want to understand what it feels like now, Because of that, empathy is really not

about words.

Empathy is about emotion.

So how could you show Ted that you have empathy for his situation?

Well, you might sit beside Ted on the couch and just put your arm around him or give him

a hug.

Or maybe you show your emotion by even having some tears in your eyes as Ted is telling

you about how he lost his job and how he's not sure how he's going to pay his mortgage.

You, you don't say anything, but you show Ted that you understand what he's going through

because you might have some visible tears in your eyes, or you put your hand on his

shoulder, on his knee, or you just sit there silently and allow the emotion to be present.

That's empathy.

Empathy is at a much deeper level.

And then when you leave, so you say goodbye to Ted Okay and then you go home.

And even though Ted is in his home and you're in your home, you still feel it.

You still feel the emotion.

You're still a little bit sad yourself.

That's empathy.

It's way deeper of an emotion.

So to summarize, sympathy is about offering words of comfort.

But.

But it's.

Step one, offering the words of comfort.

And then you offer those words of comfort.

And then you just go about your day, go about your life as normal.

Empathy is about taking it further, and it's no longer about words.

It's about emotions.

And it's trying to understand what someone is feeling or the situation that they're going

through at a deeper level so you can offer support to that person.

So that's the difference between sympathy and empathy.

As these are more concepts, we don't really use them in sentences.

So I know I usually ask you to practice in the practice in the comments below.

However.

You might not really be able to practice sentences using these words.

So because of that, maybe you can just talk about a scenario where you might want to offer

someone's sympathy, and then a scenario where you want to offer someone empathy.

Or you can think back to a time in your life where you did offer someone's sympathy and

then someone empathy.

So maybe you can just talk about those scenarios more to practice using these expressions.

Amazing job.

Let's move on and look at the difference between relate to and related to.

So first, let's talk about how to use to relate to something.

When you relate to something, it means you understand a situation or you understand someone's

feelings.

And the reason why you understand that situation or someone's feelings is because you've had

a similar experience.

You've experienced it yourself and because of that you understand the situation or how

someone feels.

So let's say your coworker comes up to you and says, oh, this project is really stressing

me out.

Now imagine that in the past you were on that exact same project and you experienced stress

when you were on that project.

You've had the same experience.

Because of that, you can just say, I can relate to that, I can relate to that.

And what is the that?

Well, the that is feeling stressed out on the project.

You've experienced the exact same feelings that your coworker is experiencing now, and

because you can relate to that, you can probably have a different conversation.

You can have a more in depth conversation or maybe you can share some tips and advice

because you've had that same experience.

Here's a great example I saw on you, Glitch.

We can all relate.

To.

Having doubt or feeling insecure about certain things right?

And you agree with that, right?

You can relate to having doubt.

You.

Can relate to feeling insecure if I ask you can.

You.

Relate to that I'm asking you.

Have you?

Ever experienced that in your life?

And if you've never experienced doubt and you've never experienced insecurity, well,

then you're not human, right?

Because we've all experienced it, right?

Of course we have.

It's a human emotion.

We experience all emotions, negative and positive.

Now, why might you say something like this?

Well, likely because you want to connect to whoever you're talking to.

If a student is coming to me and telling me how insecure they feel about using their English

in public, I can let them know that I can relate to that.

And if the student feels like, oh, Jennifer has experienced this as well.

Then they might.

Be more open to hearing the advice I have to share, or they might just feel closer to

me, more connected to me because we've had that same experience.

So that's how we feel connected to each other.

It's through shared experiences, right?

So it's really powerful to try to relate to somebody's experience or to let them know

that you can relate to what they're feeling or what they're experiencing right now.

Now notice in our Youglish example, what do you notice about the verb we have relate to?

And then what do you notice relate to, relate to having, and notice it's also relate to

feeling.

Both of our verbs are in the gerund.

This is a gerund expression when you want to use a verb next.

I can relate to feeling, having, wanting, missing, needing, whatever verb.

Your.

Have next is going to be in the gerund, so make sure you pay attention to that when you're

forming your sentences.

Now let's talk about to be related.

To.

Someone, When you are related to someone, it means that they are a family member.

They're part of your family.

You share the same.

Blood genes, DNA.

You come.

From the same family, even if it's a great, great, great, great, great aunt or uncle,

even if it's a very distant family member, you're.

Still.

Related.

To.

Them to.

Be related to someone.

So let's say your friend invites you to their family reunion.

And at a family reunion, everybody is going to be related, right?

Well, not everybody.

Because of course other people could bring friends or people they're just dating, for

example.

They're not related to them.

That's a very important point.

You're not related to your spouse, the person you're married to, because that would mean

you share the same DNA and genes and blood.

And that's just a little creepy, right?

No, you're not related to your spouse.

You're married to them.

You're part of their family, but you're not relatives.

You're not blood relatives, right?

You're related to your mother, father, brother, sister and uncle, grandmother, grandfather

and cousins, and then the second, the third, the extended family as well, down the family

tree.

But you're not related.

To.

The person you're married to.

You're at the family reunion with your friend.

And as you're meeting new people, of course you're going to ask your friend, oh, how are

you related to that person?

How are you related to Frank?

Oh, he's my second cousin.

How are you related to Mary?

Oh, she's my aunt.

How are you related to Jim?

Oh, actually, I'm not related to him.

He's married to my aunt.

Because you're not related to your aunt's husband, right?

Because you're not in the same bloodline, the same DNA, the same genes as your aunt's

husband.

Yes, the husband is part of your family, but you're not directly related.

To.

Them.

Okay.

So there is a difference between someone in your family and then being related to someone.

So as you can see there's a big difference between when you relate to something or you

relate to someones feelings.

And you?

Are.

Related to someone, so there's that difference in sentence.

Structure.

Because it's to be related with the Ed to be related to.

But then there's a huge difference in the meaning as well.

When you can relate to someone's feelings, you understand their feelings because you've

experienced the same thing and when you're related.

To.

Someone.

They.

You share the same DNA, the same blood, the same genes.

They're a member of your blood family.

So now you know how to use relate to someone's feelings and to be related to someone.

So it's your turn to practice.

I want you to leave 2 examples in the comments below.

An amazing job.

Let's keep going with the difference between either and neither.

I'm going to make this explanation real easy for you, and by the end of the video you'll

feel confident using either and neither in sentences.

This is definitely an area I see lots of mistakes with, but not just with non-native English

speakers.

I say this with my friends, with my colleagues with native English speakers as well.

So don't worry too much about this, but I will make it easy for you to remember.

Now, before we go any further, I just want you to know that the pronunciation is flexible.

So you can say neither, neither, either, either.

OK, there's no difference.

I might even change them throughout the video.

If I do, there's no difference at all.

I tend to use either and neither, and that's generally what I hear being used in North

America.

With that said, let's talk about the difference between either and neither, and let's start

with either.

In terms of structure, it's going to be either noun or noun.

And we use this structure when we're choosing between two options.

It's really important that it's only two options.

We don't use it with three and we don't use it with four.

We use it with two options.

Let's take a look at an example.

Either Mike or John will help you.

So as you can see, we have our structure, either noun or noun, right now in terms of

meaning.

Both of these situations are possible.

It's possible that Mike will help you.

It's possible that John will help you.

Now it's important to know that it's only one person that.

Will help you.

In the end, so in the end you will have Mike or John, either Mike or John.

Will help you.

So let's take a moment and practice now that we know how to form a sentence using either.

Or.

So pause the video.

If you need think of an example.

Remember the structure is either noun or noun, and then the rest of your sentence.

So think about what your sentence is and then put it in the comments below.

Now, before we move on, let's talk about different sentence structures using either.

Now, it's definitely possible that the nouns Mike and John in this scenario, the nouns

have already been identified.

OK, And if that's the case, there are some other sentence structures that you can use.

In fact, there are three possibilities.

They mean exactly the same thing.

So let's say that our nouns have already been identified.

So I could say Mike and John are in the office today.

So we already set the context that Mike and John are our nouns, right?

I don't need to repeat that information.

So I could say Mike and John are in the office today.

Either one will help you notice here.

Either.

One okay, of course, either 11 is Mike and one is John.

I don't need to repeat those nouns because I said them at the beginning part of my sentence.

In this case, I can simply say Either one will help you.

Now remember I said there's three different choices of sentence structure.

I could also say either one of.

Them.

Will help you.

So notice here I'm just adding of them, of course the them is Mike and John, you got

this right.

OK.

Our third choice is I could say either of them will help you.

So what am I doing different here?

In this case, I'm simply dropping the one, right?

So all three of these choices mean exactly the same thing.

You can use them interchangeably.

There's no difference at all.

Remember, these three choices are used when the nouns have already been identified.

So now take a second.

Take your example that you already used and change it so you identify the nouns first

and then follow this structure.

Remember, you have three different choices, so practice using all three and put your practice

examples in the comments.

Now let's talk about neither.

The thing you need to remember is that neither is.

Negative.

So I think it's really easy to remember that it's negative because neither starts with

an N and negative starts with an N So you can just have that association in your brain,

right?

Neither negative, neither negative NN.

So that's an easy way to remember it.

So think of it as the exact same as either, but we use it in the negative.

So instead of saying that both choices are available and possible like we did with either,

we're using neither to deny.

Those.

Two choices, OK, they're not available now.

There's one important change that we need to make, and this change is definitely something

that native English speakers forget all what?

OK, But that change is we have to say neither noun.

Do you know what I'm going to say next?

Do you put it in?

The comments if you do neither noun.

Nor, nor.

Now now again, I think this should be easy for you to remember because you just put an

N in front of or right?

Nor nor N negative, neither negative.

So use that brain association.

I think it will be really easy for you to remember it that way.

Neither nor Okay.

So let's take our original example with either and put it in the negative with neither.

So pause the video, think about that and put it in the comments.

What would our original example be with neither?

Hmm.

Put it in the comments.

Of course, it would be neither Mike nor John.

Will help you.

I don't know why they won't help you, but they won't because remember, neither is negative.

So we're saying those two choices are not available.

So you can think of it as you have two choices, right, John and Mike.

John won't help you.

Mike won't help you.

Neither Mike nor Dawn will help you.

Now, the same three different sentence structures that we saw with either are exactly the same

for neither.

So in that case.

It's really easy.

We just.

Change either to neither, but remember it's negative.

Neither negative.

So pause the video.

Think about what our original examples were with either and put them in the comments.

With neither.

Did you get them in the comments?

Hopefully you did.

So remember, we need to put the context and identify our nouns.

So I could still say Mike and John are in the office.

They can still be in the office, but they're just not willing to help you.

OK, so Mike and John are in the office.

Neither one will help you, right?

Neither one will help you.

What are the two other choices?

Put them in the comments.

Neither one of them will help you.

Or our third choice, neither of them will help you.

Not very nice.

Mike and John, are they.

OK, so by now you feel really comfortable with either and neither, right?

But let me give you one more scenario before you go, because it's an important one.

And this is an area that I see native English speakers make mistakes with.

OK.

So let's imagine you're talking to your friend and they just randomly say I don't speak French,

I don't speak French, OK, I.

Don't.

Negative.

I don't speak French.

Now, how can we answer this using neither?

Hmm.

I don't speak French.

What would I say as my answer?

Neither do.

I.

Neither do I, because it's negative.

I don't speak French, so I'm matching my answer with neither, because neither is negative.

OK, neither do I.

Now there's a casual, a more casual, informal way that native English speakers answer that,

and we simply say me neither, me neither.

That's a little more of a casual way, but I say it all the time.

Neither do I is, you know, the formal way.

Me neither.

I don't speak French.

Me neither.

I don't speak French.

Neither do I.

Now, I don't want to confuse you, but it is possible to answer this with either.

But it's not that common.

OK, but I just want you to know that it's possible.

I don't speak French.

How can I answer this with either?

Do you know?

If you do, put it in the comments.

Bonus points if you know this one, put it in the comments.

If I wanted to answer with either to a negative, I would have to make.

Either.

Negative, OK.

I would have to say I don't speak French.

I don't either.

I don't either.

I don't speak French.

I don't either.

In this case, there's only one possible answer, so that's definitely a possibility.

It's just not as common as saying me neither, neither do I.

But remember negative statement.

You use neither to agree with that negative statement.

I don't like coffee.

Neither do I.

Now before you go, just one more bonus thing.

OK, now imagine it was a positive statement, OK?

And my friend said I speak French.

My answer would be me too.

Me.

Too.

So.

Do I so?

Do I?

So if it's a positive.

Statement and you're agreeing positively.

We don't use either, and we don't use neither.

OK, so those don't exist in this situation.

They're not choices.

You're doing awesome.

Feel free to hit pause and take a break.

And when you're ready, let's move on to the difference between anyway anyways, anyhow,

and any who.

And at the end of this lesson, there will be a quiz and you can download the free PDF

summary.

Let's go first.

Let's talk about anyway and anyways.

What's the difference between these two?

Well, it's very simple.

One of these words is grammatically correct and the other is slang.

Do you know which one is slang?

Well, anyways, with an S is slang.

It doesn't exist in English.

As a word.

This may surprise you because native speakers use anyways.

All.

The time.

In fact, I would say that anyways with an S is just as common as anyway, even though

technically anyways.

With an S is not a word in English, it's slang.

Regardless, you will hear anyways in formal situations like Ted talks or formal presentations,

even from politicians and doctors you will hear anyways being used all the time.

But remember, any way without the's anyway is the grammatically correct choice in any

situation.

Now let's talk about how to use any way.

And anyhow, they have the exact same meaning.

They're interchangeable, which means you can use any way or you can use anyhow, it doesn't

matter.

They're both adverbs and they have three common meanings.

So let's review each meaning and we'll look at example sentences.

The first meaning we use anyway and anyhow to mean in any case without regard to other

considerations.

For example, let's say you're planning a family dinner at a new restaurant.

You want to try, but you're not sure if this restaurant takes reservations.

You might say to your family member.

I'm not sure if the restaurant takes reservations.

Anyway, I'll call tonight.

So this means without regard to other considerations in any case.

So it doesn't matter if the restaurant takes reservations or doesn't take reservations,

you're going to call.

Remember, you can use anyhow and they have the exact same meaning.

So I could say I'm not sure if the restaurant takes reservations, I'll call tonight.

Anyhow, notice I changed the placement of the adverb.

The placement can come at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence.

There's no difference between these two anyway.

And anyhow are also used when you provide a more important reason or consideration.

Let's say you find out about a work conference, but you decide you're not going to go.

You could say the conference.

Is out of.

Town.

That's one reason you're not going to go.

It's out of town, which means it's not in your city, or your location is in a different

city or different location.

So that's one reason.

But you want to provide a more important reason why you're not going to the conference.

You could say the conference is out of town and I have another meeting that day anyway,

so the fact that you have another meeting is more important than the fact that the conference

is out of town.

And we use the adverb anyway to show that With this meaning, the placement of the adverb

is also flexible and it can come at the beginning of the sentence or the end of the sentence.

So I could also say the conference is out of town and anyhow I have another meeting

that day.

Notice it came at the beginning of the sentence, but I put the adverb and to act as a transition

word and anyhow so you will commonly see anyhow or any way with a small adverb like and but

so in front of it.

That doesn't change the meaning in any way.

In any way.

And and you can.

Just.

Get.

Rid of it and the sentence would be the same.

The conference is out of town anyhow.

I have another meeting that day.

The final way we use anyway and anyhow is as a transition word to transition from one

conversation topic to another conversation topic.

And this might be the most common way.

It's.

Used.

And this might be the way you're most comfortable using it, and you can use any way, or anyhow,

it doesn't matter.

And of course you can use.

Any.

Ways.

But remember, that's slang.

So let's say you're having a conversation with your friend and you're talking about

one subject work you're talking about.

Work, work, work.

Is really busy at work right now and we need to hire another accountant, but now?

You don't want to talk.

About work anymore with your friend, you want to change the topic.

You can say.

Anyway, how was Italy?

So your friend just got back from this vacation and you want to now change the topic from

work to your friend's vacation.

Work's really busy now we need to hire another accountant.

Anyhow, how is Italy?

Tell me about Italy again.

You can use any way or anyhow, but with this meaning to change conversation topics, we

most commonly put the adverb at the beginning of the second sentence, so we don't commonly

put it at the end of the sentence.

And you can still use another transition word like and so, but you're talking about work.

We need to hire another accountant.

So anyway and anyway.

But anyway, how was Italy now?

Finally, let's talk about the difference between anyhow and any who, any who is a slang replacement

to.

Anyhow, you can use it the exact same way you use anyhow.

Remember though, it's slang now.

Notice the spelling because most commonly when we use this in a text message, for example,

it's spelled any who Hoo.

That's because we're borrowing from the word how and we're just changing it slightly to

who.

So you may see it written as any who, but it's more commonly written as any who.

In pronunciation, there's no difference at all.

Any who.

Is.

Fun.

Light hearted.

Casual way.

To say anyhow, but keep in mind that it isn't commonly used.

Remember I said that?

Anyways, even though it's slang, it's used 50% of the time.

That's not the same with anywho.

Anywho, isn't very common and in fact some native speakers, depending on the region they're

from, they might not even know what it is and they may think you just made a mistake

and you meant to say anyhow.

So because it isn't very commonly used and because it's slang, I don't recommend using

it.

Now you know how to use anyway anyways.

Anyhow, and any who Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are your questions.

Hit pause.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play for the answers.

Let's see how well you did on that quiz.

Here are your answers.

So hit pause, Review these answers, compare them to your own, and when you're done, hit

play.

So how did you do with that quiz?

Share your score in the comments below.

And remember you can download the PDF that summarizes everything from this lesson so

you can practice it and review it.

So the link to download the PDF is right there.

You can go there and download it anytime.

Way to go.

Let's move on and talk about as soon as and as long as.

Let's start with as soon as.

You can think of this as a time reference.

OK, we're talking about time and as soon as you can translate that to immediately after.

OK, immediately after something happens.

For example, call your mother as soon as.

You.

Get home.

OK, so remember we can think of as soon as as immediately.

After.

So immediately after you get home, call your mother.

So imagine you're walking home.

You open your door, you enter your house.

OK, immediately after.

So the first thing you're going to do when you get home is call your mother.

Call your mother as soon as you get home.

Now it's important to keep in mind that the structure of this is flexible.

I can use as soon as to start the sentence and I can say as soon as you get home.

As soon as you get home, call your mother.

And they mean exactly the same thing.

Another example.

Send me that.

Report as soon as you get the numbers.

So immediately after you get the numbers, what are you going to do?

You're going to send me the report?

Send me the report as soon as you get the numbers.

And remember, we can switch the sentence structure as well.

So write in the comments below.

What would be the alternative way to write this?

Starting with as soon as.

So pause the video and write that in the comments below to practice.

Did you get it?

As soon as you get the numbers?

As soon as you get the numbers, send me the report.

Now let's talk about as long as, as long as and as soon as are very different.

The only thing they share is that they both have as and as.

OK, but.

They're used very.

Differently now with as long as we're offering a condition.

OK, this will make sense with an example sentence.

So let me give you an example.

I'll go to the party as long as you give me a.

Ride.

OK, so there's a condition, right?

I will only go to the party if you give me a.

Ride.

If you don't give me a ride, I won't go to the party.

That's the condition.

So we use as long As for identifying a condition.

I'll go to the party as long as you give me a ride.

Now, just like with as soon as.

This sentence structure is flexible as well.

So think about this.

Hit.

Pause and change the sentence structure so we begin with as long as OK Put your answer

in the comments below.

Did you get it?

As long as you give me a ride, I'll go to the party.

Another example.

I'll help you with that report as long as you buy me lunch.

So my offer to help you is conditional and I'll only help you if what if you buy me lunch,

right?

That's the as long as as long as you buy me lunch, I'll help you with that report.

As long as you buy me lunch.

Now again, think about changing that sentence structure.

Hit pause and write the alternative sentence structure in the comments below.

Did you get it as?

Long as you buy me lunch, I'll help you with that report.

To summarize, we have two great conjunctions as soon as which you can think of immediately

after something, and we have as long as which is used to offer a condition.

All right, now you know how to use as soon as and as long as confidently.

Now you practice.

Make sure you write one example with as soon as and one example with as long as in the

comments below, and then change that to the other sentence structure so you get comfortable.

With.

Both of them.

You're doing amazing.

Let's keep going and talk about as well and as well as.

First, let's talk about as well as well is used when we add an additional piece of information.

You can think of it as the same as two.

So let's say your friend says I have to go to the bank.

Now you.

Have.

To go to the bank, So you have to go to the bank.

Your friend has to go to the bank.

Hmm.

So we can use.

As well.

So again, your friend says I have to go to the bank.

You can say I have to go as well as well.

So here is like saying two You both have to do the same action.

Or let's say it's early in the morning and you go to your favorite cafe for a cup of

coffee.

So you order and you say I'll have a coffee, but then you notice those muffins look delicious.

So then you add and a muffin as well as well, so you can add as well.

I'll have a coffee and a muffin as well.

So we're adding as well our adverb to the end of a sentence.

Notice that sentence structure?

The placement is at the end of a sentence and it's used when we're adding an additional

point, a point that complements our first point.

Now, as well as is used in a different way, the meaning is more advanced, it's more of

an advanced grammar topic.

The meaning is not only Y but also X.

OK, not only but also.

For example, I have to go to the bank as well as.

The.

Store as well as the store.

So notice not only Y but also X.

Now notice how I'm saying not only Y but also X.

It's because we emphasize X.

So in this case our X is bank and the Y.

Is.

Store.

Now I'm emphasizing bank.

I have to go to the bank as well as the store.

Now let's compare that to a simple sentence with as well.

I could say I have to go to the store and I have to go to the bank as well.

So in this case I'm adding an additional place I need to go.

Remember, our placement as well comes at the end of the sentence.

Now the important thing to remember is in this case I'm not emphasizing 1 action over

the other, they're equal importance.

The bank, the store, they're equal.

But when I use as well as, the bank is more important.

It has more emphasis than the store.

I have to go through the bank as well as the store.

Now notice the placement with as well as.

We use as well as before the 2nd noun.

The store is our second noun as well as the store, but with as well.

It's simply at the end, the very end of the sentence.

One more example showing both side by side.

Let's say I was at the mall yesterday and I could tell my friend I bought a sweater

and AT shirt as well.

Remember as well, I'm just adding an additional item.

I bought a sweater and AT shirt as well.

Now let's say I want to identify 2 qualities that the sweater has, but I want to emphasize

one over the other.

I could say the sweater is beautiful as well as comfortable.

So two items, Beautiful and comfortable.

But I'm emphasizing beautiful.

The sweater is beautiful as well as comfortable.

So now you can see them side by side and understand how they're used differently.

And of course it's your turn to practice.

So I want you to do the same thing.

Give an example where first you can use as well, and then make a statement where you're

identifying 2 characteristics or two items, 2 nouns, and you're emphasizing one, and use

as well as.

So put your example in the comments below.

Amazing job, hit, pause, take a break if you need.

And when you're ready, let's talk about as much as as much as can be used in two very

different ways, depending on the context, and you're going to learn how to use both

of these ways by the end of the video.

So here we go with meaning number one, you can use as much as when you have two different

things and you.

Want to say that those?

Two things.

Are equal.

In amount.

Or degree.

Let's take a look at an example sentence.

I deserve that promotion as much as she does.

As you can see in this example, we have two different things and we're talking about amount

the amount that I deserve the promotion.

And what's the other amount, The amount that she deserves the promotion?

Okay.

So let's say the amount that she deserves the promotion is this much.

Now.

If I want to use as much as, remember it's equal.

So she deserves the promotion this much.

I deserve the promotion this much it's equal.

I deserve the promotion as much as she does.

Let me give you another example and then I'll get you to try your own example sentence.

OK?

I could say that Jose participated in the conference as much as Maria did.

OK, so here we have amount of participation or the degree to which Maria participated

and Jose participated, but you might just want to think of them in terms of amount.

So Jose participated in the conference this much.

I can't really make it different in sizes this much, and Maria participated in the conference

this much.

They're equal.

Let me give you one more example and I'll make it an easy example that everyone can

understand.

You ate as much cake as I did.

OK, so we have the amount of cake that you ate, the amount of cake that I ate, and they

are equal right?

Now look at the sentence structure.

What do you notice That's a little bit different here?

You.

Ate as much.

Cake.

As I did so notice here I've added in the something.

So ate is a verb, right?

But if I want to specify ATE.

What?

If I want to add the something.

Look at the.

Placement here as much something as OK, so that's when you're including a noun, and the

purpose of that just would be to specify ate.

What?

I could leave out Cake, I can leave that something out and I could simply say I ate as much as

you did.

Now the only difference here is that I'm specifying Cake right, But if Cake is on the table, it's

obvious based on context that we're talking about Cake.

I don't necessarily need to.

Include that.

That in the sentence, but I wanted you to be aware of that sentence structure when we

include.

A.

Something so now you know how to use the first meaning of as much as and remember we have.

2.

Things and they are equal in amount or degree.

So now it's your turn to practice.

I want you to think of an example using as much as and put your example in the comments.

I think you can have a lot of fun thinking of an example for this one.

So put your example in the comments.

Did you get it in the comments?

OK, great.

Now let's move on to meaning #2 as much as in our second meaning.

You can think of it more in terms of, although regardless of or despite how much, that probably

doesn't give you much information, does it?

So as always, it's easier to just see this in an example.

I could say as much as I want to stay, I have to go notice here as much as is at the very

beginning of our sentence.

Okay.

As much as I want to stay, I have to go now.

You can think of this as although, although I want to stay, I have to go now.

What does this mean?

Basically, we can think of them as two individual sentences.

I want to stay.

I have to go okay.

Those are two individual sentences, and then we're just combining them together using as

much as at the very beginning.

There's an easy way that this will make sense for you, and that's by using.

But you're most likely familiar with.

But is one of the first transition words that students learn.

So you can think of this as I want to stay, but I have to go.

That could be one way that you combine these two sentences into one using the transition

word.

But okay.

And notice there's a contrast here.

I want to stay.

That's a positive, right?

I have to go.

That's a negative.

So when we use but there's always a positive and a negative.

Now we're using as much as in exactly the same way is simply the sentence structure

that's changing here.

So remember, we're using as much as at the very beginning of the sentence.

As much as I want to stay.

I have to go.

Another example.

As much as I'd love to help you, I can't now.

This is a very common way that we may decline to do something.

Politely.

I'm letting you know I want to help you.

I can't help you.

So we have that contrast, right?

A positive.

I want to help you, but then we have a negative.

I can't help you.

So we could combine those sentences with, but I want to help you, but I can't.

That might be the more familiar structure to you.

So this is just an alternative way to form that.

And I'll be honest, it does sound more advanced using this structure.

Now remember, as much as at the very beginning, as much as I want to help you, I can't.

So when you hear as much as you know that there's going to be a contrast.

So when someone says as much as I want to help you, even if they don't say the end part,

I know they're not going to help me because that's how we use as much as is with a contrast.

So just keep that in mind.

It can be a polite way to decline doing something.

For example, you could use it as a polite way to decline an invitation to a party.

Your friend invites you to a party and you can say, as much as I'd love to go, I can't.

So as much as I'd love to, that's the positive, right?

I want to go to the party, but then the negative is I can't.

I'm busy.

I have to work, I have a deadline.

I don't have a way to get there.

Whatever the reason is, as much as I'd love to go, I can't.

So that could be a polite way to decline an invitation.

So now you try try using this advanced structure where you need a contrast okay and remember

that placement as much as is going to be at the very beginning.

So pause the video now if you need, think of your example and then leave it in the comments.

This is definitely an advanced structure that's going to make you sound very fluent and very

advanced in English.

So you need need to practice this and I'm really excited to read your example in the

comments.

So make sure you take the time to put your example in the comments so you remember how

to use this structure.

Let's keep going, this is your last section.

Let's talk about as adjective, as this is a very common structure and we use this structure

when you're comparing two things.

So when I say two things, we need 2 nouns and they can be any nouns and we're comparing

them using an adjective or an adverb.

Now we use as adjective as when the two things that you're comparing are.

Equal.

Let's take a look at an example now.

First of all, we.

Need two things.

So let's just take a look.

At 2 houses.

I could say that this House is as.

Big as this house.

So in this example sentence, what's my adjective?

Write the adjective down in the comments.

OK, what's the adjective?

Big?

Of course big is our adjective.

Now remember, we use the structure when the two items are comparable.

But what if they aren't?

Comparable what?

About.

These.

Two houses.

Now, in this case, I can simply make my verb negative.

So let's take a look at our original sentence.

So remember, this was our original sentence when the houses were comparable.

Now they're not.

So what would I need to change in this sentence to make it negative?

Put your answer in the comments.

I hope you know this one.

I'm.

Sure you do.

So I would simply need to take my verb and make that negative.

And in this case, I'm using the verb to be, so I would say this House isn't as big as

that helps.

So in positive form, you're using the structure when 2.

Things.

Are equal, but you can still use this when two things are not equal, but you need to

make the verb negative.

Let's take a look at another example.

So I.

Need two things.

I'm going to use.

2.

Cars.

I can say this BMW is as fast as this Lexus.

So here, what's my adjective?

Put it in the comments.

What's the adjective?

Fast.

Now, of course we can use any adjective we want.

So let's think of some other examples of adjectives.

What other adjective could you use instead of fast?

Hmm.

What do you think?

Anything come to mind?

Put an example in the comments.

Think of another adjective.

You could use.

Well, I could talk about money and say that this BMW is as expensive.

Expensive is the adjective that deals with money.

This BMW is as expensive as this Lexus.

Perhaps I could say this BMW is as nice.

As this.

Lexus So what adjective did you use in the Commons?

Now of course, if these two cars are not comparable in terms of speed, then I can simply make

our verb negative and I can say this BMW isn't as fast as.

This Lexus.

And again, I can use any adjective.

All right, so now it's your turn to practice.

I'm going to give you 2 images, and I want you to form a positive sentence using as adjective.

As So here are your two gardens.

Gardens.

Now what sentence?

Could you use?

This garden.

This garden.

So take your time, as much time as you need.

Think about an adjective and put it in the comments below.

Make sure you do this.

You need to practice this.

Did you get it in the comments?

So of course the first adjective that came to my mind was beautiful.

We could also have pretty colorful, lush, well maintained, and maybe some other adjectives.

So I'm.

Looking forward to seeing what.

You had in the comments.

Now as a final exercise, I want you to take your example and make it negative.

OK, that should be pretty easy for you.

By now.

So using beautiful, I would simply say this garden isn't as beautiful as that garden.

Now I wanted to make this video because in a previous lesson I covered as much as and

in the comments I noticed that there were some questions or that there was some confusion

and students were using as much as when they should have been using as adjective.

As.

For example, let's take out this comment from my awesome student Buddha.

Now Buddha wrote this example but had a couple question marks at the end.

So Buddha wasn't sure, and it's good that you guessed or that you weren't sure because

there is something a little bit off about this.

Comment.

So Buddha said you are beautiful as much as me.

Hmm.

Now here we definitely need the as adjective, as we use as much as when we're comparing

2 amounts.

But in that case, with as much as there isn't an adjective involved, you're simply dealing

with the verb.

OK, so you can review that video on as much as but here in Buddha's comment.

How?

Can we take this comment and change it so it's grammatically correct, using as adjective

as so take as much time as you need and then put your answer in the comments.

So were you able to correct Buddha's comments here?

The.

Correct comment would be you're as beautiful as me, you're as beautiful.

As.

Me because we need to use our as adjective as structure in this case.

First, let's talk about the difference between during and and while.

Ultimately, they have the same meaning, but their sentence structure is different, so

that's the important thing to keep in mind.

So let's begin with during.

We use during to talk about something that happens over a period of time.

So there's this event taking place over a period of time, and then something happens.

It happens at one point during that time.

It can also even last for a longer period, as during that period of time.

So for example, I could say my phone rang during the movie.

So of course a movie has a start and it ends about two hours, right?

So the movie's going on and on and on, and then at some point from the start of the movie

to the end of the movie, my phone rang.

It could have been at the beginning, the middle, the end.

We really don't know.

But I want you to notice the sentence structure.

My phone rang during the movie.

So what?

Is the.

Movie in terms of parts of speech.

Is it a verb?

An adjective?

A noun?

An adverb?

What is it?

It's a noun.

A noun.

And that's the important thing to keep in mind.

We use during plus noun, during plus noun.

So remember that because that's important.

When we talk about while while it used to talk about something that happens at the same

time as something else.

So just like during, we have one action that's taking place with a start and an end, and

then while another action will happen at some point as well.

Now, it can happen for a period of time, it can be shorter or longer, but it has to happen

between the start and the end of another action.

So if you're thinking, well, that sounds exactly the same as during, because with during we

had a start and an end, and then an action happens.

You're right, the meaning is basically the same, OK?

But it's the sentence structure that's different.

So listen to this example.

My phone rang while I was watching the movie.

My phone rang while I was watching the movie.

Comparing that to during, my phone rang during the movie.

So we already know that during we need a noun, with while we use a clause, so we need a subject,

a verb, and then an object.

So you can think of it as a sentence.

My phone rang while subject I then verb was watching the object the movie while I was

watching the movie.

I can't say while.

The.

Movie I can't.

Say that.

And I can't say during I was watching the movie, I cannot say that either.

So basically it's the same meaning, it's just different sentence structures.

That will tell.

You which one you want to use?

If you're using a noun, it's during.

If you're using a clause or a sentence, then it's wild.

So now it's your turn to practice.

I want you to leave 2 examples in the comments below, one with during and one with wild.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Hit, pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the

answers, let's continue on and talk about the difference between the present simple

and the present continuous.

This is a mistake that I see students making quite a lot, and this is a mistake that I

see my advanced students make.

Now you need to keep in mind that when you use a different verb tense, the meaning changes.

So when I hear I live in Paris and the present simple that is different from I'm living in

Paris, the meaning is different and I'm going to interpret them differently simply because

of the verb tense you use.

Now our present simple, I live in Paris.

Of course, to form the present simple we just take our base verb, which is the infinitive

without two.

Remember, we need to conjugate this with our subject, so if it was she, it would be she

lives in Paris.

OK, now we use the present simple for routines like I'm sure you know, but we also use the

present simple when we're talking about permanent situations.

Or you can think of them as simply facts.

So when I hear someone say I live in Paris, I see this as a permanent situation.

I live in Paris, I live in Paris today and I'm going to be living in Paris.

For the future.

As well, it's a permanent situation.

Now let's take a look at our next sentence.

I'm living in Paris.

So this.

Is in the present continuous.

Now of course we form the present continuous with the verb to be conjugated with our subject.

So I'm living, she is She's living, conjugated with our subject, and then we need our verb

in ING form.

She's living.

I'm living now.

We use the present continuous for situations taking place right now, right?

But we also use the present continuous for temporary situations.

So when I hear I'm living in Paris.

I think.

Of this as a temporary situation.

So I think you're living in Paris right now, but you don't expect to be living in Paris

in the future.

When in the future, Well, that isn't clear.

But when I hear it, I think of it as a temporary situation.

And this is a big difference if you live in Paris permanently or you live in Paris temporarily,

right?

Because you can imagine if you go to a job interview and then you say to the interviewer,

I'm living in Paris, well, they might not think that you're going to be in the city

for very long.

So they might not consider you as an applicant because they want somebody who's going to

be in the position for a long time, but you are only going to be in the city temporarily,

right?

So that could have a really big impact.

Or same thing if you're on a date and you're talking to a potential romantic partner but

you say I'm living in Paris.

Well, they might think, well, it's not worthwhile to pursue this relationship because she's

going to be moving in the future.

So there's a big difference in meaning between these two sentences.

So keep in mind we use the present simple for a permanent situation and the present

continuous for a temporary situation.

So now it's your turn to practice.

I want you to put in the comments one sentence in the present simple.

That's a permanent situation, and one sentence in the present continuous.

That's a temporary situation.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Hit, pause.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

Let's move on and talk about the difference between was and were.

Now, of course, both was and were are the past forms of the verb.

To.

Be and we use was and were in different grammatical structures.

In English.

The most common time you'll see was or were is in the past simple.

So let's just take a present statement.

Let's use to be late.

So here we have the verb to be to be late.

Now if I want to make a sentence in the past, for example yesterday, yesterday, I now I

take my verb to be and I need to conjugate this in the past.

There are two different choices, Was or were.

Your choice depends on the subject.

So in order to know which one you need was or were you simply look at your subject.

Yesterday I the subject is I yesterday I was late, yesterday I was.

Late.

Yesterday you you.

Were.

Yesterday.

You.

Were late.

Yesterday she was late.

Yesterday he was late it was.

Late.

So notice ** *** it.

Those are our three options for the third person singular subject.

The third person singular is conjugated with was yesterday we we were late and yesterday

they they were late.

So you can see that this subject's I and third person singular use was this subject, you,

we and they.

Use were.

That's what you need to remember.

So pause the video now.

Take as much time as you need to memorize this.

You simply need to memorize this.

Now the same.

Rule.

Applies when we use the verb to be in the past in different grammatical structures.

So this example was using the past simple.

Now we also use.

The.

Verb to be in the past with the past continuous.

The past continuous is formed with subject was or were.

Your choice depends on your subject right And then your verb in ING form.

I could say yesterday I was running late.

We we were, we were running late.

He he was running late.

They they were running late.

So it's the same rules that we just covered.

That doesn't change even though.

We're.

Using a different grammatical structure, this time it's the past continuous.

Now we also use the verb to be in the past, so was or were depending on the subject in

the passive voice.

So let's take an active sentence and I could say the present surprised mean, The present

surprised mean.

Now I can take this active voice and I can turn it into the passive.

And I would say what?

Well, you guys tell me.

I'm going to give you a second, and I want you to write it in the comments.

What's the passive form of this active sentence?

Hmm.

Write it in the comments.

So did you get it?

I was surprised.

I was surprised by the present.

I was surprised by this present.

But now let's say the active form used a different pronoun and it was The present surprised us.

OK, what would that be?

Now the present surprised us.

What would that be in the passive form?

So you guys tell me, Write it down in the comments.

The present surprised us.

What would that be in the passive voice?

That would be we.

We is now the subject.

So I need to think, do I need was or were?

Well, remember it depends on the subject we we use were we were surprised by the present.

To summarize, the choice between was or were depends on the subject we use was.

With.

The subjects I, or third person singular, ** *** it, we use were with subjects you,

we, and they, and was and where are used in the past form of the verb to be.

This is most commonly found in the past simple, past continuous and passive voice.

And now you know how to use was or were so you won't be confused.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Hit, pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the

answers.

Let's move on and talk about the difference between you and me or you and I.

Now, the easiest, the absolute easiest way to know which one you need to use is always

drop the you or drop the other person involved and just ask yourself in this sentence, do

I need me or I?

Because when you answer that question in every scenario, all you need to do is then add in

the you and it will be correct.

So let's take an example of this and I'll show you what I mean.

For example, give that to.

Give that to I.

Give that to me.

What do you guys think I or me?

Put it in the comments below.

Give that to I.

Give that to me.

Hmm.

It would be, of course, me.

Give that to me.

So now all you need to add is another person.

You could say give that to my brother and me, for example.

Give that to my brother and me.

So it doesn't matter who you add after.

Let's try another example.

Let's say you're walking down the street and you see this beautiful garden and you ask

a stranger.

You say, can you take a picture of can you take a picture of I or of me?

Can you take a picture of I?

Can you take a picture of me?

Which one do you think?

Put it in the comments below.

Can you take a picture of me?

So now you just add, Can you take a picture of my friend and me?

My friend and me, my friends and me?

It doesn't really matter what you put in.

So let's try another example.

Went to the party, Went to the party.

So is this me went to the party or I went to the party?

What do you think?

Put it in the comments.

Of course it's I went to the party, so all we need to do is add in, my friends and I.

You and I went to the party.

Doesn't matter what you put before I.

So one more example.

Ran a marathon.

I ran a marathon.

Me ran a marathon.

What do you think?

Put it in the comments.

I ran a marathon, so now I know it's I, so I can just add you and I ran a marathon.

My friends and I, my husband and I, my boss and I.

Doesn't matter what you put in my sister and I, it doesn't matter.

So that's the easiest way for you to know if you need you and me or you and I just drop

the you or drop the.

My friends drop the whoever it is my Co workers and just ask yourself do I need me or I in

this sentence now if you're not sure.

If you need me.

Or I you just have to remember this one thing I is always.

The.

Subject of a sentence.

The.

Subject of a sentence.

OK, and what's me Me is.

The.

Object of a sentence, so just.

To.

Quickly study this topic.

Let's go back to our example of Can you take a picture of me?

Can you take a picture of my friends and me?

Hmm.

OK, so who's the subject in this sentence?

Can you?

So you are the subject in this sentence.

You.

Are.

Doing the action I am receiving the action I'm the object.

In.

This sentence Can you take a picture of me?

So I'm not doing the action right.

So the subject is the one doing the action, the object is the one receiving the action.

So that's just a quick overview, but that is how the easiest way to tell if you need

you and me for you and I, Are you ready for your quiz?

Hit pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the

answers.

Let's move on and talk about have in different conjugations and we'll look at have had.

Has had.

And had had our infinitive form of the verb is.

To.

Have.

Of course, we can use the infinitive in certain sentence structures.

For example, I'd like.

To.

Have more time.

So here is the infinitive being used.

Now we can also use the base verb.

The base verb is have, so we simply drop the two from the infinitive to get our base verb.

We can also use the base verb in certain sentence structures.

For example, all have time tomorrow.

Here we're using it in the future.

Simple we need.

Will.

And a base verb.

Our base verb is have all have time tomorrow.

Now here's where things get tricky.

In the present simple form of the verb, we have two options.

We have have and has.

Your choice depends on the subject.

We use have for the subjects I, you, we and they for example.

They.

Have two kids.

Now we use has in the present simple for the subjects ** *** and it are third person singular.

For example, she has two kids.

The past form of the verb is had.

This is for all.

Subjects.

For example, she had a muffin for breakfast.

Now here's where things get tricky for students.

Let's talk about the present perfect.

So the present perfect with the verb have can be formed in two different ways.

It can be formed as has had or have had.

Now had is the same for all subjects.

It doesn't change, but has and have changes according to the subjects.

You already learned this with the present simple.

So you know that we would use have had four subjects.

I, you, we, and they for example, we've had enough and we use has had four subjects.

** *** it the third person singular.

For example, she's had enough now.

Notice how I'm using a contraction I've you've weave they've she's, he's it's.

Native English speakers always use contractions with the present perfect so I encourage you

to get comfortable with that.

So just remember your choice between have had and has had depends on the subject and

we use has had for third person singular key sheet it and we use have had for all other

subjects I, you, we, and they and now we come to had had.

This sounds really bizarre, right?

But it's grammatically correct because this is the past perfect form of the verb.

Now had had is used for all subjects so it doesn't change.

We use had, had for IU, ** *** it, we and they, so this one is easy to remember.

You just.

Have to remember that had had is the past perfect and have had and has had is the present

perfect.

That's the thing that you need to remember now.

Native English speakers also use contractions with had had, so you're not going to hear

a native speaker say had had.

Very often.

You'll hear the contraction, and the contraction is very subtle.

It's a very soft sound.

I'd had you'd had he'd had she'd had it had we'd had they'd had so it's a very soft sound,

added.

To the subject.

For example, he'd had a busy week.

He'd had a busy week.

So notice it sounds very similar to he had a busy week, which is just the past simple

form of the verb.

So let's listen to those two sentences again.

He had a busy week.

He'd had a busy week.

I say even a native speaker would have a hard time hearing that difference.

It's the sentence structure and the rest of the sentence that will let you know if it's

a simple pass or the past perfect.

So you have to pay attention to context as well.

So this is a lesson that you're going to have to review a few times to get comfortable with

it.

And I definitely recommend that you just take some notes so you remember that difference.

And now I want you to practice.

So of course I want you to leave a present simple sentence, a past simple sentence, a

present perfect sentence, and bonus points if you can leave a past perfect sentence as

well.

And remember, your conjugation depends on the subject.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Hit, pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the

answers.

Now let's move on and talk about, be used to, and get used to.

These are must know expressions for your vocabulary.

Now, both of them are used to talk about a feeling of comfort when something's new in

your daily routine.

OK, so let me give you an example.

If you watched my video yesterday, you'll know that I'm using a new mouse for my computer.

Now, this mouse is a little bit different, a little bit weird, because I have to use

my thumb to move the mouse, which is not normal, right?

So because of that, because it's not the normal way to use a mouse, I'm not comfortable with

this right now.

Okay, so I have to.

Get used to it.

I have to get used to it.

Notice I said used to it.

It can be two things.

It can be the mouse.

I.

Have to get.

Used to the mouse.

My new mouse, perhaps.

So we can have get used to and then a noun.

Now I could also say I have to get used to using it using it.

Now what do you notice there?

In that case I'm using a verb, but I'm using a jaron verb, a verb in ING get used to using

so get used to plus jaron.

Now this is the case for both be used to and get used to.

After two, you can have a noun or a jaron verb.

So pay attention to that structure.

Now remember I said I have to get used to this mouse?

This means I have to move from a feeling of discomfort to comfort.

And the only reason why is because this is a new item in my daily routine.

So anytime you add something new to your daily routine, you can use this expression.

Get used to okay.

Now How about be used to?

When do we use?

That hmm Well.

You simply need to know the difference between get and B.

So we use get when we're talking about a transition, a transition from not to, in this case, not

comfortable to comfortable.

OK, the transition.

So I said I have to.

It's a requirement.

I have to get used to using this new mouse.

So I have to transition from not comfortable to comfortable.

Now, how about a month later, you could ask me, oh, hey Jennifer, how's the new mouse?

Is it still uncomfortable?

And then I can reply a month later, A month after using this mouse every day, I could

say no.

I'm used to it.

I'm used to it.

And remember that.

It can be I'm used to the mouse or I'm used to using verb and ING I'm used to using it.

So here notice I use the verb to be and that's because I'm talking about my current state

right now, a month into the future.

Right now I'm comfortable with using this mouse, so when you get to the point where

that new item in your daily routine is now comfortable, you can use B I'm.

Used.

To it I'm used.

To it.

But when you're in that transition, you'll use get.

I'm getting used to it.

I need to get used to it.

Remember, get and be are verbs, so you need to conjugate them with the time reference

and the subject as well.

So if it were she, it would be she is used to it or she's getting used to it.

So don't forget that verb conjugation.

So just remember that we use B and get used to when we're talking about something new

in our daily routine and a feeling of comfort with that new activity.

We use get to talk about the transition from not comfortable to comfortable and we use

B to talk about the current state as comfortable.

Of course, these are both verbs, so you need to conjugate them with the subject and the

time reference.

And don't forget our structure.

After two, we can have either a noun or a jaron verb.

So that's everything you need to know to feel comfortable and confident using be and get

used to.

Now, of course, it's your turn to practice.

I want you to think about something new in your daily routine.

For me, was using my mouse.

So what about you?

And talk about how you're getting used to it, and then talk about how you are used to

it.

So see if you can use B and get to talk about this new item in your daily routine and leave

your examples in the comments below.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Hit, pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the

answers.

Now let's move on and talk about collective nouns and the conjugation of verbs with collective

nouns.

So.

I'll give you an.

Example, my family arriving tomorrow, do I need is or are?

Because in a family there's more than one person, right?

So is a family singular?

Or plural.

What do you guys think?

Put it in the comments.

My family is, my family are.

What do you think?

Put it in the comments.

Family is family.

Are the.

Correct answer is my family is my family is arriving tomorrow.

Now, family is a collective noun.

What that means is within this noun there is more than one.

Of course, like I said, a family there's more than one person, right?

But we treat that noun as one entity.

Now you can think of it as we're not talking about the individual members within that family,

we're talking about the family as a whole.

So we're imagining that that family is 1 unit.

So that's what you can remember with collective nouns.

They're conjugated as singular because we refer to them as one unit.

So of course you need to know subject verb agreement for the verb.

To.

Be And you also need this for the present.

Simple.

For example, my family arrives tomorrow.

Not my family arrive tomorrow.

No, my family arrives tomorrow because remember we need to add that's or ES to third person

singular ** *** it verbs.

So let's think of some other collective nouns that are conjugated as third person singular.

For example, company, same thing, company, many different people within that company,

but we refer to it as one entity is third person singular.

The company is profitable, Team is another one.

Of course there's more than one person on a team, but we conjugate it as one Group One.

Cool.

So team.

Group.

Is a good one.

Community class is another good one as well.

Those are all conjugated as third person singular.

Now how about this one?

Everyone.

Hmm.

Is this conjugated as third person singular or plural?

Would it be Everyone eats third person singular conjugation or everyone eat, everyone eats

at noon, everyone eat at noon?

What do you guys think?

Is everyone third person singular or plural?

Let me know in the comments what you think.

Everyone eats.

Everyone eats at noon, so everyone is third person singular.

It's a collective noun.

There's more than one person, but we're referring to it as one entity, 1 unit.

So this applies for everyone, everybody, anyone, and anybody.

Now, some other common collective nouns that you'll probably use in your vocabulary would

be government, audience, jury, tribe, couple, so two people.

But we refer to them as one.

The couple is really cute.

Couple is a collective noun and army as well.

The army is well prepared, so here's the list of the most common collecting nouns.

I definitely recommend that you pause the video and you write these down or take a screenshot

so you can add these to your vocabulary.

And remember they need to be conjugated as.

3rd.

Person singular.

This is a really important grammar concept, so make sure you take the time and for now

to practice.

I want you to choose three of these collective nouns and write 3 sentences in the comments

below just to get really comfortable with them.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Hit, pause, take as much time as you need and when you're ready, hit play to see the

answers.

Now let's move on and talk about the difference between can and be able to.

Now both of these are used to talk about ability, but the difference is in the sentence structure.

That's possible and also what type of ability.

So first of all, you need to know that can is used for general ability.

So we use it in both the positive form and the negative form in a very general context.

For example, I could just say I can swim, I can swim.

Just in.

General anytime, anywhere, not specific to a specific pool or a specific place or a specific.

Type of water.

Just I can swim in general.

Now, the opposite, of course.

The negative.

I can't swim, so it doesn't matter where I am.

It doesn't matter what type of pool I'm in, what type of water I'm in, what time of day

it is, where the location is.

It doesn't matter in any context.

In a general context, I can't swim, so can is used in positive and negative for general

ability.

Now let's compare that to be able to so be able to.

This is used for a specific ability.

Now what does that mean?

If it's specific, you can think of it as specific to a time, a location, a specific type for

example.

It's limited, so I could say I'm not.

Able to swim.

Today.

I'm not able to swim today.

Now I wouldn't just say I'm not able to swim because that sounds like a general statement.

And if it's a general statement to all places, all times, all situations, I would use can.

I can't swim.

But if I say I'm not able to, that means it's a specific time or specific location.

So I might ask that sentence and say I'm not able to swim today because the pools closed,

or because I have an important meeting, or because I'm not feeling well.

So there's a specific reason that's preventing that ability.

So that's the first important distinction.

Can general be able to specific?

Now, the other very important thing you need to remember is that grammatically these are

different.

And that's because can is a modal verb.

Modal verbs are limited, They're limited in the sentence structure that they can use.

Now can, as a modal verb is used in the present and the future, be able to.

This is a.

Verb expression.

The verb, of course, is the verb to be.

That's the verb that's conjugated with the subject and the time reference as a regular

verb expression.

We can use this in any sentence structure, any formation, any verb tense, anywhere on

our timeline of past, present, or future.

So this is very important because remember I previously told you that can is used for

a specific ability.

But let's say you want to talk about a specific ability in a sentence structure where a modal

verb is not possible in that sentence structure.

If that's the case, even if you're talking about specific ability, you would use be able

to.

So you use be able to when can is not possible grammatically.

Let me give you an example to make this very clear.

So I could say a lifeguard needs swim for 20 minutes without stopping.

So in this case, this is a general ability.

This is something that a lifeguard needs any place, anytime.

It's just a general ability.

But what?

What about this blank here?

What do I need grammatically to complete this sentence?

Well, we have to look at the sentence.

I have need as a verb needs.

The lifeguard needs now need is a verb.

The next verb has to be in the infinitive form.

Now can as a modal cannot be used in an infinitive form, it doesn't exist.

Modal verbs are just the verb, they don't change in different structures.

So in this case, I can't say a lifeguard needs can swim.

No that grammatically doesn't work.

Even though I'm talking about general ability, I need an infinitive.

Because of that, I have to use be able to and I'd say a lifeguard needs to be able to

in the infinitive form.

Now I have a correct sentence.

So now you know how to use can and be able to correctly.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Hit pause.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

Now let's move on and talk about the difference between rather than and instead of.

Let's start with rather than, rather than.

Is used to state a preference.

So you have two things and you want to say which one you.

Prefer.

Which one you like more?

Your preference.

Because of that, we're most likely going to use rather than with the.

Verb.

Prefer.

For example, I prefer making dinner rather than eating out.

So I have my two choices, make dinner, eat out, and my preference is make dinner.

I prefer making dinner rather than eating out.

So rather than is simply used to connect those ideas and form that complete sentence.

Now notice rather than the next verb is going to be a gerund, which is simply your verb

in ING.

That's 100% of the time when you use a verb, so don't forget that.

Now, in terms of placement, I can take that same sentence, but I can move rather than

to the beginning of the sentence, and I can say rather than ordering takeout.

I prefer making dinner, so you do have that flexibility.

Instead of a gerund verb, you could use a noun.

So I could say I prefer pizza, just the noun.

I'm not talking about a verb.

I prefer pizza rather than spaghetti, so I'm still connecting the sentence together with

rather than, but I'm using two nouns instead of two verbs.

Now instead of, it's used as substitution, which means I'm going to take one object and

I'm going to replace it with something else.

OK, so substitution rather than just talking about preference, I like this one more.

And you still see both objects.

That would be rather than, but with instead of we're substituting, so one is going away

and we're only leaving the one we want.

That's instead of So I could say we made dinner instead of eating out.

OK, so in this case, the two objects, the two choices make dinner, eat out.

But rather than just stating my preference, one's going away, and the one that went away

was eat out.

OK, so we're left with make dinner.

We made dinner.

Notice my verb tense is the past simple, because this action is already complete.

We made dinner yesterday instead of eating out.

Now notice I'm still using a gerund verb after instead of.

So that's your structure instead of gerund verb.

But we can also use nouns for our structure.

So I could say we had pizza instead of spaghetti.

So again, two choices.

One of them is going away.

We had pizza instead of spaghetti.

Now I can also just.

Use the.

Word.

Instead, so let's say a friend asks, oh, so did you have spaghetti last night?

So I was talking to my friend about pizza and spaghetti.

So she wants to know, did you have spaghetti last night?

Then I can say no, we had pizza instead.

So when I don't want to specify the 2nd noun or the second action because it's already

been specified, my friend specified it so I don't need to repeat it.

In that case, I can just drop it and use instead.

Did you have spaghetti?

No, we had pizza instead instead of spaghetti.

But I don't mean to say it, it would be repetitive.

No, we have pizza instead.

So just remember that rather than is used to express a preference between two things

and instead of is used to talk about substitution.

So taking that action and one of them is going away.

Now the best way of course to really feel confident is to practice these.

So I want you to leave your own sentences in the comments below.

Why don't you try 4 sentences, 2 with instead of and two with rather than?

Because you can practice with the gerund and the noun for each so you get really comfortable

with that advanced sentence structure.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Hit, pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the

answers.

Let's move on and talk about should, must, and have to.

Now.

All three of these are modal verbs and we use them to talk about obligation or to give

advice.

First, let's talk about should we use should to give advice or opinion or a recommendation.

So keep in mind should is not an obligation.

So let's think of a scenario where you could give advice, an opinion or a recommendation.

Let's say your friend calls you and says I feel overwhelmed at work to your friends in

a negative situation and you want to give some advice and opinion or recommendation.

You can use should.

You can reply back and say you should talk to your boss.

Now let's take a look at the structure.

We need should and a base verb.

The base verb is simply the infinitive.

Without to you should talk.

You should talk to your boss.

I could use a negative and I could say you shouldn't.

You shouldn't take on any more work.

Or maybe I could give her some advice or my recommendation.

My opinion and say you should ask a colleague for help.

Now it's your turn to practice this structure.

Let's say I call you and I say I have a really bad headache.

What's some advice, a recommendation or an opinion you can share with me using should

or shouldn't?

And remember, you need your base verb.

So put your example in the comments now.

Now let's talk about must.

Must is used for obligation.

For example, you must finish the report by 5:00.

I have no option.

I must finish the report by 5:00.

It's an obligation.

Now let's take a look at the structure.

We use must with a base verb.

You must finish.

You must finish the report by 5:00.

I might get an e-mail from the government that says you must file your taxes by the

end of the month or to apply for a job.

They might tell me you must submit your application online.

So now it's your turn to practice.

I want you to leave an example in the comments using must and remember, it's an obligation

and you need a base verb.

So leave your example.

Now let's move on to have to have to is also used for obligation, but generally that obligation

is coming from someone else, an outside force.

For example, I could say I have to walk my dog.

So first let's take a look at the sentence structure.

Here we have have and then are infinitive.

So keep in mind this one we use have to have to and the base verb I have to walk my dog.

So whether or not I want to walk my dog isn't really the issue here, is that as a pet owner,

I'm obligated.

To.

Walk my dog.

I have to walk my dog.

Or I could say I have to babysit my cousin this weekend.

So again, the obligation is coming from somewhere else.

So maybe my aunt is requiring that I do this.

Or another family member I have to babysit my cousin this weekend.

Remember, to babysit are infinitive.

Or I could say I have to buy a new car.

Now the obligation is my current car doesn't work anymore, so I have to buy a new car.

It's not my choice.

I don't want to.

But I.

Have to because my current car doesn't work.

So now it's your turn to practice.

Let us know in the comments something you have to do this week have to do.

Remember to use the infinitive.

So to summarize, should is used with advice, opinion, or recommendation.

Must and have to are used with obligations.

You might be wondering what's the difference?

Well, generally I see must being used by the government or official bodies, official bodies

that give us rules and regulations and and I see it on online forms as well.

That's when I see must the most.

Now with half two, I see that as an outside pressure so that would be the difference between

those two.

And remember should and must plus base verb, but have to verb have in the infinitive.

So now you know how to use should, must and have to.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Hit, pause.

Take as much time as you need.

And when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

Our final group of confusing words, Let's talk about have known and don't have.

So let me give you an example sentence.

I have no time.

I don't have any time.

Now both of these examples have the exact same meaning.

We're talking about the existence of time and we're making it negative.

So we're saying it doesn't exist in this specific situation.

Now when you look at the sentences, you'll notice that the grammar, the sentence structure

is very different.

The standard way to form a negative is simply to use the second one.

I don't have any time.

That's probably the one that you're most comfortable with.

Now I get questions a lot from students because they hear from native speakers on TV, movies

or outside of the classroom.

They hear native speakers forming negatives with have no and saying I have no time and

they're confused by the grammar.

So let's make this nice and easy for you.

So remember the meaning is the same.

We use have no plus the noun when we're talking about desires, emotions, attitudes and concepts.

So you can think of time as a concept, but let me give you another example.

With a desire or an emotion or maybe even an attitude, I could say my boss has no patience.

My boss has no patience.

Now remember, have no of course or verb is have.

We need to conjugate it with the subject.

So here my subject is my boss, third person singular.

So I need has my boss has no patience.

I could also say my boss has no idea that would be a concept.

My boss has no right, a concept.

My boss has no confidence that could be an attitude or an emotion.

So other common things you could use happiness, peace, joy, any sort of skill as well.

So in that category of nouns we can use the structure have no now we use our standard

structure don't have plus a physical noun.

So anything like pens, papers, scissors, a computer, a phone, all of these are physical

nouns.

They're not concepts, They're not emotions, they're not desires, they're physical.

So we can use this structure.

And I would simply say I don't have a pen, I don't have scissors, I don't have paper

right now.

Of course we can absolutely use don't have with the concepts, the desires, the emotions.

My boss doesn't have any patience.

That's absolutely correct.

So remember that don't have is the standard way to form a negative sentence.

And have no isn't an alternative way that's only used in specific situations.

So the one specific situation is when we're talking about desires, concepts, emotions

and attitudes.

Now another time when we can use have no and the noun is, we want to emphasize it.

We want to make it a lot stronger of a statement.

So I can use money as an example.

Now money is a physical possession.

I can feel it.

I can see it.

Not like patience, which I can't see.

I can't feel it's just a concept or an attitude.

But money?

I can feel it, I can touch it.

It's physical.

To emphasize the statement, to make it more dramatic.

I could use have no and a physical possession, so I could say I have no money, which emphasizes

it.

It makes it stronger than saying I don't have any money, I have no money.

So you might hear statements like this when you really want to emphasize that you don't

have it.

Now although you can use have no with physical nouns, you know you have to think.

Is it common to emphasize that you don't have a pen?

Like, would it be common to say I have no pens?

I mean, I guess depending on context it could be acceptable to emphasize that you don't

have a pen, but really it's not something that you emphasize that you make more dramatic.

So just keep in mind that the standard structure is don't have and you're a noun.

But we can use have no and a noun.

We use it in two specific situations.

We commonly use it with concepts, feelings, emotions, desires, or attitudes, and then

we can use it with physical nouns when we want to emphasize that physical noun.

So now it's your turn to practice.

I want you to leave three sentences, one using have no and a desire, an attitude or a concept.

Another one just using your simple don't have and a physical noun.

And your third one I want you to use have no and a physical noun, but a physical noun

that you want to emphasize.

So choose that noun carefully, because remember, would I really emphasize that I have no chapstick,

for example?

So.

Think carefully about which physical noun you want to use, and make sure it makes sense

to emphasize that you don't have it.

So leave those in the comments below.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Hit pause.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

Our first confusing word pair is few and and a few.

So notice what's difference.

Here is just the article A.

Few.

Now the difference in meaning between these two is subtle, okay.

So it's a small difference in meaning and a few is just more commonly used.

So just keep that in mind.

Now few without the article, this means a small quantity.

So I could say few members of the committee were there few members.

So this means that a small quantity of members were at the committee.

It also means that the majority of the members were.

Not.

At the committee.

So keep that in mind.

And when I say majority, I'm talking about 90 to 95% because few members would be, you

know, 5 percent, 10% maximum, few members of the committee were.

There.

Now, I could say a few members of the committee were there, a few including the article.

Now here's where it might seem confusing because the number of members is the same when I say

a few, it's still a small quantity of members.

So what's the difference?

The difference is on what you're emphasizing.

When I say few members of the committee were there, I'm really emphasizing.

The lack.

Of of members.

I'm emphasizing that the majority of the members weren't there.

But when I say a few members of the committee were there, I'm emphasizing the number, although

small, the number of the committee members that were there.

So my focus is on the members that were there.

So that's the difference.

I know, very subtle, right?

Maybe even hard to really understand it.

But let me give you a simpler example that everybody can relate to.

So let's say you're new in a city, OK?

And because of that, you haven't met very many people yet.

You can say I have few friends in this city, or you could say I have a few friends in this

city.

Hmm.

So in both cases, we're talking about a small quantity, right?

But think about how it's what you're emphasizing that's different and how this might change

the emotion that you have about the statement.

Because when I say I have few friends in this city, it's really emphasized emphasizing the

lack of friends that I have.

But when I say I have a few friends in the city, is emphasizing the friends I have.

Although it's a small number of friends, maybe only two or three, I still have two or three

friends in the city That's better than 0 friends, right?

So in the first example it.

Sounds a.

Little more sad because you're emphasizing lack.

In the second example.

It sounds a little more positive because you're emphasizing what you have.

So if it helps you to think of it like this, you can think of few as not many.

I have few friends in the city.

I don't have many friends in the city, but you can think of a few as some.

I have a few friends in the city, two or three I have some friends in the city, so they're

more closely related and they differ from few, so hopefully that will help you understand

the meaning.

And remember, it's a very subtle difference, But that article does make a difference.

So now it's your turn to practice.

I want you to leave two sentences in the comments below, one with few and one with a few.

Remember few.

You're emphasizing the lack, but a few.

You're emphasizing the small quantity that's there.

Now that you know the difference between few and a few, let's start your quiz.

Here are the questions.

Hit pause.

Take as much time as you need and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

Here are your answers.

Hit pause and compare your answers to these to see how well you did.

So how did you do with that quiz?

Share your score in the comments below and let's move on with our next confusing word

pair.

Now let's look at sometime, sometime and sometimes sometime as one word is an adverb and we use

this to talk about an unspecified point in time.

Now when I say point in time, that's important because we're not talking about a span of

time, a time that has a duration, We're talking about an unspecified point in time.

So I could say you should visit me sometime.

You should visit me sometime.

Now when I say sometime, it's not specified.

It could be tomorrow, it could be next week, it could be next year, it could be next month

anytime now.

I could also say I'll clean the garage sometime soon, so notice I added soon on to it because

I just said it could be tomorrow or it could be next year.

So if you want to make the time a little more specified, but.

Still.

Unspecified, you could add soon, sometime soon.

I'll clean the garage sometime soon.

Now let's talk about some time 2 words.

So this is an expression.

An expression is simply when two or more words are combined to have one meaning.

Now the meaning for this expression some time is a period of time.

So that's why it was important to specify in our last example that it was an unspecified

point in time, because as.

2.

Words some time.

It's a span of time, and it's generally.

A.

Longer span of time so you can think of it as a while.

So I could say it will be some time 2 words until restaurants reopen.

So when I say some time, we don't know how long, but I know it's a longer span of time.

I could also say it took me some time to clean the garage, so again, it's not specified.

I don't know exactly.

Was it an hour?

Two hours.

Three hours?

I don't know, but it wasn't 5 minutes because I said some time, which is a longer period

of time.

A while now sometimes as one word with an S This is an adverb, and perhaps it's the

one that you're most familiar with.

Because this is an adverb of frequency used with the present simple verb tense sometimes

means occasionally, but not often.

So when you think about our adverbs of frequency, you can see that sometimes it's not as often

as usually, but it's more often than rarely.

So you can think about it as about 3 * a week.

So I could say she sometimes orders take out for lunch.

I know this is not something she does every day, but it's something she does occasionally,

maybe about three times a week.

And remember, it's an adverb of frequency used with the present simple.

So my verb is in the present simple.

Now just to use our garage example so you can see all three of them and compare them

side by side.

I could say he sometimes cleans the garage, so he does it occasionally, but not often,

so maybe 3 or 4 * a year.

But other things he does every single week, like clean his kitchen, but he sometimes cleans

his.

Garage.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are your questions.

Hit pause.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play To see the answers.

Here are the answers.

Hit pause.

Compare your answers to these and see how well you did.

So how did you do with that quiz?

Share your score in the comments below and let's move on.

Now let's look at sell and sale.

Now the main difference is that cell is a verb.

To.

Cell and sale is a noun, which means it's a thing.

We can use it with a sale, the sale or even for for.

Sale.

So let's talk about the verb.

To.

Sell now.

To sell this simply means to make something available.

For purchase.

But because it's a verb, we're talking about it as an action okay.

So keep that in mind.

For example, the store sells athletic.

Goods.

Now of course, because it's a verb, we have to conjugate our verb with the subject, here

the store it.

So we need to add an S onto the verb, and we also we need to put it in the correct verb

tense as well.

So I could say in the past I.

Sold.

Sold is the past simple of the verb to sell I.

Sold.

My bike.

I sold my bike.

Now sail as a noun.

There are different structures.

I'll talk about the two most common, and the first structure is something to be for sale,

for sale.

But remember, sale is a noun, so we still need a verb in the sentence.

So in this sentence structure it's something and then the verb to be for sale.

For example, this house is for sale.

Now, as a noun for sale just means.

Available.

For.

Purchase.

So it has the same meaning, but we're talking about it as a thing.

We're not talking about it as an action.

This house is for sale.

Now, sale as a noun.

We can also say that something and then the verb to be on sale.

On sale.

OK, let me give you an example.

I could say, do you sell?

Bikes.

So I'm asking, imagine your store and I'm asking are bikes available for purchase?

Do you sell bikes?

Sell as a verb?

And then you could reply back and say yes, and all of our bikes are on sale right now.

All of our bikes.

Are the verb to be on sale.

What does that mean?

All of our bikes are on sale.

Well, when something is on sale, it means it's being offered at a lower price than normal.

So if the bike is regularly $1000, perhaps the sale price is $800.

The bike is on sale now using the article awe awe sale that would just be talking about.

The fact.

That things in the store are available for purchase at a discounted price.

So I could say this store is having a sale this weekend.

So I'm not specifying specific items, I'm just saying in general, things at that store

are being offered are being.

Sold at A.

Lower price.

The store is having a big sale.

This weekend.

All their bikes are on sale, so we use On Sale to be on sale when we're specifying the

specific thing all of our bikes are on sale for your quiz, here are your questions.

Hit pause.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

Here are the answers.

Hit pause, compare your answers to these and see how well you did.

So how did you do with that quiz?

Share your score in the comments below and let's move on.

Let's move on and look at the difference between raise and rise.

Both of these are verbs, and they're both used to talk about the increase.

So something going up.

The difference between these two verbs is the sentence structure and how they're formed

grammatically.

Because raise is a transitive verb.

Don't let that confuse you.

The only thing it means is that it requires a direct object.

For example, in a classroom, the teacher could say.

If you have any questions, please raise.

Now Hmm is this sentence correct or incorrect?

Well it's incorrect because we didn't identify the direct objects.

So remember after raise you always raise something.

So in this case, the teacher would need to say If you have any questions, please raise

your hand.

So you need to identify the something which is the direct object.

In this case, the thing that is going up increasing is your hand.

Please raise your hand.

The verb rise, on the other hand, is an intransitive verb, which means it doesn't require a direct

object.

Now that simply means that we don't have to identify as something after the verb rise.

We can have a period or a comma.

We can end that part of the sentence.

For example, I could say the water.

Level Rose.

The water level rose, so of course the water level went up.

Rose is simply the past simple form of the verb rise.

Rise is an irregular verb.

It has an irregular past verb.

Which is?

Rose the water level.

Rose.

Now notice I can end my sentence right there.

I don't have to identify as something because it's intransitive.

Now going back to the verb raise, which is transitive, requires a direct object.

I could say the government raised the minimum wage.

The government raised increased something.

What did they increase?

The minimum wage.

So that means the minimum wage went up.

It increased, the government raised.

I need to identify the something the government raised the minimum wage and notice here raise

in the past form is a regular verb, we just add an Ed to it.

Now taking that same sentence and thinking about rise which is intransitive, I don't

need a direct object.

I could say the minimum wage rose.

Remember, rose is just the past form the minimum wage.

Rose.

Hmm.

So remember, something raises something, but something rises.

That's the sentence structure that you need to follow.

Now, technically these two can be used together, and I could say we raise.

OK, if I have the verb raise, I know I need something, We raise the flag.

The flag goes up.

We raise the flag when the sun rises.

When the sun rises.

So here because I used rise, I can end my sentence with a period because I don't need

to identify an object after the verb rise.

And notice the verb tenses of this sentence.

Both the verbs are in the present simple because.

This is a.

Routine action.

We raise the flag when the sun rises.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are your questions.

Hit, pause.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

Here are the answers.

Hit pause.

Compare your answers to these and see how well you did.

Awesome job.

Let's move on and look at all and every.

Now both of these are used with people and things.

They both have the same meaning.

The difference is the grammar.

So we need to look at the sentence structure.

The important thing to keep in mind is that we use all plus a plural noun or an uncountable

noun, and we use every with a singular noun.

This is a mistake I see from even my advanced students.

But it's a very easy mistake to fix, so make sure you write this down.

Really important.

Now this is a question that a student submitted.

Now I can say I try to reply to all questions, all questions.

Questions of course is a plural noun.

Because of that my choice is all.

Now I could also say I try to reply to every question.

Now every needs a singular noun, so I just take off the S every question.

Both of these have the exact same meaning.

There's no difference between them, and it really doesn't matter which one you use.

I'm sure I use both just interchangeably.

I would say that all puts more focus on a group, seeing the questions as one group,

and then every puts more focus on the individual questions, but then within a.

Group.

So there's a subtle difference of what you're focusing on, but honestly, that's such a small

difference.

I'd say that these are just used interchangeably.

But remember we also use all with an uncountable noun.

So let's take an uncountable noun that I see a lot of mistakes with, and that's the noun

advice.

Advice is uncountable, you can't put an S on it.

Now in that case, I need to use all even though advice doesn't have an S because it's unaccountable.

So I could say thanks for.

All.

The advice?

Thanks for.

All.

The advice okay, but there's a way that we can take our noun advice and make sure that

someone understands that we're talking about.

1.

And we do that by adding piece of So for advice.

Piece of advice.

That's how a native speaker specifies.

That it's.

One so in this case I could say thanks for every piece of advice.

You.

Gave me okay because peace is now our singular noun that I'm using with every not advice.

Because of that, I need every.

So make sure you pay attention to uncountable nouns.

Those might be just a.

Little trickier.

Now, it's very common to start your sentence with.

All.

Or every the same rules apply.

I could say all students need to bring their ID to the exam.

All students plural of course, plural noun with all.

And that would become every student needs to bring their ID to the exam.

Now notice what also changes here.

It's.

The verb in the sentence of course all students.

I need to conjugate my verb.

With.

They They need.

But but with every student I'm conjugating it as third person singular.

Either he or she, he needs, she needs.

So don't forget when all or every come at the beginning of the sentence that your verb

also has to match your noun.

So now you have everything, everything you need to fix this common mistake that I see.

I hope that answered your question for you.

Now there's one last thing for you to do and not to practice.

So I want you to leave an example in the comments below, 1 using all and one using every.

Now, just to get lots of practice, why not see if you can do an example where all and

every are in the middle of a sentence, and then definitely one where all and every start

your sentence so you can get comfortable conjugating that verb as well.

So that's four sentences in total.

Put them in the comments below.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are your questions.

Hit, pause.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play To see the answers, Here are

the answers.

Hit pause, Compare your answers to these and see how well you did.

Let's keep going and look at all and.

Whole.

Let's talk about how to use all and whole with time references.

So let's take a look at two example sentences.

I could say I worked all the day, I worked the whole day.

What do you think about these two examples?

Hmm, are they correct?

Are both of them correct?

Is.

One of them incorrect.

What do you think?

So let me know in the comments, #1 correct or incorrect and then #2 correct or incorrect.

So take some time, review them, pause the video if you need, and put your answer in

the comments.

So this is one of the most common mistakes that I hear from students.

I hear it every day.

And to a native speaker, it sounds very odd, unnatural, and it's definitely obvious that

you're still struggling with English, but it's an easy mistake to fix.

OK, now the mistake is with sentence number one.

Sentence number.

Two is correct.

I worked.

The whole day.

Woohoo.

That's a great sentence.

Add it to your vocabulary.

Sentence number one.

I worked all the day.

This sentence is incorrect.

Now it's a minor mistake.

Do you know what the mistake is?

If you do, put it in the comments, just try.

It's really important that you try to understand the mistakes because it shows that you understand

English at that deeper level.

So really try to think about this.

I worked.

All.

The day, in this case, we.

Simply need to get.

Rid.

Of one word.

When we do that, the sentence will be great and the only thing we need to get rid of is

the article I worked.

All day.

Woohoo.

Now it sounds like a perfect sentence, so it's a minor change.

So now you just need to remember the sentence structure.

The sentence structure is all plus time reference, but the other structure is.

The whole plus.

Time reference.

Now these are interchangeable.

It doesn't matter which one you use.

So I could say I cleaned my house all day, or I clean my house the whole day and they're

exactly the same, meaning, OK?

And we don't have to use day.

We could use any time reference.

So I could say I cleaned all morning, all afternoon, all evening, all week, all month,

all weekend, all summer, all year, all semester, so many different things that we can use for

our time reference.

And because of that, this is a very common expression and we can use different verb tenses

as well.

I could say I've been trying to find a job.

All.

Year.

I've been researching this topic the whole summer, so we can definitely use different

verb tenses.

You can play around with the subject, the verb and the time reference, but just make

sure it's all time reference or the whole plus time reference.

So it's a very easy fix, but it's a common mistake, and one that sounds really bad, awkward

and unnatural when a native speaker hears it.

So now you've fixed that mistake.

All you need to do is practice.

So leave 2 examples in the comments below, 1 using all and the time reference and the

other one using the whole and a time reference.

Make it more advanced.

Change your subject, change your verb, and change your time reference as well, just to

get lots of additional practice.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are your questions.

Hit pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the

answers.

Here are the answers.

Hit pause.

Compare your answers to these and see how well you did this.

Next one even confuses native speakers, and that's the difference between advice and advise.

Now, there are two huge differences between these two words, the first one being the part

of speech.

Advice with AC is a noun and advice with an S is a verb, so they have the same meaning.

They're both used to talk about recommendations or opinions on the best course of action.

But how they're used Because one's a noun and one's a verb is very different.

So let's take a look at the noun advice.

Here is an example sentence.

Can I give you some advice?

Can I give you some advice?

Now here, notice that advice is singular.

Advice is always singular.

It never takes a plural form.

That's one of the most common mistakes I see.

In the comments.

Section is a lot of students say thanks Jennifer for the advices That doesn't exist as a word

in English.

OK, so get that out of your vocabulary right now and remember that it's always singular.

It can still take a plural possessive Like some some advice?

Can I give you some advice now?

Because this is always singular, we do have an expression to identify that it's just one,

and that's by using a piece of advice.

A piece of advice.

We use this because a piece of is what shows you that it's.

Just.

One okay, because we don't know when I say thanks for the advice.

It could be one or it could be more than one because advice never takes a plural form.

So to get around that we use a piece of so I might say, can I give you a piece of advice?

And that lets you know I have one thing to say to you now.

Otherwise, if I want to identify that as plural, remember I used some.

Can I give you some advice?

Now I'm going to say two or more things to you.

So that's advice.

Now let's talk about advise.

Advise with an S is a verb, like I already said.

Now as a verb it's going to come after the subject, so I could say the lawyer advised

the client.

Now remember, as a verb, it's going to be conjugated.

So here is conjugated in the past.

Simple, the lawyer advised the client.

Now, thinking about this advice, notice I just switched to the noun form.

The noun form.

It's a thing, so imagine advice as a physical thing.

So the advice the.

Lawyer.

Gave the client OK, so thinking about the advice the lawyer gave the client, the client

could say we.

Were.

Advised to take the deal.

We were advised to take the deal.

So here I'm conjugating it in the passive form.

So just remember that advice is a verb and it's going to be conjugated.

So you'll see.

It in different forms, so that's the first major difference is how they're used in parts

of speech.

To summarize, advice with AC is a noun, always singular and advised.

With an S is a verb.

It's conjugated with the subject and the time reference.

Now the other major difference.

Maybe you already noticed it.

I hope you did, but it's the pronunciation.

The pronunciation is very different, and there's only one thing that changes in the pronunciation.

Do you know what that is?

It's the sound of the C and the sound of the S OK, that's it.

So both of these are stressed on the 2nd syllable.

Advice, advise, advice, advise, advise.

Advice.

Advise.

So the second syllable is the one you hear louder and longer.

But let's take a look at the noun advice.

So notice that C is being pronounced as an S advice.

It ends on the F advice.

Now what about advise?

Our verb?

Our verb is pronounced as a.

So the difference is that our vocal chords are engaged and it's a stressed sound.

So you can think of it more as a zed sound advise.

So you have to get your vocal chords engaged.

So the difference between us, the S is at my lips.

It's unvoiced.

The.

The.

Zed is in my throat.

My vocal cords are engaged.

It's voice.

Advice, advise, advice, advise.

So the pronunciation is very different.

So now you know the difference between advice and advise and you can use them confidently

in your speech.

So now you have to practice.

I want you to leave two sentences in the comments below, of course, one with advice and one

with advise.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are your questions.

Hit, pause, take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the

answers.

Here are the answers.

Hit pause, Compare your answers to these and see how well you did.

I see mistakes with this one a lot.

Now let's look at bring and take.

Now of course, both of these are verbs, so you need to think about verb conjugation,

and they're used to talk about movement, movement of both.

People.

Or.

Things.

So let's look at two example sentences.

I could say bring your passport with you, or I could say take your passport with you.

Now what's the difference between these two sentences?

The thing you need to remember is that bring is used to talk about movement towards and

take is used to talk about movement away.

Now how do you know if it's movement towards or movement away?

It simply depends on your reference point.

So in this case, if I said bring your passport with you, so I didn't complete the sentence

but it could be bring your passport with you to the airport.

So you can think about where your passport is going is going towards the airport.

Our only reference point for location is the airport.

Now I could say take your passport with you when you leave.

The.

House.

So in this case our reference point is the house and the passport is going away from

the house.

Take your passport with you when you leave the house.

But remember, in my original examples I didn't include either reference point and it's common

that we don't because it's obvious based on context.

So if I'm standing in the house and I say to you, take your passport with you as you're

leaving, it's obvious that it means when you leave the house, right?

Or if we're thinking about going to the airport and I say bring your passport with you, the

location is obvious.

So a lot of times it's just there based on context and it's not explicitly stated.

Now, in many cases, take and bring can be used interchangeably without a difference

in meaning or without a miscommunication.

So let's imagine that this is a report and I'm talking to a colleague if I said take

the report with you.

Or.

Bring.

The.

Report with you, it doesn't really matter because ultimately the report is moving and

that's the only thing that matters.

But let's think of another example where there is a specific time you need to use one or

the other.

Let's imagine that you're in a restaurant and you don't have a menu.

OK, so you call the server and you say, excuse me, can you bring me a menu?

Can you bring me a menu?

That's the only available choice because of course, the menu is moving towards you.

Can you bring me a menu?

So the server brings you a menu.

You order your meal.

Now 20 minutes later, you're finished.

The server comes to your table.

She looks at your dishes that are now empty and she says can I take those?

And in this case take is the only available choice because the dishes are going to move

away from the table.

So just remember that there are times when only one option is available and it simply

depends on the direction of the movement.

If it's towards we use bring and if it's the way we use take.

So that's all you need to know to feel confident using the verbs bring and take.

So now it's your turn to practice.

Leave 2 examples in the comments below.

Remember these are verbs so you need to conjugate them with your subject and your verb tense

and one example using take and one example using bring.

Leave them in the comments below.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are your questions.

Hit pause.

Take as much much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

Here are the answers.

Hit pause.

Compare your answers to these and see how well you did.

Do you know the difference between bother and disturb?

Let's find out now.

First we'll look at them in the context of interrupt.

So let's say that you want to talk to your professor at school and he's in his office

and you're not sure if he's busy.

So you can knock on the door and you can say sorry to.

Now what would we want?

Bother or disturb?

Sorry to bother you, but sorry to disturb you.

But what do you guys think?

Bother or disturb?

Well, in this case of interrupt, they're interchangeable.

They have the same meaning.

OK, so you can use either one and there's no difference.

The only thing that I notice is that.

Disturb.

It's more formal and bother just sounds a little more casual.

Sorry to bother you, but I have a question.

Sorry to disturb you, but I wanted to ask you a question now.

I think the majority of people are using it in this specific context.

However, we do have some other ways that we can use the verbs to bother or to disturb,

so let's quickly discuss those.

The verb bother also means to annoy or to cause problems for and the sentence structure

would be someone or something bothers someone.

For example, let's say I work in an open space with lots of people around me, but I like

listening to music while I work.

I don't like wearing headphones, so I'm playing music.

Out loud at my computer, even though there are other people around.

Now, maybe I could be respectful of the other people and I could ask them, oh, is my music

bothering you?

Is my music bothering you in that sense?

Annoying you or causing problems for you?

Is my music Remember, something bothers someone?

My music?

Is my music bothering you?

So that's a really great question you could ask.

Now.

You could also make a statement about your coworkers, for example.

This is a common situation where you would use this verb.

Let's say one of your coworkers whistles all the time while they're working.

I wish I could demonstrate whistling to you, but actually I don't know how to whistle.

I'll try.

That's literally the best I can do.

I've tried so many times to whistle and I just don't know how.

So now you know something weird about me.

I can't whistle okay.

So let's say your coworker whistles all the time while they work and then you could just

make a statement and say, oh, his whistling really bothers me.

His whistling really bothers me in the sense of it annoys you or causes problems for you.

In that case we wouldn't use disturb.

Disturb doesn't really have the same meaning.

It sounds a little odd to use it.

So in this specific case of something or someone bothers someone, we would use bother.

So let us know in the comments what's something that bothers you, hmm?

Let us know.

In the comments now we also have a specific way of using disturb and we use disturb specifically

with ones sleep and it has the same meaning as interrupt like we saw with our original

example.

But we use it in the sense of interrupt ones sleep and that's why whenever you go to a

hotel, the signs say do not disturb the little sign you can put on your door in the morning

to let them know to.

Leave you.

Alone.

Those signs always say do not disturb.

They don't say do not bother.

I've never seen a sign with bother.

It's always disturb, and that's because they're talking about your sleep.

For example, let's say you come home and then your mother tells you close the door quietly.

I don't want to disturb.

Your brother.

Okay.

So you would have to imagine in that case your brother is sleeping.

I don't want to disturb your brother now.

If your brother is doing a different activity like let's say studying, in that case you

could use disturb or bother interchangeably and in that case again disturb is a little

more formal, bother is a little more casual.

Disturb also sounds a little more serious as well.

But specific to sleeping, we would use disturb, and now you know the difference between bother

and disturb.

Remember, before you go, leave your example in the comments of something or someone that

bothers you and see if you can leave an example with disturb as well.

Just to practice, Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are your questions.

Hit pause.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

Here are the answers.

Hit pause.

Compare your answers to these and see how well you did.

So how did you do with that quiz?

Share your score in the comments below and let's move on.

Let's talk about maybe and perhaps.

Now, first of all, you need to know that these are adverbs, and we use both of them when

we think that something is possible but not 100% certain.

Now, although they both mean the same thing, maybe it's more casual in tone, it's more

conversational, and perhaps it's more formal, more academic.

Maybe it's more commonly used now.

The other difference is the sentence structure.

Maybe we can use this at the beginning of a sentence.

So I could say maybe I'll go to the party, maybe I'll go to the party.

So this is when it's possible.

It's possible I'll go to the party, but it's not 100% sure.

So I'm between yes, I'll go to the party and no, I won't go to the party.

I'm between them, maybe.

I'll go to the.

Party.

Another example, let's say your friend says Have you seen my phone?

And you could reply back and you could say maybe you left it in the.

Car.

So here your friend doesn't know 100% that you left it in the car.

It's simply a possibility.

Maybe.

You were just.

In the car.

A short while ago, maybe you were just in the car.

Again, it's not 100% certain, it's just a possibility.

Your friend could say maybe you left it in the car and notice that placement is at the

beginning of the sentence.

Now we can also use maybe as a one word.

Reply.

Which is very commonly used in conversations.

So using our same example, your friend says have you seen my phone?

And then you could ask a question.

You could say, did you leave it in the car?

And then you could reply back and say maybe, maybe.

And of course, as a full sentence that would be maybe I left it in the car.

It's possible, I don't know 100%, but it's possible.

Maybe I left it in the car.

Or simply maybe.

Are you going to the party tonight?

Maybe.

Maybe I'll go to the party tonight.

So remember we have these two options for placement at the beginning of the sentence

or as a one word.

Reply.

Which of?

Course could be turned into a full sentence where maybe is at the beginning.

Now let's take a look at some examples using perhaps.

Perhaps it means the exact same thing, but remember it's just more formal and it's not

as commonly used.

There's one other difference.

We can also use perhaps in the middle of a sentence as well.

We can use it at the beginning, the middle, and also a one word reply.

So structurally, perhaps has more flexibility than maybe.

Now, at the beginning of the sentence, I could say perhaps I'll go to the party tonight.

Perhaps I'll go to the party.

OK, same thing as maybe just it does sound more formal to me when I hear perhaps maybe

is more common.

Again, as a one word reply, are you going to the party tonight?

Perhaps.

Perhaps I'll go to the party tonight.

Again, just a little more formal.

Now here's something we can do with perhaps that we can't do with maybe.

And that's to use it in the middle of a sentence.

And I could say I'll perhaps go to the party tonight.

I'll perhaps.

Go to the.

Party tonight.

So if you wanted to use maybe in that case you would just need to change the placement

and put it at the beginning and say maybe I'll go to the party tonight.

To summarize, both maybe and perhaps have the same meaning as when something is possible

but not 100%.

We can use maybe at the beginning or as a one word reply.

We can use perhaps at the beginning, the middle and a one word reply.

Maybe is more conversational, more commonly used, and perhaps is more formal.

And now you know.

How to?

Use maybe?

And perhaps so, of course.

I want you.

To practice.

So leave a comment and make sure you practice using maybe and perhaps Now.

See if you can use perhaps in the middle of a sentence as well.

Remember that's only possible with perhaps, so put your examples in the comments below.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are your questions.

Hit pause.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

Here are the answers.

Hit pause.

Compare your answers to these and see how well you did.

Now let's review our final word pair, the one that even confuses native speakers, the

one I see lots of mistakes with, and that's the difference between farther and further.

Now, both of these are adverbs, and they're both used to talk about something that's to

a greater distance or degree, so they can be used as the same meaning.

So.

What's the?

Difference the.

Easiest way to remember the difference between these two and which one you need in your sentence

is to remember that farther is used for physical distance, and the way you can remember that

is farther has the word far, far, and far is used for physical distance, so that's a

great way to remember this one.

Now if farther is used for physical distance, further is used for metaphorical or figurative

distance.

This is best explained using an example, of course.

So let's imagine that you're going on a road trip with your kids.

OK, now you're driving, you're driving, you're driving.

A road trip is when you go from one destination to another destination by car.

And it's generally a long trip, so maybe 12 to 24 hours driving, or maybe even longer.

So you're on this road trip with your kids.

And of course, your kids are going to ask you how much farther, farther.

So physical distance, you're at point A, and they want to know how much farther until you

get to your final destination, Point B.

Physical distance, How much farther?

How much farther do we have to go?

How much farther do we have to drive?

So you tell your kids that you still have 12 hours left.

It's a long road trip.

So you're driving.

You're driving.

You're driving.

Now you get to this point where you can't drive any.

Farther.

You can't drive any farther, so physical distance.

So let's imagine you get to a construction site and the road is blocked off.

You can't drive any farther.

Now you see there's a police officer and you want to get some information about what's

going on.

So you ask the police officer why the road is closed and he tells you that there's construction.

He gives you a short answer.

OK, so now you can ask him, do you have any further information?

Do you have any further information?

Because you want information beyond what he gave you, greater than the degree that he

gave you.

So further, because we're not talking about physical distance, this is metaphorical.

Do you have any further information?

Now?

The police officer could give you a few more details and then he could ask you do you have

any further questions?

Same thing.

It's like saying do you have any more questions, do you have any more information?

Further, and it's not physical distance, so that's the easiest trick to remember them

farther is with physical distance.

Now, just keep in mind that native speakers confuse these all the time and often use them

interchangeably.

So if you're ever in doubt and you don't know which one to use, I recommend using.

Further.

Further, because it's the more common choice and it's more likely to be grammatically correct

in a sentence, so you have better odds using further.

So if it's clear that it's physical distance used farther.

If you're not sure, I suggest just using further.

So now you know the difference between farther and further, and you probably know more than

a native speaker right now.

So before you believe it's time to practice, I want you to leave 2 examples in the comments

below.

Of course, one with farther and one with further.

Are you ready for your quiz?

Here are your questions.

Hit pause.

Take as much time as you need, and when you're ready, hit play to see the answers.

Here are the answers.

Hit pause.

Compare your answers to these and see how well you did.

You did an amazing job.

Now you've corrected all the most common mistakes that even advanced students make with these

confusing English words.

Congratulations now make sure you get this free speaking guide where I share 6 tips on

how to speak English fluently and confidently.

You can click here to download it or look for the link in the description.

And in this lesson we focus on your English vocabulary.

So why don't you start working on your listening skills with this lesson?

You can watch it right now.