Writing - Passive verbs with 'that' clauses - "It is thought that..."

245,227 views ใƒป 2013-04-08

English with Alex


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hey guys, I'm Alex. Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this lesson on passive verbs with
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€็งใฏใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œthatใ€ๅฅ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใ
00:08
"that" clauses. Okay, this is going to help you in your debates, your arguments, and your
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ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่จŽ่ซ–ใ€่ญฐ่ซ–ใ€ใใ—ใฆๅญฆ่ก“่ซ–ๆ–‡ใงใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
00:14
academic essays.
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.
00:16
So this is for advanced learners who are either going into university, writing essays in high
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ๅคงๅญฆใซ้€ฒๅญฆใ—ใ€
00:22
school, college, university -- any level of higher education. So here we have -- let's
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้ซ˜ๆ กใ€ๅคงๅญฆใ€ๅคงๅญฆใชใฉใ€ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใฎ ้ซ˜็ญ‰ๆ•™่‚ฒใงใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้ซ˜ๅบฆใชๅญฆ็ฟ’่€…ๅ‘ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘
00:30
look at the three sentences first.
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ใงใ€ใพใš 3 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:32
And we can first notice a passive structure, so we have to understand what passive actually
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใพใšๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎๆง‹้€ ใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซ
00:38
means and what a "that" clause is. So we have for example, "It was claimed by Copernicus
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใ€ใ€Œใใฎใ€็ฏ€ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ
00:45
that we lived in a heliocentric universe." "Heliocentric" means the sun is the center
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็งใŸใกใฏๅคช้™ฝไธญๅฟƒใฎๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใจใ‚ณใƒšใƒซใƒ‹ใ‚ฏใ‚นใŒไธปๅผตใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒ˜ใƒชใ‚ชใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€ใจใฏใ€ๅคช้™ฝใŒๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใฎไธญๅฟƒ
00:52
of the universe and everything else goes around the sun.
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ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ไป–ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏๅคช้™ฝใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใ‚’ๅ›žใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:55
So here we have "it was claimed". Now this is just a simple past passive sentence: "It
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œไธปๅผตใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏๅ˜็ด”ใช้ŽๅŽปๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใใ‚Œ
01:07
was claimed." By who? By Copernicus, and here we have the "that" clause: "that we lived".
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ใฏไธปๅผตใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ่ชฐใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ๏ผŸ ใ‚ณใƒšใƒซใƒ‹ใ‚ฏใ‚นใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ“ใ“ ใซใ€Œใใฎใ€ๅฅใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™๏ผšใ€Œ็งใŸใกใŒ็”ŸใใŸใ€ใ€‚
01:18
Well, we do live, "in a heliocentric universe", okay?
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ใˆใˆใจใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œ ๅคช้™ฝไธญๅฟƒใฎๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใ€ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใญใ€‚
01:23
So first you have the passive construction, when you are talking about making an argument,
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ใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซ ใ€่ญฐ่ซ–
01:28
or a claim, or a belief, a theory, and here we have the "that" clause, but what was claimed?
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ใ€ไธปๅผตใ€ใพใŸใฏไฟกๅฟตใ€็†่ซ–ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ— ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใชๆง‹ๆˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:37
What was believed? What was said "that we lived in a heliocentric universe" back in Copernicus's
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ไฝ•ใŒไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ณใƒšใƒซใƒ‹ใ‚ฏใ‚นใฎๆ™‚ไปฃใซใ€Œ็งใŸใกใฏๅคช้™ฝไธญๅฟƒใฎๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ—
01:45
day. That's what he said. And we still do, and obviously do live in a heliocentric universe.
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ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฝผใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏไปŠใงใ‚‚ใ€ใใ—ใฆ ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซๅคช้™ฝไธญๅฟƒใฎๅฎ‡ๅฎ™ใซไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™.
01:52
Let's look at couple of more examples, two more sentences, and then we'll look at some
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ 2 ใคใฎ ๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใง
01:57
academic verbs, common verbs that you can use in your academic essays. "It is thought that
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ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏใชๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
02:03
Michael Jordan was the best basketball player ever." So here you see the "it" structure
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ใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฑใƒซใƒปใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใƒ€ใƒณใฏๅฒไธŠๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎใƒใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใƒœใƒผใƒซ้ธๆ‰‹ใ ใฃใŸใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงๅ†ใณใ€Œitใ€ใฎๆง‹้€ ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ
02:10
again, you have "it", plus the verb "to be", plus the passive verb. "It is thought", by who?
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ใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€Œitใ€ใซๅŠ ใˆใฆๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ ใจๅ—่บซๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏใ€่ชฐใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
02:18
Here, you don't have to say "by" because it is thought by many people. It's obvious. You
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œbyใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:24
don't have to say by who in this situation. It is thought by many people. What is thought
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ใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณใง่ชฐใŒ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅคšใใฎไบบใฏไฝ•ใ‚’่€ƒใˆ
02:29
by many people? "That Michael Jordan was the best basketball player ever", okay? Same construction.
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ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚ใฎใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฑใƒซใƒปใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใƒ€ใƒณใฏๅฒไธŠๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎ ใƒใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใƒœใƒผใƒซ้ธๆ‰‹ใ ใฃใŸใ€ใ€ใ„ใ„๏ผŸ ๅŒใ˜ๆง‹้€ ใ€‚
02:37
Now let's look at the third example. "It is theorized that aliens built the pyramids."
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ๆฌกใซใ€3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ใ‚จใ‚คใƒชใ‚ขใƒณใŒใƒ”ใƒฉใƒŸใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†็†่ซ–ใŒ็ซ‹ใฆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
02:44
Who knows? Well, I think we do know. This is probably wrong. However, it is theorized -- there
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็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ‹๏ผŸ ใพใ‚ใ€็งใŸใกใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ็†่ซ–ๅŒ–ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ -
02:50
is a theory of conspiracy theorists. "It is theorized that aliens built the pyramids."
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้™ฐ่ฌ€่ซ–่€…ใฎ็†่ซ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ใ‚จใ‚คใƒชใ‚ขใƒณใŒใƒ”ใƒฉใƒŸใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚’ไฝœใฃใŸใจใ„ใ†็†่ซ–ใŒ็ซ‹ใฆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
02:57
Okay? So now that we have the structure: "it", plus the verb "to be", plus the passive verb,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œitใ€ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œto beใ€ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆง‹้€ ใŒใงใใŸใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจใ€Œthatใ€็ฏ€ใงไฝฟ็”จ
03:04
let's look at some academic verbs that you can use in these passive constructions and
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ใงใใ‚‹ๅญฆ่ก“็š„ใชๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
03:10
"that" clauses. So we have -- and you can work on the pronunciation, too -- so if you're having
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ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ€็™บ้Ÿณใ‚’็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™
03:16
a debate with somebody; "allege", "assume", "believe", "claim", "fear", "feel", "hold",
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ใ€‚่ชฐใ‹ใจ่ญฐ่ซ–ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใ€Œไธปๅผตใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œไธปๅผตใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๆใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€ŒไฟๆŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€
03:30
"postulate", "predict", "say", "theorize", and "think".
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ใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œไบˆๆธฌใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่จ€ใ†ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œ็†่ซ–ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
03:40
Many of these verbs simply mean "it was said", "it was believed", to some degree. I know
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅคšใใฏ ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹็จ‹ๅบฆใ€Œ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
03:49
most of you probably know verbs like "believe", "say", "think", perhaps you even know "claim",
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ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไบบใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€Œไฟกใ˜ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œ่จ€ใ†ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใชใฉใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€Œไธปๅผตใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
03:57
but verbs such as "allege" or "postulate" or "hold", might be new to you. So in this
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ใŒใ€ใ€Œไธปๅผตใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ ใ€ใ€ใ€Œไฟ็•™ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใชใฉใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซใจใฃใฆๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ . ใ“ใฎ
04:04
situation let me give you some quick explanations about each of these higher level verbs that
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใช็Šถๆณ ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้ซ˜ใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ็ฐกๅ˜ใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉž
04:11
you can use, and that you can adapt and adopt for your own academic purposes.
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ใฏใ€ไฝฟ็”จใงใ ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๅญฆๆฅญ็›ฎ็š„ใซ้ฉๅฟœใ—ใฆๆŽก็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:17
We have "allege". "Allege" is similar to "assume", okay? So this is something that a person said
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็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œไธปๅผตใ€ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒAllegeใ€ใฏใ€Œassumeใ€ใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ไบบใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸ
04:26
and they believed it, they assumed it to be true, okay? We can say "it was alleged by
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ใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฟกใ˜ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจๆƒณๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€Œ
04:34
Copernicus", "it was claimed by Copernicus", "It was assumed by Copernicus", as well.
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ใ‚ณใƒšใƒซใƒ‹ใ‚ฏใ‚นใŒไธปๅผตใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒšใƒซใƒ‹ใ‚ฏใ‚นใŒไธปๅผตใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒšใƒซใƒ‹ใ‚ฏใ‚นใŒๆƒณๅฎšใ—ใŸใ€ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
04:41
Okay? "Claimed" -- if a person makes a "claim", they are saying that something is probably true, okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œไธปๅผตใ€ -- ไบบใŒใ€Œไธปๅผตใ€ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใŠใใ‚‰ใ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:52
So again just like we have here, "It was claimed by Copernicus", this is what he said. I know
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ€Œใ‚ณใƒšใƒซใƒ‹ใ‚ฏใ‚นใŒไธปๅผตใ—ใŸใ€ใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅฝผใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
04:58
you understand "fear", "feel". "Hold" -- okay, if you know the verb "hold", you can probably
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ใ€Œๆๆ€–ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ€ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็งใฏ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œไฟ็•™ใ€ -- ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€Œไฟ็•™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆ
05:05
imagine its use in an academic setting, or in a debate setting, in an argument setting.
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ใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅญฆ่ก“็š„ใช่จญๅฎš ใ‚„่จŽ่ซ–ใฎ่จญๅฎšใ€่ญฐ่ซ–ใฎ่จญๅฎšใงใฎไฝฟ็”จใ‚’ใŠใใ‚‰ใๆƒณๅƒใงใใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:11
If I say, "It is held by many people that Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of
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ใ€Œใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฑใƒซใƒป ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใƒ€ใƒณใฏๅฒไธŠๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎใƒใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใƒœใƒผใƒซ้ธๆ‰‹ใ ใจๅคšใใฎไบบ
05:18
all time.", they hold that belief to be true. They hold it close to them.
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ใŒไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ็งใŒ่จ€ใ†ใจใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใฎไฟกๅฟตใ‚’็œŸๅฎŸใ ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹. ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฎ่ฟ‘ใใซไฟๆŒใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:24
Sorry about that, guys. I touched the microphone. Now "postulate", similar to "theorize" in
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ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚ ใƒžใ‚คใ‚ฏใซ่งฆใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณ ใงใฎใ€Œ็†่ซ–ๅŒ–ใ€ใจๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ใ€Œไปฎๅฎšใ€ใ—
05:35
this situation. They said a theory, okay? All right guys, that's it. That's all we have
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ็†่ซ–ใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸใ€ใ„ใ„๏ผŸ ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ็งใŸใกใŒ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ
05:42
to say about this. So if you'd like to test your understanding of these academic verbs,
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ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใฎใฏใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏใชๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็†่งฃๅบฆใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆ
05:47
which I hope you will use in your essays, in universities, in colleges, even in
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ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚ค ใ€ๅคงๅญฆใ€ๅคงๅญฆใ€้ซ˜ๆ กใงใ•ใˆใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
05:53
high school. They can make your work sound at that next level.
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ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ ไฝœๅ“ใ‚’ๆฌกใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใซๅผ•ใไธŠใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ€็‰นใซใ“ใฎๆง‹้€ 
05:58
If you want to test your understanding of this, and this structure in particular, you
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ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ็†่งฃๅบฆใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ
06:02
can check out the quiz on www.EngVid.com . Good luck and take care.
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ใฏใ€www.EngVid.com ใงใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:07
Learn English for free www.engvid.com
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็„กๆ–™ใง่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆใถ www.engvid.com
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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