Grammar: Active and Passive Gerunds

406,714 views ใƒป 2015-02-10

English with Alex


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hey, guys. I'm Alex. Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this lesson on active and passive
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ใญใˆใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใจๅ—ๅ‹•ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใธ
00:06
gerunds. Those of you who don't know, a gerund is a verb + "ing". And if you'd like to check
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ไบบใฏใ€ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉž ใฏๅ‹•่ฉž+ใ€Œingใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
00:13
out the various uses of gerunds and where a gerund can go in a sentence, you can check
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ใ€ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็”จ้€”ใจใ€ ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใŒๆ–‡ใฎใฉใ“ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ช
00:19
out my previous lesson on the various uses of gerunds. That lesson is very essential
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ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็”จ้€”ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ไปฅๅ‰ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏ
00:26
to understanding this one, so please check it out if you haven't already.
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชใฎใงใ€ ใพใ ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:30
In this lesson, we're going to look at how to use a gerund in a passive form and in an
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏ ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใจ่ƒฝๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใงๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ
00:36
active form. Now, very simply, let's begin with the easiest which is the active simple
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€้žๅธธใซๅ˜็ด”ใซใ€
00:43
which is basically the simple gerund use, just verb "ing". Now, in this situation, this
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซๅ˜็ด”ใชๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใฎไฝฟ็”จใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚็ฐกๅ˜ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œingใ€ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
00:49
means you can put the gerund as a subject, as an object, as a subject complement, you
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ใฏใ€ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไธป่ชžใ€ ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€ไธป่ชžใฎ่ฃœ่ชžใจใ—ใฆ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใŒ
00:55
can also put it as the object of a preposition, possessive. All that stuff is explained in
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ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€ๆ‰€ๆœ‰ๆ ผใจใ—ใฆ็ฝฎใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใใฎใ™ในใฆใฏ
01:00
the other lesson.
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ใ€ไป–ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:02
So, for example, let's look at these sentences: "I like swimming."
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ใ€Œ็งใฏๆฐดๆณณใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:06
"Swimming" is the gerund, it's the object of the sentence. In the present, I enjoy swimming;
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ใ€Œๆฐดๆณณใ€ใฏๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใงใ€ๆ–‡ใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงใ™ ใ€‚ ็พๅœจใ€็งใฏๆฐดๆณณใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:12
I like swimming.
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็งใฏๆฐดๆณณใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚
01:13
"Smoking is bad for you." As we know and have discussed, a gerund can be the subject of
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ใ€Œๅ–ซ็…™ใฏไฝ“ใซๆ‚ชใ„ใ€‚ใ€ ็งใŸใกใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใฆ ่ญฐ่ซ–ใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใฏๆ–‡ใฎไธป่ชžใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
01:20
a sentence, and here, "smoking" is the subject.
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ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ ใ€Œๅ–ซ็…™ใ€ใŒไธป่ชžใงใ™.
01:23
"I regret not calling you." "Not calling", "calling" being the gerund
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๅพŒๆ‚”ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณ ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œnot callใ€ใ€ใ€Œcallingใ€ใŒๅ‹•ๅ่ฉž
01:29
in this situation.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:31
So this is your basic gerund use that most students at the advanced level are familiar
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ€ไธŠ็ดšใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅญฆ็”ŸใŒ
01:36
with at some level or another.
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ไฝ•ใ‚‰ใ‹ใฎใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใง็ฒพ้€šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:39
Okay, now let's look at the active past. Okay? Not the active simple, but the active past.
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใช้ŽๅŽปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใชๅ˜็ด”ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใช้ŽๅŽปใ€‚
01:47
If you specifically want to put a gerund into the past, you can do it by using: "having"
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็‰นใซๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ‚’้ŽๅŽปใซ็ฝฎใใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€ใ€Œhavingใ€+้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๅฎŸ่กŒใงใใพใ™
01:55
+ a past participle. In this structure, "having" is actually considered the gerund.
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๆง‹้€ ใงใฏใ€ ใ€Œhavingใ€ใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
02:02
So, let's look at this.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:03
"I'm proud of having completed university." Now, we call this active past because you
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ใ€Œๅคงๅญฆใ‚’ๅ’ๆฅญใงใใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่ช‡ใ‚Šใซๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸ
02:12
are the one who completed university, you are the one who did the action. Right? And
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ใฏๅคงๅญฆใ‚’ๅ’ๆฅญใ—ใŸไบบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ใชใŸ ใฏ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’่ตทใ“ใ—ใŸไบบใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใใ—ใฆใ€
02:18
you are proud of... And again, we use a gerund here because of "of" which is a preposition.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ช‡ใ‚Šใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™... ใพใŸ ใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ "of" ใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ใ“ใ“ใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:24
And I'm proud of having completed university, I'm proud now because I completed university
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ ็งใฏๅคงๅญฆใ‚’ๅ’ๆฅญใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่ช‡ใ‚Šใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚้ŽๅŽปใซๅคงๅญฆใ‚’ๅ’ๆฅญใ—ใŸใฎใงใ€ไปŠใฏ่ช‡ใ‚Šใซๆ€ใฃ
02:31
in the past. Okay?
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:33
And let's look at another example: "Having gone to college is one of the best
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ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡
02:38
things I've ever done." So here, "having gone" is considered the active
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ใ†ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ ใ€Œhaving goneใ€ใฏใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใช
02:47
past gerund. Again, "having" is the gerund in this construction. Okay? So having gone
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้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ€Œhavingใ€ใฏ ใ“ใฎๆง‹ๆ–‡ใฎๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
02:53
to college is one of the best things I've ever done. So any time you have: "having done",
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ใ€ๅคงๅญฆใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏใ€็งใŒใ“ใ‚Œใพใงใซ่กŒใฃใŸไธญใงๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎใ“ใจใฎ 1 ใคใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€้ŽๅŽปใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ€ŒๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ใ€ŒๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใŸใ€ใ€ใ€ŒๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใŸใ€ใชใฉใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ„ใคใงใ‚‚
02:58
"having done", "having done" something in the past, you're actually using a gerund.
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ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:05
And in this situation, a passive - sorry - an active past gerund.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ็Šถๆณใงใฏใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ– - ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ - ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใช้ŽๅŽปใฎๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
03:10
Now, let's look over on this side and let's look at how we use passive gerunds. So this
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ๅดใซ ็›ฎใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใฆใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
03:18
might be new for a lot of students here. Passive simple, basically all you're doing is you
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ใฏใ“ใ“ใฎๅคšใใฎๅญฆ็”Ÿใซใจใฃใฆๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ– ใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
03:24
have "being" + p.p. Remember: "passive" means the person is receiving the action. Okay?
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ใ€Œๅญ˜ๅœจใ€+ p.p. ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„๏ผšใ€Œๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใ€ใจใฏ ใ€ใใฎไบบใŒใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:33
So being done... Something is being done to the person.
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So being done... ใใฎไบบใซไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:38
So, for example: "She hates being told what to do."
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฏ ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅซŒใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:43
"Being" is the gerund in this construction. She is receiving the action of someone telling
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ใ€ŒBeingใ€ใฏใ“ใฎๆง‹้€ ใฎๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณ ใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใใ‹ใ‚’ๅ‘Šใ’ใ‚‹่ชฐใ‹ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘
03:51
her what to do. She hates being told what to do. And, again, if you're wondering, you
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไฝ• ใ‚’ใ™ในใใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅซŒใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–นใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎใ“ใจใ‚’
03:57
know: "Why are you using 'being'? Why not 'to be'? Why are we using 'ing' and not 'to'
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04:03
plus the base verb in some of these?" Basically, it follows the constructions that I describe
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ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ " ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ
04:09
in the previous video about the uses of gerunds. So, again, another reminder to check that
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ใฏใ€ๅ‰ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใฎไฝฟ็”จใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸๆง‹้€ ใซๅพ“ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎๅ‰ใซใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ็ขบ่ชใ—
04:14
out before this.
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ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
04:16
Okay, another example: "I'm tired of being insulted!"
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œ ไพฎ่พฑใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ†ใ‚“ใ–ใ‚Šใ ๏ผใ€
04:23
And, again, you have "of" which is a preposition, and after a preposition, you have to use a
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ใพใŸใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚‹ "of" ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:28
gerund. So I'm tired of being insulted by other people, or by him, by her, by someone.
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ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏ ไป–ใฎไบบใ€ๅฝผใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใ€่ชฐใ‹ใซไพฎ่พฑใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ†ใ‚“ใ–ใ‚Šใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:35
Okay? And, finally: "Being robbed is an awful experience."
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œ ๅผท็›—ใซ้ญใ†ใฎใฏใฒใฉใ„็ตŒ้จ“ใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚
04:41
And here, we're using a gerund as a subject which is possible. Being robbed by someone
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไธป่ชžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใ‹ใซๅผท็›—ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹
04:47
- passive construction, you receive the action - is an awful experience. So here, you're
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- ๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใชๆง‹้€ ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚‹ - ใฏใฒใฉใ„็ตŒ้จ“ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ
04:53
speaking in general; here, you're speaking about the present; here, again, she hates
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ใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ็พๅœจใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใ€็พๅœจ
04:59
being told what to do in general, in the present.
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ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใใ‹ใ‚’่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅซŒใ„ ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:03
Now, let's look at how we can refer to the past with this construction. So for the past...
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๆง‹ๆ–‡ใง้ŽๅŽปใ‚’ๅ‚็…งใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆใฏ...
05:10
This is actually the least common form of all of these that we're... That are up here
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ ใ€็งใŸใกใŒ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใฎไธญใงๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใฏใชใ„ๅฝขๅผใงใ™... ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
05:14
just because it's such a long construction that there are not many opportunities you
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ใ€้žๅธธใซ้•ทใ„ๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ใ‚‹
05:19
get to actually use it. So: "having been" - pla... Plas? Plus, I meant to say: "plus"
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ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸไผšใŒใ‚ใพใ‚Šใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†็†็”ฑใ ใ‘ใงใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใ€ - ใƒ—ใƒฉ... ใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚น๏ผŸ ใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚นใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใŠใ†ใจใ—ใŸใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚นใ€
05:26
- the past participle.
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- ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
05:28
For example: "I'm still angry about having been fired by
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ไพ‹๏ผšใ€Œ็งใฏๅฝผๅฅณใซ ่งฃ้›‡ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใซไปŠใงใ‚‚่…นใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™
05:33
her." So your boss, let's say she fired you. She,
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ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธŠๅธ ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ใ‚ฏใƒ“ใซใ—ใŸใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€
05:40
you know, said: "You can't work at this company anymore." And you're still angry about it.
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ‚‚ใ†ใ“ใฎไผš็คพใงๅƒใใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใพใ ใใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆๆ€’ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:44
So I'm angry now about something that happened in the past. I received the action of firing,
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใฏ้ŽๅŽปใซ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆไปŠๆ€’ใฃ ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่งฃ้›‡ใฎๅ‡ฆๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใŸ
05:52
so I'm still angry about having been fired in the past. Clear? Yeah?
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ใฎใง ใ€้ŽๅŽปใซ่งฃ้›‡ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใซไปŠใงใ‚‚่…นใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚ข๏ผŸ ใ†ใ‚“๏ผŸ
05:58
Okay, one more: "Aren't you upset about having been lied to?"
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ใงใฏใ€ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใ€ใ€Œ ๅ˜˜ใ‚’ใคใ‹ใ‚Œใฆๆ€’ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
06:04
So you were lied to by a person, by someone, they lied to you. You received the action.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไบบใซใ€่ชฐใ‹ใซใ€ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใซๅ˜˜ใ‚’ใคใ„ใŸ. ใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:12
"Having been lied to". And again, in this construction, "having been" plus...
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ใ€Œ้จ™ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใ“ใฎๆง‹ๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€"having been" plus...
06:18
Plus past participle, "having" functions as the gerund.
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ใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚น้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใฎ "having" ใŒๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:24
Whoo, okay, so that's a lot. Right? So, as I mentioned, if you want to understand the
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ใ†ใƒผใ‚“ใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ็งใŒ่ฟฐในใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅ‹•ๅ่ฉžใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็”จๆณ•ใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€
06:29
various uses of gerunds which is a super complicated, large grammatical topic, and especially for
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ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ่ค‡้›‘ใง ๅคงใใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ไธŠใฎใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็‰นใซ
06:36
advanced speakers, you guys should be becoming more familiar with this - check out my previous
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ไธŠ็ดšใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใ‚ซใƒผ ใซใจใฃใฆใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใซๆ…ฃใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ - ็งใฎไปฅๅ‰ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆ
06:41
video, and then come back, look at this again. And if you have gotten this far, please check
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ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ๆˆปใฃใฆใใฆใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใพใงๆฅใŸใ‚‰ใ€
06:48
out the quiz down below and test your knowledge. As well, don't forget to subscribe to my YouTube
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ไธ‹ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ€็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€็งใฎ YouTube ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’่ณผ่ชญใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„
06:54
channel. And I'll see you guys next time. See ya.
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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