Relative Pronouns & Clauses | English Grammar Lesson | B2-Upper Intermediate

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:04
Hello and welcome everyone to this lesson whichย  is all about Relative Pronouns. Let me shareย ย 
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜์— ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:11
my screen and start the lesson. It's based on aย  question that I often get about relative pronounsย ย 
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๋‚ด ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:18
which is: Can we replace any relative pronoun,ย  that's who, which, whom, and whose, with theย ย 
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. ์ฆ‰, ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ, that who, which, who, which๋ฅผ '
00:24
word 'that'. The answer is, in many cases, yes!ย  But there are some cases where we can't. Let'sย ย 
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that'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
start with a quick review of relative pronounsย  before we look at the use of the word 'that'.ย ย 
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'that'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์šฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋จผ์ € ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
What is a relative pronoun? A relative pronounย  is a word which connects a noun to a clause,ย ย 
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๊ด€๊ณ„๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ,
00:46
which gives information about that noun. And thereย  are two main categories of relative pronouns. Theย ย 
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ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
first one is relative pronouns that referย  to people, and there are three of those:ย ย 
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฐ , ๊ทธ์ค‘์—๋Š”
01:00
who, whom, and whose. For example: I love peopleย  who speak their mind. I prefer friends with whomย ย 
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ, ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ, ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ: ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š”
01:10
I can be honest. Now, often in English, we put theย  preposition 'with' to the end of the sentence. Andย ย 
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์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋์— ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ 'with'๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
01:17
in that case, you can still use 'whom'. But veryย  often, we change it to 'who'. So you can say:ย ย 
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ '๋ˆ„๊ตฌ'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํžˆ '๋ˆ„๊ตฌ'๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
I prefer friends who I can be honest with. Andย  the example with 'whose' is: I like listening toย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋ˆ„๊ตฌ'์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š”
01:31
individuals whose opinions differ from mine. Theย  opinions belong to individuals. And in this case,ย ย 
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๋‚˜์™€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
01:39
our relative pronoun is 'whose'. So, the secondย  category is relative pronouns that refer toย ย 
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๊ด€๊ณ„๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” 'whose'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, '
01:47
things, and there are two of those 'which' andย  again 'whose'. For example: I love things whichย ย 
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which' ์™€ 'whose' ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ: ๋‚˜๋Š” ์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:55
can be recycled. And: clothes whose labelsย  are intact can be resold. A quick note thatย ย 
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. ๋ผ๋ฒจ์ด ์†์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜ท์€ ์žฌํŒ๋งค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ท์— ์†ํ•œ ๋ผ๋ฒจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์— '
02:04
you can use 'of which' instead of 'whose' forย  objects like labels belonging to clothes. But,ย ย 
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whose' ๋Œ€์‹  'of which'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์„ธ์š” . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
02:11
that creates a more complicated structure andย  sounds quite formal too. For example saying:ย ย 
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๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜•์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
clothes the labels of which are intact can beย  resold. Or even more formal and more complicated:ย ย 
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๋ผ๋ฒจ์ด ์†์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜ท์€ ์žฌํŒ๋งค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋˜๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๊ฒฉ์‹์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ:
02:26
clothes of which the labels are intact can beย  resold. These are usually avoided and 'whose'ย ย 
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๋ผ๋ฒจ์ด ์†์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์žฌํŒ๋งค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ '๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜'๊ฐ€
02:33
is always a better choice. So, use 'whose'ย  both for people and for objects. So, whichย ย 
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„ ํƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋‘์— '๋ˆ„๊ตฌ'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:42
one of these can be replaced with 'that'? Which',ย  'who', and 'whom' can be replaced. For example:ย ย 
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์ด ์ค‘ 'that'์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? which', 'who', 'whom'์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋  โ€‹โ€‹์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ:
02:50
I love things that can be recycled. I loveย  people that speak their mind. I prefer friendsย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:59
that I can be honest with. Preposition at theย  end. So, that makes 'that' a very useful word,ย ย 
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. ๋์— ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š” . ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 'that'์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
especially when it's difficult to decide if a wordย  refers to people or things. For example 'company',ย ย 
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๋•Œ ๋”์šฑ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด 'ํšŒ์‚ฌ',
03:16
'team', or 'group'. So, which ones we cannotย  replace with 'that'? That would be 'whose' andย ย 
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'ํŒ€' ๋˜๋Š” '๊ทธ๋ฃน'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด 'that'์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ ๋’ค์—๋Š” '๋ˆ„๊ตฌ'๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ 
03:25
'whom' after a preposition. For example we can'tย  say: clothes that labels are intact. It has to be:ย ย 
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'๋ˆ„๊ตฌ'๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ผ๋ฒจ์ด ๋ถ™์€ ์˜ท์€ ์†์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
clothes whose labels are intact. I like listeningย  to individuals whose opinions differ from mine. Weย ย 
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๋ผ๋ฒจ์ด ์†์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜ท. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚˜์™€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
cannot use 'that' here. And if we keep theย  preposition in the middle of the sentence,ย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” 'that'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
03:49
again that doesn't work: I prefer friends withย  whom I can be honest. So, that answers theย ย 
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ
03:58
question. But, there's one more important point Iย  need to mention to you and that's the differenceย ย 
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
04:03
between a defining and a non-defining relativeย  clause. A relative clause is the part thatย ย 
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์ •์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋น„์ •์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ด€๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€
04:11
provides the information about the noun. It's theย  phrase. This phrase (this part) can be defining,ย ย 
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๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ(์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„)๋Š” ์ •์˜์ ์ด
04:18
or essential, or non-defining, or non-essential.ย  With a defining relative clause, if you removeย ย 
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๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
04:28
the information we don't know what or who you'reย  talking about anymore. So, it has to stay in theย ย 
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„, ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์•ˆ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:34
sentence. With a non-defining or non-essentialย  clause, if you remove the information we stillย ย 
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. ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:41
know who or what you're talking about. Thisย  clause only gives additional non-essentialย ย 
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๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ณ„์† ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์กฐํ•ญ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:47
information. Let's look at some examples. So, weย  had previously the example of a defining clause:ย ย 
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. ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์ •์˜ ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
I love things which can be recycled. The exampleย  of a non-defining clause would be: This top,ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ •์˜ ์กฐํ•ญ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
which I've only worn once, can be recycled. Youย  can drop 'which have only worn once', and youย ย 
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ์ž…์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด ์ƒ์˜๋Š” ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 'ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ์ž…์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ'์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ•ด๋„
05:11
still have a complete sentence and we know whichย  top (this top) can be recycled. Another example weย ย 
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ์˜(์ด ์ƒ์˜)๋ฅผ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์—๋Š”
05:19
had the defining clause: I love people who speakย  their mind. Let's change it to a non-definingย ย 
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์ •์˜ ์กฐํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ ˆ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:26
clause. For example we can say: John, who alwaysย  speaks his mind, called Jenny a liar. So now,ย ย 
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. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” John์€ Jenny๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์Ÿ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ
05:34
we can drop 'who always speaks his mind' it's justย  additional information, and say: John called Jennyย ย 
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'ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ'์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. John์€ Jenny๋ฅผ
05:41
a liar. We still know who we're talking about.ย  So, why am I mentioning this? Because it makes aย ย 
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๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์Ÿ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:49
difference to whether we can use 'that' or not.ย  We cannot use 'that' for a non-defining clause.ย ย 
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'that'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผย ย  ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ ˆ์—๋Š” 'that'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
For example we have the defining one: I loveย  things which or that can be recycled. No problem!ย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ €๋Š” ์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์š”!
06:07
But, with the other example: This top, which I'veย  only worn once, we cannot use 'that'. Anotherย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฑ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ž…์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด ์ƒ์˜๋Š” 'that'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
06:16
example. We had the defining clause: I love peopleย  who or that speak their mind. But in the sentenceย ย 
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์˜ˆ์‹œ. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์˜ ์กฐํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:23
with John, we cannot use 'that' only 'who' worksย  here: John, who always speaks his mind, calledย ย 
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John์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 'who'๋งŒ 'that'์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” John์€
06:31
Jenny a liar. And note that in written English,ย  the non-defining clause always comes after aย ย 
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Jenny๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์Ÿ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„œ๋ฉด ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ ˆ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‰ผํ‘œ ๋’ค์— ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:40
comma. Right, that separates it. It tells us thatย  it's additional non-essential information. Now,ย ย 
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. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ , ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ์ด๋Š” ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด์ž„์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ
06:50
one last thing to mention. It's a mistake that Iย  often hear is please do not use 'what' instead ofย ย 
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฃผ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š”
06:56
'which' or 'that'. Right so for example: Put theย  clause, uh sorry: Put the clothes which or thatย ย 
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' which' ๋˜๋Š” 'that' ๋Œ€์‹  'what'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
can be recycled in that bag. Don't say: Put theย  clothes what can be recycled in that bag. Becauseย ย 
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์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ท์„ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์— ๋„ฃ์œผ์„ธ์š”. ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”: ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์˜ท์€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์— ๋„ฃ์œผ์„ธ์š”. ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด
07:12
'what' has a larger meaning. It includes the nounย  as well. 'What' means the thing which or the thingย ย 
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'๋ฌด์—‡'์ด ๋” ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . 'What'์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฒƒ, ์ฆ‰ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:19
that. So, instead of: Put the clothes which canย  be recycled in that bag. Instead of the whole partย ย 
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. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€์‹ : ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์˜ท์„ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์— ๋„ฃ์œผ์„ธ์š”. ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ€๋ถ„
07:27
(the clothes which or the clothes that), you canย  say: Put what can be recycled in that bag. Okay,ย ย 
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(๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์˜ท) ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์— ๋„ฃ์œผ์„ธ์š”. ์ข‹์•„์š”,
07:36
that's the end of the lesson. I hope it hasย  been helpful in answering the question whenย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ๋๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
we can use the word 'that' instead of relativeย  pronouns. I hope you've enjoyed this lesson.ย ย 
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๊ด€๊ณ„๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์‹  'that'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์› ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
For more on this topic, click here. Rememberย  to also check out my complete online course,ย ย 
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์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ œ ์ „์ฒด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋„ ๊ผญ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ณ ,
07:56
and don't forget to like and subscribe.ย  Thank you for watching, and happy studies!
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์ข‹์•„์š”์™€ ๊ตฌ๋…๋„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ณต๋ถ€ ๋˜์„ธ์š”!
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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