The Subjunctive in Spoken English | English Grammar Lesson | C1-Advanced

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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Hello and welcome, everyone to this lesson, thisย  presentation, which is about the Subjunctive. Letย ย 
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[์Œ์•…]
์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์— ์˜ค์‹  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:11
me share my screen and get started. So, theย  Subjunctive. A very common question I get is:ย ย 
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๋‚ด ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
Do we use the Subjunctive in spoken English? Well,ย  first of all, there are two types of Subjunctive:ย ย 
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์˜์–ด๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์Œ, ์šฐ์„  ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์—๋Š”
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Present Subjunctive and Past Subjunctive . Whenย  it comes to Present Subjunctive, we very rarelyย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
00:35
use it in spoken English, especially in Britishย  English. When it comes to the Past Subjunctive,ย ย 
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๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด ์˜์–ด, ํŠนํžˆ ์˜๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
00:42
we do use it but only in a few cases. So, beforeย  we look at the different cases where we do useย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ „์—
00:49
it or don't use it, let's have a brief look at howย  we formulate the Subjunctive, the formulation. Nowย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•, ๊ณต์‹์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์‹ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ
00:58
the Subjunctive is a form; it's not a tense. andย  it is used after certain verbs and expressions,ย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธด๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋’ค์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ
01:06
and that's why it's called the Subjunctiveย  Mood. Now, I'm not going to use the wordย ย 
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด์ œ ์ €๋Š”
01:10
'mood' throughout this presentation. We'llย  just call it 'the Subjunctive'. Formulationย ย 
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์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ '๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ '๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹ํ™”๋Š”
01:16
is actually very easy for both types: The Presentย  Subjunctive has the same form as the base verb,ย ย 
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‘ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งค์šฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ,
01:23
which is the 'infinitive without to': do, andย  the Past Subjunctive has the same form as theย ย 
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์ด๋Š” 'to ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ: do์ด๊ณ , ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์€
01:31
Past Simple, so: did. There's a little note here,ย  important note, that, as you know, the verb 'be'ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ, so: did์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ž‘์€ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋™์‚ฌ 'be'์—๋Š”
01:39
has two Past Simple forms: 'was' for I, he, she,ย  and it, and 'were' for you, we, and they. But,ย ย 
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 'was'๋Š” I, he, she, and it์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  'were'๋Š” you, we, they๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
01:49
the Past Subjunctive has only one form, and thatย  is 'were'. So, that's about the formulation. Now,ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 'were'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณต์‹์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์ด
01:58
let's have a look at the expressions that requireย  the Present Subjunctive. There are two categories:ย ย 
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
The first one is 'expressions of importance',ย  for example saying: It is important, essential,ย ย 
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” '์ค‘์š”์„ฑ ํ‘œํ˜„'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค, ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค,
02:14
vital, crucial, necessary, or of vital importance.ย  When you start your sentence with expressions likeย ย 
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์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค, ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค, ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค, ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.ย  ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š”
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this, we need to use the Present Subjunctive form,ย  and the situation that we are describing can be inย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์€
02:30
the present or in the past. That's why it'sย  not a tense; it's a form. And in either case,ย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋‘
02:36
we must use the Present Subjunctive. So forย  example: It is or it was essential that theย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
president be transparent, not 'is'. Right? So,ย  after the expression of importance 'essential':ย ย 
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๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด '์ด๋‹ค'๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ? ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ค‘์š”๋„ 'ํ•„์ˆ˜'๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋’ค์—๋Š”:
02:52
be: the Present Subjunctive. That's the firstย  category. And, the second is after certain verbsย ย 
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be: ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค์—๋Š”
03:01
we must also use the Present Subjunctive, and theย  most common and important verbs to remember are:ย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
03:08
suggest, recommend, propose, insist, demand, ask,ย  command, and order. For example: The oppositionย ย 
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์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋‹ค, ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๋‹ค, ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋‹ค, ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค, ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋‹ค, ๋ฌป๋‹ค, ๋ช…๋ นํ•˜๋‹ค, ๋ช…๋ นํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ: ์•ผ๋‹น
03:20
leader demands or demanded - remember presentย  or past makes no difference - The oppositionย ย 
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์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ์•ผ๋‹น
03:27
leader demands or demanded that she clarifyย  her position. 'clarify' is the base verb here,ย ย 
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์ง€๋„์ž๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” '๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‹ค'๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ
03:35
not the Present Simple form. Right now, as you canย  see, these are very formal sentences and thereforeย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฒฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ
03:43
only appropriate in formal situations. So, do weย  use the Present Subjunctive in informal English?ย ย 
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๊ฒฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—๋งŒ ์ ํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋น„๊ฒฉ์‹์ ์ธ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
03:52
Well, in British English, not really. In Americanย  English, you may occasionally hear the Presentย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์˜๊ตญ์‹ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š”
04:00
subjunctive in an informal conversation, but evenย  there, it's very rare. So, how do we avoid it inย ย 
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๊ฒฉ์‹ ์—†๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌํ˜• ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋” ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ญ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”
04:08
conversation? There are three ways to avoid thisย  structure. With the expressions of importance,ย ย 
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? ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์ธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ ํ‘œํ˜„์—์„œ๋Š”
04:16
our first category, we use a differentย  structure which is 'for someone to do',ย ย 
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'for someone to do'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
04:23
so using the infinitive. So, instead of sayingย  something like: It is important that she be honestย ย 
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๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  : ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
with you, which sounds very formal and a bitย  strange, we would say: It is important for herย ย 
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜•์‹์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€
04:37
to be honest with you. We're using 'for someoneย  to do something'. That's with the expressions ofย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:45
importance. Now with the verbs that we saw, theย  second category, we use the word, the modal verb,ย ย 
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. ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ๋™์‚ฌ์ธ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์ธ
04:53
'should'. So, instead of saying: I hope youย  insisted that she be honest with you, we say:ย ย 
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'should'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ •์งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
I hope you insisted that she should be honestย  with you. And that sounds a lot more natural,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์†”์งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ ,
05:07
and we can also drop 'that' because it's informal:ย  I hope you insisted she should be honest withย ย 
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๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 'that'์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์†”์งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์…จ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:14
you. And your third option to avoid the Presentย  Subjunctive is just to completely ignore that theย ย 
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. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ต์…˜์€ ํ•ด๋‹น
05:22
form even exists and use Present or Past simpleย  tenses. Of course, this would be grammaticallyย ย 
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ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
05:30
wrong but it is acceptable in spoken English.ย  So, instead of the correct sentence 'It is vitalย ย 
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์˜์–ด ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ '
05:37
that she be honest with you.', we just say: It'sย  vital she's honest with you. Or with the past:ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ:
05:44
I insisted, or 'I hope you insisted that sheย  be honest with you.' 'I hope you insisted sheย ย 
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ '๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์…จ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' '๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
05:49
was honest with you.' So, grammatically wrongย  - remember that - but in spoken English it hasย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์†”์งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
05:56
become an acceptable mistake. So that's about ...ย  Now, I have a little note here: If the verb isย ย 
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ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋Œ€๋žต... ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ •์ด๋ฉด
06:04
negative, if the Subjunctive verb is negative,ย  the Present Subjunctive form sounds strange,ย ย 
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๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ• ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ •์ด๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ• ํ˜•์‹์ด ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ
06:11
so it's even avoided in formal English, usually inย  two ways: either by adding 'should' to avoid theย ย 
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฉ์‹ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 'should'๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
06:19
Subjunctive or by changing the verb to a positiveย  verb. For example, looking at the sentence 'It isย ย 
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๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '
06:28
or was crucial that the president not withholdย  any information.' So here, the verb is negative:ย ย 
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๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ •๋ณด๋„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค '๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์š”. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
not withhold, it sounds very awkward actually.ย  We usually change with 'should', so for example:ย ย 
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๋ณด๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ '~ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค'๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
It is or was crucial that the Presidentย  should not withhold any information. Or,ย ย 
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๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ •๋ณด๋„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š”ย ย  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€
06:48
we find an alternative, a positive verb that makesย  sense here, for example: It is or was crucial thatย ย 
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์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋™์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
06:55
the President share all available information.ย  So, that's all about the Present Subjunctive.ย ย 
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๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
Let's look at the Past Subjunctive. What are theย  Expressions that require the Past Subjunctive.ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?ย ย  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—
07:10
There are five common ones that I have listed forย  you here: It is time..., I would rather..., Heย ย 
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด์ œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..., ์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ..., ๊ทธ๋Š”
07:19
looks, behaves or sounds as if or as though..., Iย  wish..., and if only... For example, we would say:ย ย 
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์™ธ๋ชจ, ํ–‰๋™ ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์น˜..., ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ..., ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹จ์ง€... ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
It is time he started - Past Subjunctive - It isย  time he started saving up for a car. Or: If onlyย ย 
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It is time he start - ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ• - It is time he start save for a car. ๋˜๋Š”:
07:37
I were 10 years younger. Notice that although theย  form looks like the Past Simple, this is not theย ย 
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ 10์‚ด๋งŒ ์ Š์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด. ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š”
07:45
Past Simple tense. It is the Past Subjunctiveย  for a present situation. A little confusing,ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์กฐ๊ธˆ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ธฐ๋Š”
07:53
but that's how it is. Okay. Also, we use the Pastย  Subjunctive in the 'if' clause of Conditional 2ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒย ย ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ 2 ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ 'if' ์ ˆ์—๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:03
sentences, as you very well know. For example:ย  If he started saving up today, excuse me, heย ย 
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. ์˜ˆ: ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €์ถ•์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š”
08:11
would be able to buy a car next year. Or: I wouldย  apply for this job if I were 10 years younger. So,ย ย 
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๋‚ด๋…„์— ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š”: ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ 10์‚ด ๋” ์ Š์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ์ง์—…์— ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:22
can we avoid the Past Subjunctive in informalย  spoken English? Not always. With some Expressions,ย ย 
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๋น„๊ฒฉ์‹์ ์ธ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š” ? ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
08:31
it is possible; with others, it isn't. So, fromย  the list that I shared with you, the first twoย ย 
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜
08:38
expressions, for those we can find an alternative.ย  So, for the expression 'It is time he startedย ย 
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ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 'It is time he start
08:46
saving up for a car.', we can use the 'for someoneย  to do something' structure. So, we can also say,ย ย 
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save for a car.'๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์—์„œ๋Š” 'for someone to do someone' ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
and it's more natural: It is time for him to startย  saving up for a car. Also, with 'I would ratherย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €์ถ•์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ '๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ
09:02
you did not do something.' in this case 'I wouldย  rather you did not call me by that name.', we canย ย 
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๋„ˆ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์–ด.' ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 'I would ์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ you did not call me by that name.'์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
09:09
use the verb 'prefer' because with 'prefer',ย  we can use the infinitive: I would prefer youย ย 
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'prefer'๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด 'prefer'์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. I would better you to call me by that
09:17
not to call me by that name. So, these two haveย  alternatives. The others don't. So, let's have aย ย 
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name. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์—๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ,
09:24
look at what the others were. The first one was:ย  He looks, behaves, or sounds as if or as though...ย ย 
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜...์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ , ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
Now, when we use the Past Subjunctive after theseย  expressions, we have an unreal situation. So ifย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋’ค์— ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ
09:42
we say: He behaves as if he owned this place, weย  know he doesn't. It's hypothetical, it's unreal,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  โ€‹โ€‹๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด๊ณ , ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
and we are a little annoyed at his behaviour:ย  He behaves as if he owned this place. If we useย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์งœ์ฆ์ด ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
the normal tense, the Present Simple tense, thenย  we have a probable situation. We have changed theย ย 
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์ œ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
context here. If I say: He behaves as thoughย  he owns this place. Erm, maybe he does. So,ย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด: ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ด ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
10:14
it's completely now different. Therefore, ifย  your idea is the first one, the unreal situation,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด๊ณ , ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๊ณ ,
10:21
hypothetical, you're a little annoyed, you mustย  use the Past Subjunctive. So, that's that one.ย ย 
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๊ฐ€์„ค์ด๊ณ , ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์งœ์ฆ์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
And then the other three situations: twoย  expressions and one structure, with 'I wish',ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒํ™ฉ: ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์‹๊ณผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, 'I want',
10:36
'if only' and the Second Conditional, you have noย  alternative; you must use the Past Subjunctive.ย ย 
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'if only' ๋ฐ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
So, it's: I wish I were 10 years younger. If onlyย  she knew how to sing. If he had a choice, he wouldย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, 10๋…„๋งŒ ๋” ์ Š์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹์•˜์„ ํ…๋ฐ. ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ค„๋งŒ ์•Œ์•˜๋”๋ผ๋ฉด. ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š”
10:54
live elsewhere. Now again a little note here thatย  some native speakers may use 'was' with I, he,ย ย 
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์— ์‚ด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์€ I, he,
11:03
she, and it instead of 'were', but good nativeย  speakers generally use 'were', so I'd recommendย ย 
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she ๋ฐ it๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 'were' ๋Œ€์‹  'was'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ข‹์€ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 'were'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ 'were'๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
you stick to 'were' for all pronouns. So, youย  might hear 'If only I was 10 years younger',ย ย 
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' ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ '๋‚ด๊ฐ€ 10๋…„๋งŒ ๋” ์ Š์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์œผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
11:18
but don't use that. Say: If only I were 10 yearsย  young. One final note, and that is: If the actionย ย 
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ๋งํ•˜์„ธ์š”: ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ 10์‚ด๋งŒ ์ Š์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด . ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
following 'I wish' and 'if only' - those twoย  phrases: 'I wish' and 'if only' - took placeย ย 
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'I Wish'์™€ 'if only'์— ์ด์–ด 'I Wish'์™€ 'if only'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์— ์ด์–ด ํ–‰๋™์ด
11:37
in the past, and you want to express your regret,ย  you must use the Past Perfect tense, so you wouldย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ›„ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ
11:44
say something like: I wish I had started savingย  up last year, or If only I had started saving upย ย 
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๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๋…„์— ์ €์ถ•์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ์ข‹์•˜์„ ํ…๋ฐ , ์ž‘๋…„์— ์ €์ถ•์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ข‹์•˜์„ ํ…๋ฐ
11:54
last year. So, just to sum up and answer theย  question again: Do we use the subjunctive inย ย 
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. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‹ตํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์˜์–ด ๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
12:02
spoken English? So, we have two cases: Presentย  Subjunctive: not really. You can always avoid itย ย 
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? ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•: ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:10
when you speak; however, it is important thatย  you're aware of this structure so that you'reย ย 
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. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
12:16
not confused when you occasionally see or hear itย  in formal situations. With the past subjunctive,ย ย 
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๊ฐ€๋” ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋“ค์„ ๋•Œ ํ˜ผ๋™๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
12:25
excuse me, it's different. There are situationsย  where you cannot avoid it, you must use it,ย ย 
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์‹ค๋ก€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ผญ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
12:32
and we looked at four important cases, thatย  was: after the expressions 'as if / as though',ย ย 
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'~์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ/~์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ',
12:39
'I wish', 'if only', and in the 'if' clause ofย  Conditional 2 sentences. What is important hereย ย 
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'~ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค', '~๋ผ๋ฉด', '๋งŒ์•ฝ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋’ค์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ 2๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ if' ์ ˆ . ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
12:47
is to remember that this is the Past Subjunctiveย  form, mood; it is not the Past Simple tense. Itย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ• ํ˜•ํƒœ, ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
12:55
doesn't have anything to do with the past. It'sย  usually a present or future situation - so thatย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์•„๋ฌด ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ
13:01
you don't get confused. Right that's the endย  of the presentation. I hope it has helpedย ย 
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ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์ด ๋๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
you to review the Subjunctive Mood in Englishย  and also become aware of when you can use it,ย ย 
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์˜์–ด ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณต์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ธ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
13:14
when you must use it, and when you can avoidย  it. I hope you've enjoyed this lesson. Forย ย 
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์–ธ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ์–ธ์ œ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์› ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
more on this topic, click here. Remember toย  also check out my complete online course,ย ย 
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์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ œ ์ „์ฒด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ ,
13:26
and don't forget to like and subscribe.ย  Thank you for watching and happy studies!
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์ข‹์•„์š”์™€ ๊ตฌ๋…๋„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”!
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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