Learn ALL Tenses in English: The Complete Course

193,694 views ใƒป 2024-10-18

English with Lucy


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Hello, everyone, and welcome toย  this epic grammar video! This isย ย 
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ด ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๋™์˜์ƒ
00:05
your chance to learn all of the tenses in English.
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์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:08
This is basically like a full Englishย  course. It's going to be really long,ย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ์˜์–ด ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:14
so grab a tea or a coffee and settle in.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ฐจ๋‚˜ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์•‰์œผ์„ธ์š”.
00:17
I have put a quiz in the middleย  to keep you on your toes.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ์„ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์— ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
But I understand some of you might putย  this video on whilst doing something else.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ํ‹€ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
I think that's a great idea. It'sย  better than doing nothing. But that isย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ
00:30
also why I have created an epicย  ebook to go with this course.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฐ•์ขŒ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ eBook ์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ด์œ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
It contains all of the information fromย  every lesson that you're going to watch,ย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‹œ์ฒญํ•  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ 
00:40
plus exercises to help youย  practise what you've learned.
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ํ•™์Šตํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€ ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
You can download it for free, and I willย  also give you my B1 to C1 ebook for freeย ย 
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ B1~C1
00:49
that contains an overview of all of theย  tenses you need to know at each levelโ€”B1,ย ย 
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๊ฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ
00:54
B2, and C1โ€”plus lots of otherย  grammatical structures, vocabulary,ย ย 
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B2 ๋ฐ C1โ€”๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋‹ค์–‘
01:00
and even some pronunciation. To receiveย  both of these amazing ebooks for free,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฐœ์Œ๋„ ์ข€. ์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šด eBook ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด
01:06
follow the link on screen, scan the QR codeย  or click the link in the description box.
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ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ QR ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์Šค์บ”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„ค๋ช… ์ƒ์ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
01:11
You enter your name and your emailย  address and you choose your English level.
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์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
You sign up to my mailing list,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚ด ๋ฉ”์ผ๋ง ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:17
and the ebooks will arrive directly in yourย  inbox. After that, you've joined my PDF club.
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eBook์€ ๋ฐ›์€ํŽธ์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋„์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚ด PDF ํด๋Ÿฝ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
You will automatically receiveย  my free weekly PDFs and ebooks,ย ย 
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ PDF์™€ eBook์„ ์ž๋™
01:27
alongside all of my news,ย  course updates and offers.
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๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‰ด์Šค, ์ฝ”์Šค ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ ์ œ์•ˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜.
01:31
It's a free service, and you canย  unsubscribe at any time with one click.
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ด๋ฉฐ ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ํด๋ฆญ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋…์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
Okay, firstly, we're going toย  talk about the perfect tenses,ย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๋จผ์ € ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ์—
01:39
from the present perfect simpleย  to the future perfect continuous.
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๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•๊นŒ์ง€.
01:44
Are you ready?
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์ค€๋น„๋๋‚˜์š”?
01:45
Today's lesson is truly perfect. We're going toย  cover the perfect tenses. As I have heard you loudย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์ •๋ง ์™„๋ฒฝํ•ด์š”. ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:51
and clear, these are the tenses that you struggleย  most with. Don't worry, it's not your fault! Iย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํž˜๋“ค์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
often feel frustrated when I see lessons on theย  perfect tenses or explanations in grammar books.
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ฑ…์—์„œ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ ์„ค๋ช…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ขŒ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
I don't feel like they're clear enough. Inย  this video, I'm going to teach you how toย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ
02:09
use the perfect tenses, and you will probablyย  find that the way I explain them is differentย ย 
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์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”
02:16
from how you've been taught before. I promiseย  you that when you're done with this lesson,ย ย 
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์ด์ „์— ๋ฐฐ์› ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์š”. ์ด ์ˆ˜์—…
02:20
you're going to feel much more confidentย  about how to use the past, present,ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ
02:26
and future perfect simple tenses in 3 key ways.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
Okay, back to the perfect tenses. Orย  should I say the perfect aspect. Iย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
02:35
don't normally talk about tense versusย  aspect in my videos, but I think it'sย ย 
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๋‚ด ๋™์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธด์žฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ธก๋ฉด
02:41
important and useful to mention it today.ย  We only have 2 tenses in Englishโ€”present:
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .ย  ์˜์–ด์—๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ 2๊ฐœ๋งŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
'I go, she goes' andโ€”past: 'I went, she went'.ย  Aspects add information about the way we view aย ย 
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'๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค' ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ: '๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค'.
02:54
verb. For example, an aspect can show whetherย  an action is complete or continuing. When weย ย 
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๋™์‚ฌ. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ธก๋ฉด์€ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
03:01
use the perfect aspect, we look back fromย  a certain point in time to another pointย ย 
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ
03:08
in time. I'm going to explain lots more aboutย  this, and I will give you lots of examples.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์—. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
I am going to refer to them asย  the perfect tenses from now on,ย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์ด๋ผ
03:18
because I think that's the name most ofย  you are familiar with. We don't have toย ย 
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๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
03:22
overcomplicate this. So let's talk aboutย  how we form the perfect tenses. The presentย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ
03:28
perfect simple and the past perfect simpleย  have very similar forms. We form positiveย ย 
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์™„์ „ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ
03:35
sentences in the present perfect simple withย  subject + 'have' or 'has' + past participle.
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์ฃผ์–ด + 'have' ๋˜๋Š” 'has' + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
And we form the past perfect simple withย  subject + 'had' + past participle. 'I haveย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์–ด + 'had' + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœ
03:50
been to London.' 'I had been to London.' To formย  negative sentences, we add 'not' after 'have',ย ย 
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ดค์–ด.' '๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.' ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ
03:58
'has' or 'had'. For exampleโ€”'She has not been toย  London,' 'She had not been to London'. And to formย ย 
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'๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค' ๋˜๋Š” '๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค'. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด - '๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด
04:07
questions, we invert the subject and 'have',ย  'has', or 'had'. 'Had she been to London.'
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด 'have',ย  'has' ๋˜๋Š” 'had'๋กœ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ดค๋”๋ผ๋ฉด.'
04:13
We form positive sentences in the futureย  perfect simple with subject + 'will have' + pastย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด + 'will have'
04:22
participle. 'I will have been to London.' Toย  form negative sentences, we add 'not' afterย ย 
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๋ถ„์‚ฌ. '๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ”์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.' ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ
04:29
'will'. 'I will not have been to London.' And toย  form questions, we invert the subject and 'will'.ย ย 
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'ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค'. '๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.' ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
04:35
'Will they have been to London?' In speech andย  in formal writing we often use contractions.ย ย 
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'๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?' ์—ฐ์„ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฉ์‹
04:41
'Have' is often contracted toโ€”'veโ€”apostrophe 've',ย  and 'has' is often contracted to apostrophe 's',ย ย 
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'Have'๋Š” ์ข…์ข…โ€”'veโ€”์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ 've'๋กœ ์ถ•์•ฝ๋˜๊ณ , 'has'
04:49
pronounced /s/ or /z/ depending on whetherย  an unvoiced or voiced sound comes before it.
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์•ž์— ๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ์ด ์˜ค๋Š”์ง€ ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ์ด ์˜ค๋Š”์ง€ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ /s/ ๋˜๋Š” /z/๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
For exampleโ€”'I've been to London', 'He'sย  been to London', 'Pat's been to London'.ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค', '๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜
05:03
In negative sentences, we usuallyย  contract 'have not' to 'haven't',ย ย 
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๋ถ€์ • ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 'have not'
05:09
and 'has not' to 'hasn't'. 'You haven't been toย  London?' 'She hasn't been to London.' 'Had' isย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  'ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค'๋ฅผ 'ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค'๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ
05:17
often contracted to apostrophe 'd'. 'He'dย  been to London.' In negative sentences,ย ย 
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์ข…์ข… ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ 'd'๋กœ ์ถ•์•ฝ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜
05:25
'had not' is often contracted toย  'hadn't'. 'We hadn't been to London.'
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'had not'์€ 'hadn't'๋กœ ์ถ•์•ฝ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.'
05:31
'Will' is often contracted to apostropheย  'll'. 'They'll have been to London.' Noticeย ย 
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'Will'์€ ์ข…์ข… ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ 'll'๋กœ ์ถ•์•ฝ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '
05:37
that I pronounce 'have' as /ษ™v/ when I'mย  speaking quickly. 'They'll have been toย ย 
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” 'have'๋ฅผ /ษ™v/๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ
05:43
London.' And 'will not' is usually contractedย  to 'won't'. 'I won't have been to London.' Okay,ย ย 
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜.' ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  'will not'์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 'won't'๋กœ ์ถ•์•ฝ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:50
now all of that's out of the way, let's talkย  about the uses of the perfect tenses. In veryย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ๋‹ค ๋๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•
05:55
general terms, we use the present perfectย  simple to look back from the present time.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ ์„ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
We use the past perfect simple to lookย  back from a point in the past. And weย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์„ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ
06:07
use the future perfect simple to lookย  back from a point in the future. Itย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๋ณผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ
06:12
all makes sense. Let's talk about the 3ย  key uses. Firstโ€”life experiences. We useย ย 
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฉ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
06:20
the perfect simple tenses to talk about lifeย  experiences up to a specific point in time.
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ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
We don't say exactly when these life experiencesย  happened. When we use a perfect tense,ย ย 
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์–ธ์ œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ
06:31
we use the present perfect simple to talk aboutย  life experiences up to now. The experiencesย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ธ์ƒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ
06:38
happened in the past, but we are looking atย  them from the present. For exampleโ€”'I haveย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ 
06:44
been to New York.' That means at some pointย  in my life up to now, I went to New York.
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๋‰ด์š•์— ๊ฐ€๋ดค์–ด.' ์ฆ‰, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ด ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์— ๋‰ด์š•์— ๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
You don't know when exactly, you knowย  it was before the present time and thisย ย 
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ธ์ œ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด์ „
06:55
event is completed. I am no longer in New York.
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์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋‰ด์š•์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
We can use the past perfect simple to talk aboutย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ย 
07:01
life experiences that happenedย  before a point in the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์  ์ด์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ธ์ƒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
For exampleโ€”'I had been to New York byย  the time I was 25.' In this example,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '์ €๋Š” 25์„ธ ๋•Œ ๋‰ด์š•์—
07:12
the point from which we are lookingย  back is age 25, and the sentence tellsย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์€ 25์„ธ์ด๋ฉฐ
07:18
you that before I was 25, I went to Newย  York. We use the future perfect simpleย ย 
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 25์‚ด์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋‰ด์š•์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ
07:23
to talk about life experiences that will beย  complete by a specific point in the future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ์— ์™„๋ฃŒ๋  ์ธ์ƒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
Here's that same example againโ€”'I will haveย  been to New York by the time I'm 35.' Age 35ย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋‚˜๋Š” 35์„ธ๊ฐ€
07:37
for me is in the future. This sentence tells usย  that before I am 35, I will visit New York. Youย ย 
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ 35์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ
07:44
don't know when, but the action of visitingย  New York will happen before I'm 35. Okay,ย ย 
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์–ธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‰ด์š•์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์ œ
07:51
the next use I want to talk about isย  four unfinished states and actions.
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์šฉ๋„๋Š” ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
We can use the perfect tenses to talkย  about states and actions that beginย ย 
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์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์™€
08:02
before a point in time and continue up toย  that point. This usage often tells us theย ย 
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ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์  ์ด์ „์— ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰
08:08
duration of the action up to a certainย  point. We can sometimes use the perfectย ย 
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ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ž‘์—… ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ
08:13
simple or perfect continuous tenses whenย  talking about how long something lasts.
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์ง€์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋˜๋Š” ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜• ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
We use the present perfect simple to talkย  about states or actions that began in theย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ์—์„œ
08:24
past and continue to the present. We don'tย  know if they will continue in the future.ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ์— ๊ณ„์†๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ
08:29
Here is an exampleโ€”'I have lived in Manchester forย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ย 
08:32
5 years.' I started living in Manchesterย  5 years ago and I still live there now.
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5๋…„.' ์ €๋Š” 5๋…„ ์ „์— ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ์— ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
We use the past perfect simple to talk aboutย  states or actions that began in the past andย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
08:44
continued up to a later point in theย  past. 'I had lived in Manchester forย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‚˜์ค‘ ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:49
5 years by the time I was 23.' This means thatย  I started living in Manchester when I was 18,ย ย 
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23์‚ด์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 5๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ์ฆ‰, ์ €
08:56
and I still lived there whenย  I was 23, 5 years later.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  5๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 23์„ธ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
You don't know if I continued living there afterย  that. That's not clear in this sentence. We useย ย 
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๊ทธ ํ›„์—๋„ ๊ณ„์† ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹œ์ฃ . ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ
09:05
the future perfect simple to talk aboutย  states and actions that will continue toย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์†๋  ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ํ–‰๋™
09:10
a point in the future. 'I will have lived inย  Manchester for 5 years by the time I'm 33.'ย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํ•œ ์ง€์ . '๋‚˜๋Š” 33์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ
09:17
In this sentence, the starting pointย  for living in Manchester is age 28,ย ย 
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์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ์ƒํ™œ
09:22
which is in the past. Five years later Iย  will be 33 and still living in Manchester.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 5๋…„ ํ›„ ์ €๋Š” 33์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
Okay, time for the final use. I'm calling thisย  use consequences. Consequences! We can use theย ย 
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์ž, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„
09:35
perfect simple tenses to talk about things thatย  happened before a point in time but are relevantย ย 
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ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์  ์ด์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ
09:42
at that point. It's like talking about theย  consequences of an action or event. We use theย ย 
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๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ์—. ์ด๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—
09:47
present perfect simple to talk about an eventย  that happened in the past but is important inย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด
09:53
the present. For exampleโ€”'I've been out everyย  night this week, so I'm really tired today.'
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ํ˜„์žฌ. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ๋ฐค ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ •๋ง ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•ด์š”.'
10:00
That's a past action with a present consequence. Iย  was out every night up to now and I am tired now.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ
10:06
We use the past perfect simple to talk about anย  event that happened in the past that was importantย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
10:12
at a later date in the past. For exampleโ€”'I'd beenย  out every night that week, so I was really tired.'
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '๊ทธ ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ๋ฐค ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ์ •๋ง ํ”ผ๊ณคํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.'
10:19
A past action with a past consequence. Iย  went out every night of a week in the past,ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ–‰๋™. ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š”
10:25
and the next day I was tired. Bothย  of those events are in the past.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ”ผ๊ณคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ
10:29
And the future perfect simple. We useย  the future perfect simple to talk aboutย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™„๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
10:34
something that will happen before a point in theย  future that will be relevant at a later time.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์  ์ด์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
For exampleโ€”'I will have been out every night thatย  week, so I will be really tired.' It's a futureย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '๊ทธ ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ๋ฐค ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์˜ˆ์ •
10:48
action with a likely future consequence. I willย  go out every night for a week in the future andย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ
10:54
then I will be tired. Okay, that is everythingย  I want to say about the perfect tenses today.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”. ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
Okay, that was a perfect lesson right? Now,ย  you've already heard a lot of information,ย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ •๋ง ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๊ฐ•์˜์˜€์ฃ ? ์ž, ์ด๋ฏธ
11:06
so I definitely think you need myย  tenses ebook to help you remember it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ œ ์ „์ž์ฑ…์ด ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
And, of course, when you get that,ย  you also get my B1 to C1 ebook.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก , ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด B1์—์„œ C1๊นŒ์ง€์˜ eBook๋„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
Just click on the link in the description box.
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์„ค๋ช… ์ƒ์ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
Okay, are you ready for the next tenses? We areย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”ย ย 
11:20
going to dive into the presentย  perfect simple and continuous.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฒฝ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
Today, I have got a grammar lesson for you. Weย  are going to be looking at two very similar andย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:31
confusing tenses. I know that a lot of my studentsย  struggle with these. Take a look at these twoย ย 
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ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‹œ์ œ. ์ €๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ 
11:39
sentences: 'I have lived in England for 3 years.'ย  'I have been living in England for 3 years.'
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๋ฌธ์žฅ: '๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'ย  ' ์ €๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.'
11:47
Do they mean the same thing? Today, we are lookingย ย 
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋œป์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ย ย 
11:50
at the present perfect and the presentย  perfect continuous. In some situations,ย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•
11:57
they mean the same thing, and in otherย  situations, they mean different things.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
We use the present perfect and the presentย  perfect continuous for both finished andย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•
12:07
unfinished actions. Let's take a quick look atย  how we form them before we start comparing them.
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๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ–‰๋™. ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
So, the present perfect is 'have/has' + the pastย  participle. 'I have worked.' The negativeโ€”'have'ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ๋Š” 'have/has' + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ
12:24
and 'has' + 'not' + the past participle.ย  'I have not worked.' And, as a question,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  'has' + 'not' + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  '๋‚˜๋Š”
12:32
'have or has' + the subject + the past participle.ย  'Have I worked?' Now, let's take a look at howย ย 
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'have or has' + ์ฃผ์–ด + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ.ย  '๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‚˜
12:40
we form the present perfect continuous. Theย  positive is 'have' or 'has' + 'been' + verb -ing.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ์ •์  ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ 'have' ๋˜๋Š” 'has' + 'been' + ๋™์‚ฌ -ing์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
'I have been working.' The negativeโ€”we justย  put in a 'not'. 'Has' or 'have', 'not', 'been',ย ย 
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'๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค.' ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ ์€ 'not'์„ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ
12:59
verb -ing. 'I have not been working.' And asย  a question, we haveโ€”'has' or 'have' + subjectย ย 
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๋™์‚ฌ -ing. '๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ์งˆ๋ฌธ
13:08
+ 'been' + a verb -ing. 'Have I been working?'ย  It's important to note that we cannot use theย ย 
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+ 'been' + ๋™์‚ฌ -ing. '๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?'ย  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ
13:16
present perfect continuous with stative verbs.ย  Stative verbs don't refer to a physical action.
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์ƒํƒœ ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์ƒํƒœ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
They express something that is permanent. Theyย  express a state or a condition. 'To like.'ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ
13:29
'To love.' 'To believe.' 'To know.' 'Toย  understand.' You can sayโ€”'I've known herย ย 
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'์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋‹ค.' '๋ฏฟ๋‹ค.' '์•Œ๋‹ค.' '์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด.' ๋‹น์‹ 
13:34
for years.' You cannot sayโ€”'I've been knowingย  her for years.' You can sayโ€”'I've been here forย ย 
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ.' '๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ• 
13:41
a while.' You cannot sayโ€”'I've been beingย  here for a while.' Just so that's clear.
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์ž ์‹œ๋งŒ์š”.' '๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
We can use the present perfect and the presentย  perfect continuous to talk about actions,ย ย 
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๋™์ž‘์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ
13:54
unfinished actions that started inย  the past and are still true now.ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ํšจ
13:59
We often use them with 'since' and 'for'. 'Iย  have lived in England for 3 years.' 'I have beenย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 'since'์™€ 'for'์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:07
studying English since 2003.' 'I've been studyingย  English since 2017.' Now, sometimes, especiallyย ย 
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2003๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.' '์ €๋Š” 2017๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜์–ด
14:17
with the verbs 'study', 'live' and 'work', thereย  is no real difference in meaning between the two.
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'study', 'live', 'work' ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด ์— ์‹ค์ œ ์˜๋ฏธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
'I've lived in England for 3 years.' 'I've beenย  living in England for 3 years.' They mean theย ย 
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'์ €๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' '์ €๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ
14:30
same thing. 'I've studied English since 2017.'ย  'I've been studying English since 2017.' Again,ย ย 
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ. '์ €๋Š” 2017๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'ย  '
14:39
they mean the same thing. 'She has worked hereย  for 6 months.' 'She has been working here for 6ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ
14:45
months.' Once again, they mean the same thing.ย  So, I hope that clears up some of your doubts.
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๊ฐœ์›”.' ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์˜ ์˜์‹ฌ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜์…จ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
Unfortunately, sometimes there is a differenceย  in meaning between these 2 tenses, the presentย ย 
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘ ์‹œ์ œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์˜๋ฏธ
14:58
perfect and the present perfect continuous.ย  I'm going to discuss 4 situations where thereย ย 
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์™„๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•.ย  ๋‚˜๋Š” 4
15:04
is a difference in meaning. Number 1โ€”theย  present perfect continuous can be used toย ย 
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์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1๋ฒˆ - ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์€
15:11
emphasise the amount or length of time that hasย  passed, whereas the present perfect is generallyย ย 
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์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–‘์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š”
15:18
neutral. It might sound complicated,ย  but take a look at these 2 sentences.
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์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ . ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‘ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
15:24
'She's been working for hours!' 'She hasย  worked for hours.' 'She's been working!'ย ย 
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'๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”!' '๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„
15:32
Shows more emphasis about the hours thatย  have passed. It's a very subtle difference,ย ย 
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์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:38
but it's there. The second situation,ย  the present perfect is commonly used toย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ธ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ
15:43
talk about how much or how many, butย  this is impossible with the presentย ย 
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
15:49
perfect continuous. Let me show you: 'She hasย  eaten three pieces of toast this morning.'
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์—ฐ์†. ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ์— ํ† ์ŠคํŠธ ์„ธ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
15:56
That sentence is perfectly fine. Let's tryย  it with the present perfect continuous. 'Sheย ย 
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์™„์ „ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ
16:02
has been eating 3 pieces of toast thisย  morning.' It doesn't work. You can'tย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ์— ํ† ์ŠคํŠธ 3์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ์ž‘๋™
16:08
use it. 'He's drunk 7 cups of coffeeย  this morning,'โ€”I hope not, poor guy.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. '๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ์— ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ 7์ž”
16:15
You cannot sayโ€”'He has been drinking 7 cups ofย  coffee this morning.' It has to be the present
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'์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ์— ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ 7์ž”์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์…จ๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์—ฌ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ด
16:22
perfect when talking about how much or howย  many. Let's take a look at the third situation.ย ย 
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๋”ฑ ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:29
The present perfect continuous often focuses onย  the action itself, whereas the present perfectย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์€ ๋™์ž‘ ์ž์ฒด์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š”
16:38
focus is on the completion of the action. Again,ย  it's much easier to see this written out thanย ย 
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์ดˆ์ ์€ ์ž‘์—… ์™„๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด
16:44
to listen to an explanation. So, I'll give youย  some examples. Take a look at these 2 sentences:
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์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋Ÿฌ. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‹ค์Œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
16:51
'I've been watching the TV series youย  recommended.' 'I've watched the TVย ย 
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'๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ถ”์ฒœํ•œ TV ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฒญ
16:55
series you recommended.' With the first oneโ€”'I'veย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ถ”์ฒœํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ.' ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” '๋‚˜๋Š”ย ย 
16:59
been watching'โ€”I'm showing that I am stillย  watching it. I haven't finished the action yet,ย ย 
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์‹œ์ฒญ ์ค‘'โ€”์•„์ง๋„ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ 
17:05
whereas with the second oneโ€”'I've watched,'ย  I'm telling you that I have finishedย ย 
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ธ '๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ฒญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:10
watching it. Sometimes, it's not quite asย  obvious. 'She's been seeing a therapist.'
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.'
17:17
'She's seen a therapist.' Withโ€”'She's beenย  seeing'โ€”it implies that her treatment is ongoing;ย ย 
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'๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' '๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ 
17:24
she's still seeing that therapist. 'She'sย  seen a therapist' means she's seen one,ย ย 
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์•„์ง๋„ ๊ทธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. '๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ
17:30
and now she may have stopped seeing one,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ณผ ์ผ์ด ์—†์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ,ย ย 
17:33
or her treatment has ended. Another thingย  to note is that, with the present perfect,ย ย 
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๋˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€
17:38
we can use 'yet' and 'already'. I know lotsย  of you struggle with 'for', 'since' 'yet',
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'์•„์ง'๊ณผ '์ด๋ฏธ'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด 'for', '๋ถ€ํ„ฐ' '์•„์ง',
17:43
and 'already'. We've discussed 'for' forย  instanceโ€”now, 'yet' and 'already'. 'I haveย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '์ด๋ฏธ'. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด 'for'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:49
seen the film already', or 'I've already seenย  the film'. You can put 'already' at the end,ย ย 
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์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ดค์–ด์š”', ๋˜๋Š” '์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ดค์–ด์š”'๋ผ๊ณ 
17:56
or you can put it between 'have' or 'has'ย  and the participle. 'I have already seen.'ย ย 
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๋˜๋Š” 'have' ๋˜๋Š” 'has'์™€ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋„ฃ์„
18:02
A common mistake that I hear isโ€”'I haveย  seen already the film.' That doesn't quite,ย ย 
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ”ํžˆ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” '์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ดค์–ด
18:08
we would understand you, butย  it doesn't quite sound right.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ , ์˜ณ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:11
And 'yet', this goes at the end. 'Have youย  seen the film yet?' 'No, I haven't seen itย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '์•„์ง'์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ
18:17
yet.' You can put 'yet' between 'have', 'has'ย  and the participle: 'I haven't yet seen it',ย ย 
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์•„์ง.' 'have', 'has'ย ์™€ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ: 'I have not still saw
18:26
but it sounds quite old-fashioned. 'Iย  haven't yet gone.' 'I haven't yet seenย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฝค ๊ตฌ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋„ค์š”. '์•„์ง
18:30
it.' It sounds nice; it sounds very formal andย  old-fashioned. Like you'd read in an old book.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ.' ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”. ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜•์‹์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์‹์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ์ฝ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
18:36
In the question form, it doesn't sound right atย  all. 'Have you yet seen the film?' No, don't useย ย 
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์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์˜ณ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์•„์ง๋„
18:43
that. Sometimes we use the difference between theย  present perfect and the present perfect continuousย ย 
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์ €๊ฒƒ. ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ
18:50
to talk about different kinds of results in theย  present. Again, it's much easier to see this inย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ
18:55
an example, so I will provide those. 'I've doneย  all of my chores, so I can come out tonight.'
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 'ํ•  ์ผ์„ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ์ณค์œผ๋‹ˆ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค์— ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.'
19:02
We use the present perfect when the result comesย  from the action being finished. I can come outย ย 
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์ž‘์—…์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๋•Œ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ
19:08
tonight because I've finished my chores;ย  it's completed. 'I've been doing my chores,ย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋ฐค์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์•ˆ์ผ์„ ๋งˆ์ณค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:15
so I'm exhausted.' We use the present perfectย  continuous when the result comes from doing theย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€์ณค์–ด.' ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
19:21
action itself. I am exhausted from carryingย  out all of my chores. Another exampleโ€”'I'veย ย 
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ํ–‰๋™ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด. ์ง‘์•ˆ์ผ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•˜๋Š๋ผ
19:29
prepared a big dinner, so you can come over.'
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์„ฑ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €๋…์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์˜ค์„ธ์š”.'
19:32
'I've been preparing a big dinner, so allย  of my pans are dirty.' My pans are dirtyย ย 
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'์„ฑ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €๋…์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ํ”„๋ผ์ดํŒฌ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘
19:38
as a result of the preparation, but you canย  come over because I've finished preparingย ย 
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์ค€๋น„๋Š” ๋๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
19:43
the dinner. In the first example, with theย  present perfect, you can come over becauseย ย 
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์ €๋… ์‹์‚ฌ. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ
19:48
I've finished preparing my dinner. In the secondย  example, with the present perfect continuous,ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ €๋… ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ
19:54
all of my pans are dirty because ofย  the preparation of my dinnerโ€”the actionย 
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์ €๋… ์‹์‚ฌ ์ค€๋น„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ”„๋ผ์ด
20:01
of doing it. Finally, we can use the presentย  perfect continuous to talk about situations thatย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
20:08
aren't permanent, things that are not usual.ย  'I've been sleeping badly.' I don't normallyย ย 
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์˜์›ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ , ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์€ ์ผ๋“ค.ย  '์ž 
20:13
sleep badly, but recently I've been sleepingย  badly. 'Normally, I buy lunch at the canteen,ย ย 
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์ž ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ชป ์ž๋Š”๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ž ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ชป
20:19
but I've been bringing lunch from home.'ย  'I've been getting up early to work out.'
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š” .'ย  '์šด๋™ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ผ์ฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.'
20:25
I don't usually do this, butย  recently I have been doing this.
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ํ‰์†Œ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:29
So now, you've learned theย  differences between thoseย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๋‘ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ 
20:31
tenses. I want to test your knowledge with a quiz.
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์‹œ์ œ. ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋กœ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ง€์‹์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:35
To do that. Download theย  giant ebook I've made for you.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ eBook์„ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
20:38
I've built quizzes into it.
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:40
Now, I think it's time to lookย  to the future. Or is it? The nextย ย 
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ธ ๊ฒƒ
20:45
lesson explains how to talk about the futureย  and whether we need to use future tenses.
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์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:51
You're probably a bit shocked by the titleย  and the thumbnail. Do you mean there's noย ย 
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์ œ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ
20:56
future tense? Why should I stop using it? I'mย  going to talk about the future tense. Are youย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์‹œ์ œ? ์™œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜
21:01
intrigued? Well, just saying, the futureย  tense is considered incorrect. Why? Well,ย ย 
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ? ๊ธ€์Ž„, ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์ œ
21:07
because there's no such thing as theย  future tense in English. I knowโ€”mind-blown.
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์˜์–ด์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋„ ์•Œ์•„์š”. ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ž์–ด์š”.
21:12
If you look in most grammar books, you'llย  likely see a section named something likeย ย 
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ฑ…์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฆ„
21:18
'talking about the future' andย  not 'future tenses'. In fact,ย ย 
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'๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์ œ'๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ '๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
21:22
there are only 2 tenses in Englishโ€”the present andย  the past. These tenses are then further dividedย ย 
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์˜์–ด์—๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ์ œ 2๊ฐœ๋งŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
21:29
into aspects like continuous and perfect. Weย  tend to call each tense + aspect = a tense.
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์ง€์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹œ์ œ + ์ธก๋ฉด = ์‹œ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:38
For example, the present perfect tense or theย  past continuous tense. It's just simpler toย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ–‰
21:45
think about them like this, and it's probably whatย  you've been taught at school and all through yourย ย 
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ
21:50
English learning journey. Anyway, back to theย  future. A key feature in English tenses is verbย ย 
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์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต ์—ฌํ–‰. ์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”
21:56
inflection. In the present tense, for instance,ย  we add 's' to third person singular verbs,ย ย 
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๊ตด์ ˆ. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์ธ์นญ
22:03
and in the past tense, regular verbs often get anย  -ed suffix. For exampleโ€”'like', 'likes', 'liked'.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ์— -ed ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด '์ข‹์•„์š”', '์ข‹์•„์š”', '์ข‹์•„์š”'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:10
However, the future differs from the presentย  in past tenses in a significant way. We don'tย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ
22:16
have a specific verb inflection to indicateย  it, so there's no future tense technically.ย ย 
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๋™์‚ฌ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
22:25
But I think it's so much easier to thinkย  about the future as a tense in the sameย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ
22:31
way as you think of the present andย  past tenses. So I'm taking a stand.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ โ€‹โ€‹๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:36
This video is about the future tenses, and I'mย  going to explain how you can use them in English.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์˜์ƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์‹œ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜์–ด ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:41
Right, let's start with Will. 'Will' is aย  very handsome man and is also a modal verbย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ตฐ์š”. ์œŒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 'Will'์€ ๋งค์šฐ
22:48
that can be used to talk about the future.ย  We use it in what we call the future simple,ย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ
22:53
future continuous, future perfect simpleย  and the future perfect continuous.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™„๋ฃŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™„๋ฃŒ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:59
The future simpleโ€”we have 'will' + baseย  verb. We use the future simple to makeย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜ํ˜•์€ 'will' + ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
23:06
predictions. We also use it to talk aboutย  decisions made at the moment of speaking,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ์ธก. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๋‚ด๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒฐ์ •
23:11
and we use it to make offers and promises. 'Itย  will be a wonderful party. I just know it.'ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์•ฝ์†์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '
23:17
'The dog's getting a bit boisterous. I'll walkย  him.' The contraction thereโ€”'I will', 'I'll'.
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'๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐˆ๊ฒŒ .' ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ˜•์€ 'I will', 'I'll'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:24
Andโ€”'I'll get you another size to tryย  on.' Okay, let's move to the futureย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ โ€”'์‹œ์ฐฉํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ
23:28
continuous. This is 'will' + 'be' + -ingย  verb. We use the future continuous to talkย ย 
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๋งˆ๋”” ์—†๋Š”. 'will' + 'be' + -ing ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ
23:35
about temporary actions and events thatย  will be in progress at a time later thanย ย 
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์ดํ›„์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์ž„์‹œ ์กฐ์น˜
23:40
now. For exampleโ€”'This time tomorrow, we will beย  sitting down to dinner at my dream restaurant',ย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '๋‚ด์ผ ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋˜
23:46
orโ€”'I'll be walking to work tomorrow,ย  as my car is at the mechanic's'.
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๋˜๋Š” - '๋‚ด ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋น„์†Œ์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚ด์ผ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ์ถœ๊ทผํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
23:51
The future perfect simpleโ€”'will' + haveย  + the past participle. We use the futureย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•โ€”'will' + haveย  + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ
23:57
perfect simple to talk about events thatย  will be finished at a certain time laterย ย 
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋๋‚  ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
24:02
than now. It's like we walk into theย  future and then turn around and lookย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋Œ์•„์„œ
24:07
back. I don't normally show you the back ofย  my head. Do you want to know how I do this
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๋’ค์ชฝ์—. ์ €๋Š” ํ‰์†Œ์— ๋’ท๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์š”. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‚˜์š”?
24:11
amazing knot. Maybe I'll show you one day,ย  I have to do a lesson on hair. By the way,ย ย 
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋งค๋“ญ. ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
24:16
we don't typically call this a 'knot'. We callย  this a 'bun'. A 'knot' is not something you wantย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ '๋งค๋“ญ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ
24:21
to know. Some examplesโ€”'We will definitely haveย  arrived by 7 pm,' or 'They'll have already eatenย ย 
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์•Œ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ: '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์˜คํ›„ 7์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„์ฐฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ
24:28
before they come round, soย  we don't need to feed them'.
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๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ค„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
24:31
And the future perfect continuousโ€”'will' + 'haveย  been' + -ing verb. We use the future perfectย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์€ 'will' + 'haveย  been' + -ing ๋™์‚ฌ
24:39
continuous to emphasise the duration of an eventย  that will be happening at a time later than now.ย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„
24:47
It's similar to the future perfect simple in thatย  we look back from a time in the future. Again,ย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜
24:53
another opportunity to show my bun. Forย  exampleโ€”'In 6 months' time, we will have beenย ย 
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๋‚ด ๋กค๋นต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํšŒ
24:58
working here for 7 years,' or 'By this time nextย  week, I will have been travelling for 4 months.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 7๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.' ๋˜๋Š” '๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ ์ด๋ง˜๋•Œ๋ฉด ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ•œ ์ง€ 4๊ฐœ์›”์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:06
A quick note about the future perfectย  simple and continuous here. With some verbs,ย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™„๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
25:11
you can use either tense with no changeย  in meaning. One of those verbs is 'work'.ย ย 
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์˜๋ฏธ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์—†์ด ๋‘ ์‹œ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜
25:18
Take a look! 'In 6 months' time, we will haveย  worked here for 7 years.' 'In 6 months' time,ย ย 
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๋ณด์„ธ์š”! '6๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 7๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
25:24
we will have been working here for 7 years.' Theyย  mean pretty much the same thing in the future
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 7๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.' ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
25:31
perfect continuous. There is more of a feelingย  of emphasis on just how long you've worked there,ย ย 
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์—ฐ์†. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ
25:37
but you really can use either. Other verbs likeย  this include 'live', 'play', and 'teach'. However,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
25:43
with lots of verbs like 'read', you can't use themย  interchangeably. For exampleโ€”'By tomorrow night,ย ย 
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'์ฝ๋‹ค'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
25:51
I will have been reading this book for 2 months.'ย  This means that you won't have finished the bookย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ์ฑ…์„ 2๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฝ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.'ย  ์ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ 
25:58
and you simply cannot replace, 'willย  have been reading' with 'will have read'.
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'will have been reading'์„ 'will have read'๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:04
It's not an ongoing action. If you did, theย  sentence would not be grammatically correctย ย 
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์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์žฅ
26:09
because 'will have read' means you will beย  finished reading, but you are not. Okay, thoseย ย 
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'will have read'๋Š” ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜์ง€
26:14
are your 4 future tenses. Sorry grammar police!ย  There are of course other ways to talk about theย ย 
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4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์•ˆ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ!ย  ๋ฌผ๋ก 
26:22
future apart from 'will'. And we're going toย  look at them now using my Wheel of Fortune.
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'์˜์ง€'์™€๋Š” ๋ณ„๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜. ์ด์ œ ๋‚ด Wheel of Fortune ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:30
Or actually, I should call it myย  Wheel of Future. As you can see,ย ย 
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ˆ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ผ๊ณ 
26:36
we have 'will' in one corner, whichย  I've already talked about, below that,ย ย 
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ํ•œ์ชฝ ๊ตฌ์„์— 'will'์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์•„๋ž˜
26:41
we have 'to be going to'. And the structureย  there is 'be going to' + base verb. We usedย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 'ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 'ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š”
26:47
'to be going to' in 2 main waysโ€”to makeย  predictions based on present evidence.
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'to be Going to'๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
26:53
For exampleโ€”'John is so drunk! He's goingย  to have a terrible hangover tomorrow,' orย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, '์กด์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ทจํ–ˆ์–ด์š”! ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
26:59
to talk about plans and intentions. 'I'mย  going to spend the day at home tomorrow,ย ย 
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๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์˜๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋‚ด์ผ
27:05
just chilling.' When the verbย  in the infinitive is 'go',ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์‰ฌ๋Š” ์ค‘์ด์•ผ.' ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ
27:09
we often shorten the sentence 'I'm going (to go)ย  shopping later'. Just get rid of 'to go'. Now,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 'I'm Going (to go)ย  shopping later'๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„
27:15
this looks like the present continuous, which isย  actually the next tense on my Wheel of Future.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚ด Wheel of Future์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:22
We use the present continuous to talk about plansย  and arrangements. Yeah, plans again. We're makingย ย 
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๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์ค€๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ํ˜„์žฌ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
27:27
plans for the future. There is often littleย  difference between the present continuous andย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš. ํ˜„์žฌ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ˜„์žฌ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜• ์‚ฌ์ด
27:32
'to be going to' when we're talking about plans.ย  However, when we use the present continuous,ย ย 
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๊ณ„ํš์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ 'to be Going to'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
27:38
we have made a firm decision to do something.ย  And what do I mean by a firm decision?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ™•๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
27:43
It usually means I know exactly what I'mย  doing, where, when and with whom. Often,ย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„, ์–ด๋””์„œ, ์–ธ์ œ, ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•˜๊ณ 
27:49
but not always. We have arranged toย  do something. Look at these examples:ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€
27:54
'I am having lunch with my friend Claireย  tomorrow,'โ€”that's an arrangement. 'We'reย ย 
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'๋‚ด์ผ ์นœ๊ตฌ Claire์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ๋จน์„ ์˜ˆ์ •
27:59
spending the summer on a yacht in Croatia.'ย  Probably booked, but if not very definitelyย ย 
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ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์—์„œ ์š”ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.'ย  ์•„๋งˆ๋„
28:06
happening. You could sayโ€”'We're going toย  spend the summer on a yacht in Croatia.'
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์‚ฌ๊ณ . '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์—์„œ ์š”ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:11
This is a plan, but it's less likely that you'veย  booked it. It feels just slightly less certainย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
28:17
than when we use the present continuous.ย  We don't use the present continuous toย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค.ย  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
28:21
make predictions when an event is outside ofย  our control. 'The sky is so dark it's goingย ย 
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์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
28:27
to rain in a few minutes.' We don't sayโ€”'It'sย  raining in a few minutes'โ€”because the weather,ย ย 
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๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ํ›„์— ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.' ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ํ›„์— ๋น„๊ฐ€
28:32
unfortunately, is not in my control or yours,ย  but especially in British people's control.
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š ์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠนํžˆ ์˜๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:39
It's just not. We just have no control overย  the weather. It is one of the worst things ofย ย 
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ ์”จ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜
28:43
living in Britain. Every picnic ruined.ย  Every wedding. Look how British I am,ย ย 
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์˜๊ตญ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ํ”ผํฌ๋‹‰์ด ๋ง๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
28:48
just talking about the weather. By the way,ย  I'm doing something very, very British here,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‚ ์”จ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ผ. ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ , ์ €๋Š”
28:51
which is complaining about the weather. Andย  I've just said it's not in my control, yet
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๋‚ ์”จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถˆํ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ง ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ
28:54
here I am again. I like the weather ruinedย  my summer this year. It can't happenย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌํ•ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ง์นœ ๋‚ ์”จ
28:58
again. Anyway, back to the lesson. Back to theย  present continuous. We also don't use it to talkย ย 
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๋‹ค์‹œ. ์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ์ˆ˜์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
29:02
about permanent situations in the future. 'We areย  going to live in the countryside for the rest ofย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด. '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ์€
29:08
our lives.' We wouldn't sayโ€”'We are living inย  the countryside for the rest of our lives.'
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ.' ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ์€ ์ƒ์•  ๋™์•ˆ ์‹œ๊ณจ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:12
'We are going to live.' And finally, I want toย  talk about the present simple. Another tense that,ย ย 
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'์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.' ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•
29:18
rather confusingly, we use to talk aboutย  the future. We use the present simple toย ย 
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณค
29:23
talk about timetabled or scheduled events.ย  'Our plane leaves at 2:10 tomorrow morning.'ย ย 
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ‘œ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  '์šฐ๋ฆฌ
29:29
'The exam finishes at 7, so pick me upย  then.' Right, those are the 4 futureย ย 
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'์‹œํ—˜์ด 7์‹œ์— ๋๋‚˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋•Œ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค์„ธ์š”
29:35
tenses and some different ways we can talkย  about the future using other structures.
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์‹œ์ œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:40
What do you think? Do you find it easierย  to think of the future as a tense? Maybeย ย 
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”
29:45
you disagree with me and that's absolutelyย  fine. I'm open to hearing your opinions. Justย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚ด ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
29:49
leave them in the comments and everyoneย  just be nice to each other, please.
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๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
29:52
Yeah, that's right! There is technically noย  such thing as the future tense in English.
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์‘, ๋งž์•„! ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์–ด์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์ œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:57
If that was news to you, I'mย  guessing you need to recapย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†Œ์‹์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
30:00
that video by reading the future sectionย  in the ebook that goes with this lesson.
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์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” eBook์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„น์…˜์„ ์ฝ์–ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
30:04
Okay, we've talked about quiteย  a few tenses already, but
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ์ œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
30:07
you might be wondering which tenses areย  the most important to learn in English?
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์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹œ์ฃ ?
30:12
Well, the next video has the answer. Did youย  know that 5 tenses make up 90% of English?
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์Œ, ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜์ƒ์— ๋‹ต์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜์–ด ์˜ 90%๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
30:18
Seriously, one of the 5 tenses is theย  present simple. But what are the others?
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์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ, 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
30:23
Watch to find out!
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์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜์„ธ์š”!
30:24
I have got such an exciting video for youย  because now there are various studies,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„
30:30
various claims, but the general consensus isย  that 92 up to 95% of all written and spokenย ย 
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ•ฉ์˜
30:39
English is done in just 5 grammar tenses. Soย  what are we going to do today? We are goingย ย 
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์˜์–ด๋Š” ๋‹จ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์‹œ์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
30:45
to go through those 5 grammar tenses, so thatย  you can get that little bit closer to fluency.
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5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์ฐฝํ•จ์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:51
We're going to improve your grammar, fluencyย  and accuracy in the most efficient way possible.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•, ์œ ์ฐฝ ํ•จ, ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:58
Okay, let's start this amazingly efficient grammarย  lesson by reviewing the English verb tenses. So,ย ย 
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์ž, ์˜์–ด ๋™์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์Šตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋†€๋ž๋„๋ก ํšจ์œจ
31:03
technically, there are only 3ย  tensesโ€”the present, the past,ย ย 
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์—„๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ
31:07
and the future. But we have 4 differentย  aspects within these tensesโ€”the simple,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์‹œ์ œ์—๋Š”
31:13
the continuous, the perfect simple and theย  perfect continuous. When we combine these 4ย ย 
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์—ฐ์†ํ˜•, ์™„์ „ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•, ์™„์ „ ์—ฐ์†ํ˜•
31:20
aspects with the 3 verb tenses, we get whatย  we typically refer to as the 12 verb tenses.
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3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 12๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:27
Some people like to includeย  the conditionals in the tenses,ย ย 
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์ œ์— ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ
31:31
I don't. You'll hear some people say there areย  16 tenses. I like to set the conditionals apart.ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”. ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ 16๊ฐœ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ
31:36
Let's have a look at each one reallyย  quickly just to refresh our memories.ย ย 
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์ถ”์–ต์„ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ
31:40
The present simple is used for generalย  truths, habits and permanent situations.ย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ง„๋ฆฌ, ์Šต๊ด€
31:46
The present continuous is used for actionsย  happening now or around the present moment.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:52
The present perfect is used for past actions withย  a connection to the present or for experiences.ย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ–‰๋™
31:59
And the present perfect continuous is used forย  actions that started in the past and are ongoingย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด
32:05
up to the present. Now the pastsโ€”the past simpleย  is used to talk about completed actions in theย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€. ์ด์ œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐโ€”๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋Š”ย ์™„๋ฃŒ
32:11
past, the past continuous is used for actions thatย  were in progress at a specific time in the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋˜ ์ž‘์—…์— ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:18
The past perfect is used for actions completedย  before a specific time in the past, and theย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ „
32:24
past perfect continuous is used for actions thatย  started in the past, continued and were completedย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์†
32:31
before another past event. Don't worry, we'llย  look at some of these in more detail. And finally,ย ย 
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—. ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์ด
32:36
the future. We have the future simple usedย  for actions that will happen in the future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜. ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:41
The future continuous use for actionsย  that will be in progress at a specificย ย 
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ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์—
32:46
time in the future. The future perfectย  used for actions that will be completedย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„. ์™„๋ฃŒ๋  ์ž‘์—…์—
32:52
before a specific time in the future.ย  And the future perfect continuousย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ „์—.ย  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
32:58
used for actions that will start in the future,ย  continue and be completed before another futureย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋  ์ž‘์—…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
33:06
event. Okay, that's a lot of information toย  remember and I covered it very, very briefly.
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์ด๋ฒคํŠธ. ์ข‹์•„์š”, ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:12
Don't worry, we're going to go deeper. Iย  know a lot of English learners struggleย ย 
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๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์–ด
33:16
with deciding which verb tense to use inย  a given situation. Well, lucky for you,ย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋™์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •
33:22
not all verb tenses are created equal. Let'sย  go ahead and look at this beautiful chartย ย 
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋™์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
33:28
I made to see which are the 5 most commonly usedย  verb tenses in both spoken and written English.
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์˜์–ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋™์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:35
Okay, time for the big reveal, our mostย  common verb tense making up nearly 60% ofย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ด์ œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ
33:40
all English communication isโ€”drumrollโ€”theย  present simple. We then have that followedย ย 
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๋ชจ๋“  ์˜์–ด ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์€โ€”๋“œ๋Ÿผ๋กคโ€”ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:46
by the past simple at close to 20%,ย  then the future simple at around 8%.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์€ 20%์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์€ ์•ฝ 8%์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:53
So that's 3 tenses, making nearly 88% of theย  entire usage according to certain studies.ย ย 
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ํŠน์ • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ „์ฒด
34:00
Then we have the present perfect simpleย  at around 6% and present continuous atย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์•ฝ 6%์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•
34:05
5%. And then we have this tiny sliver of pieย  that contains the other 7 verb tenses. Now,ย ย 
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5%. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 7๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ
34:12
if you're good at maths, you'll notice that'sย  99% for all of those tenses. In the title,
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์— ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 99%๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋ชฉ์—๋Š”
34:17
I say 90% because I don't 100% trust thoseย  numbers. But don't let this chart foolย ย 
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ 100% ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 90%๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง
34:22
you. Each and every verb tense has its time andย  place, but for general day to day conversations,ย ย 
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๋„ˆ. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ œ์—๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€
34:28
these 5 are going to be your bread and butter. So,ย ย 
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์ด 5๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋นต๊ณผ ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ,ย ย 
34:30
let's go ahead and see how you can start usingย  each of these tenses to the best of your ability.
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๊ฐ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ป ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
34:34
As you just learned, the present simple makesย  up a large portion of daily communication andย ย 
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋“ฏ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์€ ์ผ์ƒ
34:39
rightfully so. We live in the present, afterย  all. Let's look at some of the most commonย ย 
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
34:43
uses of the present simple. Firstly, we useย  it to talk about facts and statements thatย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์˜ ์šฉ๋„. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ์ง„์ˆ ์—
34:48
are always true. 'Most people prefer toย  shop online,' or 'The supermarket is busy
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๋˜๋Š” '์Šˆํผ๋งˆ์ผ“์ด ๋ฐ”๋น ์š”.
34:54
on Saturday mornings'. Weย  also use it for statementsย ย 
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ํ† ์š”์ผ ์•„์นจ์—'. ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ
34:57
that are true in the present. 'You are my bestย  friend, Jasmine,' or 'I can't bake to save myย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. '๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ, Jasmine์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
35:04
lifeโ€”look at this cake'. You can just show aย  really rubbish cake. And we also use it forย ย 
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์ธ์ƒโ€”์ด ์ผ€์ดํฌ ์ข€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”'. ์ •๋ง ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ€์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด
35:09
routine actions or habits in the present,ย  often used with an adverb of frequency.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์Šต๊ด€์œผ๋กœ, ์ข…์ข… ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:14
'Do you always bike to work,' or 'I neverย  see her in yoga class these days'. We useย ย 
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'ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ถœ๊ทผํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?' ๋˜๋Š” '์š”์ฆ˜ ์š”๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์—…
35:19
it to refer to scheduled events in theย  future. 'Carmine's holiday officiallyย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
35:24
starts on the 5th of October,' or 'My stag doย  kicks off at 10 pm at Boots and Brews'. Andย ย 
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10์›” 5์ผ์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๋˜๋Š” '๋‚ด ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์Šด์€ Boots and
35:30
the last one I'll mention todayโ€”we useย  it to give directions or instructions.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€์นจ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:35
'Mix the flour and water together to createย  a thick paste,' or 'To get to the bookshop,ย ย 
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'๋ฐ€๊ฐ€๋ฃจ์™€ ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ž์–ด ๊ฑธ์ญ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์ฃฝ์„
35:40
walk down to the corner and take a left'.ย  As you can probably tell from our examples,ย ย 
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๋ชจํ‰์ด๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€์„œ ์ขŒํšŒ์ „ํ•˜์„ธ์š”
35:45
these kinds of statements and questions makeย  up a large portion of our daily conversations,ย ย 
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง„์ˆ ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์ƒ
35:50
so it's no wonder why the present simple toppedย  our list. Next up, we have the past simple.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก์˜ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ์ด์œ  ๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
35:56
Of course, this is the second most usedย  verb tense because we use it to talk aboutย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด
36:00
completed actions in the past, and we sureย  do love to talk about the past. Look at aย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
36:05
news article or pick up your favouriteย  book. Most of them rely heavily on theย ย 
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๋‰ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ๊ณจ๋ผ
36:09
past simple tense. Let's go ahead and lookย  at some uses of this very versatile tense.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ. ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์žฌ๋‹ค๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹œ์ œ ์˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šฉ๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
36:15
It's commonly used to describe actions thatย  occurred at a specific time in the past. 'Iย ย 
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ž‘์—…
36:20
visited Greece last summer with my girlfriend.'ย  It's also used to narrate a series of pastย ย 
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์ง€๋‚œ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.'ย  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜
36:25
events. 'Yolanda woke up, brushed her teeth andย  headed off to the office.' It's used to expressย ย 
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์ด๋ฒคํŠธ. '์šœ๋ž€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž ์—์„œ ๊นจ์–ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ฆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค๋กœ
36:31
habitual or repeated actions in the past. 'Everyย  morning, Ben watered his plants and fed his dog.'
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์Šต๊ด€์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ ํ–‰๋™. '๋งค์ผ ์•„์นจ ๋ฒค์€ ์‹๋ฌผ์— ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
36:39
And number 4, it's used to discuss past statesย  or conditions. 'We were so tired after our longย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  4๋ฒˆ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋‚˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š”
36:46
hike yesterday.' All right, next up we have theย  future simple tense. Let's start with spontaneousย ย 
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์–ด์ œ ํ•˜์ดํ‚น์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด.' ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜
36:51
decisions. For exampleโ€”'I'm pretty hungry.ย  I will order some food.' Predictionsโ€”'Theย ย 
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๊ฒฐ์ •. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฝค ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”„๋‹ค
36:58
weather forecast says it will rainย  tomorrow.' Promisesโ€”'I will get toย ย 
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์ผ๊ธฐ์˜ˆ๋ณด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ 
37:02
the office 20 minutes earlyย  to get everything set up.'
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ์— 20๋ถ„ ์ผ์ฐ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.'
37:06
Offersโ€”'Mom will be happy to help youย  with your project if you need it.' Andย ย 
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์ œ์•ˆโ€”'ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ
37:10
requestsโ€”'Will you pass me the salt?'ย  Got it? Good, because it's time to moveย ย 
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์š”์ฒญโ€”'์†Œ๊ธˆ ์ข€ ๊ฑด๋„ค์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?'ย  ์•Œ์•˜์–ด
37:16
on from the future simple and talk aboutย  the present perfect simple. Don't let itsย ย 
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๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ํ˜•๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์—
37:20
long and slightly confusing name fool you;ย  it's actually quite an easy tense to master.
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๊ธธ๊ณ  ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ณด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .ย  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์‹œ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:25
We use it to talk about unfinished states orย  actions that started in the past. 'He's beenย ย 
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์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
37:30
in his new position for about two weeks.'ย  We use it to talk about completed actionsย ย 
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์•ฝ 2์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง์œ„์—์„œ.'ย  ์™„๋ฃŒ
37:36
with relevance to the present. 'My dadย  has just pulled up to the house.' Weย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ โ€‹โ€‹๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ. '์•„๋น ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ
37:41
use it for life events and experiences.ย  'They have travelled around Asia and mostย ย 
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์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.ย  '๊ทธ๋“ค
37:47
of Europe.' And we use it for actions orย  events at an unspecified time in the past.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜.' ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถˆํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
37:53
'Yeah, we've tried that recipe!' See?ย  Not so bad. Now let's move on to ourย ย 
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'๊ทธ๋ž˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ดค์–ด!' ๋ณด๋‹ค?ย  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜์ง€๋Š”
37:57
last verb tense of the day, so youย  can get out there and start showingย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋™์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด
38:01
off your grammar skills. The presentย  continuous. We use it to talk about twoย ย 
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์‹ค๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์š”. ํ˜„์žฌ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
38:06
different situations like describing thingsย  happening right now. 'Deborah is whipping upย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘
38:12
some delicious banana pancakes.' We use it toย  talk about activities that are not permanent.
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๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜ ํŒฌ์ผ€์ดํฌ ์ข€ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.' ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ™œ๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:18
'I'm giving this workout plan a shot for aย  month to see how it makes me feel.' We useย ย 
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'์ด ์šด๋™ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค
38:23
it for discussing plans or events thatย  will happen in the future. 'Mark isn'tย ย 
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ
38:28
going to that conference next month. Heย  changed his mind.' We use it for actionsย ย 
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ทธ ํšŒ์˜์— ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
38:32
happening around a specific time. 'I'mย  working this morning, but I'll be freeย ย 
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ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ
38:37
this afternoon.' And we use it for describingย  things that are gradually changing or improving.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์˜คํ›„.' ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:43
'The city is slowly becoming more eco-friendly,ย ย 
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'๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ ์  ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.ย ย 
38:46
with new recycling programs and bikeย  lanes.' Right, that about does it for me.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ตฐ์š”. ์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
38:51
So, those 5 tenses can get you aย  long way in English. But of courseย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ์˜์–ด๋กœ ํฐ ๋„์›€
38:56
you have to learn all the tenses toย  become completely fluent in English.
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์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์œ ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:00
Don't worry, I've put them in the ebook.
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๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์ „์ž์ฑ…์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:03
Next, I'm going to give you a taste of the grammarย  you need to know at each levelโ€”B1, B2, and C1.
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ B1, B2, C1 ๊ฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ง›๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:09
So, do you want to learn more about the B1 to C1ย  levels in English? Click on the link to downloadย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด B1~C1 ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€
39:15
the ebook, and I'll give you my B1 to C1 ebookย  too. It will walk you through the entire process.
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์ œ B1~C1 eBook๋„ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”. ์ „์ฒด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
39:21
We are going to compare 3ย  different levels in Englishโ€”B1,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์–ด์˜
39:26
B2 and C1. B1 is intermediate level,ย  B2 is upper-intermediate level and C1ย ย 
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B2์™€ C1. B1์€ ์ค‘๊ธ‰, B2
39:36
is that almighty advanced levelย  of English. More specifically,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์–ด์˜ ์ „๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€
39:42
we're going to be looking at the grammar atย  these levels. But what do those levels even mean?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
39:48
Well, there are 6 language levels as definedย  by the CEFR, The Common European Framework ofย ย 
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CEFR(์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ณตํ†ต ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ)์— ์ •์˜๋œ
39:55
Reference, and they start at A1 beginner and goย  all the way up to C2, which is proficiency. Today,ย ย 
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์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉด A1 ์ดˆ๊ธ‰๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ™๋ จ๋„์ธ
40:03
we're looking at B1, B2 and C1, and aย  really common struggle for learners ofย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” B1, B2, C1์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค
40:09
any language is knowing which level you're atย  and which level you should be working towards.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์–ด๋Š ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:15
If you don't know your level, it's nearlyย  impossible to choose the right course,ย ย 
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ฝ”์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒ
40:20
or learning materials or YouTube videos to helpย  you improve. If you're already at B2, a B1-courseย ย 
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๋˜๋Š” ํ•™์Šต ์ž๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์—
40:27
wouldn't be very helpful. If you're at B1,ย  a C1-course would be a pretty bad idea andย ย 
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. B1์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
40:34
would likely put you off learning for life. Inย  this video, I'm going to give you some examplesย ย 
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ‰์ƒ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ
40:39
of the different grammatical structuresย  you will learn to produce at each level.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
40:44
I'm going to train you to really get to knowย  the levels, to properly understand them,ย ย 
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๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ , ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜
40:48
so you know exactly where to placeย  yourself, and you can make a smartย ย 
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ
40:53
decision about the next steps that youย  take on your language learning journey.
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์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต ์—ฌ์ •์—์„œ ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š”.
40:57
Right, let's get started with the grammar. First,ย ย 
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์ž, ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ,ย ย 
41:00
I want to talk about making deductions.ย  So, we often use modal verbs like 'must'ย ย 
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณต์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
41:06
and 'might' to make deductions. But thereย  are other structures that we can use too.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
41:11
Look at these examples and see if you canย  tell how they're getting more advanced.
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์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
41:16
B1โ€”'I haven't seen Lucy for weeks.ย  She must be ill.' B2โ€”'Actually,ย ย 
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B1โ€”'๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฃจ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๊ทธ
41:24
I think she might have gone away forย  the winter.' And C1โ€”'The odds are she'sย ย 
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๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฒจ์šธ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ
41:31
hightailed it to Spain for a few months. She'sย  always banging on about doing that.' It's true,ย ย 
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ
41:36
I am. It's my dream to be in Spain. In the B1ย  example, you saw a present modal of deductionย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”. ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด ๊ฟˆ์ด๋‹ค. B1 ์˜ˆ
41:43
'must be'. In the B2 sentence, you saw a pastย  modal of deduction 'might have gone', and atย ย 
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'๊ผญ'์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. B2 ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต์ œ
41:52
C1 you didn't see a modal verb at all. I used theย  structure 'the odds are' to say that something isย ย 
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C1 ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
42:00
very likely to be true. You can also see theย  vocabulary getting much more advanced at C1,ย ย 
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ C1์—์„œ ์–ดํœ˜๊ฐ€
42:05
as well. Okay, there's lots more to learnย  about that, but I think that's a good start.
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๋˜ํ•œ. ์•Œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ด ๋งŽ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹œ์ž‘์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
42:10
Next, I want to talk about conditionalย  sentences. Let's go through those levelsย ย 
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ 
42:15
again and see how using conditionalsย  changes from B1 to B2 to C1. Theseย ย 
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด B1์—์„œ B2, C1๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
42:20
sentences are all about fitness. B1โ€”'Ifย  I were you, I'd work on building muscle.'ย ย 
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. B1โ€”'๋‚ด
42:28
B2โ€”'I know I would be in much better shape ifย  I'd started working out when I was younger.' Andย ย 
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B2โ€”'์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ์šด๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ชธ๋งค๊ฐ€
42:34
C1โ€”'But for my husband's encouragement, I wouldย  never have started going to the gym at all!'
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C1โ€”'ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ํ—ฌ์Šค์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”!'
42:42
So in the B1 sentence, I used a secondย  conditional to give advice. 'If I were you,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ B1 ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ์„
42:48
I would work on.' Notice the use of 'were' insteadย  of 'was' with the pronoun 'I'. Using 'were' is anย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.' ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ 'I'์—๋Š” 'was' ๋Œ€์‹  'were'
42:57
example of the subjunctive mood, which expressesย  hypothetical situations. In the B2 sentence,ย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์˜
43:03
I used a mixed conditional to say howย  something in the past can affect the present.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:09
I used 'would be' in the second conditionalย  and 'had started' in the third conditional.ย ย 
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—๋Š” 'would be'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ
43:15
And in the C1 sentence, you can see a thirdย  conditional with the structure 'but for'ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  C1 ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 'but for' ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์„ธ
43:22
standing in for an 'if phrase'. Again, there isย  so much more to learn about conditionals at eachย ย 
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'if ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ
43:28
level. That's just a small glimpse. Next, let'sย  talk about the future at B1, B2, and C1 levels.
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์ˆ˜์ค€. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ž‘์€ ์—ฟ๋ณด๊ธฐ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ B1, B2, C1 ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
43:37
You need to be able to talk about the future inย  different ways. We're going to take a look in theย ย 
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
43:41
context of the environment. B1โ€”'Sea levels willย  continue to rise over the coming decades.' Niceย ย 
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ. B1โ€”'ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด์€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„
43:49
and simple. B2โ€”'By 2050, many scientists believeย  that sea levels will have risen by around 30 cm inย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. B2โ€”'๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ 2050๋…„๊นŒ์ง€
43:59
the US.' C1โ€”'Some coastal communities in Louisianaย  and Florida are on the brink of catastrophe.'
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ.' C1โ€”'๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์• ๋‚˜์™€ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•ด์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์•™์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
44:09
In B1, you can see the future with 'will' toย  make a prediction, nice and simple. Notice thatย ย 
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B1์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” '์˜์ง€
44:14
it's followed by 'continue' in the base formย  and then 'continue' is followed by 'to rise',ย ย 
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๊ทธ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ 'continue'๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ณ 
44:21
the infinitive. Verb patterns, -ing verbs andย  infinitives are a really important element ofย ย 
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๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ. ๋™์‚ฌ ํŒจํ„ด, -ing ๋™์‚ฌ, ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ
44:27
B1 and the levels after that. In B2, you can seeย  the future perfect simple, 'will have risen'.
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B1๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ. B2์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™„๋ฃŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜• 'will have ์ƒ์Šน'์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
44:34
We use it to talk about something that will beย  completed by a certain time in the future. Inย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ์— ์™„๋ฃŒ๋  ์ผ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
44:40
the C1 sentence, we're missing the obviousย  future tense words like 'will'. Instead,ย ย 
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C1 ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 'will'๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ํ˜•
44:47
we have the phrase 'to be on the brinkย  of'. At C1, you are expected to use aย ย 
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'to be on the ๋ฒผ๋ž‘ ๋'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ
44:53
variety of expressions like this to talkย  about future events. The next constructionย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
44:58
I want to talk about is the passiveย  voice, and I want to talk about sushi.
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I want to talk about is ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ, and I want to talk about ์ดˆ๋ฐฅ.
45:04
I love looking at topics like the environment,ย  fitnessโ€”next topic, sushi! Here we go: B1โ€”'Thisย ย 
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์ €๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ํ”ผํŠธ๋‹ˆ์Šค, ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ์ดˆ๋ฐฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์ œ
45:11
sushi was prepared by a top chef.' The B2โ€”'Itย  is widely believed that sushi originally comesย ย 
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์ดˆ๋ฐฅ์€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์š”๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' B2โ€”'์Šค์‹œ๊ฐ€
45:19
from Japan.' And C1โ€”'Jack recalled having beenย  told that sushi actually originated in China.'ย ย 
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์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ์š”.' ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  C1 - 'Jack์€ ์ดˆ๋ฐฅ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ
45:27
Remember, we use the passive voice to shift theย  focus from the subject performing an action to theย ย 
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๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ ์ดˆ์ 
45:33
subject receiving an action. In the B1 sentence,ย  you can see a sentence in the passive voice
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ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด. B1 ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋กœ ๋œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
45:39
in the past simple 'was prepared'. For B2, weย  can see an impersonal passive construction.ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” '์ค€๋น„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค'๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. B2์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
45:46
'It is widely believed that', we use thisย  construction to say that people believe this,ย ย 
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'๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
45:51
but not necessarily the speaker. It'sย  very diplomatic. A politician might useย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ™”์ž๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ์™ธ๊ต
45:57
it. And at C1, we see a passive -ing form,ย  'recalled having been told'. The verb 'toย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  C1์—์„œ๋Š” 'recalled been done'์ด๋ผ๋Š”
46:04
recall' is followed by an -ing verb, andย  by the passive voice in this sentence.
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ํšŒ์ƒ' ๋’ค์—๋Š” -ing ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ย ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:10
Finally, I want to talk about adjectives andย  you start using adjectives right from A1 level,ย ย 
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
46:17
the very first beginner level. But asย  you move to higher levels in English,ย ย 
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
46:21
you are expected to move beyondโ€”'Flying is scary.'
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋น„ํ–‰์€ ๋ฌด์„ญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
46:26
So, let's talk about flying at B1, B2 and C1ย  levels. So, B1โ€”'Flying is much less scary thanย ย 
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์ด์ œ B1, B2, C1 ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋น„ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
46:34
I imagined.' B2โ€”'The thought of it was utterlyย  terrifying.' And C1โ€”'For me, flying is not so muchย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.' B2โ€”'์ƒ๊ฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์ •๋งย ๋ฌด์„œ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
46:43
alarming as dull.' So B1 we use words like 'much'ย  and 'slightly' in addition to basic comparativeย ย 
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์ง€๋ฃจํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ B1์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋น„๊ต๊ธ‰
46:50
adjectivesโ€”to move beyond A2 level and showย  big and small differencesโ€”'much less scary'.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌโ€”A2 ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋„˜์–ด ํฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒโ€”'ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋œ ๋ฌด์„ญ๋‹ค'.
46:58
At B2 level, we use adverb - adjectiveย  collocations to add some spice to ourย ย 
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B2 ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ-ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ
47:05
descriptions. 'Utterly terrifying', notย  'bitterly' or 'entirely terrifying'. For example,ย ย 
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์„ค๋ช…. '์“ฐ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ' ๋˜๋Š” '์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌด์„ญ๊ฒŒ
47:14
'utterly terrifying' is a lovely collocation,ย  they just fit together. It's what native speakersย ย 
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'์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌด์„œ์šด'์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์„œ๋กœ
47:20
would naturally reach for. We talk a lot aboutย  adverbs and adjective collocations in our B2ย ย 
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” B2์—์„œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ
47:27
programme. I'll leave information for my B1, B2,ย  and C1 Programmes in the description box as well,
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ. ์„ค๋ช… ์ƒ์ž์— B1, B2, C1 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ ๋‘๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
47:33
in case you're interested. At C1 level,ย  we use a range of advanced comparativeย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด. C1 ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘
47:38
structures to compare thingsย  'not so much alarming as dull',ย ย 
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์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ
47:42
meaning it's boring not scary. Okay,ย  has that given you some idea of theย ย 
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์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฌด์„ญ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค
47:48
grammatical structures and phrases youย  typically learn at B1, B2, and C1 level?
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ B1, B2, C1 ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
47:55
Okay, the next video is one of the mostย  comprehensive videos I have ever made.ย ย 
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋™์˜์ƒ ์ค‘
48:00
In the next 30 minutes, you willย  learn all 16 tenses in English.
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๋‹ค์Œ 30๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜์–ด๋กœ 16๊ฐœ ์‹œ์ œ ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:05
I'm including "the future tenses" there.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— "๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์ œ"๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:07
After you've watched that video,ย  you'll be ready for a quiz.
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ํ•ด๋‹น ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•œ ํ›„์—๋Š” ํ€ด์ฆˆ ๋ฅผ ํ’€ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:10
I am going to teach you all of theย  English tenses. So many of you haveย ย 
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์˜์–ด ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
48:14
been requesting a tenses video. Iย  say 'go big or go home'. That's aย ย 
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๊ธด์žฅ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” 'ํฐ ์ผ์ด
48:20
great saying. It means either put inย  all your effort or do nothing at all.
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์ข‹์€ ๋ง์ด๋„ค์š”. ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ „ํ˜€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:26
'Go big or go home.' I'd personallyย  rather put in all of my effort. So,ย ย 
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'ํฐ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.' ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
48:31
today, in under 30 minutes we will go throughย  all 16 tenses, including the conditionals. Youย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ 30๋ถ„ ์•ˆ์— ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 16๊ฐœ
48:39
will walk away from this lesson with a muchย  better understanding of English grammar.
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์˜์–ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
48:45
Today, we're learning all 16 tensesย  in English, and I'm going to give youย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์˜์–ด๋กœ 16๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ์ œ
48:50
loads of examples so that you can learnย  them and use them yourself. Firstly,ย ย 
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์ง์ ‘ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€
48:54
I think it's best to have an overview andย  then we can go more in-depth into eachย ย 
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๊ฐœ์š”๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ
48:59
group. I know that going over 16 tenses allย  in one lesson may seem like a lot, and it is.
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๊ทธ๋ฃน. ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์Šจ์—์„œ 16๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
49:06
This is a big lesson, but they do share a lot ofย  characteristics. So, seeing them all together canย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํฐ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ณต์œ 
49:11
make them easier to learn and remember. Let's goย  through them first. We have the present simpleโ€”'Iย ย 
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๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋จผ์ € ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
49:17
eat chocolate.' The present continuousโ€”'Iย  am eating chocolate.' The present perfectโ€”'Iย ย 
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์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ์„ ๋จน์–ด๋ผ.' ํ˜„์žฌ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•โ€”'I
49:24
have eaten chocolate.' The present perfectย  continuousโ€”'I have been eating chocolate.'
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์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด.' ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜• โ€”'I have eating Chocolate.'
49:31
Then we move on to the past simpleโ€”'Iย  ate chocolate.' The past continuousโ€”'Iย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์ธ 'I ate Chocolate'
49:39
was eating chocolate.' The past perfectโ€”'Iย  had eaten chocolate.' Whenever I say 'had',ย ย 
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'์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.' ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•โ€”'๋‚˜๋Š” ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ
49:47
I can't help but goโ€”'I had eaten.' Andย  the past perfect continuousโ€”'I had beenย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. '๋‚˜๋Š” ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค.'
49:56
eating chocolate.' Oh, I just can't not do that.ย  Now, moving on to the future. We have the future
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์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ์„ ๋จน์–ด์š”.' ์•„, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ตฐ์š”.ย  ์ด์ œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค
50:02
simpleโ€”'I will have a toothache after allย  this chocolate.' Just kidding! 'I will eatย ย 
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ์„ ๋‹ค ๋จน๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์น˜ํ†ต์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ
50:09
chocolate.' The future continuousโ€”'I will beย  eating chocolate.' The future perfectโ€”'I willย ย 
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์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ.' ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•โ€”'I will beย  eating
50:18
have eaten chocolate.' And the future perfectย  continuousโ€”'I will have been eating chocolate.'ย ย 
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์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด.' ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•
50:27
Last group we have is conditionals. Theย  conditional simpleโ€”'I would eat chocolate.'ย ย 
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ
50:32
The conditional continuousโ€”'Iย  would be eating chocolate.'
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์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜• - 'I would be eating Chocolate.'
50:37
The conditional perfectโ€”'I wouldย  have eaten chocolate.' And finallyย ย 
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์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜• - 'I would haveย Chocolate์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์„
50:43
the conditional perfect continuousโ€”'Iย  would have been eating chocolate.' Canย ย 
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์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•โ€”'I would have
50:48
you see how many similarities thereย  are between all of these tenses? Now,ย ย 
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ์ œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ 
50:52
let's look a little more closely. Startingย  with the present tenses, the first tenseย ย 
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ
50:58
that you learn in English is usually theย  present simple, and that's for good reason.
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์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜• ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๋งŒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:03
It's actually the tense that nativeย  speakers use in around 50% of theirย ย 
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์•ฝ 50%
51:08
written and spoken communication. We do useย  the other present tenses quite often too,ย ย 
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์„œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ ์Œ์„ฑ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜„์žฌ
51:13
so they are all really, really important. Theย  present simpleโ€”'I work on Tuesdays.' This isย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ •๋ง, ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
51:19
used to talk about general statements, habitsย  and facts. The present continuousโ€”'I am workingย ย 
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ง„์ˆ , ์Šต๊ด€, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ
51:26
now.' This is used to talk aboutย  actions that are happening right now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ.' ํ˜„์žฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์—… ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
51:31
The present perfectโ€”'I have worked at a pub.'ย  We use this to talk about past events or pastย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒโ€”'I have work at a pub.'ย  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‚˜
51:37
actions that have present consequencesย  and the present perfect continuousโ€”'Iย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ
51:43
have been working for three hours today.'ย  This is used to talk about an action thatย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์„ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.'ย  ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ
51:48
started in the past and continues to theย  present. Okay, the structure of the present
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š”
51:54
simple like its name, it is fairly simple. Weย  have the subject + the base form of a verb,ย ย 
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์ด๋ฆ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด +
52:02
except from in the third person singular.ย  And this always catches my students outย ย 
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3์ธ์นญ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ .ย  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ
52:06
when they're relatively new to learningย  English. In the third person singular,ย ย 
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์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ์ฒ˜์Œ์ธ
52:10
we add an 's'. So forโ€”I, you, we, they,ย  it'sโ€”'I work', 'we eat', 'they play', 'you do'.
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's'๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜, ๋‹น์‹ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ, ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ '๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค', '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค', '๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋†€๊ณ ', '๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ•œ๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:20
But forโ€”he, she, and it, it isโ€”'she works', 'heย  cleans', 'it smells'. Another exception is 'be',ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ, ๊ทธ๋…€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ '๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค', '๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒญ์†Œ
52:29
the verb 'to be'. 'To be' has its ownย  forms in the present simple. 'I am',ย ย 
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'๋˜๋‹ค'๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ. 'To be'๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์—์„œ
52:34
'you are', 'he, she, it is', 'weย  are', 'they are'. As I said before,ย ย 
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'๋‹น์‹ ์€', '๊ทธ, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š”', '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”',
52:40
we use the present simple to talk aboutย  general statements, facts and habits.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ง„์ˆ , ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์Šต๊ด€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌํ˜• ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
52:45
We also use it to talk about scheduled eventsย  like plane and train times. Here are someย ย 
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
52:52
examples. 'I am a woman. My name is Lucy.' Thisย  is a general statement or fact. 'Mary meets herย ย 
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์˜ˆ. '๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฃจ์‹œ์˜ˆ์š”.' ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜
52:59
friends on Friday evenings.' That's a habit.ย  'The train to London leaves at 8 pm.' That'sย ย 
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๊ธˆ์š”์ผ ์ €๋…์— ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜.' ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์Šต๊ด€์ด์—์š”.
53:05
a scheduled event in the future. 'Our dogย  eats the cat's food', and that's a habit.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ. '์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค' ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์Šต๊ด€์ด์—์š”.
53:11
A habitโ€”we're trying to conquer atย  the moment. We don't know why heย ย 
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์Šต๊ด€โ€”์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
53:13
started doing it, but he has since we moved house.
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๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์„ ์ด์‚ฌํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:17
Right, let's move on to the present continuous.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ , ํ˜„์žฌ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:20
We use the present continuous to talk about thingsย  that are happening at the moment of speaking,ย ย 
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๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
53:25
but be careful. In general, there is an exception.ย  We can't use state verbs. Words like 'hate',ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์ƒํƒœ
53:34
'love', 'want', for example. There isย  an exception there, and I will mentionย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋‹ค', '์›ํ•œ๋‹ค'. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
53:39
it. It's to do with slang. The structure of theย  present continuous is subject + be + verb -ing.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ. ์†์–ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜• ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด + be + ๋™์‚ฌ -ing์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
53:49
It rhymes subject + 'be' + verb -ing. Youย  can use that! Here are some examplesโ€”'Iย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด + 'be' + ๋™์‚ฌ -ing ์šด์œจ์„ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
53:56
am teaching English.' 'They are bakingย  cookies.' We can also use this tenseย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.' '์ฟ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๊ตฝ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”
54:03
to talk about things that we think areย  temporary. Compare these two sentences:ย ย 
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์ผ์‹œ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”
54:08
'James lives in Manchester.' 'James isย  living in Manchester.' In the first sentence,ย ย 
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'์ œ์ž„์Šค๋Š” ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ์— ์‚ด์•„์š”.' '์ œ์ž„์Šค๋Š”
54:14
I use the present simple because I thinkย  that his state is more or less permanent.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ˜„์žฌํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
54:18
But in the second sentence, I use the presentย  continuous because I think his situation mightย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค
54:23
be temporary. He's living in Manchester now,ย  but I don't know what might happen in a fewย ย 
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์ผ์‹œ์ ์ด ๋˜๋ผ. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
54:28
weeks or months. Perhaps he's studying there,ย  or he's working there for a short time. Now,ย ย 
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
54:33
you will hear native speakers use stateย  verbs in the present continuous in this form
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์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ์ด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜• ๋™์‚ฌ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
54:41
or to show this meaningโ€”'I am loving my christmasย  jumper right now.' 'Love' is a state verb. I'm notย ย 
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๋˜๋Š” ์ด ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด '๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‚ด ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค ์ ํผ๊ฐ€
54:48
meant to use it, but it means right now, a trendย  that I'm enjoying is my christmas jumper, which Iย ย 
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ์ž…๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ
54:56
must say I think isโ€ฆ I think this is a very niceย  christmas jumper. I actually had another optionย ย 
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”โ€ฆ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค ์ ํผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ
55:02
today. It was between this one, which I wore lastย  year, but I got this one on a secondhand website.
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์˜ค๋Š˜. ์ž‘๋…„์— ์ž…์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ ์ด๊ฑฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์ธ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
55:08
Very happy with myself. Anyway, back to theย  tenses. You'll also hear people sayโ€”'Oh no,ย ย 
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๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
55:14
I'm hating that song right now.' It meansย  it's a temporary state. For some reason,ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•ด์š”.' ์ด๋Š” ์ผ์‹œ์ 
55:18
right now I don't enjoy that song, temporarily.ย  I'm hating it! So when you hear a teacher say,ย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
55:24
never use a state verb in the presentย  continuousโ€”take that with a pinch of salt.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์†Œ๊ธˆ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋„ฃ์–ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
55:29
We also use the present continuous to talk aboutย  arrangements. This means that we are planning toย ย 
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋„ ํ˜„์žฌ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
55:34
do something in the future and it involves anotherย  person or business. Let me show you an example:ย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ
55:40
'I am having my haircut on Tuesday.' 'Sarah isย  meeting her parents tomorrow.' There are plans,ย ย 
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'ํ™”์š”์ผ์— ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊นŽ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.' '์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ด์ผ
55:47
but they depend on someone else.ย  Let's take a look at some examples:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .ย  ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
55:51
'Kate is studying business,' temporary situation,ย  happening now. 'We are meeting our friend nextย ย 
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'์ผ€์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค'๋Š” ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ
55:58
Friday in Edinburgh,' arrangement involvingย  someone else. 'We are driving home,' we areย ย 
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Friday in Edinburgh', ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
56:04
doing this right now, in the moment. 'It isย  snowing,' for example. It did actually snowย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ
56:09
the other day. It was magical. But enough aboutย  my weather. Let's move on to the present perfect.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚ . ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์ˆ ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ด ๋‚ ์”จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋Š” ์ด์ฏค์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:16
The structure of the present perfect is subjectย  + 'has' or 'have' + the past participle. Thereย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด + 'has' ๋˜๋Š”
56:23
are 3 main ways that we use the present perfectย  in English. The first is to talk about thingsย ย 
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์˜์–ด์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ
56:28
that started in the past and continueย  to the present. It's very important toย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
56:33
remember that they are unfinished actions.ย  When we talk about these events or states,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ–‰๋™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.ย  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ
56:38
we often mention how long they've beenย  going on for or when they started.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์–ธ์ œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž์ฃผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
56:42
For exampleโ€”'I have lived in the UK allย  my life,' or 'She has been at universityย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '์ €๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
56:48
since 2020.' 'William and I haveย  been married for two months'โ€”oh,ย ย 
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2020๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์š”.' '์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ
56:54
three months. Oh, it's a three monthย  anniversary nearly. How exciting! Theย ย 
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3๊ฐœ์›”. ์•„, ๊ณง 3๊ฐœ์›” ๊ธฐ๋…์ผ์ด๊ตฐ
57:00
second way that we use the present perfectย  is to talk about our experiences up to theย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ
57:05
present. When we do this, we don't talkย  about exactly when something happened.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ธ์ œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
57:09
We are just generally telling somebody about ourย  life experiences. For exampleโ€”'She has been toย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ 
57:16
Canada 3 times.' 'We have met the Queen.' 'I haveย  read all of the Harry Potter books.' Finally,ย ย 
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค 3๋ฒˆ.' '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์™•์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' '๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฆฌํฌํ„ฐ
57:23
we also use the present perfect toย  talk about past events and actionsย ย 
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง
57:27
that have consequences in the present.ย  For exampleโ€”'I have eaten breakfast soย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์— ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
57:33
I'm not hungry,' or 'Mike has lost hisย  keys so he's going to be late for work.'
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๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”„์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”' ๋˜๋Š” '๋งˆ์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ด์‡ ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋Šฆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.'
57:39
Let's move on to the last of the presents.ย  The present perfect continuous. I've justย ย 
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค.ย  ํ˜„์žฌ
57:43
realised I look like a present and I'mย  talking about the present tenses. Maybeย ย 
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ
57:47
I should have just made a video about theย  present tenses dressed as present. Now weย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ
57:51
use the present perfect continuous to talkย  about something that started in the past andย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ
57:56
continues to the present, and thatย  might sound very similar to the present
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ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:00
perfect. But there are a few key differences.ย  One big difference is the structure. We useย ย 
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๊ฐ€์žฅ
58:06
the structure subject + 'has/have'ย  + 'been' + verb -ing. 'I have beenย ย 
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์ฃผ์ œ + 'has/have' + 'been' + ๋™์‚ฌ -ing
58:15
eating chocolate,' as we discussed before.ย  Now with the present perfect continuous,ย ย 
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์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ์„ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•ž์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ
58:19
we often use it to talk about things that weย  have been doing uninterrupted that haven'tย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๋‹จ ์—†์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
58:25
finished. We use this tense to emphasiseย  how long something has been happening.
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์™„์„ฑ๋œ. ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
58:31
For exampleโ€”'I've been watching that TVย  show for weeks.' I'm emphasising how longย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹œ์ฒญ
58:38
I have been watching the TV show. Orโ€”'Ellenย  has been replying to emails for two hoursย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” TV ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” - 'Ellen์€ย 2
58:44
already.' We use it to talk about thingsย  that have been done recently or lately. Forย ย 
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์ด๋ฏธ.' ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ผ์—
58:49
exampleโ€”'Look! It's been snowing!' Orโ€”'I've beenย  practising my football skills a lot recently.'
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์˜ˆโ€”'๋ณด์„ธ์š”! ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ธ์–ด์š”!' ๋˜๋Š” - '์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.'
58:57
That's such a lie! Remember, we generallyย  don't use the present perfect continuousย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์ด์—์š”! ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•
59:02
to talk about states. You wouldn't sayโ€”'Iย  have been belonging to a band for a longย ย 
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์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ '์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐด๋“œ
59:07
time.' You would sayโ€”'I have belongedย  to a band for a long time.' Some moreย ย 
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์‹œ๊ฐ„.' '๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐด๋“œ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด
59:12
examplesโ€”'They've been trying to call you allย  day,' or 'She hasn't been feeling well lately.'
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์˜ˆ: '๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.' ๋˜๋Š” '์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ชธ์ด ์•ˆ ์ข‹์•„์„œ์š”.'
59:19
Okay, we made it through the present tenses.ย  Let's move on to the past tenses. We'll have aย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
59:24
quick overview and then we'll go into more detail.ย  We have the past simple. 'I worked abroad lastย ย 
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๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ ๊ฐœ์š”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ
59:30
summer,' that talks about past, finished actions.ย  We have the past continuous. 'I was working at 2ย ย 
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์—ฌ๋ฆ„'์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ๋๋‚œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค.ย  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ
59:37
pm yesterday,' that describes a continuing actionย  at some point in the past. We have the past
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์–ด์ œ ์˜คํ›„'๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์— ๊ณ„์†๋œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค
59:44
perfect. 'I had worked there for two yearsย  before I got my promotion.' That's used toย ย 
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ. '์ €๋Š” ์Šน์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ 2
59:49
describe past actions that happenedย  before another past action or time,ย ย 
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ–‰๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒ
59:54
and we have the past perfect continuous. 'Iย  had been working there for two years beforeย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
59:59
I finally got my promotion.' Very similar to theย  previous one, but we'll go into more detail. Weย ย 
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๋“œ๋””์–ด ์Šน์ง„ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.' ์ด์ „ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ
60:05
use the past perfect continuous to talk about pastย  actions that continued to a past point in time.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†๋œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:12
Let's start with the past simple. This oneย  is nice and easy. It's the second most commonย ย 
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด
60:17
tense that English speakers use. We use itย  to talk about events that happened beforeย ย 
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์˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ œ. ์ด์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ
60:22
the present moment. These must be finishedย  events or actions and we often say when theyย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„. ์ด๋Š” ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋‚˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด์–ด์•ผ
60:27
happened. Although that's not obligatory, theย  structure is the subject + regular verb -ed.
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์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•„์ˆ˜์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด + ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋™์‚ฌ -ed์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
60:36
However, lots and lots of verbs areย  irregular, and I do actually have a videoย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์€ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™
60:42
on some of the most common irregularย  verbs that could be really useful,ย ย 
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์ •๋ง ์œ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜
60:46
so I will leave that link down in theย  description box. An exampleโ€”'I went toย ย 
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์„ค๋ช… ์ƒ์ž์— ํ•ด๋‹น ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ ๋‘๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
60:51
bed at 10 pm last night,' or 'Denis ate a box ofย  chocolates for breakfast.' Live your life, Denis!
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์–ด์ ฏ๋ฐค์—๋Š” ์˜คํ›„ 10์‹œ์— ์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๋˜๋Š” '๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์•„์นจ ์‹์‚ฌ ๋กœ ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ํ•œ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”, ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์Šค!
60:58
That sounds like my kind of breakfast.ย  Another exampleโ€”'My husband bought meย ย 
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๋‚ด ์•„์นจ์‹์‚ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ตฐ์š”.ย  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
61:04
flowers last week.' Not true, though. Notย  true. Maybe next week. Okay, let's moveย ย 
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์ง€๋‚œ์ฃผ์— ๊ฝƒ์ด ํ”ผ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.' ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค
61:11
on to the past continuousโ€”the structure of thisย  tense is subject + 'was' or 'were' + verb -ing.ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์ œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ
61:20
We can use this tense to talk about actionsย  or states. One way in which we use the pastย ย 
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์ด ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–‰๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
61:26
continuous is to say what was happeningย  at a specific moment in the past.
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์—ฐ์†ํ˜•์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:30
For exampleโ€”'Tom was cooking dinner at 7 pmย  yesterday.' We can also use it to give backgroundย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด 'ํ†ฐ์€ ์–ด์ œ ์˜คํ›„ 7์‹œ์— ์ €๋…์„ ์š”๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
61:36
information about something. For exampleโ€”'Willย  was speaking to me whilst I was trying toย ย 
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, '๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ตํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”
61:42
record a video,' or 'It was snowing when I wentย  outside.' We also use it to say that an ongoingย ย 
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๋™์˜์ƒ ๋…นํ™”ํ•ด ์ค˜' ๋˜๋Š” '๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด.' ์šฐ๋ฆฌ
61:49
action was interrupted by another action. In thisย  case, it's usually paired with another clause.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์ง์„ ์ด๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
61:55
in the past simple. 'We were eating dinner whenย  he arrived.' We were eating dinner over this longย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ €๋…์„ ๋จน๊ณ 
62:01
period of time and he arrived right then.ย  Orโ€”'They were chatting about their holidayย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋•Œ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉดโ€”'๊ทธ๋“ค
62:07
when Ben called them.' Let's move on to the pastย  perfect. The past perfect tense is used to talkย ย 
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๋ฒค์ด ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์š”.' ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
62:13
about events that happened before anotherย  event or up to a certain time in the past.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์ด์ „ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
62:19
Again, it is often used with the pastย  simple. The structure is as follows:ย ย 
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ๋‹จ์ˆœ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
62:26
subject + 'had' + past participle. Andย  if you don't do that when you say 'had',ย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด + 'had' + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  'had'
62:34
you're not my student. Let's take a look atย  some examples. 'When I arrived at the bus stop,ย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚ด ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”. ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
62:40
the bus had already left,' already happened.ย  Orโ€”'You had travelled to ten countries beforeย ย 
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๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.'๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๋˜๋Š”
62:47
your second birthday,' orโ€”'She had worked atย  the company for 5 years before it closed,'ย ย 
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ์ผ' ๋˜๋Š” '๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๊ธฐ ์ „
62:54
or 'We had already eaten dinner so weย  weren't hungry when dinner was served.'
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๋˜๋Š” '์ด๋ฏธ ์ €๋…์„ ๋จน์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ €๋… ์‹์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๋•Œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํ”„์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
62:59
Finally, let's discuss the past perfectย  continuous. The structure is subject + 'hadย ย 
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜
63:06
been' + verb -ing. Now, the past perfect andย  the past perfect continuous, what a mouthful,ย ย 
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been' + ๋™์‚ฌ -ing. ์ž, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ
63:14
are often used interchangeablyย  by native English speakers,ย ย 
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์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
63:19
there's no difference in overall meaning.ย  Take a look at these 2 sentences. There'sย ย 
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์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ์—๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์ด
63:24
no real difference in overall meaning.ย  'I had worked there for 5 years whenย ย 
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์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
63:28
the company closed,' or 'I had been workingย  there for 5 years when the company closed.'
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๋˜๋Š” 'ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์„ ๋•Œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•œ ์ง€ 5๋…„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
63:35
No real difference, we can say either. However,ย  you should use the continuous form in these 2ย ย 
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
63:41
situations. If you are talking about anย  action in the past that continued up toย ย 
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์ƒํ™ฉ. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋‹ค์Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋œ ์ž‘์—…
63:46
a certain time and continued after it, orย  if you're talking about a repeated actionย ย 
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ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„์— ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ย ๋ฐ˜๋ณต
63:51
that happened in the past up to a certainย  point, let's take a look at some examples.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
63:56
'They had been walking for hours beforeย  they decided that they were lost,' or 'Theย ย 
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'๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐย ๊ธธ
64:02
orchestra had been practising for months beforeย  the concert happened.' In the words of Bon Jovi:ย ย 
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์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฐ์Šต
64:08
'I think we're living on a prayer,'ย  because we are officially halfwayย ย 
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'๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋„๋กœ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„
64:11
there. It's time to move on. If you'reย  still here, you're doing really well,ย ย 
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ. ์ด์ œ ๊ณ„์† ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง ์—ฌ๊ธฐ
64:16
really, really well. Let's have aย  quick overview of the future tenses.
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์ •๋ง, ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์•„์š”. ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:19
We use them to talk about events after theย  present moment. We have the future simple,ย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
64:25
'I will work in the summer.' This is used toย  talk about events or actions that we believeย ย 
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'๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ์ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.' ์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด
64:30
will happen in the future. We're nearlyย  certain. We have the future continuousโ€”'Iย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ™•์‹ 
64:35
will be working at 2:00 tomorrow.' We use thisย  for actions at a specific moment in the future.
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๋‚ด์ผ 2์‹œ์— ์ผํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.' ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž‘์—…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
64:41
We have the future perfectโ€”'I will haveย  worked there for 2 years on Sunday.' Weย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์š”์ผ
64:46
use this to talk about an event or anย  action that is planned or expected toย ย 
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๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋‚˜ ์ž‘์—…์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
64:51
happen before a certain time in the future,ย  and we have the future perfect continuousโ€”'Iย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ
64:57
will have been working there for 2 yearsย  on Sunday,' very similar to the last.
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2๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ์š”์ผ์— ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ๋ฒˆ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:02
We'll talk about that, we use this toย  talk about an action that will continueย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด
65:06
up to a certain point in the future. Let'sย  take a closer look now. The future simple.ย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€. ์ด์ œ ์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ
65:11
The easiest way to talk about the future.ย  The structure is subject + 'will' + baseย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
65:17
form of the verb. We can use it to talk aboutย  things that we think will happen in the future.
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๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ. ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
65:23
'I think it will rain tomorrow.' 'I'm sureย  you'll love this book.' We can also use itย ย 
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'๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„.' '๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด ์ฑ…์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ• 
65:27
to make offers or promises. 'I'll help youย  carry those boxes.' 'Richard will call youย ย 
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์ œ์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์•ฝ์†์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด. '๊ทธ ์ƒ์ž ์šด๋ฐ˜์„ ๋„์™€
65:33
tomorrow.' And finally, we can use it toย  talk about facts in the future. 'It willย ย 
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๋‚ด์ผ.' ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค
65:37
be our first wedding anniversary next year,'ย  orโ€”'Our house will be 300 years old soon.'
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๋‚ด๋…„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ธฐ๋…์ผ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š” .'ย ๋˜๋Š” '์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง‘์ด ๊ณง 300์ฃผ๋…„์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
65:44
Let's move on to the future continuousย  as the structure is subject + 'willย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด + 'will' ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•
65:50
be' + verb -ing. This tense is usedย  to talk about actions that will be inย ย 
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be' + ๋™์‚ฌ -ing. ์ด ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ 
65:57
progress at a certain point in time. Theseย  actions will start and end in the future,ย ย 
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ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œย  ์ž‘์—…
66:03
but we don't know when. 'I will be eating dinnerย  at 8 pm tomorrow.' I don't know when I'll finish.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ธ์ œ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋‚ด์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 8์‹œ์— ์ €๋… ์„ ๋จน์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.' ์–ธ์ œ ๋๋‚ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
66:09
It also indicates that an action willย  be carried out over a period of time,ย ย 
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰
66:13
not simply in an instant. 'I'llย  be playing tennis tomorrow.' Thatย ย 
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋‚ด์ผ
66:17
will be a considerable amount ofย  time. Maybe 30 minutes to an hour,ย ย 
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
66:21
not just a second. We also have the futureย  perfect. We use the future perfect to talkย ย 
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๋‹จ 1์ดˆ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
66:27
about actions or states that will be completedย  before a certain point of time in the future.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์  ์ด์ „์— ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋  ์ž‘์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
66:32
We often use time clauses with the futureย  perfect like 'bye' or 'when I'm older',ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 'bye' ๋˜๋Š” 'When I'm age'์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜
66:38
I'll show you lots of examples. But firstย  the structure subject + 'will have' + pastย ย 
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จผ์ €ย  ์ฃผ์–ด
66:46
participle. Some examplesโ€”'I will haveย  retired by the time I'm 65.' We're usingย ย 
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๋ถ„์‚ฌ. ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ: '๋‚˜๋Š” 65์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ์€ํ‡ดํ• 
66:53
'by' there to show that final point,ย  orโ€”'You will have finished the popcornย ย 
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ง€์ ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 'by' ๋˜๋Š”
66:58
before the film starts,' or 'Come over atย  9 pm, my parents will have left by then.'
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์˜ํ™” ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—' ๋˜๋Š” '์˜คํ›„ 9์‹œ์— ์˜ค์„ธ์š” . ๊ทธ๋•Œ์ฏค์ด๋ฉด ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์ด ๋– ๋‚˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
67:06
Finally, we have the future perfectย  continuous. This tense describesย ย 
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
67:10
actions that will be continuing at a certainย  point in the future. When you use this tense,ย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ์— ๊ณ„์†๋  ์ž‘์—…
67:15
you're thinking about the duration ofย  that action up to a certain point inย ย 
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ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š”
67:19
time. This structure is subject + 'willย  have been' plus verb -ing. 'She will haveย ย 
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์‹œ๊ฐ„. ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด + 'will have been' + ๋™์‚ฌ
67:27
been living in Cardiff for 3 months inย  August,' or 'When I retire next month.'
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8์›”์— ์นด๋””ํ”„์—์„œ 3๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .' ๋˜๋Š” '๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์— ์€ํ‡ดํ•  ๋•Œ.'
67:33
'I will have been working here for 3 years.'ย  Like with most other continuous tenses,ย ย 
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'๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.'ย  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„
67:39
we don't usually use state verbs. It shouldย  be. 'I will have had my cat for 5 years thisย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์ƒํƒœ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
67:45
Christmas,' rather than 'I will have beenย  having my cat for 5 years this Christmas.'ย ย 
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'์ด๋ฒˆ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šด ์ง€ 5๋…„์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
67:50
You also can't use the future perfectย  continuous to talk about finished actions.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ๋™์ž‘์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
67:55
You just have to use the futureย  perfect instead. Finally,ย ย 
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๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
67:59
the last 4 tenses are the conditional tenses,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์‹œ์ œ์ด๊ณ ,
68:02
we use these tenses to talk aboutย  hypothetical situations or anย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
68:07
event that depends on another event or state.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด.
68:10
These conditional tenses oftenย  form part of conditional sentences,ย ย 
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ์˜
68:14
but they don't always have to. Let's haveย  a brief overview. We have the conditionalย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ
68:18
simpleโ€”'I would work abroad if I could.' Weย  use this to talk about hypothetical actionsย ย 
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 'ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๊ฐ€์ƒ
68:24
in the present. We have the conditionalย  continuousโ€”'I would be working abroadย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ. ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 'I would be
68:29
now if I wasn't stuck here.' We use this toย  talk about hypothetical continuous actionsย 
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ‡ํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ.' ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ์† ๋™์ž‘
68:34
in the present. We have the conditional perfectโ€”'Iย  would have worked abroad last year, but I didn'tย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ. ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์€ '์ž‘๋…„์— ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ์ผ
68:40
get my visa.' We use this to talk aboutย  hypothetical actions in the past, and we haveย ย 
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๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ์„ธ์š”.' ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™
68:45
the conditional perfect continuousโ€”'I would haveย  been working here for longer if I had got my visaย ย 
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์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜• - '๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋”๋ผ๋ฉด
68:52
earlier.' We use this to talk about hypotheticalย  actions that started in the past and continued.
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๋” ์ผ์ฐ.' ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์ง€์†๋œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
68:58
It's formed with the subject + 'would'ย  + the base form of the verb. 'I wouldย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด + 'would'ย  + ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜•์œผ๋กœ
69:04
travel in first class.' 'She would walk toย  work.' Now, these sentences don't reallyย ย 
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์ผ๋“ฑ์„์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.' '๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ์ถœ๊ทผํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์–ด
69:09
have a lot of meaning on their own, soย  they're usually coupled with anotherย ย 
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๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜
69:13
idea. 'I would travel in first class ifย  I won the lottery,' or 'She would walkย ย 
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด. '๋ณต๊ถŒ์— ๋‹น์ฒจ๋˜๋ฉด ์ผ๋“ฑ์„์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰
69:19
to work if she lived closer.' 'Would' can beย  replaced with 'could', 'should' or 'might'.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ ์š”.' 'Would'๋Š” 'could', 'should' ๋˜๋Š” 'might'๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
69:26
But this does change the meaning, I amย  currently considering creating anotherย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ˜„์žฌ
69:31
video on modal verbs. There's one from yearsย  ago, but I feel it needs updating. If you'dย ย 
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์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค. ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
69:36
like a lesson on modal verbs, let me know in theย  comment section down below. If I see enough ofย ย 
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์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋Œ“๊ธ€ ์„น์…˜์„
69:40
you then I'll know it's worth making. Someย  examplesโ€”'He could get a dog if he wanted.'
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ: '๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
69:46
'You should see a doctor.' 'I might go toย  the beach tomorrow.' Let's take a look atย ย 
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'์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ณด์„ธ์š”.' '๋‚ด์ผ ํ•ด๋ณ€
69:50
the conditional continuous. When we use theย  conditional continuous, we put the focus on theย ย 
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์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์—ฐ์†. ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์—ฐ์†ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
69:56
duration of a hypothetical action. This meansย  that we use this tense to talk about a longerย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ƒ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์ง€์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„. ์ฆ‰, ์ด ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
70:02
action. When we want to emphasise, when we wantย  people to focus on how long an action would take.
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ํ–‰๋™. ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ž‘์—…์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•  ๋•Œ.
70:07
The structure is subject + 'would be' + verbย  -ing. It expresses an unfinished or continuingย ย 
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๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด + 'would be' + ๋™์‚ฌ -ing์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋๋‚˜์ง€
70:17
hypothetical action, an action which is theย  probable result of an unreal condition. It'sย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ํ–‰๋™, ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜
70:24
easier if I just show you examples here becauseย  it can sound a little "grammary". "Grammary" is,ย ย 
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ '๋ฌธ๋ฒ•'์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ
70:31
is not a word. Don't use that! Butย  actually, I think that's quite good.
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๋ง์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค ! ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ฝค ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
70:34
If we hear a grammatical explanation thatย  we don't like, I think we should call itย ย 
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๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
70:39
"grammary". I think it's quite fun! Nope,ย  that's way "too grammary" for me.' I wouldย ย 
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"๋ฌธ๋ฒ•". ๊ฝค ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”! ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”
70:44
be writing emails if I was at work,' but I'm notย  at work, so I'm not writing emails. 'He would beย ย 
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์ง์žฅ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ์“ฐ์„ธ์š”'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ง์žฅ์ด
70:50
walking his dog right now if he hadn't broken hisย  ankle,' but he has broken his ankle so he's not.
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๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์ด ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ฑ…์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ํ…๋ฐ '๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์ด ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
70:56
You can use 'could', 'should' andย  'might' in these sentences, but again,ย ย 
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์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 'could', 'should', 'might'๋ฅผ
71:00
it changes the meaning. 'You should beย  unpacking the shopping I just bought.'ย ย 
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์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . '๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ
71:04
Orโ€”'I could be sitting on a beach in Jamaicaย  right now.' Now let's take a quick look atย ย 
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๋˜๋Š” '๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ž๋ฉ”์ด์นด์˜ ํ•ด๋ณ€์— ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„
71:10
the conditional perfect. When we want toย  change the past, we use the conditionalย ย 
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์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„
71:14
perfect tense. Of course, we can't reallyย  change the past so this is hypothetical.
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์‹œ์ œ. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:20
We talk about what we would have done. Theย  structure is subject + 'would have' + pastย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ–ˆ์„์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ
71:27
participle. 'I would have told John not toย  come.' 'I would have bought that house,'ย ย 
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๋ถ„์‚ฌ. '๋‚˜๋Š” ์กด์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ค์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง
71:33
but I couldn't afford it at the time.ย  'She would have cooked a bigger meal,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  '
71:37
but she didn't know you were coming.' Again, youย  can replace it with 'could', 'should' or 'might'.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์˜ฌ ์ค„์€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์–ด์š”.' ์ด๋ฒˆ์— ๋„ 'could', 'should' ๋˜๋Š” 'might'๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
71:41
'I could have bought that house,' but Iย  didn't. 'You should have told me.' 'Weย ย 
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'๊ทธ ์ง‘์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ' ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
71:46
could have gone if we'd known about it.' 'Theyย  might have said, but I can't remember.' Finally,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•˜๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ํ…๋ฐ.' '๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ
71:53
the last tense that brings us to tense 16. Itย  is the conditional perfect continuous. We useย ย 
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์‹œ์ œ 16์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
72:00
it to talk about the hypothetical resultsย  of an action that started in the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
72:05
We use the continuous tense to focusย  on the duration. As I said before,ย ย 
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์ง€์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•
72:10
we look at conditional grammar in wayย  more detail in my conditional video,ย ย 
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์ œ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ๋™์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„
72:14
which I have linked in the description box.ย  But just as a brief overview, the structureย ย 
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์„ค๋ช… ์ƒ์ž์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ„๋žต
72:19
is subject + 'would have been' + verb -ing.ย  'I would have been wearing my red dress if Iย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด + 'would would be' + ๋™์‚ฌ -ing์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  '๋งŒ์•ฝ
72:27
had washed it.' 'He would have been working inย  Dubai if he hadn't taken the job in London.'
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์”ป์—ˆ์—ˆ์ง€.' '๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‘๋ฐ”์ด์—์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
72:32
Again, you can use it with 'could',ย  'should' and 'might'. 'You shouldย ย 
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ 'could', 'should', 'might'์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
72:35
have been feeling better yesterday.'ย  'She could have been living in Japanย ย 
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์–ด์ œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„์กŒ์–ด.'ย  '๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
72:40
if she had taken that language courseย  at university.' Right? That is it forย ย 
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์–ธ์–ด ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋ฅผ
72:44
today's lesson. I can't believe we'veย  covered the 16 tenses. That's amazing!
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์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ. 16๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋„ค์š”. ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
72:49
Okay, I promised you a quiz.ย  Are you ready for this video?
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ํ€ด์ฆˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์–ด์š” .ย  ์ด ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
72:53
It's not just about the tenses, butย  there are questions in there aboutย ย 
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์‹œ์ œ์—๋งŒ ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ
72:57
tenses. I'm going to testย  you on your English level.
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์‹œ์ œ. ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:00
Today is an incredibly important lesson. We areย  finally going to work out what your English levelย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด
73:07
is A1, A2, B1, B2 or even C1 or the top levelย  C2. It's so important to know and understand yourย ย 
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A1, A2, B1, B2 ๋˜๋Š” C1 ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ C2์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ 
73:18
level of English, because it helps you decideย  how to proceed with your learning journey.
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ํ•™์Šต ์—ฌ์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:23
In this lesson, we are going to goย  through a couple of questions at eachย ย 
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์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค ์ˆ˜์—…๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ช‡
73:28
level so you can understand your English ability.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜์–ด ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
73:31
Quickly,
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73:31
let's just revisit what the CEFR levels actuallyย  are. This is the Common European Framework ofย ย 
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ,
CEFR ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
73:39
Reference. It divides English into 6 levels.ย  We have A1 and A2. The beginner levels withย ย 
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์ฐธ์กฐ. ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ 6๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  A1
73:46
A1 considered absolute beginner. We have B1 andย  B2, the intermediate levels, and then C1 and C2,ย ย 
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A1์€ ์™„์ „ ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ธ
73:55
the advanced levels. C2 is a nativeย  level of language. All right,
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๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€. C2๋Š” ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€,
74:00
let's get started with this test. We'llย  start with the beginner questions andย ย 
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์ด ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž
74:04
work our way up to the advancedย  questions. I'll give you a fewย ย 
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๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์„ธ์š”
74:07
seconds to think about each answerย  before revealing the correct answer.
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์ •๋‹ต์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ฐ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช‡ ์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
74:12
Okay, A1 question oneโ€”'Sheย  _ to read books every day.'
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. A1 ์งˆ๋ฌธ 1๋ฒˆ์€ '๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” _ ๋งค์ผ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
74:23
It should be b 'likes'.ย ย 
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'์ข‹์•„์š”'๋ฅผ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ย 
74:25
'She likes to read books every day.' Number 2โ€”'Iย  have 2 _ and 1 brother. Which answer is correct?
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'๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ์ฑ… ์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์š”.' 2๋ฒˆโ€”'๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” 2๋ช…์˜ _์™€ 1๋ช…์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ๋งž๋‚˜์š”?
74:40
It should be d 'sisters'. 'I have 2ย  sisters and 1 brother.' And numberย ย 
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d'์ž๋งค'์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์ €๋Š” ์ž๋งค 2๋ช…๊ณผ ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ
74:46
3โ€”'I can't see very well. Haveย  you seen my _?' What should it be?
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3โ€”'์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด _ ๋ณธ ์  ์žˆ์–ด ์š”?' ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์–ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
74:57
It should be c 'glasses'. Okay.ย  If you pass those 3 questions,ย ย 
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c'์•ˆ๊ฒฝ'์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”.
75:03
it's likely you have an A1 level. But let'sย  test for A2. Oneโ€”'My mum is _ than my dad.'
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A1 ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ A2์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜ - '์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—„๋งˆ๋Š” ์•„๋น ๋ณด๋‹ค _ ์ข‹๋‹ค.'
75:16
It should be b 'taller'. 'My mum is taller thanย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ b '๋” ์ปค์•ผ' ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—„๋งˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค.ย ย 
75:19
my dad.' 'If you study you _ย  the test, what should it be?'
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋น .' '๋‹น์‹ ์ด _ย  ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์–ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?'
75:30
It should be a 'will pass'. 'If you study,ย ย 
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'ํ†ต๊ณผ'๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉดย ย 
75:35
you will pass the test.' And number three.ย  Which of these sentences is is correct.
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๋„ˆ๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.' ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ .ย  ๋‹ค์Œ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ๋งž๋‚˜์š”?
75:44
I'll give you a bit of extra time here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
75:57
It should be c. 'They want to goย  with us.' Did you get everythingย ย 
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c์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
76:02
right? If so, it's likely you have an A2 level!
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ? ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ A2 ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
76:06
Let's move on to the intermediate levels. Firstlyย  B1. Number oneโ€”'Jared early _ in the afternoon.'
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์ค‘๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €ย  B1. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” 'Jared๋Š” ์˜คํ›„ ์ผ์ฐ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
76:15
Which one's correct?
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์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งž๋‚˜์š”?
76:21
It should be b 'will be arriving'.ย  'Jared will be arriving early in theย ย 
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'๋„์ฐฉํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •'์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  '์žฌ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ
76:26
afternoon.' Let's try number twoโ€”whichย  question was most likely asked based onย ย 
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์˜คํ›„.' ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ
76:32
this response? 'I have never been to Paris.'ย  Here are the options. Which question was it?
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์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์€? '๋‚˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.'ย  ์˜ต์…˜์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
76:43
It should be d. 'Have you everย  been to Paris.' And three,ย ย 
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d์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 'ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ 
76:47
report this sentence correctly. 'I haveย  to work tomorrow.' Which one should it be?
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์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. '๋‚ด์ผ์€ ์ถœ๊ทผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.' ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
76:58
It should be d. 'He said he had toย  work the following day.' Did you getย ย 
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d์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. '๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค
77:03
all of those right? If so, it'sย  likely that you have a B1 level.
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๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ๋‹ค ๋งž์ง€? ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด B1 ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:07
Okay, let's try B2 upper-intermediate. Thisย  is where it starts to get really challenging.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, B2 ์ค‘์ƒ๊ธ‰์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
77:12
Number oneโ€”'He _ have said that to you, butย  at least he apologised.' Which should it be?
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธโ€”'๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.' ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์„๊นŒ์š”?
77:24
It should be b 'shouldn't'. 'Heย  shouldn't have said that to you.'ย ย 
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'ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค'์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
77:28
But at least he apologised. Twoโ€”chooseย  the relative clause in this sentence here?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์–ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์„œ ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
77:45
It should be b 'who moved to theย  country 3 years ago'. And number 3,ย ย 
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'3๋…„ ์ „์— ์‹œ๊ณจ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
77:51
choose the correct sentence out of these 4.
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4๊ฐœ ์ค‘ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
78:04
It's a 'if you had learned the lyrics,ย  you would be singing in the choir'. Didย ย 
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'๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ฉ์ฐฝ๋‹จ์—์„œ
78:09
you get all of them right? If so,ย  it's likely you have a B2 level.
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์•Œ๊ฒ ์ง€? ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด B2 ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:14
Okay, it's time we move on to theย  advanced levels, the C levels.
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ธ C ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
78:19
We'll start with C1. Numberย  oneโ€”'After 9 years of marriage,ย ย 
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C1๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ
78:23
we decided to get a divorce, butย  we separated _.' What should it be?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ดํ˜ผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒย  ๋ณ„๊ฑฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค _.' ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์–ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
78:34
It should b 'on good terms'. 'We separatedย  on good terms'. Number twoโ€”'We haveย ย 
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'์ข‹์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ' ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด
78:39
developed several new _ the market research toย  streamline our ongoing _.' Which should it be?
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์žฅ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์„๊นŒ์š”?
78:54
It should be a 'criteria andย  analysis'. 'We have developedย ย 
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'๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„'์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
78:59
several new criteria to streamlineย  our ongoing analysis.' And numberย ย 
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์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€
79:05
threeโ€”which of these sentences uses theย  passive perfect infinitives correctly?
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€โ€”์ด ์ค‘ ์ˆ˜๋™ ์™„์ „ ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
79:20
It should be d 'Alejandro shouldย  have been informed of these changes.'ย ย 
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'Alejandro๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํ†ต๋ณด
79:25
Did you get all of them right? If so, it'sย  likely that you speak English to a C1 level.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งž์ถ”์…จ๋‚˜์š”? ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด C1 ์ˆ˜์ค€๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:31
Let's move on to our final highestย  level, proficiency level C2.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ธ ์ˆ™๋ จ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ธ C2๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
79:36
Number oneโ€”'His lack _ of and generalย  unhappy nature contrasted sharply withย ย 
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธโ€”'๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•จ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฐ˜
79:43
the extreme composure and humour ofย  his brother.' Which should it be?
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๊ทธ์˜ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ทน๋„์˜ ํ‰์ •์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์œ ๋จธ .' ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์„๊นŒ์š”?
79:53
It should be c 'charisma'. 'Charisma'. Extraย  points for correct pronunciation. 'Charisma'.ย ย 
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c'์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ'๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ'. ์ •ํ™•
80:00
Number twoโ€”which idiom could replaceย  the underlined portion of the sentence?
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐ‘์ค„ ์นœ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ฒด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€์šฉ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
80:16
It's b 'to go back on his word', 'to go back onย  his word', 'to not fulfil a promise'. And numberย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ b '๊ทธ์˜ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋‹ค', '๊ทธ์˜ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋‹ค
80:22
threeโ€”'The department head of finance assuredย  me that this matter _ as quickly as possible.'
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธโ€”'์žฌ๋ฌด๋ถ€์„œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‹ ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
80:34
It should be 'would be dealt with', 'wouldย  be dealt with'. Did you get all of thoseย ย 
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'์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •', '์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •'์ด์–ด์•ผ
80:39
correct? If so, it's likely that you have a C2ย  level or you are a native speaker. Although,ย ย 
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์˜ณ์€? ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ท€ํ•˜๋Š” C2 ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์›์–ด
80:44
I assure you lots of native speakers would not beย  able to achieve this level, especially in an exam.
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์ €๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด, ํŠนํžˆ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
80:50
That's it for today's lesson.ย  I hope you enjoyed it. I hopeย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ 
80:52
you learnt something. I hope youย  learnt what your level might be.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์…จ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
80:56
How did you do? Do you know your Englishย  level, or are you still not sure?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚ด์…จ๋‚˜์š”? ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋‚˜ ์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์•„์ง ํ™•์‹ ์ด ์—†์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
81:00
Taking a look in the B1 to C1 ebook willย  definitely help you. You can see whatย ย 
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B1๋ถ€ํ„ฐ C1๊นŒ์ง€์˜ eBook์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ 
81:04
vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciationย  you'll need to know for each level.
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์–ดํœ˜, ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•, ๋ฐœ์Œ์€ ๊ฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:09
Pronunciation is important for the tenses.
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์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์Œ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:12
I weave pronunciation throughout all myย  courses, so this complete tenses courseย ย 
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์ €๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ์งœ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
81:16
is no different. It's time for you to learn howย  to pronounce -ed endings perfectly every time.
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๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค๋ฒˆ -ed ์–ด๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:23
You'll never have to think about whetherย  it's 'danced, danced or danced' ever again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” '์ถค์„ ์ท„๋Š”์ง€, ์ถค์„ ์ท„๋Š”์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ถค ์„ ์ท„๋Š”์ง€'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:29
I am going to teach you howย  to pronounce words like these,ย ย 
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋Š”
81:34
words that end in -ed, d becauseย  it's not so straightforward.
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-ed, d๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š”ย  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„๋‹จ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
81:39
We have 'wanted, danced and saved', 'wanted,ย  danced, saved'. So there are 3 different waysย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถค์ถ”๊ณ , ์ €์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค', '์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถค์ถ”๊ณ 
81:51
that we pronounce -ed at the end of a word. Andย  there are so many words that end with -ed. We haveย ย 
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๋‹จ์–ด ๋์—์„œ -ed๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  -ed
81:58
the regular past simple verbs. We have the regularย  past perfect verbs, and we have many adjectives.ย ย 
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋™์‚ฌ. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋™์‚ฌ๋„
82:07
So it's a bit frustrating that we have 3 differentย  ways of pronouncing -ed at the end of words.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹จ์–ด ๋์—์„œ -ed๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ต๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:14
But I have a very simple trick that you canย  use to instantly know whether you end theย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ์ข…๋ฃŒํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์•Œ
82:20
word with /ษชd/, whether you end it with /t/,ย  or whether you end it with /d/โ€”/ษชd/ /t/ /d/.
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๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ /หˆd/๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€, /t/๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€,ย  ๋˜๋Š” /d/โ€”/หˆd/ /t/ /d/๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
82:30
So, let's get started with the lesson. I'mย  going to go through the method with lots ofย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
82:36
examples. And then I have got an activity,ย  which is a story, which will allow you toย ย 
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์˜ˆ. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
82:43
put into practice what you've learned. It's aย  bit of a challenge. So let's see how you do.
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๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ค์†Œ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์ž.
82:48
Let's take a look at some rootย  words. We have -part, -end,ย ย 
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–ด๊ทผ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
82:55
-test and -need all of these end in /t/ or /d/.ย  So, you're going to notice with this method,ย ย 
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-test ๋ฐ -need๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ /t/ ๋˜๋Š” /d/๋กœ ๋๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
83:05
it all depends on how the root word endsย  with which phoneme or sound does it end.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์–ด๊ทผ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
83:14
In this case /t/ and /d/, which are nearly alwaysย  represented by the letter 't' or the letter 'd',ย ย 
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ /t/ ๋ฐ /d/๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ž
83:22
if a root word ends in /t/ or /d/,ย  the -ed is pronounced as /ษชd/.
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์–ด๊ทผ์ด /t/ ๋˜๋Š” /d/๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ -ed๋Š” /ษ™d/๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
83:30
This means that it adds on an extra syllableย  'part, parted', 'end, ended', 'test, tested',ย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์Œ์ ˆ 'part, parted', 'end,ended', 'test,tested'
83:42
'need, needed.' That is the easy part. But whatย  if a root word does not end /t/ or /d/? Well,ย ย 
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'ํ•„์š”ํ•ด, ํ•„์š”ํ•ด.' ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๊ทผ์ด
83:53
does it end with a vowel, a voiced consonant,ย  or an unvoiced consonant? If the root word endsย ย 
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๋ชจ์Œ, ์œ ์„ฑ ์ž์Œ,ย ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ž์Œ์œผ๋กœ
84:02
with a vowel sound or with a voiced consonantย  sound, then the root word ends with voice,ย ย 
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๋ชจ์Œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์„ฑ ์ž์Œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
84:08
meaning that when you produce that last phoneme,ย  you can feel the vibrations in your throat.
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์ฆ‰, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์Œ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ชฉ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์˜ ์ง„๋™ ์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
84:16
If it ends with an unvoiced consonant, you cannotย  feel the vibrations in your throat. Look at theseย ย 
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๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ชฉ์—์„œ ์ง„๋™์ด ๋Š๊ปด์ง€์ง€
84:22
4 root words. We have -dine, -love, -comply,ย  -remember. Dine, I can feel the vibration. Love,ย ย 
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4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฃจํŠธ ๋‹จ์–ด. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” -์‹์‚ฌ, -์‚ฌ๋ž‘, -์ค€์ˆ˜, -๊ธฐ์–ต
84:38
I can feel the vibration. Comply, that endsย  with a vowel sound. And remember, still withย ย 
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์ง„๋™์ด ๋Š๊ปด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ์Œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ
84:46
voice. Remember that in Received Pronunciation ifย  a word ends with 'r', the 'r' is not pronounced.
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๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ. ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐœ์Œ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ 'r'๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด 'r' ์ด ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
84:54
In American English, you might say 'remember',ย  but in Received Pronunciation 'remember',ย ย 
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” 'remember'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ‘œ์ค€
85:01
all of these root words end with voice. Andย  the great thing is that we match voice withย ย 
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ด๊ทผ์€ ์Œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
85:07
voice. If a word ends with voice apartย  from /d/, then we match it with voice.ย ย 
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๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ. ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ /d/๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์Œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ
85:14
So we added /d/ onto the end. Loved. Dined.ย  Complied. Remembered. It would actually beย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋์— /d/๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹์‚ฌ
85:26
more difficult to use /t/ at the end becauseย  you're moving from voiced to unvoiced, dined.
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์œ ์„ฑ์Œ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์— /t/๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
85:35
Okay, so moving on to the root words that endย  with an unvoiced consonant. Take a look atย ย 
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์„ฑ ์ž์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๊ทผ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ
85:41
these 4. We have clap, kick, dance and washโ€”/p/,ย  /k/, /s/, /สƒ/. None of the endings have voice inย ย 
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4. ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜์น˜๊ธฐ, ๋ฐœ์ฐจ๊ธฐ, ์ถค์ถ”๊ธฐ, ์”ป๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
85:54
them. Just like we matched voiced withย  voiced before. We match unvoiced withย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„. ์ด์ „์— Voiced์™€ Voiced๋ฅผ ์ผ์น˜์‹œ์ผฐ๋˜
86:00
unvoiced. So in this case -ed is pronouncedย  as /t/. Clapped. Kicked. Danced. Washed.
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๋ฌด์„ฑ์˜. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ -ed๋Š” /t/๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜ ๋ฅผ ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถค์„ ์ท„์–ด์š”. ์”ป์–ด.
86:13
Try ending these words withย  the /d/ sound. In my opinion,ย ย 
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์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ /d/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋๋‚ด
86:18
it's a lot more difficult. So that's theย  theory behind it all. Looking at the lastย ย 
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ด๋ฉด
86:24
sound in the root word and then working out whatย  the next sound should be. With root words that endย ย 
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์–ด๊ทผ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ ํ›„ ๋‹ค์Œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡
86:30
in any sound other than /t/ and /d/, There isย  no extra syllable. Love is not loved or loved.
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/t/ ๋ฐ /d/ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์Œ์ ˆ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ›์ง€๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ›์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
86:41
It's loved. Kicked isn't kicked or kicked. It'sย  kicked. No extra syllable. But decide is decided,ย ย 
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ฑท์–ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑท์–ด์ฐจ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑท์–ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
86:51
extra syllable. Test is tested, extraย  syllable. Some students prefer to learnย ย 
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์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์Œ์ ˆ. ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์Œ์ ˆ๋กœ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
86:58
words through studying them in lists, andย  other students prefer to hear them spokenย ย 
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๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค
87:05
and to practise to learn them in practice. We'reย  going to go through both ways of learning them.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:11
First, let's look at the list version. And thenย  I will tell you a story using the words. And youย ย 
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๋จผ์ € ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ
87:17
have to guess what the pronunciation is. Hereย  are the sounds that come before /ษชd/ as -ed.
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๋ฐœ์Œ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์€ -ed๋กœ /ษ™d/ ์•ž์— ์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
87:25
/t/, wanted, /d/, decided. And here we haveย  the sounds that come before the /d/ as -ed.ย ย 
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/t/, ์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค, /d/, ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
87:36
We have /b/ as in robbed. /v/ as in lived. /z/ย  as in amazed. /g/ as in rigged. /n/ as in fined.ย ย 
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robbed์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ /b/๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. /v/ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. /z/
87:54
/m/ as in climbed./ฦž/ as in winged. /dส’/ย  as in judged. /รฐ/ as in soothed. /l/ asย ย 
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/m/ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค./ฯ„/ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
88:08
in called. And then I've includedย  /r/ just so you know for Americanย ย 
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์ „ํ™”๋จ. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜
88:15
English pronunciation that itย  would be followed by the /d/.
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/d/๊ฐ€ ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๋Š” ์˜์–ด ๋ฐœ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
88:19
For RP it isn't pronounced remembered,ย  remembered. It's pronounced with /d/ย ย 
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RP์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋จ, ๊ธฐ์–ต๋จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์Œ
88:25
because it ends with a schwa vowel sound,ย  which is voiced. But in American English,ย ย 
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์œ ์„ฑ์Œ์ธ ์Šˆ์™€ ๋ชจ์Œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ
88:30
the 'r' is pronounced at the end of wordsย  and it would sound something like remembered,ย ย 
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'r'์€ ๋‹จ์–ด ๋์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜๋ฉฐ
88:35
remembered. And then we have the sounds that comeย  before /t/ as -ed, the unvoiced sounds. We haveย ย 
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  /t/ ์•ž์— -ed๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ
88:44
/p/ as in helped, /f/ as in sniffed or laughed,ย  /s/ as in missed or danced, /k/ as in asked.
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/p/๋Š” ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™๊ณ , /f/๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์›ƒ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, /s/๋Š” ๋†“์ณค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถค์„ ์ท„์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™๊ณ , /k/๋Š” ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
89:00
I know some of my students struggle with thatย  sound. The combination of /s/ /k/ /t/, asked,ย ย 
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์ œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
89:07
asked. We have /tสƒ/ as in matched. /สƒ/ as inย  washed. /ฮธ/ as in unearthed. There aren't manyย ย 
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๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” /tสƒ/๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. /สƒ/๋Š” 'washed'
89:21
-ed words with the /ฮธ/ at the end of the rootย  word. Now, this rule also applies to adjectives,ย ย 
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์–ด๊ทผ ๋‹จ์–ด ๋์— /ฮธ/๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” -ed ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
89:29
but there are many more exceptions. So,ย  some adjectives ending in /t/ or /d/,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
89:35
we have insulted or beaded adjectivesย  ending in a voiced consonant or a vowel.
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์œ ์„ฑ ์ž์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชจ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์š•์  ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์Šฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
89:44
We have soothed or moved and unvoiced consonantsย  distressed, astonished. There are lots ofย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ž˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๋™์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ
89:55
irregular adjectives that don't follow this rule,ย  and they favour /ษชd/ at the end. Naked. Wicked.ย ย 
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์ด ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋
90:04
Jagged. Rugged. There is normally a /g/ or /k/ย  sound at the end of the root word, but thereย ย 
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๋“ค์ญ‰๋‚ ์ญ‰. ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๊ทผ ๋
90:12
are exceptions to the exceptions. For example,ย  beloved. Okay, now it is time for the activity.
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์˜ˆ์™ธ์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ. ์ž, ์ด์ œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:21
I am going to read a story to you.ย  It's filled with words that end in -ed,ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
90:29
and each time I reach a word that ends in -ed,ย  I'm going to stop for a couple of seconds to giveย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  -ed๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
90:36
you the chance to say how you think it might beย  pronounced, what ending you think it might have.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋ ์ง€, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๋ง๋กœ ๋๋‚ ์ง€ ๋งํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:43
'As I've told you before,ย  I loved living in Seville.
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'์ „์— ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์ €๋Š” ์„ธ๋น„์•ผ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
90:51
I always envisioned myself livingย  there long term. I had also
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๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด ๋ชจ์Šต ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์–ด
91:02
lived in Madrid, but for some
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๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์— ์‚ด์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
91:06
reason Seville really inspired me. It hadย  nearly everything I wanted. So I promised toย ย 
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์„ธ๋น„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ค€ ์ด์œ . ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”
91:25
myself that I would move there in the future.ย  I moved back to the UK to finish my studies.
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๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ทธ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๋‚˜ ๋Š” ํ•™์—…์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
91:36
When I finished, I rented a room from my parents
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์ผ์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋นŒ๋ ธ์–ด์š”
91:47
and started my teaching business. One dayย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
91:54
I was invited to a New Year's Eve party. I didn'tย  want to go but I pushed myself. I noticed a veryย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒˆํ•ด ์ „์•ผ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์— ์ดˆ๋Œ€๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€
92:12
handsome man there, but we mostly ignoredย  each other the whole night. One day, this manย ย 
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์ž˜์ƒ๊ธด ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐค์ƒˆ
92:25
messaged me and asked me if I would participateย  in a charity dating show that he had.
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๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์„  ๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ์‡ผ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
92:38
organised. I responded with a 'yes'ย  and prepared for the event. In the end,ย ย 
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์กฐ์ง. ์ €๋Š” '์˜ˆ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๊ณ 
92:53
that man won a date with me and I postponedย  my plans to move to Seville. Eventually,ย ย 
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๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋น„์•ผ๋กœ
93:04
I simply cancelled them. I discovered
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ทจ์†Œํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค
93:14
that home is not a place โ€” it'sย  a person. I have visited Sevilleย ย 
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๊ทธ ์ง‘์€ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
93:23
every year since. And that'sย  enough for me.' True story!
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋งค๋…„. ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ •๋„ ๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ด์š”.' ์‹คํ™”!
93:29
I will see you soon for another lesson. Muah!
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์กฐ๋งŒ๊ฐ„ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ•์˜๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์•„!
93:32
Okay, you've got the pronunciation of regularย  past forms of verbs down. Well done! Make sureย ย 
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜• ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
93:38
you don't forget any of that information.ย  Don't worry, I've put it all in the ebook.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.ย  ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ „์ž์ฑ…์— ๋‹ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
93:43
However, there are lots of irregular verbs inย  English, so let's learn how to pronounce those.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜์–ด์—๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
93:49
Now, I've got a mixture of aย  grammar and a pronunciationย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์Œ์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ
93:54
and a vocabulary lesson for you today. Today,ย  we're going to be talking about the 25 mostย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–ดํœ˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ
94:01
common irregular verbs in the English language.ย  Honestly, learning the irregular verbs isn't aย ย 
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์˜์–ด์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋™์‚ฌ.
94:07
very exciting experience. But if you want toย  learn to speak English, you have to do it.
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๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:13
If you can master the pronunciation and theย  correct form of the top 25 irregular verbs, thenย ย 
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์ƒ์œ„ 25๊ฐœ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ๊ณผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ
94:20
you will be a step closer to fluency and a stepย  closer to speaking English like a native speaker.
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์œ ์ฐฝํ•จ์— ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜์–ด ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:27
I'm going to pronounce the infinitive form,ย ย 
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์ €๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ย 
94:30
the past simple, and theย  participle twice for each verb.
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๋‹จ์ˆœ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ฐ ๋™์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
94:35
And I'll give you time to repeatย  after me. Now, I've said before,ย ย 
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์ œ ๋ง์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด ๋ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
94:39
the absolute best way of learning toย  speak like a native is by imitating. So,ย ย 
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์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€
94:46
I want you to copy or to imitate me.ย  So I'm going to say the 3 forms. Andย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
94:52
I want you to repeat them with me. I'llย  say them again and then you repeat again.
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์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
94:58
Now, the reason I'm saying all three togetherย  is because I want you to get them stuck in yourย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”
95:05
headโ€”I want you to learn them in that order.ย  You will be much more likely to remember themย ย 
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ - ๊ทธ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๋‹น์‹ ์€
95:10
if you learn all 3 together. So let's getย  started. Number 1โ€”to beโ€”be was/were been, beย ย 
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3๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
95:24
was/were been. Then we haveโ€”to haveโ€”have had had.
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์˜€์–ด/์˜€์–ด. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
95:35
Have had had. The next one. Number 3โ€”to doโ€”doย  did done. Do did done. Number 4โ€”to sayโ€”sayย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฒƒ. 3๋ฒˆ์€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
95:55
said said. Say Said Said. Number 5โ€”to goโ€”go wentย  gone. Go went gone. Number 6โ€”to getโ€”get got got.ย ย 
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๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5๋ฒˆโ€”๊ฐ€๋‹คโ€”๊ฐ€๋‹ค
96:16
Get got got. Number 7โ€”to makeโ€”make made made.ย  Make made made. Number 8โ€”to knowโ€”know knew known.
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Get got got. 7๋ฒˆ - ๋งŒ๋“ค๋‹ค - ๋งŒ๋“ค๋‹ค ๋งŒ๋“ค๋‹ค.ย  ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์š”. 8๋ฒˆ โ€“ ์•ˆ๋‹ค โ€“ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค.
96:36
Know knew known. Number 9โ€”to thinkโ€”thinkย  thought thought. Think thought thought.ย ย 
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์•Œ๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 9๋ฒˆโ€”์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹คโ€”์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค
96:50
Number 10โ€”to takeโ€”take took taken. Take tookย  taken. Number 11โ€”to seeโ€”see saw seen. See sawย ย 
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10๋ฒˆ - ํ…Œ์ดํฌ - ํ…Œ์ดํฌ ํ…Œ์ดํฌ ํ…Œ์ดํฌ. ํ…Œ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
97:09
Seen. Number 12โ€”to comeโ€”come cameย  come. Come came come. Number 14โ€”toย ย 
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๋ณธ. 12๋ฒˆโ€”์˜ค๋‹คโ€”์˜ค์„ธ์š”โ€”์˜ค์„ธ์š”
97:21
giveโ€”give. gave given. Give gave given.ย  Number 15โ€”to tellโ€”tell told told. Tell
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์ฃผ๋‹ค โ€“ ์ฃผ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์คฌ์–ด ์คฌ์–ด.ย  15 ๋ฒˆ - ๋งํ•˜๋‹ค - ๋งํ•˜๋‹ค ๋งํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋งํ•˜๋‹ค
97:37
told told. Number 16โ€”to feelโ€”feel felt felt.ย  Feel felt felt. Number 17โ€”to becomeโ€”become becameย ย 
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๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 16๋ฒˆ - ๋Š๋ผ๋‹ค - ๋Š๋ผ๋‹ค ๋Š๋ผ๋‹ค ๋Š๋ผ๋‹ค
97:53
become. Become became become. Number 18โ€”toย  leaveโ€”leave left left. Leave left left. Numberย ย 
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์ด ๋˜๋‹ค. ๋˜๋‹ค. 18๋ฒˆโ€”๋– ๋‚˜๋ ค๋ฉดโ€”์™ผ์ชฝ ์™ผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ
98:08
19โ€”I like this one, to putโ€”put put put. Putย  put put. Number 20โ€”to meanโ€”mean meant meant.ย ย 
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19 โ€“ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ ๋‹ค. ๋†” ๋‘ฌ
98:23
Mean meant meant. Number 21โ€”to keepโ€”keep kept
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์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 21๋ฒˆโ€”์ง€ํ‚ค๋‹คโ€”์ง€ํ‚ค๋‹ค
98:31
Kept. Keep kept kept. Number 22โ€”Iย  also like this oneโ€”to letโ€”letย ย 
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์œ ์ง€๋œ. ๊ณ„์† ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. 22๋ฒˆ
98:41
let let. Let let let. Number 23โ€”toย  beginโ€”begin began begun. Begin beganย ย 
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ํ•˜์ž. ํ•˜์ž ํ•˜์ž. 23๋ฒˆโ€”์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐโ€”์‹œ์ž‘
98:53
begun. Number 24โ€”to showโ€”to show showed shown.ย  Show showed Shown. And number 25โ€”to hearโ€”hearย ย 
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์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 24๋ฒˆโ€”๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋‹คโ€”๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋‹ค ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋‹ค
99:11
heard heard. Hear heard heard. Okay, so those areย  the 25 most common irregular verbs in English.
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๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜์–ด ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ 25๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:22
How is that? I hope you're feeling moreย  confident in your pronunciation now.
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์–ด๋•Œ์š”? ์ด์ œ ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ์ข€ ๋” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์…จ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:26
Pronunciation is weaved throughoutย  my B1, B2 and C1 programmes,ย ย 
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B1, B2, C1 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฐœ์Œ
99:30
meaning that you always learn how toย  say something as well as what to say.
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์ฆ‰, ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋งํ• ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฐฐ์šด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:35
But now I think it's time to lookย  at some tense adjacent grammar,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ธด์žฅ๋œ ์ธ์ ‘ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„
99:39
because the classic past tenses aren'tย  the only way to talk about the past.
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๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
99:44
And believe me, most of my students need toย  watch this video. Let's learn about used to,ย ย 
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์ œ ๋ง์„ ๋ฏฟ์œผ์„ธ์š”. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ
99:50
would be used to and get used to.
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์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
99:54
Today we are going to talk about used to,ย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ 'used to'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ย 
99:59
use to. How are they different? Would,ย  to be used to and to get used to.
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์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
100:07
If you have any doubts about the use of theseย  then this lesson is for you. And of course,ย ย 
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹œ๋ฉด ์ด
100:14
I have a quiz. There will be a quiz at the end ofย ย 
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ํ€ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์—๋Š” ํ€ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹คย ย 
100:18
this lesson for you to test yourย  learning. So stay till the end.
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์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์Šตํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋ผ.
100:23
Okay, let's talk about used to and use to.ย  Firstly, let's focus on the pronunciationย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
100:29
because I know this is very confusing for manyย  students because when we say used on its own,ย ย 
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ
100:36
we use the /z/ sound and the /d/ sound, used.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” /z/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ /d/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
100:42
But to say used to is quite a mouthful.ย  So, you will hear speakers of Englishย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฝค ํ•œ ์ž…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
100:49
saying /'juหs(t) tuห/, use to. That meansย  that both used to and use to are pronouncedย ย 
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/'juหs(t) tuห/๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ, to๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 'used
101:00
in the same way in normal conversation,ย  used to, used to. This makes it slightlyย ย 
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€
101:06
easier for you in spoken English, but inย  written English you do have to be careful.
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๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด ์˜์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ๋” ์‰ฝ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด ์˜์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
101:12
Let's focus on used to. We use 'usedย  to' to talk about past habits that weย ย 
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์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด๋ณด์ž. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์Šต๊ด€
101:18
don't do in the present or pastย  states that are no longer true.ย ย 
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ
101:23
Used to with the base form of a verb,ย  also called the bare infinitive,ย ย 
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๋ฒ ์–ด ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์˜
101:28
but I'm going to call it the base verb hit. 'Iย  used to do yoga.' But now I don't have time.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ ํžˆํŠธ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์ €๋Š” ์š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.' ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
101:33
'I used to go to a language school, butย  I finished the course.' 'I used to liveย ย 
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'์ €๋Š” ์–ดํ•™์›์„ ๋‹ค๋…”๋Š”๋ฐย ์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ
101:39
in Seville', but now I live in England.ย  'I used to be a waitress,' but now I'mย ย 
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์„ธ๋น„์•ผ์—์„œ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์— ์‚ด๊ณ 
101:45
a teacher. And that's an example ofย  a state that's not talking about aย ย 
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
101:49
habit. Something likeโ€”'I used to have shortย  hair,' that wasn't a habit that was a state.
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์Šต๊ด€. '์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์งง์•˜์–ด' ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑด ๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์–ด์š”.
101:55
So, that's using 'used' with the 'd' atย  the end. But you will see that peopleย ย 
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์ฆ‰, ๋์— 'd'๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์€ 'used'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
101:59
use 'used' with no 'd' at the end. Thisย  is a point of confusion for many of myย ย 
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๋์— 'd'๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” 'used'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ด๋Š” ๋งŽ์€
102:06
students. In questions and negatives, we useย  use instead. 'I didn't used to like avocados',ย ย 
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์žฌํ•™์ƒ. ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  use๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
102:13
but now I love them. 'Did youย  used to work at the corner shop?'
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ด์š” . '๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ชจํ‰์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์—์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ˆ?'
102:17
He didn't used to care about his appearance,ย  but now he takes pride in it. 'Did they usedย ย 
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์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ์™ธ๋ชจ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ชจ
102:23
to go to the same school as us?' It'sย  worth noting that when you use never,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ž‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜
102:28
you do use 'used' with the 'd'. 'He didn't usedย  to care about his appearance.' 'He never used toย ย 
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'd'์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 'used'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๊ทธ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ชจ์— ๋ณ„๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ
102:35
care about his appearance.' We will do lotsย  of testing of this in the quiz at the end.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋ผ.' ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ€ด์ฆˆ์—์„œ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
102:41
But now it's time to talk about would. Whenย  somebody is telling a story about the past,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ will์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
102:48
you might hear them use wouldย  + base verb. 'When I lived inย ย 
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would + ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์„
102:53
Seville, we would eat lunch at 4ย  pm.' 'When I was studying Spanish,ย ย 
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์„ธ๋น„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜คํ›„ 4์‹œ์— ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด
102:58
I would watch Spanish TV shows.' Now you mightย  think, ah, so it's the same as you used to.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ TV ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.' ์ด์ œ๋Š” '์•„, ์˜ˆ์ „ ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™๊ตฌ๋‚˜'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
103:05
Not exactly! We can't use would + base verbย  to talk about past states. Only past habits.ย ย 
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด would
103:15
An exampleโ€”'I would have short hair,' doesย  not mean the same thing asโ€”'I used to haveย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '๋‚˜๋Š” ์งง์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค'๋Š”ย '๋‚˜๋Š”
103:21
short hair.' Orโ€”'I would live in Seville.' Doesย  not mean the same thing asโ€”'I used to live inย ย 
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์งง์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ.' ๋˜๋Š” '์ €๋Š” ์„ธ๋น„์•ผ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
103:26
Seville.' So, remember would + base verb is onlyย  appropriate for past habits or repeated actions.
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์„ธ๋น„์•ผ.' ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Remember would + ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์Šต๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์—๋งŒ ์ ํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
103:34
Let's move onto 'to be used to'. When we wantย  to talk about things that we are accustomed to,ย ย 
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'์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค'๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
103:41
or things that feel normal to us. Weย  use to be + used to + verb -ing. Anย ย 
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๋˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค.
103:50
exampleโ€”'I'm used to running in coldย  weather, so I don't mind it.' I'mย ย 
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์˜ˆโ€”'์ €๋Š” ์ถ”์šด ๋‚ ์”จ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ต์ˆ™
103:56
accustomed to running in cold weather. Itย  feels normal to me to run in cold weather.
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์ถ”์šด ๋‚ ์”จ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”์šด ๋‚ ์”จ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๊ปด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
104:02
Another exampleโ€”My fiance Will is used toย  working hard, so when we go on holiday heย ย 
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ: ๋‚ด ์•ฝํ˜ผ์ž Will์€ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š”
104:09
becomes restless.' Working hard is normalย  to him. It's what he is accustomed to. Weย ย 
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๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.' ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
104:15
can also use 'to be used to' + noun orย  pronoun. 'I live in the countryside,ย ย 
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'~์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๋‹ค' + ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• 
104:21
so I am used to mud.' For example, wet soil. 'Heย  is very handsome, so he is used to compliments.'
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง„ํ™ํƒ•์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๋‹ค.' ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ –์€ ํ† ์–‘ . '๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜์ƒ๊ฒผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์นญ์ฐฌ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
104:29
He is accustomed to compliments. 'My sister isย  annoying, but I'm used to her.' Remember thatย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์นญ์ฐฌ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋‚ด ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์€ ์งœ์ฆ
104:36
here, the verb 'to be' can be put intoย  any tense. 'When I started waitressing,ย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 'to be'๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ์ œ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜
104:41
I wasn't used to carrying trays of drinks.'ย  True story, I dropped so many trays ofย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์Œ๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜ ์Ÿ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
104:46
drinks. 'Soon I will be used to taking publicย  transport, so it won't be so intimidating.'
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์Œ๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜. '๊ณง ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์งˆ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ์ด ๋‚˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.'
104:54
Finally, we have 'to get used to'ย  different to 'to be used to'. Hereย ย 
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ '์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค'์™€ '์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค
105:00
you can think of to get as toย  become, to become used to. Youย ย 
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์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค, ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค๋ผ๊ณ 
105:06
form it in the same way as to be usedย  to. We used to get used to + verb -ing,ย ย 
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์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
105:13
or to get used to + noun or pronoun. We use it toย  talk about a change in what we are accustomed to.
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๋˜๋Š” + ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
105:22
Again, this can be used in any tense. 'Atย  first I didn't like stretching after running,ย ย 
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๋ง์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ์ œ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
105:28
but I got used to it.' Orโ€”'I am gettingย  used to public speaking.' I am becomingย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.' ๋˜๋Š” '๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์—ฐ์„ค
105:34
accustomed to public speaking, orโ€”'I hopeย  I will get used to driving in London soon.'ย ย 
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๋Œ€์ค‘ ์—ฐ์„ค์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์กŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋˜๋Š” '๊ณง ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ
105:40
True story. I have been driving for 4 yearsย  and I still am not used to driving in London.
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์‹คํ™”. ์ €๋Š” 4๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์šด์ „์„ ํ•ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์—์„œ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
105:46
I need to do it more to becomeย  more accustomed to it. Okay,ย ย 
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์ข€ ๋” ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋ ค๋ฉด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด
105:50
I hope this lesson clarified some of your doubts,ย ย 
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์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์˜์‹ฌ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ย 
105:53
but to make sure it's fully in your brain, I nowย  have a quiz for you. It's a multiple choice quiz.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์ œ ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ด€์‹ ํ€ด์ฆˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
106:00
Number 1โ€”'When I started waitressing,ย ย 
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1๋ฒˆโ€”'๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์›จ์ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,ย ย 
106:03
I needed help with carrying trays,ย  but now I _ them by myself.'
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์Ÿ๋ฐ˜์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ๋Š” _ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ์Ÿ๋ฐ˜์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
106:15
'When I started waitressing, I needed helpย  with carrying trays, but now I am used toย ย 
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'์›จ์ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์Ÿ๋ฐ˜์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ
106:21
carrying them by myself.' Number 2โ€”'I _ย  every day, but now I don't have time.'
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๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ์ž ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค.' 2๋ฒˆ - '์ €๋Š” _ย  ๋งค์ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.'
106:36
'I used to read English every day,ย  but now I don't have time.' Numberย ย 
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'์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฝ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
106:41
3โ€”'Don't worry. This grammar isย  easy. You _ do it in no time.'
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3โ€”'๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์€ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹  ์€ _ ๊ธˆ์ƒˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
106:53
Andโ€”'Don't worry, this grammar isย  easy. You will get used to it inย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ โ€”'๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์€ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
106:58
no time.' Number 4โ€” 'I was surprised toย  see her runningโ€”she _ when I knew her.'
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—†์–ด.' 4๋ฒˆ - '๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
107:12
'I was surprised to see her running.ย  She didn't used to run when I knewย ย 
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'๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋†€๋ž๋‹ค.ย  ๋‚ด
107:17
her.' Number 5โ€”'When I had to getย  the train to work, I _ very early.'
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜.' 5๋ฒˆโ€”'์ง์žฅ์— ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€์•ผ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜๋Š” _์•„์ฃผ ์ผ์ฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
107:32
'When I had to get the train to work. I used toย  get up very early.' Number 6โ€”'When I was younger,ย ย 
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'๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ถœ๊ทผํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ. ์ €๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ
107:41
I _ to the shop with my grandma to buy sweets.'
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๋‚˜๋Š” _ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณผ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์— ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.'
107:51
'When I was younger, I would goย  to the shops with my grandma toย ย 
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'์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ
107:55
buy sweets.' Number 7โ€”'Whenever we went toย  London, we always _ in the Grand Hotel.'
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๊ณผ์ž ์‚ฌ์ค˜.' 7๋ฒˆโ€”'๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ _ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ํ˜ธํ…”์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
108:09
'Whenever we went to London, weย  always used to stay in the Grandย ย 
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'๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ
108:13
Hotel.' Number 8โ€”'When you were aย  teenager, did you _ to rap music?'
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ํ˜ธํ…”.' 8๋ฒˆโ€”'10๋Œ€ ๋•Œ ๋žฉ ์Œ์•…์„ _ํ•˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?'
108:27
'When you were a teenager, did youย  used to listen to rap music?' Numberย ย 
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'10๋Œ€์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋žฉ ์Œ์•…์„
108:32
9โ€”'She didn't _ about fashion, but nowย  she spends a lot of money on clothes.'
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9โ€”'๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์€ ์˜ท์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
108:45
'She didn't used to care about fashion,ย  but now she spends a lot of money onย ย 
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'๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
108:50
clothes.' Number 10โ€”'I don't likeย  revising for exams, but I _ it.'
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์˜ท.' 10๋ฒˆ - '๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜ ๋ณต์Šต์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚˜๋Š” _ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค.'
109:03
'I don't like revising for exams,ย  but I am getting used to it.'
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'์‹œํ—˜ ๋ณต์Šต์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
109:07
How is that? Do you feel moreย  confident about when to useย ย 
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์–ด๋•Œ์š”? ์–ธ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€
109:11
'used to' and 'would' to talk about your past?
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'ํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค' ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  'ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค'๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
109:14
We're going to move on to something really tricky,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ย 
109:16
but incredibly important haveย  been, has been and had been.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
109:23
Learning these will really help you when
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ฉด ์ •๋ง ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
109:24
using perfect tenses.
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์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
109:26
Today, I have a grammar lesson allย  about have been, has been and hadย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
109:33
been. I receive questions about have, has andย  had been, all the time. I'm going to clarify,ย ย 
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๊ณ„์† ~ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค, ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค, ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค์—
109:41
nearly, all of the ways we use them. Now,ย  this is going to be quite a long video. So,ย ย 
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž, ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ
109:48
before we start, I'm going to tell youย  exactly what I'll be talking about,
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋‚ด์šฉ ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
109:52
so that you know what to expect. The lessonย  will begin with which subjects we use with have,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜
110:00
has and had. Then, I am going to show you howย  to form positive and negative sentences andย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ
110:07
questions using have, has and had been.ย  After that,, we are going to discuss theย ย 
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have, has, had๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๊ทธ ํ›„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ
110:13
pronunciation of these words and the useย  of contractions. Really important part.
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์ด ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ถ• ์‚ฌ์šฉ. ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:18
Do not miss it! And then, we're going to go overย  4 of their key uses. We're going to discuss howย ย 
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๋†“์น˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”! ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฉ๋„ ์ค‘ 4๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
110:25
to talk about travel experiences. That's a sourceย  of some really common mistakes. Will also discussย ย 
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์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด. ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ
110:31
how to describe unfinished states and actionsย  with an additional focus on 'for' and 'since'ย ย 
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'for'์™€ 'since'์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ
110:38
because that gets a lot of you. I'm going to showย  you how to talk about 2 past events or actions.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
110:44
And then finally we will focus on how toย  focus on the object of a sentence withย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด์— ์ดˆ์ 
110:50
the passive voice. That might soundย  complicated, but I'm going to make itย ย 
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์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ. ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„
110:55
really clear for you. At the end of theย  video, I'm going to give you some extraย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์˜์ƒ ๋
110:58
information about when we use have been,ย  has been and had been in other situations.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
111:04
And then we will end this lesson withย  a short quiz. So that you can see howย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์งง์€ ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋กœ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ
111:09
much you remember and retain from thisย  video. I haven't done such an in-depth,ย ย 
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์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
111:15
long grammar lesson on this channel before. I wantย  you to feel like you're in a classroom with meย ย 
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์ „์— ์ด ์ฑ„๋„์—์„œ ๊ธด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”. ๋‚˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
111:20
going through the full process of learningย  about have been, has been and had been.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
111:25
Let me know if you like it. Now, let's start withย  some tenses and constructions. In this lesson,ย ย 
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๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ค๋ฉด ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ์ด์ œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ์ œ์™€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ
111:32
I am going to mention the presentย  perfect simple. The present perfectย ย 
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์ €๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰
111:36
continuous. The past perfect simple,ย  the past perfect continuous, and theย ย 
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๋งˆ๋”” ์—†๋Š”. ๋‹จ์ˆœ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ
111:42
passive voice. And I'm not going to explainย  these tenses and constructions in detail,ย ย 
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์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์ œ์™€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„
111:48
because the focus today is on usingย  have been, has been and had been.
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ have been, been, been ๋ฐ had been์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
111:52
Okay, first I'm going to talk about the basics weย ย 
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ย 
111:55
use 'have been' and 'has been' inย  the present perfect tensesโ€”I, you,ย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ์—์„œ 'have been'๊ณผ
112:01
we, they and plural nouns go with have beenโ€”Iย  have been, you have been, the books have been.
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we, they ๋ฐ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” haveโ€”Iย  been, you have been, the books have์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
112:11
My parents have been. He, she, itย  and singular and uncountable nounsย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์–ด์š”. He, she, it
112:17
go with has beenโ€”she has been, it hasย  been, London has been. The bread hasย ย 
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ-๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์€
112:24
been. Bread is uncountable. We use hadย  been with all subjects, nice and easy,ย ย 
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๊ณ„์† ~ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋นต์€ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
112:32
in the past perfect tenses. I had been. He hadย  been. Our children had been. The tea had been.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ์—์š”. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Š” ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
112:40
How can I not bring up tea? I'm British. Allย  subjects in the past perfect tenses. Now,ย ย 
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
112:45
let's move on to positive and negativeย  sentences and questions. In positive sentences,ย ย 
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ
112:50
the structure is subject + have/has or had been,ย  nice and simple. In negative sentences, we putย ย 
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๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด + have/has or had, ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆœ
112:59
'not' between have, has or had and beenโ€”subjectย  have/has or had not been. In questions,
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have, has, had์™€ been ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ 'not'โ€”์ฃผ์–ด have/has or had been. ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—๋Š”
113:10
we invert the subject word order and we put,ย  have, has or had before the subject. Have,ย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด ์–ด์ˆœ์„ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด์„œ ์ฃผ์–ด ์•ž์— have,
113:18
has or had + subject + been. Now, I want toย  note here that we can use been to be as a mainย ย 
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has or had + ์ฃผ์ œ + ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
113:26
verb or an auxiliary verb. As a main verb, itย  expresses the state or action being described.ย ย 
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๋™์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ ๋™์‚ฌ. ์ฃผ์š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ์„ค๋ช…
113:34
It is not followed by another verb, and you willย  see this later in the video in sentences likeโ€”'Iย ย 
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๋’ค์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋™์˜์ƒ์—์„œ
113:41
have been to France'โ€”as an auxiliary verb, itย  adds grammatical information to a sentence.
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Have been to France'โ€”์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์— ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
113:47
It's followed by a main verb. You will also seeย  this later in the video in sentences likeโ€”'I haveย ย 
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๊ทธ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋™์˜์ƒ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
113:54
been studying English for 3 years,' in thisย  sentence 'studying' is the main verb. Okay,ย ย 
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3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ
114:00
we're doing well, but there's moreย  to do. And before we get startedย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋”
114:04
with how these words are used, weย  need to go over the pronunciation.
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์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
114:08
'Been' is pronounced, /biหn/ or /bษชn/ or been,ย  with a long 'e' sound, been with a short 'e'ย ย 
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'Been'์€ /biหn/ ๋˜๋Š” /bษ™n/์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธด 'e'
114:18
sound. Both are correct, but /bษชn/ is veryย  common and faster, informal speech. It's alsoย ย 
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ. ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋งž์ง€๋งŒ /bษ™n/์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ
114:26
very common for speakers to use contractionsย  with have, has or had been. For example,ย ย 
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ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ have, has ๋˜๋Š” been๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
114:32
I have been often becomes 'I've /biหn/' orย  'I've /bษชn/' with the shorter 'e' sound.
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I've๋Š” ์ข…์ข… 'I've /biหn/' ๋˜๋Š” 'I've /bษ™n/'์ด ์งง์€ 'e' ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
114:41
So, listen out for contracted formsโ€”I've, you've,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„œ ์–‘์‹์„ ์ž˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๋‚˜๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ณ , ๋„ˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ณ ,ย ย 
114:45
we've and they've. The same thing happens to 'hasย  been' which reduces to /z/ or /s/. For example,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. /z/ ๋˜๋Š” /s/๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š”
114:55
he's been, she's been and it's been. And 'hadย  been,' which contracts to /d/. For example,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋…€๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
115:05
I'd been and he'd been. There's an exceptionย  with the contraction of it had, it had beenย ย 
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๋‚˜๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‹ค. 'have, it
115:13
which contracts to it'd, it'd. Notice the extraย  schwa sound there, which adds an extra syllable.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ it'd, it'd์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์ ˆ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ schwa ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
115:22
It'd, it'd. Finally, we often contract a nounย  with have, has or had been. For exampleโ€”'Theย ย 
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๊ทธ๋žฌ์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ, ๊ทธ๋žฌ์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข…
115:30
books have been,' or 'London's been,' orย  'Children had been'. Okay, we're ready forย ย 
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์ฑ…์€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๋˜๋Š” '๋Ÿฐ๋˜์€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๋˜๋Š”
115:37
uses. Let's talk about the first and easiestย  use of have been, has been and had been. Thisย ย 
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. have been, been, had been์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด์ž ๊ฐ€์žฅ
115:43
might be the easiest, but this is where a lotย  of my students get confused and make mistakes.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‰ฌ์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์ด ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
115:49
We often use have been, has been, and had beenย  when talking about travel experiences. Forย ย 
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์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… have
115:57
exampleโ€”'Will has been to London many times.'ย  This means that Will has visited London manyย ย 
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์˜ˆ - 'Will์€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ€๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'ย  ์ด๋Š” ์œŒ
116:05
times in his life up until now. Note, that it'sย  been to London, but it's just visited Londonย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ. ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ 
116:14
without to. That's a common mistake to insertย  a 'to' where it's not wanted after visited.
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์—†์ด. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ํ›„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณณ์— '๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ '์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
116:20
Here's another exampleโ€”'I've been toย  France3 times.' I have visited Franceย ย 
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์ €๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—
116:27
3 times in my life until now, and Iย  might go again in the future. Hereย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ด ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ 3๋ฒˆ์ด๊ณ , ์•ž์œผ๋กœ
116:32
are some more examplesโ€”'Has Verity been toย  Cardiff? Yes, she has been to Cardiff. No,ย ย 
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 'Verity๊ฐ€ ์นด๋””ํ”„์— ๊ฐ€๋ดค๋‚˜์š”
116:39
she hasn't been to Cardiff.' 'Have you beenย  to Australia? Yes I have. No I haven't.'
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์นด๋””ํ”„์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ๋„ ์—†์–ด.' 'ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? ๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋‹ˆ, ๋‚œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์  ์—†์–ด.'
116:45
So these answers are usuallyย  shortened to 'yes I have',ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ '
116:49
'no I haven't'. Please note that we can't talkย  about specific times with have or has been toย ย 
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'์•„๋‹ˆ์š”'. ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
116:55
talk about general travel experiences. If youย  want to say exactly when something happened,ย ย 
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ
117:00
use the past simple. It would be wrong toย  sayโ€”'I have been to Australia last year.'
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๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”. '์ €๋Š” ์ž‘๋…„์— ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ๋‹ค๋…€์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค '๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
117:07
It should beโ€”'I went to Australia last year.'ย  Now, I'd like to mention something that lotsย ย 
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'์ž‘๋…„์— ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ๊ฐ”์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์ด์ œ
117:13
of learners find confusing, have or hasย  been versus have or has gone. We use,ย ย 
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์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ด๋ฏธ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
117:20
have or has been to say that someoneย  went to a place and then returned. Weย ย 
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ
117:27
use have or has gone to say that someoneย  went to a place and has not returned.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ have ๋˜๋Š” has been์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
117:34
Look at these examplesโ€”'Alisha has been toย  Mumbai.' She went to Mumbai and then sheย ย 
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๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. '์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ƒค๋Š” ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด์— ๊ฐ€๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
117:40
came back. 'Alisha has gone to Mumbai. Sheย  will be back next week.' She went to Mumbaiย ย 
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๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. '์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ƒค๊ฐ€ ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด๋กœ ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”. ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ
117:48
and she is still there. You can also use hadย  been when talking about travel experiences.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์•„์ง ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
117:54
We use 'had been' to say that we travelled orย  didn't travel to a place before another event
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ์—ฌํ–‰ํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ 'had been'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
118:01
in the past. For exampleโ€”'I had neverย  been to the US before I visited Newย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '๋‰ด์š•์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „
118:08
York last year.' There are 2 pastย  tenses here. I had never been andย ย 
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์ž‘๋…„์— ์š”ํฌ.' ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ 2๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
118:13
I visited. Both refer to the past.ย  The sentence means that the firstย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค
118:18
time in my life that I visited the USย  was when I went to New York last year.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ž‘๋…„ ์— ๋‰ด์š•์— ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
118:23
Here's another exampleโ€”'I was excitedย  to receive an invitation to theirย ย 
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค
118:28
wedding in Barcelona. I had been to Spain before,ย ย 
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๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹. ์˜ˆ์ „์— ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,ย ย 
118:31
but only to Madrid.' This sentence means thatย  I received the invitation to the wedding in theย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ฐˆ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€
118:37
past. I visited Spain at some point beforeย  I got the invitation, but not Barcelona,ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ. ์ดˆ๋Œ€์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์ „ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์— ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ
118:42
where the wedding was. Okay, we're ready forย  usage number 2โ€”unfinished states and actions.
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๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ณณ. ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•, ์ฆ‰ ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
118:49
We use have been and has been in the presentย  perfect simple to talk about states thatย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” have been๊ณผ been and been been inpresent๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํƒœ
118:56
started in the past and continue upย  to the present. For exampleโ€”'He hasย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†
119:02
been a nurse for almost a year, orโ€”'Heย  has been a nurse since last March.' Heย ย 
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š”โ€”'๊ทธ
119:08
started working as a nurse last Marchย  and has had the job for almost a year.
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์ง€๋‚œ 3์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
119:13
He is still a nurse now. We use have and hasย  been + -ing in the present perfect continuousย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•
119:21
to talk about actions that started in the pastย  and continue up to the present. For exampleโ€”'Iย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™
119:27
have been studying English since 2021,' 2021ย  was my starting point for studying English. So,ย ย 
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2021๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜์–ด ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' 2021๋…„์€ ์ œ
119:35
I started in 2021 and I have continuedย  for 3 years until the present day.
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2021๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ 3๋…„์งธ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
119:40
You don't know if I will continue studyingย  English in the future. Using have been or hasย ย 
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์˜์–ด ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹ค
119:46
been doesn't give you any information aboutย  the future. We often use the words 'for' andย ย 
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been์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ •๋ณด๋„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
119:52
'since' with the present perfect tenses whenย  we use 'for', we're talking about the durationย ย 
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'for'๋ฅผ ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
119:58
of the activity or the period of time. So, 3ย  years is how long I have been studying English.
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ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ 3๋…„์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค.
120:06
When we say 'since,' we are talking about theย  starting point. So I started studying Englishย ย 
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'๋ถ€ํ„ฐ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
120:12
in 2021. Here are some more example sentences.ย  'William has been watching TV since midday.'ย ย 
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in 2021. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  '
120:19
'William's been watching TV for 3 hours,'ย  presuming it's 3 in the afternoon. In theย ย 
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'์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์€ 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ TV๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฒญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
120:24
first sentence, William started watching TVย  at midday and he's still watching TV now.ย ย 
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ William์€ ์ •์˜ค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ TV๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘
120:31
In the second sentence, he started watchingย  TV 3 hours ago and he is still watching now.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „์— TV๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
120:38
Another exampleโ€”'We've been together forย  7 years. We've been together since 2017,ย ย 
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ: '์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 7๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
120:45
so we got together 7 years ago inย  2017 and we are still together now.'ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 7๋…„ ์ „์ธ 2017๋…„์— ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
120:52
That's actually true. I can't believe 2017ย  is seven years ago. Okay, use number 3.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„์ด 7๋…„ ์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฏฟ๊ฒจ์ง€์ง€
120:58
We're going to take a closer look at 'hadย  been'. I'm going to take the sentences thatย ย 
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'hadย bean'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
121:03
we used to learn 'have been' and 'has been'ย  and show you how they used with 'had been'.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 'have been'๊ณผ 'has been'์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  'had been'๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
121:09
And this is going to help you see how the meaningย  changes. Let's start with our sentence aboutย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
121:14
studying English, because it's nice and relevantย  for you. Here it is with 'had been' in the pastย ย 
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์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ
121:19
perfect continuous. 'I had been studying Englishย  for 3 years when I went to London last year.'ย ย 
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์—ฐ์†. '์ž‘๋…„์— ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ ์ €๋Š” 3
121:26
There are 2 past actions here, one continuousย  past actionโ€”'I had been studying English.'
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋™์ž‘์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—ฐ์† ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋™์ž‘ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
121:33
And a single finished actionโ€”'I wentย  to London.' Now, I want to compareย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์ž‘์—…์ธ '๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค
121:39
that sentence with our previous one withย  'have been'. 'I have been studying Englishย ย 
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ด์ „ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๊ณผ 'have been'์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์„ธ์š”
121:44
for 3 years.' Here, there is one actionย  that continues up to the present. We useย ย 
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3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ.' ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š”
121:51
'had been' or 'had been' + -ing.ย  When there are 2 past events,ย ย 
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'์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค' ๋˜๋Š” '์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค' + -ing.ย  ์ง€๋‚œ
121:57
the action with 'had been' began in the past andย  continued up to a more recent point in the past.
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'had been'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
122:04
We use the past simple to talk about the actionย  or event that happened second. In this case,ย ย 
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ–‰๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ• 
122:10
the more recent point was last yearย  when I went to London. We use theย ย 
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ผ์€ ์ž‘๋…„์— ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—
122:14
past perfect continuous for the actionย  which happened first. We don't know ifย ย 
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๋จผ์ € ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ
122:20
the action of studying English continuedย  beyond the visit to London, but I hope so.
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์˜์–ด ๊ณต๋ถ€ ํ™œ๋™์€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
122:26
Never stopped studying English! I haven'tย  stopped studying English. Let's have a lookย ย 
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์˜์–ด ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”! ์ €๋Š” ์˜์–ด
122:30
at the other example sentences and change themย  to had been. We haveโ€”'William had been watchingย ย 
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” had๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์„ธ์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ
122:36
TV for 3 hours when he stopped to do someย  housework.' The action 'had been watching',ย ย 
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์ง‘์•ˆ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ ์„ฐ์„ ๋•Œ 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ TV
122:42
began first and continued until Williamย  realized it was time to start the housework.ย ย 
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๋จผ์ € ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ William์ด ์ง‘์•ˆ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„
122:48
Another exampleโ€”'He'd been a nurseย  for 11 months when he quit his job.'
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋Š” '๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ•œ ์ง€ 11๊ฐœ์›” ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ง์žฅ์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋’€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
122:54
In this case, he became a nurse and continuedย  in the job for 11 months then he quit. This isย ย 
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด 11๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ
123:00
an example of the past perfect simple.ย  And the last example is a sad one. 'Weย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
123:07
had been together for 7 years when weย  broke up.' We were in a relationshipย ย 
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7๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ—ค์–ด์กŒ์ฃ 
123:12
for 7 years before we broke up. I'm notย  referring to my relationship, by the way.
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ํ—ค์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „ 7๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‚ด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
123:17
Last lesson I didn't wear my wedding ringย  because it was having some maintenance andย ย 
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์—…์—๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ
123:21
there were rumors. Okay, let's moveย  on to the fourth and final use thatย ย 
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์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด์ž
123:25
I want to talk about in this video ofย  have been, has been and had been. Theyย ย 
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—
123:29
are used in the passive voice. So, I buyย  lots of things online for my dog Diego.
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์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ œ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ Diego ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
123:36
And when I complete a purchase, I get anย  email sayingโ€”'Your order has been received.'ย ย 
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๊ตฌ๋งค๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜๋ฉด '์ฃผ๋ฌธ์ด ์ ‘์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
123:42
This sentence is in the passive voice. In theย  active voice, it would beโ€”'We have receivedย ย 
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์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Šฅ๋™ํƒœ์—์„œ
123:48
your order.' The website uses the passive voiceย  because we, the seller, isn't important to thisย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ.' ํŒ๋งค์ž์ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ
123:55
situation. The order is more important,ย  so the focus of the sentence is on that.
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์ƒํ™ฉ. ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์€ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
124:00
After I've bought something, the shop sendsย  my purchases to me. I often get a messageย ย 
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒ์ ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„
124:05
from the courierโ€”notice the pronunciation ofย  courier. Courier. With the sound /หˆkสŠriษ™/,ย ย 
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courier์—์„œโ€”courier์˜ ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”
124:11
I always want to say courier or courier, butย  it's courier. Distracted by pronunciation,ย ย 
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๋Š˜ ํƒ๋ฐฐ, ํƒ๋ฐฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ, ํƒ๋ฐฐ
124:16
I get a message from the courierย  sayingโ€”'Your parcel has been delivered,' orย ย 
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ํƒ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ '์†Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์†ก
124:22
because I usually buy several things atย  onceโ€”'Your parcels have been delivered.'
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์ €๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๊ตฌ๋งค ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— '์†Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์†ก๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
124:28
The parcels are more important than theย  company or person who delivered them,ย ย 
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์†Œํฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
124:32
hence the passive voice. So, how do weย  use 'had been' in the passive voice?ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ์—์„œ
124:37
This is quite advanced, but it's importantย  that you know it because I'm sure you willย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ
124:41
hear it. We use 'had been' in the passiveย  voice when there are 2 actions in the past.
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๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋™์ž‘์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋กœ 'had been'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
124:48
For exampleโ€”'My van had been repaired byย  the mechanic so it was as good as new.'ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋‚ด ๋ฐด์€ ์ •๋น„์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ
124:53
Both of the events or actions wereย  in the past. The first event thatย ย 
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์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋‚˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
124:57
occurred is indicated with 'had been'ย  and the second with the past simple. So,ย ย 
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๋ฐœ์ƒ์€ 'had been'์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ , ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ
125:03
first the mechanic repaired my car and then itย  was as good as new. Let's look at another example.
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๋จผ์ € ์ •๋น„๊ณต์ด ๋‚ด ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์ฐจ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ข‹์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
125:09
'By the time we arrived at the hotel, all theย  rooms had been booked for the night.' Again,ย ย 
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'์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธํ…”์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ์‹ค์€ ํ•˜๋ฃป
125:15
we have 2 events in the past. First, peopleย  booked all of the rooms and then we arrivedย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
125:21
at the hotel. Very poor planning. Okay, extraย  bits, extra info. In this final section I wantย ย 
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ํ˜ธํ…”์—์„œ. ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ถ”๊ฐ€
125:28
to give you some extra information about when youย  will see have been, has been and had been used.
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์–ธ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
125:36
I'm not going to explain these uses inย  great detail, but I just want you toย ย 
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฉ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ
125:39
be aware of them. We have 3 to go for. Aย  number 1, 'have been' after modal verbs.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  3๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
125:46
We see 'have been,' but not 'has been'ย  appear after modal verbs like 'might' andย ย 
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'might' ๋ฐ 'might'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค์—๋Š” 'have been'
125:52
'must' using 'have been' with different modalย  verbs could be a whole new video in itself.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 'have been'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 'must'๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
125:58
So, here are just a couple of examples.ย  'Maria might have been in Ghana lastย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  '๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š”
126:04
month.' She goes every year in January.ย  Orโ€”'He must have been at work when youย ย 
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์›”.' ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋งค๋…„ 1์›”์— ๊ฐ„๋‹ค.ย  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉดโ€”'๋‹น์‹ 
126:11
tried to call him.' Number 2, theย  third conditional you will alsoย ย 
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ์ „ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด.' 2
126:15
see 'have been' after a modal verb inย  the third conditional. For exampleโ€”'Iย ย 
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ์˜ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ์— 'have
126:22
would have been happy if you had come.' And weย  use 'had been' in the third conditional too.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์™”๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ํ–‰๋ณตํ–ˆ์„ ํ…๋ฐ.' ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ์—๋„ 'had been'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
126:28
'If I had been to Greenland before, Iย  would have told you about it.' Numberย ย 
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'๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ์— ๊ฐ€๋ดค๋‹ค๋ฉดย ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ
126:34
3โ€”'has-been' as a noun. Can you noticeย  anything weird with this one? There isย ย 
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3โ€”๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ 'has-be'. ์ด๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€
126:40
a hyphen between has and been a has-been,ย  a noun, is a person who was important,ย ย 
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has์™€ been ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ•˜์ดํ”ˆ์€ has-been, ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ
126:48
famous, or very good at somethingย  in the past but isn't anymore.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์— ๋งค์šฐ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์ด์ƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
126:53
It's not a very nice thing to call someone,ย  but you should recognise the word even ifย ย 
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€
126:58
you don't use it. Okay, quiz time! I'm goingย  to show you five sentences and I want you toย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž, ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„
127:04
decide how to fill in the gaps. Choose fromย  have been, has been, or had been. Are youย ย 
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๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ฉ”์šธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ
127:10
ready? Here's number 1โ€”'She _ _ waiting forย  her friends to arrive for over 30 minutes.'
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์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋œ? ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” '๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” _ _ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ฅผ 30๋ถ„ ์ด์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
127:19
I'll give you 5 seconds.
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5์ดˆ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
127:27
Has been. 'She has been waiting.' Why? Because he,ย ย 
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๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ์™œ? ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š”,ย ย 
127:32
she, it, and singular and uncountable nounsย  go with has been. Number 2โ€”'Andy _ _ aย ย 
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she, it, ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
127:41
teacher for almost 50 years whenย  he retired.' You have 5 seconds.
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์€ํ‡ดํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 50๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' 5์ดˆ ๋‚จ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
127:54
Had been. 'Andy had been a teacher for almost 50ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋žฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค. '์•ค๋””๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 50๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ย 
127:58
years when he retired.' Okay. Numberย  3โ€”'_ you ever _ to London?' 5 seconds.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ์ข‹์•„ ์š”. 3๋ฒˆโ€”'_ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— _ ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?' 5์ดˆ.
128:11
A nice question hereโ€”'Have you ever been toย  London?' Number 4โ€”'My bike stolen _ _! Howย ย 
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์ข‹์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?' 4
128:21
am I going to get home?' 5 seconds.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์— ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?' 5์ดˆ.
128:30
Has been. 'My bike has been stolen! How amย  I going to get home?' This is in the passiveย ย 
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๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋‚ด ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋„๋‚œ๋‹นํ–ˆ์–ด์š”
128:36
voice. And number 5โ€”'Karim _ never to Mongolia,ย  but he's planning to go next year.' 5 seconds.
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๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ. 5์œ„๋Š” '์นด๋ฆผ _ ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์—๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์  ์ด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚ด๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ฐˆ ๊ณ„ํš์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' 5์ดˆ.
128:53
'Karim has never been to Mongolia,ย  but he's planning to go next year.'
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'์นด๋ฆผ์€ ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ , ๋‚ด๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ฐˆ ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—์š”.'
128:59
That brings me to the end ofย  this video. About have been,ย ย 
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์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
129:03
has been and had been. There is more to learnย  about these words and the tenses we use them in,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์™”๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ
129:08
but this has been a really solidย  overview of some common uses.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์šฉ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฐœ์š”์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
129:12
Now, let's move on to adverbs. I haveย  a video about some of the most usefulย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ช‡
129:17
ones hereโ€”'just,' 'already,'ย  'still' and 'yet'. Let's go!
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” '๊ทธ๋ƒฅ', '์ด๋ฏธ', '์•„์ง', ' ์•„์ง'์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค!
129:22
It's already time for another grammarย  lesson. Are you still watching me? Areย ย 
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๋ฒŒ์จ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ˆ˜์—… ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
129:26
you not bored of me yet? Did you noticeย  that I justโ€”whoopsโ€”used already, just,ย ย 
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์•„์ง ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ์งˆ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด? ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ-์–ด
129:34
still and yet in those sentences. Thoseย  words are the topic of today's lessonย ย 
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์•„์ง๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ง ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋“ค ์†์—. ๊ทธ
129:41
because they are words that learnersย  of English usually struggle with.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
129:46
But once you learn them, they are easy to use.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋‹จ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
129:49
All right, let's get started with the lesson. So,ย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ,ย ย 
129:52
you're likely familiar withย  adverbs. These are words thatย ย 
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์•„๋งˆ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
129:57
add extra details to verbs. They describeย  verbsโ€”words like slowly, quietly, quickly.
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๋™์‚ฌ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ , ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ, ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
130:05
An exampleโ€”'I slowly walked through the park.'ย  Orโ€”'The little girl sat quietly in her room.' Now,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด '๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณต์›์„ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋‹ค.'ย  ๋˜๋Š” - '์–ด๋ฆฐ
130:13
the 4 adverbs that I'm going to discuss with youย  today are a little different. They are adverbsย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋ถ€์‚ฌ 4๊ฐœ๋Š”
130:19
of time, meaning they generally describeย  when something happens. There are a fewย ย 
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์ฆ‰, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ 
130:24
exceptions and don't worry, we will go throughย  those as well. To understand them visually,
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์˜ˆ์™ธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ํ•ด๋‹น ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด,
130:30
take a look at this timeline. We can see theย  past, now and the futureโ€”already and just areย ย 
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์ด ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜
130:38
used to talk about actions in the past that areย  finished. They're not ongoing, they're finished,ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
130:45
completed, done. Yet is used to talk aboutย  things that are planned to happen in the future,ย ย 
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์™„๋ฃŒ, ์™„๋ฃŒ. Yet์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ 
130:50
and 'still' is the tricky one. It can haveย  different meanings depending on the usage.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ'๋Š” ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ• ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
130:56
These adverbs of time are mostly usedย  with the present perfectโ€”have done,ย ย 
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ
131:01
I have done. This is because they're usedย  to describe actions that are related to theย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž‘์—…
131:06
present in terms of their timing. I'm going toย  give you a couple of examples to demonstrate theย ย 
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ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ
131:11
timing now. With just we haveโ€”I've just finishedย  my homework. I've just finished my homework.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ. ์ด์ œ ๋ง‰ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ณค์–ด์š”.
131:18
I finished my homework a short while ago. Withย  alreadyโ€”I've already watched that movie. I'veย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „์— ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ๋๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ
131:26
already watched that movie. I watched thatย  movie some time in the past. So 'just' is aย ย 
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์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ดค์–ด. ์˜ˆ์ „์— ๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”
131:33
short while ago and 'already' some time in theย  past. It could be a few days ago, it could beย ย 
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์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „๊ณผ '์ด๋ฏธ' ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ๋ฉฐ์น 
131:40
a few months ago. We don't know. But what we doย  know is that it happened longer ago than 'just'.
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด '๊ทธ๋ƒฅ'๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
131:47
I've just watched that movie. I very recentlyย  watched it. I've already watched that movie,ย ย 
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ดค์–ด์š”. ์•„์ฃผ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์‹œ์ฒญ
131:52
a bit further back in time. Let's take a lookย  at yet. I haven't been to the supermarket yet.ย ย 
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ. ์•„์ง ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
132:00
I haven't been to the supermarket yet. Thisย  means that it's planned, but not done. You'veย ย 
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์•„์ง ์Šˆํผ๋งˆ์ผ“์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
132:06
planned something, but you haven't done itย  yet. See? Perfect place to use that word.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ? ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
132:11
And stillโ€”I still haven't called my teacher. Iย  still haven't called my teacher. In this context,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•„์ง๋„, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
132:19
it also means that it's planned but not done.ย  This meaning is very similar to the third example,ย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธ
132:25
the previous example. The differenceย  is that this implies, the ;still' here,ย ย 
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์ด์ „ ์˜ˆ. ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
132:29
implies that this action should have already beenย  completed, but you still haven't done it yet.
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์ด๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์ง ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
132:37
The 'still' here focuses a little bit moreย  on that. You should have already performedย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ '์Šคํ‹ธ'์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ์ข€ ๋” ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ 
132:42
that action, but you still haven't.ย  Maybe you've been procrastinating.ย ย 
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๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์ง ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‚˜์š”?ย  ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด
132:48
Maybe you downloaded Candy Crush. I didย  that once. I know that's a very old game,ย ย 
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด Candy Crush๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ
132:52
it's ridiculous. Anyway, moving on. So, we'veย  got the basic outline. Let's dive a littleย ย 
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๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”. ์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ด์ œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ
132:58
deeper and look at them as individuals.ย  Already, already has 3 basic usages.
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๋” ๊นŠ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์„ธ์š” .ย  ์ด๋ฏธ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
133:06
First, usageโ€”it's used to describe something thatย  happened in the near past as we discussed before.ย ย 
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์šฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์— ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ
133:12
You don't need to wash up. I've alreadyย  done it. I'm very recently washed up. Theย ย 
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์”ป์„ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
133:17
action likely happened several minutes ago.ย  Second usageโ€”we use it to describe an actionย ย 
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์ž‘์—…์€ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ
133:22
that happened longer ago. I don't want toย  travel to Spain. I've already been there,
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๊ทธ ์ผ์€ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰ ์„ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
133:27
that is the biggest lie I've ever said. I alwaysย  want to travel to Spain. In this sentence,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์ด์—์š”. ์ €๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ
133:32
the meaning of already could be months orย  years in the past. It's much further inย ย 
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์ด๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „์ผ ์ˆ˜
133:37
the past than the first example. Theย  third use of already. And this is anย ย 
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ
133:42
important oneโ€”is to express the idea thatย  something happened quicker than expected.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
133:48
The test started 10 minutes ago, butย  she's already finished it. That is wayย ย 
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ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” 10๋ถ„ ์ „์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ
133:54
quicker than I expected. Maybe the testย  was meant to be 30 or 60 minutes long,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋นจ๋ฆฌ. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 30๋ถ„ ๋˜๋Š”
133:59
but the student finished it in 10 minutes.ย  This action took place sooner than expected.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์ด 10๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ๋๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.ย  ์ด๋ฒˆ
134:05
I can't believe you finished it already. Let'sย  have a quick test to check your understanding.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์š”. ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
134:09
I'm going to show you 2 sentences, and I wantย  you to think about the meaning of 'already'ย ย 
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๋ฌธ์žฅ 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ํ…๋ฐ์š”, '์ด๋ฏธ'์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ
134:16
in that sentence, whether it's the firstย  usage, the near past, the second usage,ย ย 
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์šฉ๋ฒ•์ธ์ง€, ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด
134:21
longer ago, or the third usage, quickerย  than expected. First oneโ€”I don't want toย ย 
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๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
134:27
see that concert. I've already seen themย  live. I don't want to see that concert.
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๊ทธ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋กœ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
134:31
I've already seen them live, 1, 2 or 3?ย  Near past, longer ago or quicker thanย ย 
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋กœ ๋ดค์–ด์š”, 1, 2, 3?ย  ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด
134:37
expected. If you chose number 2, then youย  are correct. Number 2โ€”It's 11:00 am and he'sย ย 
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์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š”. 2๋ฒˆ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ •๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
134:45
already eating his lunch. It's 11:00 am andย  he's already eating his lunch. I can relateย ย 
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๋ฒŒ์จ ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ์˜ค์ „ 11์‹œ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ
134:51
hard with this sentence. I can really relate withย  this sentence. Whenever I have a packed lunch,ย ย 
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์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋„ค์š”. ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์— ์ •๋ง ๊ณต๊ฐ
134:56
I just can't stop thinking aboutย  it until I'm finally eating it.
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋จน์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
134:59
Which usage, 1, 2 or 3? If youย  chose 3 then you are inโ€ฆ, joking,ย ย 
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1, 2, 3 ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”? 3์„ ์„ ํƒ
135:09
you're correct. Did that make your jump? Yeah,ย  he's eating his lunch sooner than expected,ย ย 
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๋‹น์‹  ๋ง์ด ๋งž์•„์š”. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‚˜
135:14
but he knows his body clock so he can doย  what he wants. Let's move on to the nextย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด ์‹œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์›
135:18
word. Just. 'Just' has a very similar meaningย  to 'already,' as we have already discussed aย ย 
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๋‹จ์–ด. ๋‹จ์ง€. 'Just'๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ 'already'
135:25
short while ago, but it expresses thatย  something happened much more recently.
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์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Œ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
135:30
I've just finished dinner. Now it'sย  time for dessert! I finished dinnerย ย 
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์ €๋… ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ณค์–ด์š”. ์ด์ œ ๋””์ €ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋จน์„
135:35
moments ago and now I'm ready for dessert.ย  However, 'just' can talk about somethingย ย 
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ „๊ณผ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋””์ €ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋จน์„ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
135:40
that happened a little longer ago. It couldย  be used to describe something that happenedย ย 
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๊ทธ ์ผ์€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ
135:44
recently. For exampleโ€”William has just comeย  back from America. William could have comeย ย 
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์ตœ๊ทผ์—. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, William์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ง‰ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
135:50
back several days ago rather than momentsย  ago, but this is still considered recent.
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๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ์ „์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฉฐ์น  ์ „์— ๋Œ์•„์™”์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ตœ๊ทผ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
135:55
I've also got 3 more usages of the wordย  'just'. They all have a similar generalย ย 
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'๊ทธ๋ƒฅ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ 3๋ฒˆ ๋” ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
136:01
meaning in that they express a strong feelingย  towards something. An exampleโ€”That's just whatย ย 
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
136:07
I wanted to say. That's exactly orย  precisely what I wanted to say! So,ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง
136:13
'just' here is used to express a precise orย  exact meaning. That's just what he thought.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 'just'๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
136:19
That's exactly, precisely what he thought.ย  Another exampleโ€”She is just an amazing singer.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.ย  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
136:26
She is just an amazing singer. It's like sayingย  simply, she is simply an amazing singer. So,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ
136:34
just here is used to show a strong feelingย  about something. I strongly feel that she isย ย 
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just here์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
136:39
an amazing singer. What about this? Justย  finish the task as quickly as you can!
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜. ์ด๊ฑด ์–ด๋•Œ? ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜์„ธ์š”!
136:46
Just finish the task as quickly as you can!ย  'Just' here is used to express impatienceย ย 
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์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜์„ธ์š”!ย  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 'Just'
136:53
when giving orders. Just do it! Do itย  now! So, those were all about havingย ย 
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๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ•ด! ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ
136:58
a strong feeling towards something. Weย  now have 2 more meanings. These are usedย ย 
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •. ์ด์ œ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜๋ฏธ
137:03
very frequently. If I phone my husband andย  he's at work and he saysโ€”what do you need?
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๋งค์šฐ ์ž์ฃผ. ๋‚จํŽธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์š”?๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด์š”.
137:09
I might sayโ€”I just wanted to tellย  you that I love you. I just wantedย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘
137:13
to tell you that I love you. We use 'just'ย  here to reduce the force of a statement,ย ย 
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ . ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ง„์ˆ 
137:18
and almost to suggest that it's not important.ย  Oh, it's not important. I just wanted to tellย ย 
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์•„, ๊ทธ๊ฑด
137:23
you that I love you. Another exampleโ€”Canย  I just borrow your phone for 1 minute?
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ . ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ : ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ 1๋ถ„๋งŒ ๋นŒ๋ ค๋„ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
137:27
Can I just borrow your phone? That's all I want.ย  It's not much. Please, can I borrow your phone?ย ย 
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์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋นŒ๋ ค๋„ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๋ณ„๋กœ
137:31
And lastly, we can use it to mean simply or only.ย  I'm just a student, so I can't afford it. I'mย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜
137:38
simply or only a student, so I can't affordย  it. Okay, so we have those 7 usages. Let'sย ย 
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”
137:44
test you once again to check your understandingย  what is just being used for in this sentence.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
137:50
You should call Tom. He is just the man for theย  job. I might have given it away with my hand. Youย ย 
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ํ†ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ผ์— ์ ํ•ฉ
137:55
should call Tom. He's just the man for the job.ย  It's the third one to express a precise or exactย ย 
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ํ†ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ผ์— ๋”ฑ ๋งž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—์š”
138:02
meaning. He is the exact man for the job. And theย  next sentenceโ€”I don't want to hear any excuses.
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์˜๋ฏธ. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ผ์— ๋”ฑ ๋งž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€โ€”์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€๋ช…๋„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
138:08
Just be quiet! I don't want to hear anyย  excuses. Just be quiet! Which meaning isย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”! ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€๋ช…๋„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
138:14
it? It's usage number 5 to express impatienceย  when giving orders. So, we've already spokenย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ? ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์กฐ๋ฐ”์‹ฌ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•
138:21
about 'already' and 'just'. But we stillย  haven't spoken about 'still' or 'yet'. So,ย ย 
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'์ด๋ฏธ'์™€ '๊ทธ๋ƒฅ'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง '์•„์ง'์ด๋‚˜ '
138:27
let's move on to these last 2! I mentionedย  earlier that 'still' can be a little bit tricky.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ 2๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ์•ž์„œ '์•„์ง๋„ '๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
138:33
This is because it can have various applications.ย  Let's take a look. We can use it to describeย ย 
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .ย  ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ
138:38
something that is going to happen in the nearย  future. In this case, it's used in a negativeย ย 
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
138:43
context. I've been waiting for 20 minutes. Butย  he still hasn't arrived! 'Still' is often usedย ย 
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๋ฌธ๋งฅ. ๋‚˜๋Š” 20๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„์ง
138:50
with continuous grammar, describing an actionย  that is continuing and hasn't finished yet.
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์—ฐ์†ํ˜• ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•„์ง ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
138:56
He is still washing his car. He is continuing toย  do so. He hasn't finished yet. This can imply thatย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์ฐจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
139:03
somebody is taking longer than they should, orย  something is taking longer than it should. He'sย ย 
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ย ์–ด๋–ค
139:09
still cleaning his car. He's still out there. Heย  loves that car. The last use of still is to talkย ย 
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์•„์ง๋„ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฒญ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•„์ง ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
139:15
about habits, in particular habits that have notย  changed, even if they maybe should have changed.
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์Šต๊ด€, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ–ˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์Šต๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
139:22
An exampleโ€”He's 35, but he still lives with hisย  mum. Obviously, it's absolutely fine to live withย ย 
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์˜ˆ: ๊ทธ๋Š” 35์„ธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์—„๋งˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด๊ณ 
139:28
your mum when you're 35. Whatever works for you. Iย  mean, the housing price is nowโ€”moving on. However,ย ย 
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๋„ค๊ฐ€ 35์‚ด์ด๋ฉด ๋„ค ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์•ผ. ๋„ˆํ•œํ…Œ ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ญ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์•ผ. ๋‚ด
139:34
there is an implication that it's not normalย  to do that. It's a habit that should haveย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
139:38
been broken according to society. Anotherย  exampleโ€”Do you still go to that nightclub?
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์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊นจ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ - ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ทธ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธํด๋Ÿฝ์— ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
139:44
Oh, we stopped going ages ago. It's implying.ย  Oh, you still do that? We stopped that agesย ย 
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์•„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋’€์–ด์š”. ์•”์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
139:49
ago. It doesn't always have to be negative.ย  Do you still work for Google? For example?ย ย 
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์ „์—. ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ผ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์•„์ง๋„
139:56
Do you still work for Google? Yes. Cool! Soย  there's 'still' for you. It's used to describeย ย 
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์•„์ง๋„ Google์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”? ์˜ˆ. ์‹œ์›ํ•œ! ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆย ๋‹น์‹ 
140:01
something that's going to happen in the nearย  future, or likely to happen in the near future.
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ.
140:05
An action in progress that still hasn't finished,ย  or to talk about a habit that hasn't changedย ย 
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์•„์ง ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์ž‘์—… ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ
140:12
sometimes with an implication that it shouldย  have changed. I hope that's clear for you.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ–ˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•”์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
140:17
Finally, let's talk about 'yet'. Thisย  adverb of time has a couple of meanings,ย ย 
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ '์•„์ง'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
140:23
but the most common one is to expressย  that something's going to happen soon.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณง ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
140:28
Have you finished your homework yet? I expectย  you to finish it soon, but I don't know ifย ย 
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์ˆ™์ œ ๋‹ค ๋๋ƒˆ์–ด? ๊ณง ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ
140:32
you've completed the task or not. Comparingย  this to 'already'โ€”Have you already finishedย ย 
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์ž‘์—…์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€. ์ด๋ฅผ '์ด๋ฏธ
140:37
your homework? It implies a little bit moreย  that I'm shocked that you've done it so soon.ย ย 
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์ˆ™์ œ? ์ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค
140:41
Have you already finished your homework? Ifย  I sayโ€”Have you finished your homework yet?
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๋ฒŒ์จ ์ˆ™์ œ ๋‹ค ๋๋ƒˆ์–ด? ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด โ€”์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์จ ๋๋ƒˆ๋‚˜์š”?
140:45
There's no strong implication that you'veย  done the homework quicker or slower thanย ย 
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์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ์™„๋ฃŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
140:49
expected. Have you still not finished yourย  homework? That implies that your homeworkย ย 
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์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š”. ์•„์ง๋„ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์…จ๋‚˜
140:54
is being completed at a much slower rate thanย  expected. There is another meaning of 'yet',ย ย 
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์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์†๋„๋กœ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
141:00
and it's similar to the meaning ofย  nonetheless. Nonetheless, what a great,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
141:07
great word to say, nevertheless, wasย  always a favourite of my students.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๋ง์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‚ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
141:11
Nonetheless means despiteย  what has been said or done,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
141:16
it's similar to 'but'. Nonetheless.ย  He's retired, yet he still continuesย ย 
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'ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ'๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ.ย  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์€ํ‡ด
141:22
to work. He's retired nevertheless, orย  nonetheless, he still continues to work.
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์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์€ํ‡ดํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ย ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ณ„์† ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
141:29
Okay, if you're still watching. Wellย  done! We are now going to get intoย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”. ์ž˜ํ•˜์…จ์–ด
141:33
some really advanced grammar. In thisย  video, you're going to hear about theย ย 
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์ •๋ง ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ . ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š”
141:38
tenses and many other structures youย  will need for the C1 level of English.
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C1 ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜์–ด์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
141:44
What do you think? Are you ready for C1โ€”
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? C1์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
141:45
to learn more about this levelโ€”and B1 andย  B2? Don't forget about the B1 to C1 ebook!
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์ด ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๊ณผ B1 ๋ฐ B2์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ? B1๋ถ€ํ„ฐ C1๊นŒ์ง€์˜ eBook์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”!
141:52
It's free to download. Theย  link is in the description box.
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋งํฌ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช… ์ƒ์ž์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
141:55
Have you ever heard someone boast about havingย  this level of English? The C1 level. This is alsoย ย 
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์ด ์ •๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜์–ด ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
142:05
known as the advanced level of English. Forย  most English learners, the C1 advanced levelย ย 
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๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„
142:12
is the ultimate goal. But when studentsย  approach me and say I want to reach C1,ย ย 
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๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ
142:18
if I ask them, well, do you know what C1 is?ย  Do you know what their advanced level is?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด C1์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š” ?ย  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
142:23
They often can't tell me. In this video,ย  I'm going to go through all of the grammarย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ
142:28
that you need to master to be able to sayย  that you have a C1 level of English. Thereย ย 
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์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ C1 ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด
142:34
is also so much to cover in vocabulary. I haveย  so much to share with you. Things like humour,ย ย 
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์–ดํœ˜์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„
142:41
paraphrasing, word formation. Todayย  we're going to focus on the grammar.
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์˜์—ญ, ๋‹จ์–ด ํ˜•์„ฑ. ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
142:46
Okay. I'm going to tell you about the grammarย  that you need to master to be able to sayโ€”Iย ย 
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ•ด์•ผ
142:51
am at C1 level in English. But first, let's lookย  a little deeper into what a C1 level of Englishย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด๋กœ C1 ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จผ์ € C1 ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์˜ ์˜์–ด
142:57
actually is. If you reach B2, you are said toย  be fluent in English, but C1 takes this further.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. B2์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜์–ด์— ๋Šฅํ†ต ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ C1์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
143:07
This is why C1 is the ultimate goal in my opinion.ย  C1 is fluency with a deep understanding of theย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์— C1์ด ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ธ ์ด์œ ์ด๋‹ค
143:15
nuances of the English language. When youย  achieve C1 and I truly believe you willย ย 
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์˜์–ด์˜ ๋‰˜์•™์Šค. C1์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ
143:20
be able to, you will express yourself withย  phrases that native speakers naturally use,ย ย 
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์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ
143:27
and you'll be able to do it without thinking,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•„๋ฌด ์ƒ๊ฐ ์—†์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.ย ย 
143:30
which means saying things likeโ€”I can'tย  wait to put my own stamp on this place!
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋‚ด ๋„์žฅ์„ ์ฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”!
143:35
Instead ofโ€”I can't wait to redecorate. You useย  English as if it's part of your instinct. You'llย ย 
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ƒˆ๋‹จ์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”. ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ
143:41
be able to express yourself spontaneously withoutย  reaching for or searching for words. Don't worry,ย ย 
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๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ
143:49
all of us get stuck sometimes.ย  Even in our native language,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ง‰ํž ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
143:53
we can all relate. But I have got aย  really good trick for that. One of myย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณต๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฒ
143:58
favourite parts of the C1 level is that you'llย  be able to understand subtle jokes in English.
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C1 ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋œ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ ํ•œ ๋†๋‹ด์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
144:05
This means complete participationย  in conversations in everyday life.ย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ™”์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ
144:10
I've learned multiple second languages, and Iย  know what it's like to be in a group situationย ย 
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ œ2์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์› ๊ณ  ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š”
144:16
where someone says something that's seeminglyย  meaningless and everyone laughs apart from you,ย ย 
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘
144:22
it feels bloody lonely. So, thisย  might sound like complete and utterย ย 
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์ •๋ง ์™ธ๋กœ์›Œ์š”. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์™„์ „
144:26
native like fluency. You might beย  wondering what is off after C1 like?
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๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์ฐฝํ•จ. C1 ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
144:31
What could C2 possibly be? We'll C2 isย  the highest level of English. Here youย ย 
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C2๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? C2๋Š”ย ์ตœ๊ณ 
144:37
have a near native understanding. You canย  comprehend and summarise almost everythingย ย 
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ดํ•ด๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
144:42
you read and listen to, includingย  colloquialisms or regional language,ย ย 
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๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ
144:48
and you can express yourself with anย  understanding of the finest nuances ofย ย 
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๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๋‰˜์•™์Šค๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ 
144:52
English in just about any situation. Oh,ย  and you need to know around 16,000 words.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ฝ 16,000๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
145:00
Obviously, this is just a rough guide. Asย  a teacher, I encourage all of my studentsย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ ์ง€์นจ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ
145:06
to aim for a B2 level of English. I encourage myย  students who are truly passionate about English,ย ย 
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B2 ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด์— ์ง„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ
145:13
British culture, the students who wantย  to excelโ€”I recommend that they go for theย ย 
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์˜๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ™”, ํƒ์›”ํ•จ์„ ์›
145:18
C1 level of English. With B2, youย  would be able to work in English,ย ย 
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C1 ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜์–ด. B2๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
145:24
but C1 is about reaching thatย  level of comfort and relaxation.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ C1์€ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•จ ๊ณผ ํœด์‹์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
145:29
Well, you don't have to reach for words.ย  You know them as part of your instinct. So,ย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ง์— ์†์„ ๋ป—์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๋‹น์‹ 
145:33
let's talk about grammar.ย  When you do A1, B1 and B2,ย ย 
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณด์ž
145:39
you have a lot of grammar to learn. In myย  B1 programme, there is loads of grammar,ย ย 
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๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์š”. ์ œ B1 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
145:46
a big focus on tenses. In B2โ€”there's still a lotย  of grammar. C1 is less about learning entirely newย ย 
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์‹œ์ œ์— ํฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. B2์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
145:56
grammatical structures, because you should haveย  already learned most of that at B2 and below.
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” B2 ์ดํ•˜์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
146:03
Instead, C1 is about learning grammatical nuances,ย  so it's adding to your repertoire of phrases andย ย 
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๋Œ€์‹  C1์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๋‰˜์•™์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ
146:11
building your instincts for English grammar. B1ย  and B2 are about introducing big new topics. C1ย ย 
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์˜์–ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. B1๊ณผ B2
146:19
is about fine tuning and tweaking. Let's takeย  a look at the grammar that you need to know forย ย 
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๋ฏธ์„ธ ์กฐ์ • ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
146:24
this C1 level. We'll start with the tenses. Ifย  you feel ready to study at C1 level in English,ย ย 
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์ด C1 ์ˆ˜์ค€. ์‹œ์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. C1 ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ
146:31
you should already have a strongย  foundation in the English tenses.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์˜์–ด ์‹œ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„ํƒ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
146:35
However, a C1 programme or course willย  provide you with revision of the past,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ C1 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ
146:41
present, and future tenses with a focus onย  their advanced uses. And this is exactly whatย ย 
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๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์šฉ๋„์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜
146:45
we will do in my beautiful Britishย  English C1 programme. For example,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์˜๊ตญ ์˜์–ด C1 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
146:50
you should know how to use the future perfectย  tense to make assumptions about the present.ย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ
146:56
For exampleโ€”I'm sure my husband will haveย  noticed that I used all the milk this morning.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ์— ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ์ผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ธ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
147:02
If you're studying at C1, you should also learnย  how to talk about the future using some advancedย ย 
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C1์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜
147:07
structures, like 'to be set to' and 'to be onย  the verge of', and you need to know when it isย ย 
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'to be set to' ๋ฐ 'to be on the verge of'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ
147:14
appropriate to use these structures. Let's move onย  to modals. At C1 level, you should be comfortableย ย 
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
147:21
with using modal verbs, and you should know someย  advanced structures for speculation and deduction.
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์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ถ”์ธก๊ณผ ์ถ”๋ก ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
147:28
And you'll also be comfortable with using modalย  verbs with adverbs that collocate with them,ย ย 
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๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ
147:34
likeโ€”'They could conceivably haveย  driven all that way in one night,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, '๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค ์‚ฌ์ด
147:38
but it's unlikely. You'd also know how toย  use structures such as 'the odds are'. Orโ€”'Iย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 'ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
147:44
dare say.' For exampleโ€”I dare say I'll have toย  brush up on my grammar before I do a new course.
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๊ฐํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์š”.' ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ฐํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด ์ƒˆ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ• ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณต์Šตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
147:51
Conditionals. At C1 level, you should alreadyย  be familiar with the basic conditionals and theย ย 
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์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€. C1 ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ
147:56
mixed conditionals, but when you're at C1, you'reย  going to learn about a range of words and phrasesย ย 
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์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ C1์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘
148:02
to replace 'if' and take your conditionalsย  to a more advanced level. For example,ย ย 
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'if'๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ์„ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€
148:08
this is quite advancedโ€”But for a wonderful tripย  to Spain when I was younger, I would never haveย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ
148:13
decided to learn the language. Orโ€”Given thatย  I'd like to achieve the C1 level of English,
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์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š”โ€”์ € ๋Š” ์˜์–ด C1 ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
148:20
I'm going to have to study harder. Canย  you see how it's kind of like B2 onย ย 
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. B2
148:25
steroidsโ€”C1? What about the passiveย  voice? Again, if you've reached C1,ย ย 
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์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œโ€”C1? ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
148:31
you should be well-versed in how the passiveย  voice is used. But at C1 that will be more ofย ย 
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์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
148:39
a focus on using the passive infinitiveย  and passive -ing forms. For exampleโ€”Lucyย ย 
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์ˆ˜๋™ ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ -ing ํ˜•์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
148:46
recalled having been taught about theย  passive voice at some point in the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์— ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์› ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํšŒ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
148:51
You'll also need to learn about the subtleย  differences between phrases like 'there'sย ย 
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๋˜ํ•œ 'There's'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ
148:56
nothing to do' and 'there's nothing to beย  done', just a subtle difference in meaningย ย 
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'ํ•  ์ผ์ด ์—†๋‹ค'์™€ 'ํ•  ์ผ์ด ์—†๋‹ค'๋Š”
149:01
between the 2. But important! You'll alsoย  need to have a strong understanding of howย ย 
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2. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์š”! ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ
149:05
to use negative inversion to add emphasis andย  variation to your writing and your speaking.ย ย 
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์“ฐ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ•์กฐ์™€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ
149:13
Inversion is used widely in literary contexts,ย  so understanding this structure will help you toย ย 
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๋ฐ˜์ „์€ ๋ฌธํ•™์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ
149:20
comprehend and analyse a wide range of texts moreย  effectively, particularly those with complex orย ย 
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ
149:28
literary styles. For exampleโ€”Neverย  have I seen such a beautiful sunset.
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๋ฌธํ•™์  ์Šคํƒ€์ผ. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ผ๋ชฐ์„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
149:34
Orโ€”Such was the commotion that I can barely hearย  myself think. I love inversion in English. I thinkย ย 
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉดโ€”์ด๋Ÿฐ ์†Œ๋ž€์€ ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ
149:42
it sounds bloody beautiful. Never have Iย  come across such a beautiful grammaticalย ย 
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์ •๋ง ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด
149:48
structure. Oh, we have to mention hedgingย  and boosting! Those who have a C1 levelย ย 
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๊ตฌ์กฐ. ์•„, ํ—ค์ง•๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ŠคํŒ…์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
149:55
should be familiar with hedging andย  boosting when writing and speaking.
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๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ํ—ค์ง•๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ŠคํŒ… ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
150:00
So hedging is a linguistic strategy that allowsย  speakers to soften or downplay the force of theirย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ—ค์ง•์€ ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ง์˜ ํž˜์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
150:07
statements, often by using hedging verbsย  like 'to seem,' or the passive voice andย ย 
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์ง„์ˆ , ์ข…์ข… 'to visible'๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒํ”ผ
150:13
adverbs like 'presumably.' This is somethingย  we do a lot in British English. Hedgingย ย 
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์•„๋งˆ๋„'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜๊ตญ ์˜์–ด
150:20
is part of our culture. For exampleโ€”Itย  seems like this might be a good solution.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๊ฒƒ ์ด ์ข‹์€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
150:26
Boosting, on the other hand, involves usingย  language to increase the force or impactย ย 
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋ถ€์ŠคํŒ…์—๋Š” ํž˜์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
150:32
of a statement, often by using adverbs likeย  'undeniably' or strong verbs like 'to prove'.ย ย 
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'๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ' ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋‚˜ '์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค' ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ
150:39
For exampleโ€”This has been proven to be theย  best solution to our problem. Another reallyย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ
150:45
important aspect of achieving a C1 levelย  of English is understanding the variousย ย 
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์˜์–ด C1 ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด
150:50
meanings of a number of phrasalย  verbs, depending on the context,ย ย 
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๋ฌธ๋งฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ
150:54
phrasal verbs can take on different meanings,ย  but to effectively communicate and understandย ย 
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๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํšจ๊ณผ
150:59
advanced conversations, you will needย  proficiency in using phrasal verbs,
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๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
151:04
there's no escaping them at this point.ย  I'll show you a quick example using theย ย 
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
151:07
phrasal verbโ€”'to set up'โ€”We haveย  to set upโ€”meaning to organise orย ย 
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๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌโ€”'์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค'โ€”์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”ย ์„ค์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
151:13
arrangeโ€”to set up a time for a meeting.ย  We can also set people up on a date. Weย ย 
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๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•˜๋‹ค - ํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค.ย  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
151:18
can put 2 people together with theย  intention of them forming a romance.
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๋กœ๋งจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๋กœ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
151:24
My friend set me up with her cousin.ย  We could also have to set someone upย ย 
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๋‚ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ค์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
151:28
meaning to trick someone to put themย  in a situation where they're goingย ย 
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์†์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ
151:32
to be humiliated or tricked. You set meย  up when you told me it was a fancy dressย ย 
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๊ตด์š•์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†์ž„์„ ๋‹นํ•จ. ๋„Œ ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ
151:36
party. Everyone else was in black tie. We alsoย  have 'to set up' as to put things into place.
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ํŒŒํ‹ฐ. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฒ€์€ ๋„ฅํƒ€์ด๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋†“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด '์„ค์ •'ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
151:43
I need to set up my filming studio so I canย  make some lessons. Some of the most importantย ย 
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ดฌ์˜ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค
151:48
grammatical tools that C1-level studentsย  need to master are the use of coordinatingย ย 
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C1 ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ™๋‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•
151:53
correlative and subordinating conjunctions andย  connectors, because they enable you to form moreย ย 
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์ƒ๊ด€ ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ์™€ ์ข…์† ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
152:00
complex and varied sentence structuresย  enhancing your ability to express ideasย ย 
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๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ
152:06
and arguments. These tools also help you toย  establish logical connections between ideas,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅ. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ
152:11
making written and spoken communicationย  more coherent, persuasive and fluid
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์„œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๋‘ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ๋”์šฑ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ณ  ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
152:18
overall. Now, these should have been learnedย  at B1 and B2 level, but a demonstrated levelย ย 
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์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ. ์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ B1๊ณผ B2 ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์› ์–ด์•ผ
152:24
of proficiency is really necessary at the C1ย  level. Okay, that in general is the majorityย ย 
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C1 ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ™๋ จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
152:31
of the grammar that you need to know toย  say that you're at a C1 level of English.
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C1 ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์˜ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
152:36
That's all for me today. I hopeย  you found this lesson useful.
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
152:39
Okay, back to my first love nowโ€”pronunciation.ย  In the next lesson, you're going to learnย ย 
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ฒซ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๋‹ค์Œ
152:44
about how to pronounce contractions. Weย  use so many contractions in the tensesย ย 
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์ˆ˜์ถ•์„ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์ œ
152:50
from 'I'm' to 'it'd'. Let's listen.
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'๋‚˜๋Š”'์—์„œ '๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€'์œผ๋กœ. ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์ž.
152:53
Oh, this video is a bit of a mix ofย  everything. It's going to be aboutย ย 
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์•„, ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ
152:57
pronunciation and a little bit of grammar too.ย  And it's going to help your vocabulary. Today,ย ย 
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๋ฐœ์Œ๊ณผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๋„์š”.ย  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ 
153:03
we're going to talk about contractions.ย  Contractions are perfect for informalย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•
153:09
situations. For conversational English,ย  native speakers use them all the time.
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์ƒํ™ฉ. ์˜์–ด ํšŒํ™”์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
153:16
Today, I'm really going to be focusing on how toย  pronounce them because lots of students struggleย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ
153:22
with that. A contraction is when we take 2 wordsย  and we shorten them into one word. For example,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ. ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์€ ๋‘ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์„œ ํ•œ
153:30
I willโ€”I'll. In today's lesson, we areย  going to discuss positive contractions.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊ฒŒ์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊ฒŒ์š”. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •
153:38
And maybe in another video, I'll talkย  to you about negative contractions.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ์Œ์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์ถ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
153:42
Let's get started with the lesson! So let's takeย  a look at thatโ€”I will example againโ€”I'll. You'llย ย 
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๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
153:48
notice that we use the apostrophe to replaceย  some missing letters. To form contractions,ย ย 
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
153:54
we usually combine a verb or auxiliaryย  or modal with a pronoun. However,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ, ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ
154:01
there are always exceptions because it'sย  English, we just love exceptions. The mostย ย 
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์˜์–ด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ญ์ƒ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
154:07
common contractions are formed withโ€”am,ย  is, are, has, had, and would, will.
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๊ณตํ†ต ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ˜•์€ am, is, are, has, had, would will๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
154:15
So, I think to start, we'll take a look at how toย  pronounce contractions that include the 'be' verb,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋จผ์ € 'be' ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ถ•์•ฝ์–ด๋ฅผ
154:21
as inโ€”am, is and are. First we have 'I am',ย  which is written and pronounced asโ€”I'm,ย ย 
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inโ€”am, is ๋ฐ are์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € 'I am'์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
154:31
I'mโ€”I'm sorry I'm late. There's so muchย  traffic today! We also haveโ€”he is. Andย ย 
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๋‚˜-๋Šฆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•ด์š”. ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๊ตํ†ต๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์š”
154:38
this can be pronounced in variousย  ways. The most common one isโ€”/hiz/.
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ โ€”/hiz/์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
154:44
You can also hear /his/. That's a very shortย  sort of weak form. Sometimes people will evenย ย 
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/his/๋„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
154:51
drop the 'h' the sound /h/ and they'll say /iz/.ย  This is only in certain dialects. Most commonly,ย ย 
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'h'๋ฅผ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  /h/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฉด /iz/๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์ด๊ฒƒ
154:58
you'll hear /hiz/ or /his/. He's at the store.ย  He'll be back soon. We also have she is,ย ย 
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/hiz/ ๋˜๋Š” /his/๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”.ย  ๊ทธ
155:05
which is pronounced as 'she's'โ€”'she's'ย  or the weak formโ€”she's, she's.
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'she's'('she's')๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•ฝํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ she's, she's๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
155:12
'She's' the smartest in the group. 'It is'ย  is nice and easy. It's pronounced it's,ย ย 
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'๊ทธ๋…€'๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. '๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
155:19
it's. It's not supposed to go in the cupboard.ย  It goes in the refrigerator. We also have you're,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€. ์ฐฌ์žฅ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.ย  ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ 
155:28
you're. And there's another way ofย  pronouncing this. You can also say you're,ย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์€. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
155:33
you're. But 'you're' is a bit simpler, a bitย  easier to say I think. You're right about that.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 'you're'๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ์ข€ ๋” ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”. ๋‹น์‹  ๋ง์ด ๋งž์•„์š”.
155:40
We also have we are as in we're, we're.ย  This can be a tough one to pronounceโ€”we're,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์ด๊ฒƒ
155:51
we're. We're off to the cinema. See youย  in a few hours. And finally they are,ย ย 
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์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„
155:57
makes they're. I know that /eษ™(r)/ soundย  can be quite challenging too /eษ™(r)/,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. /eษ™(r)/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋„ /eษ™(r)/๋„
156:06
/eษ™(r)/. Some students find it easy to justย  pronounce the 'e' sound and elongate it.
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/eษ™(r)/. ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ 'e' ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
156:16
They're still here. Do you want me to getย  them for you? Let's move on and focus onย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ง ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค
156:24
the contractions including has, had andย  have. They can be used as contractions,ย ย 
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has, had, have๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค
156:30
but only when they are auxiliary verbs. Thisย  part's really important. We can't use have,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด์กฐ ๋™์‚ฌ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ํ•ด๋‹น๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
156:37
has, or had as a contraction if itย  is the main verb in the sentence.
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋™์‚ฌ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ has ๋˜๋Š” had ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
156:43
Take a look at these 2 examples. Theyย  should clarify it for you. I had justย ย 
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๋‹ค์Œ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ
156:47
heard the news when you called me. 'Had'ย  in that sentence is an auxiliary verb.ย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด
156:53
We can use it as a contraction there. Iย  just heard the news when you called me,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
156:58
and this next sentenceโ€”I had a cup of coffeeย  this morning. It's the main verb of the sentence.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ์— ์ปคํ”ผ ํ•œ ์ž”์„ ๋งˆ์…จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
157:04
We can't contract itโ€”I'd a cup of coffee thisย  morning. It just doesn't sound right. I hadย ย 
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๊ณ„์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ์— ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ•œ์ž”ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ
157:11
a cup of coffee this morning. Let's takeย  a look at 'has' first because it can beย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ์— ์ปคํ”ผ ํ•œ์ž”. ๋จผ์ €
157:16
quite confusing. Firstly we have ;she has,'ย  she's. 'She's', we also have the weak form,ย ย 
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๊ฝค ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ;๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
157:24
'she's'. She says she's been workingย  late most nights. We have, he has.
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'๊ทธ๋…€๋Š”'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฐค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
157:29
He's, he's or the weak form he's.ย  He's got a meeting at 10. And finally,ย ย 
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
157:36
'it has' contracted to 'it's, it's.ย  It's been sitting out all night. Now,ย ย 
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'๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€'์ด '๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€'์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์•ฝ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
157:44
these 3 are confusing because they have the sameย  pronunciation and spelling as the contractedย ย 
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์ด 3๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์Œ ๋ฐ ์ฒ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผ
157:49
form of she is, he is and it is. How do you knowย  the difference? Well, it should be fairly clearย ย 
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
157:57
from the context, but if you have a doubt, youย  need to see how the sentence has been conjugated.
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๋ฌธ๋งฅ์ƒ ์•Œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
158:03
If you can see a past participle after theย  contraction, it means that the contractionย ย 
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์ˆ˜์ถ• ๋’ค์— ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด
158:09
represents has. If you seeโ€”been, eaten orย  seen, then usually the apostrophe 's' willย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋‹ค, ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
158:17
be has. Let's take a look at the easierย  ones we haveโ€”to have, I have is I've,ย ย 
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์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋” ์‰ฌ์šด
158:26
I've. I've been here all day. You haveย  is you've, you've. You've come all thisย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š”. ์ €๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
158:34
way just to break up with me. And weย  have is we've, we've or the weak form
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‚˜๋ž‘ ํ—ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ฟ์ด์•ผ. And we have is we've, we've ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ
158:44
we've. We've taken the dog to the vet.ย  And we have had. I had becomes I'd,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
158:53
I'd. I'd been studying English for 3 yearsย  before moving to Leeds. You had becomes you'd,ย ย 
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ID. ์ €๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜์–ด
159:00
you'd. You would have passed if you'd studied. Sheย  had becomes she'd, she'd. She'd been sleeping allย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์€. ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”. ๊ทธ๋…€
159:10
day when he called her. He had becomes he'd,ย  he'd. He'd left before us but was still late.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•œ ๋‚ . ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € ๋– ๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
159:18
We had becomes we'd, we'd. We'd seen him aroundย  the office, but we didn't know he was the newย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์ 
159:25
boss. And they had becomes they'd they'd.ย  They'd eaten before coming over. Let's takeย ย 
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์‚ฌ์žฅ. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
159:33
a look at would, the contractions for would.ย  You'll notice they are very similar to theย ย 
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would๋ฅผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. would์˜ ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
159:39
contractions for had. I will show you a coupleย  of rules after we've covered the pronunciation.
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had์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ถ•. ๋ฐœ์Œ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ํ›„์— ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
159:46
I would, I'dโ€”I'd like to visit London. You would,ย  you'dโ€”You'd look good in this dress. He would,ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š”, ๋‚˜๋Š”โ€”๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€, ๋‹น์‹ ์€
159:56
he'dโ€”He'd like to spend time withย  his family. She would, she'dโ€”She'dย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š”โ€”๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€
160:01
like to go on holiday. It would, it'dโ€”It'd beย  great to see you when you're back. We would,ย ย 
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ํœด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฑฐ์—์š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฑฐ์—์š”โ€”
160:08
we'dโ€”We'd love to come to your wedding. Andย  they would, they'dโ€”They'd take the train,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”โ€”์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€โ€”๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ ,
160:14
but the tickets are too expensive. So, howย  do we know if contractions like I'd andย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์‹ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ถ•
160:19
we'd are representing had or would? Hereย  are some rules to follow. Would is followedย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉดํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
160:27
by an infinitive. She would go, I wouldย  love, she'd go, I'd love. Would can alsoย ย 
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๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ๋กœ. ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”, ๋‚˜๋„ ์ข‹๊ฒ ์–ด์š”, ๊ทธ๋…€
160:35
be followed by the present perfect tense.ย  They'd have slept, I'd have given. With.
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๋’ค์—๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.ย  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž ์„ ์žค ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜.
160:42
had a past participle followsโ€”I'd eaten,ย  I had eaten. He'd gotten. He had gotten.ย ย 
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had ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. I'd eat,ย  I had eat.
160:49
Let's move on to our penultimate section,ย  Will, before we move on to some extra ones.ย ย 
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์„น์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋‘
160:56
These ones are fairly simple. We have I will,ย  I'llโ€”I'll come round later today. You will,ย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊ฒŒ์š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊ฒŒ
161:04
you'll. I'm a great cook. You'll see. Heย  will, he'll. He'll put it on his credit card.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€. ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์š”๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ ์นด๋“œ์— ๋„ฃ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
161:11
She will, she'll. She'll sleep on theย  sofa. It will, it'll. It'll need some foodย ย 
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์†ŒํŒŒ์—์„œ ์ž๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”
161:19
and water in the morning. We will, we'llโ€”We'llย  see you next week. And they will, they'llโ€”They'llย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์นจ์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ. ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊ฒŒ์š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊ฒŒ์š”. ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์— ๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
161:28
move your luggage for you. Finally, I have 5ย  more positive contractions that don't followย ย 
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์ง์„ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
161:34
the same patterns, but you'll probably hear themย  quite frequently. We haveโ€”should have, should've.
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๊ฐ™์€ ํŒจํ„ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฝค ์ž์ฃผ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”, ๊ทธ๋žฌ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
161:41
We can also sometimes pronounce this asย  should've. This is way more informal. Weย ย 
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ 'should've๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
161:45
should've left much earlier. Would and couldย  follow that same pattern. I actually have aย ย 
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ผ์ฐ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ. ๋™์ผํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ
161:51
video on this, I'll make sure I link it inย  the description box. All about should have,ย ย 
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์„ค๋ช… ์ƒ์ž์— ๋งํฌํ•˜๋„๋ก
161:56
would have and could have. She would'veย  been so angry, they could've come.
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๊ทธ๋žฌ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
162:01
Finally, we have want to and going to. Weย  shorten these wanna and gonna. I have aย ย 
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ
162:10
video all about these, again I'll putย  it in the description box for you. Iย ย 
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋™์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
162:14
want to go to yoga in the morning.ย  I'm going to finish this project.
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์•„์นจ์— ์š”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.ย  ์ €๋Š” ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
162:18
Okay, you've made it a long way. Do youย  want to have some fun? Well, we're gonna!
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๋จผ ๊ธธ์„ ์˜ค์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋†€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”? ๊ธ€์Ž„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ• ๊ฑฐ์•ผ!
162:24
We're gonna learn how to use wannaย  and gonna correctly in this video.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” Wanna์™€ Gonna๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
162:29
I have got a seriously important lessonย  for you today. And this lesson is goingย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
162:35
to help you understand native speakersย  and sound more native yourself. So,ย ย 
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์›์–ด๋ฏผ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก
162:40
what are we going to talk aboutย  today? Well, we're going to talkย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ• ๊นŒ
162:43
about reductions. I'm going to show you howย  to correctly use words like wanna and gonna.
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๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด. Wanna ๋ฐ Going๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
162:51
I use them all the time in daily conversations.ย  It's not "good" English, but it is colloquial,ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
162:59
conversational Englishโ€”and you will hearย  itโ€”and you probably will want to learnย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์•„๋งˆ๋„
163:03
to use it. Because sayingโ€”'I want to' and 'I'mย  going' to all the time can be pretty tiresome.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด. ํ•ญ์ƒ 'ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค', '๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฝค ์ง€๋ฃจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
163:10
So you've probably heard native speakersย  use words like wanna and gonna. Now,ย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด 'want' ๋ฐ 'got'๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
163:16
because it's a colloquial word,
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๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด ๋‹จ์–ด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
163:18
there are some variations in spelling.ย  I have seen it written wanna,ย ย 
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์ฒ ์ž๋ฒ•์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๋ผ๊ณ 
163:23
which is what I would tend to use, andย  also wonna, and I've seen gonna and gunna,ย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ
163:30
as well. But the pronunciationย  stays the same wanna, gonna. Notย ย 
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๋˜ํ•œ. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์Œ์€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ Wanna,
163:37
gonna it's gonna not wanna it's wanna. Now, theย  first word that I want to talk about is wanna.
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์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ, ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ. ์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” 'ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
163:48
Now, wanna means want to, want to. Iย  wanna go home. I want to go home. Now,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ Wanna๋Š” ์›ํ•˜๋‹ค, ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘
164:00
this is fine. When we use it with I, you, we andย  theyโ€”I wanna go home. You wanna go home? We wannaย ย 
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๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜, ๋‹น์‹ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
164:11
go home. And they wanna go home. That's fine. Theย  problem arises when we want to use he, she or it.
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์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๊ทธ๋…€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
164:21
Why? Well, because we have to use the third personย  singular. Now, I want to, but she wants to. So,ย ย 
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์™œ? ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 3์ธ์นญ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
164:34
wanna changes to wansta, wansta. So, heย  wansta go home. She wansta go home. Itย ย 
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์™„์Šคํƒ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด, ์™„์Šคํƒ€. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€๊ณ 
164:45
wansta go home. So you must remember, that ifย  it's he, she or it. It's not wanna. It wansta.
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์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋…€์ธ์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ถ์–ด.
164:53
You have to make sure that theย  verb and the subject agree. Now,ย ย 
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๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
164:58
moving on to gonna. Gonna means goingย  to. And the biggest mistake that Iย ย 
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐˆ ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Gonna๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
165:05
hear is that students forget to use itย  with the verb 'to be'. I am going. Youย ย 
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด 'to be'๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
165:11
are going to be going. So I alwaysย  hear, I gonna go. She gonna to go.
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๊ฐˆ ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ '๊ฐ€๊ฒ ๋‹ค '๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
165:19
We gonna do. That's wrong. It needs to be I'mย  gonna go. She's gonna go. We're gonna do. Now,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ• ๊ฑฐ์•ผ. ๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ‹€๋ ธ์–ด. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ด
165:28
the other error that students tend to make withย  gonna is to do with the pronunciation of the thirdย ย 
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด Going๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
165:34
person singular again. I'm gonna go. You're gonnaย  go. We're gonna go. They're gonna go. It's fine.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ ์•ผ. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
165:42
But as she and he both finish with aย  vowel sound which is voiced. We needย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€์™€ ๊ทธ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์œ ์„ฑ ๋ชจ์Œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ
165:49
to use /z/ sound. She's gonna go. He'sย  gonna go. If you want to sound native,ย ย 
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/z/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๊ฑฐ์•ผ. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
165:56
you must do that. If you say she's gonna goย  or he's gonna go. I immediately recogniseย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
166:04
that you're not a native speaker. Ofย  course, people will understand you.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
166:08
But if you want to speak like a native,ย  then that's what you need to do. Now,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
166:12
with it, on the other hand, as /t/ is anย  unvoiced consonant, we use the /s/ soundย ย 
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด /t/๋Š” ๋ฌด์„ฑ์Œ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ /s/
166:19
after it. So, she's gonna, he's gonna, it'sย  gonna. Now, I hope that clarified your doubtsย ย 
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๊ทธ ํ›„์—. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿด
166:26
about the reductions. Wanna and gonna. Rememberย  not gonna, it's gonna not wanna, it's wanna.
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๊ฐ์ถ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด. ์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ, ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ, ์›ํ•  ๊ฑฐ์•ผ.
166:37
Remember, there are various differentย  spellings, but I would advise against usingย ย 
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฒ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”
166:43
them in written English. It's somethingย  that we tend to use more speaking. Now,ย ย 
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์„œ๋ฉด ์˜์–ด๋กœ. ์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด
166:48
remember that your subject has to agree withย  the verb, wanna, I wanna, he or she wansta. Thenย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” 'wanna', 'I want', 'the or she wansta' ๋™์‚ฌ์™€
166:56
remember to use the verb to be with gonna, and theย  pronunciationโ€”She's gonna. He's gonna, it's gonna.
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Be ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์Œ์€ She's Going์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ต ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
167:04
Okay, I know you're gonna be sad,ย ย 
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์•Œ์•˜์–ด, ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์Šฌํผํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„ย ย 
167:06
but we've reached our last video.ย  But it's a really good one!
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋น„๋””์˜ค์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .ย  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”!
167:10
Before you watch, this isn'tย  a tense. This is a mood.
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์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
167:14
We're going to learn about the subjunctiveย  mood. It's used in different tenses.ย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์›Œ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘
167:19
It's very important, so watchย  the video to learn more.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
167:23
I have an advanced grammar lessonย  for you today. We are going toย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•
167:27
cover the subjunctive of mood. Andย  if I were you, I'd pay attention.
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๊ธฐ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
167:32
Right? Let's get started with the lesson.ย  You probably already used the subjunctiveย ย 
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ? ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์•„๋งˆ๋„
167:37
mood at certain times when you're speakingย  English, particularly in some conditionalย ย 
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์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ
167:43
sentences. If you have ever saidโ€”if Iย  were you, you have used the subjunctive.
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๋ฌธ์žฅ. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ• ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
167:50
I want to help you expand your knowledgeย  with a few different verbs we use in theย ย 
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜
167:56
subjunctive mood. But firstly, what is theย  subjunctive mood? We use it to express wishesย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋จผ์ € ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡
168:03
and imagined situations and to make proposals andย  suggestions. Let's look at wish, if only and wouldย ย 
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์ƒ์ƒํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
168:12
rather. They often have this construction.ย  I wish he were here. If only I were taller.
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๊ฝค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์–ด์š”. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค๋งŒ ๋” ์ปธ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด.
168:20
I would rather he played outside more oftenย  instead of always sitting on the computer.ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์•ž์— ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
168:25
These are examples of the subjunctive mood.ย  Now, you will often hear native speakers say,ย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์ด์ œ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด
168:32
I wish he was here, for example. The subjunctiveย  mood, in general, is slowly falling out of use,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹์•˜์„ ํ…๋ฐ์š”. ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ• ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š”
168:39
but it's imperative that you learn it if youย  want to pass any exam or test in English,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์‹œํ—˜์ด๋‚˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
168:44
you will hear lots of native speakers using it,ย ย 
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๋งŽ์€ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ย 
168:47
and you'll especially want to use it inย  more formal situations and in writing.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์„œ๋ฉด ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
168:53
Let's talk about the subjunctive verb forms.ย  The present subjunctive uses the base formย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ• ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.ย  ํ˜„์žฌ
168:58
of the verb with all subjects. We use theย  present subjunctive to talk about a presentย ย 
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜. ํ˜„์žฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ
169:04
or future hypothetical. For exampleโ€”I suggestedย  he stop eating out so often if he wants to saveย ย 
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๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ˆ์„ ์•„๋ผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
169:12
money. You can see that I used the baseย  form of the verb 'stop' and not 'stops',ย ย 
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๋ˆ. 'stops'๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋™์‚ฌ 'stop'์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜•
169:18
as would normally follow aย  third person singular subject.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 3์ธ์นญ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ์ฃผ์–ด ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
169:22
It is often tricky to see that theย  subjunctive is being used if theย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š”
169:26
sentence doesn't contain a third personย  singular subject. If I saidโ€”I suggestedย ย 
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์— 3์ธ์นญ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
169:32
they stop eating out so often if they wantย  to save money. You can't see that the verbย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์™ธ์‹์„ ์ž์ฃผ ์ค‘๋‹จ
169:37
stop is in the subjunctive form, but this is aย  subjunctive sentence. In the past subjunctive,
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stop์€ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ• ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ• ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š”,
169:44
we use the past simple form or withย  'be,' we use 'were' with all subjects.ย ย 
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๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ 'be'์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
169:51
We use the past subjunctive to talkย  about things that we wish were true,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค
169:56
or that we wish had happened in the past. Iย  wish you were here. Again, we use 'were' andย ย 
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๋˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ์ข‹์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์„. ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ
170:03
not 'was' to indicate that this is somethingย  imagined. We often use the past subjunctive inย ย 
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'was'๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
170:10
subordinate clauses that begin with as though,ย  as if, and if, as well as with the verb 'wish'.
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as before, as if, if ๋ฐ ๋™์‚ฌ 'wish' ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…์†์ ˆ.
170:20
Some examplesโ€”He looked straight through me asย  if I were invisible, orโ€”Dylan seemed so confidentย ย 
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ - ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ๋ช…์ธ๊ฐ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฟฐ๋šซ์–ด๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
170:29
as though he knew he would win from the veryย  beginning. In the second example, it's difficultย ย 
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ด๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ 
170:35
to see the subjunctive being used, but it isย  there. Now, let's talk about that and phrases thatย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ
170:42
are followed by the subjunctive. Sentences in theย  subjunctive mood often contain multiple clauses.
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๊ทธ ๋’ค์— ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์ด ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ• ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ ˆ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
170:49
Here are some of the phrases and verbsย  that can be followed by the subjunctiveย ย 
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ• ๋’ค์— ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
170:54
with examplesโ€”suggest. I suggest he goย  home immediately and check on his mum.ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
171:01
Recommend. I recommend you take 2 tablets perย  day. Request. We requested that she come anย ย 
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์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 2์ •์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”๊ตฌ
171:09
hour earlier to help us set up. Demand. Heย  demands they clean their rooms, right now.
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ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ผ์ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์คฌ์–ด์š”. ์ˆ˜์š” . ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ๋ฐฉ์„ ์ฒญ์†Œํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
171:18
Ask. I ask that we change the timeย  of the event as so many people can'tย ย 
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๋ฌป๋‹ค. ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฐธ์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
171:23
make it. Insist. They insisted he move hisย  car as it is blocking the road. Propose.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ผ. ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ
171:33
She proposes the team continue trainingย  for as long as possible tonight. It isย ย 
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํŒ€์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ํ›ˆ๋ จ
171:40
important that. It is important that sheย  be given priority. It is advisable that.ย ย 
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€. ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š”
171:49
It is advisable that they stay outsideย  for as short a time as possible.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ–์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
171:54
It is imperative that. It is imperative thatย  work stop immediately while we wait for theย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ž‘์—…
172:01
inspector. Finally, I would like to show youย  some common phrases in English that containย ย 
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๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ด€. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜
172:07
the subjunctive. Suffice to say. Suffice toย  say, Ellen wasn't very happy when they arrivedย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•. ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, Ellen์€
172:14
2 hours late. Be that as it may. Be thatย  as it may, we can't wait for them forever.
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2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋”๋ผ๋„ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
172:23
One of my favourites. Heaven forbid. Heavenย  forbid anything happened to them. Andโ€”so beย ย 
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒœ๊ตญ์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒœ๊ตญ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค
172:31
it! We use that on its own. So be it! This isย  an expression of acceptance or resignation.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ! ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ
172:38
So be it! I'll let you have the job. Come whatย  may. They're pushing ahead with the new road,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”! ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์„ ๋งก๊ธธ๊ฒŒ์š”. ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์–ด๋„
172:45
come what may. And finally, far be it. Farย  be it for me to tell anyone what to do with.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ์™€๋ผ. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
172:53
Far be it for me to tell anyone what toย  do. It's saying that I'm not intending toย ย 
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋งํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋Š”
172:58
tell anyone what to do. If I say, farย  be it for me to criticise. I might beย ย 
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง
173:04
preceding something that might soundย  like criticism, but I don't want itย ย 
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๋น„ํŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ
173:09
to be criticism. All of these phrases soundย  incredibly formal and quite old-fashioned.
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๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„ ๋กœ ํ˜•์‹์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ตฌ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
173:15
I personally like them. I think theyย  sound very eloquent and interesting.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๊ทธ ๋ง ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
173:20
Okay, that's it. We're done. Ifย  you got this far, congratulations!
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์•Œ์•˜์–ด, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์•ผ. ์ด์ œ ๋๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ถ•ํ•˜๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
173:25
Now is the time to download the full tenses ebookย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์ œ ์ „์ž์ฑ…์„ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ย 
173:28
and I will give you my B1ย  to C1 ebook for free, too.
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์ œ B1~C1 eBook๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
173:32
It contains everything we've discussed inย  this video, plus quizzes and activities.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ณผ ํ€ด์ฆˆ, ํ™œ๋™์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
173:37
The link to get your ebooksย  is in the description box,
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eBook์„ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งํฌ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช… ์ƒ์ž์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
173:40
or you can scan the QR code, orย  even type in the link on screen.
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๋˜๋Š” QR ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์Šค์บ”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
173:43
I really hope you enjoyed the course today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์› ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
173:46
I really enjoy making these videos for you.ย  I will see you soon in the next video. Muah!
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .ย  ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ณง ๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์•„!
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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