Advanced English Grammar: Noun Clauses

1,937,665 views ใƒป 2016-07-12

Adamโ€™s English Lessons


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Hi. Welcome to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam.
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ www.engvid.com ใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒ€ใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚
00:05
In today's video we're going to look at some more advanced grammar.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใงใฏ ใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Š้ซ˜ๅบฆใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:09
We're going to look at the noun clause. Now, you may have seen
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ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใฎ็ดนไป‹ใ‚’่กŒใฃใŸไปฅๅ‰ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
00:12
my previous video where I did an introduction to subordinate clauses. Today I'm going to
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ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ
00:18
look at only one, only the noun clause, get a little bit deeper into it, show you some
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ใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ ใ‘ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆ ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆทฑใๆŽ˜ใ‚Šไธ‹ใ’ใฆใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ
00:24
examples, show you how it works, how to build it, when to use it, etc.
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ไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ† ใซๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใ„ใคไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใชใฉ
00:29
So before we begin, let's review: What is a clause? A clause is a combination of words
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ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใฏใ˜ใ‚ใซใ€ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†: ๆก้ …ใจใฏไฝ• ใงใ™ใ‹? ๅฅใฏ
00:35
that must contain a subject and a verb. Okay? Now, every sentence has at least one independent
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ใ€ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๅ˜่ชžใฎ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็พๅœจใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ 1 ใคใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹
00:45
clause. The noun clause is a dependent clause. Okay? I'm going to write that here. It's a dependent.
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็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฏๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ“ใ“ใซๆ›ธใ„ใฆใฟใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ‰ถ้คŠใงใ™ใ€‚
00:56
What that means is that this clause cannot be a sentence by itself. It is always
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ใใ‚ŒใŒๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅฅใฏ ใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใงใฏๆ–‡ใซใชใ‚Šใˆใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๅธธใซ
01:01
part of a sentence that contains an independent clause, but the noun clause can be part of
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็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๆ–‡ใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ™ ใŒใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€
01:09
the independent clause, and we're going to see that in a moment.
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ใฏ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใฎไธ€้ƒจใซ ใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
01:13
But before we do that, we also have to look at the conjunctions. Okay? So these are the
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚‚่ฆ‹ใฆใŠใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰
01:19
words... The conjunctions are the words that join the noun clause to its independent clause
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ใฏๅ˜่ชžใงใ™... ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใฏ ใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใซ็ตๅˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใ€
01:24
or that begin the noun clause. Okay? And again, we're going to look at examples. So these
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ใพใŸใฏๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซ ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰
01:29
are the ones you need to know: "that", "which", "who", "whom", "whose", "what", "if", "whether",
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ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™๏ผšใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ€ใ€Œใฉใ‚Œใ€ใ€ ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‚‚ใ—ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ€ใ€
01:35
"when", "where", "how", "why",
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ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใ€ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ€ใ€ ใ€Œใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ€ใ€Œใชใœใ€ใ€
01:37
and then: "whoever", "whomever", "whenever", "wherever", "whatever", "whichever".
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ใใ—ใฆใ€Œ่ชฐใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œใฉใ“ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใฉใกใ‚‰ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€‚
01:43
These can all be conjunctions. Now, you have to be careful with a few of
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ไปŠใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใซๆณจๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
01:48
them. Some of these can also be conjunctions to adjective clauses, which will be a different
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ใพใ™. ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใฏใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžๅฅใธใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
01:54
video lesson entirely. And you also have to remember that this clause in particular: "that",
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅˆฅใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ช ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ ใ€็‰นใซใ“ใฎๅฅใ€Œthatใ€
02:02
is quite often removed. Means it's understood to be there, it's implied, but we don't actually
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ใฏ้ ป็นใซๅ‰Š้™คใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œ ใŒใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ็†่งฃใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏๆš—็คบใ•ใ‚Œ
02:09
have to write it or say it when we're using the noun clause. And again, we're going to
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใซๅฎŸ้š›ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚Š่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ . ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Š
02:13
look at examples of that.
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ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:15
Another thing to remember is that only some of these can be both the conjunction, the
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใในใใ‚‚ใ†1ใคใฎใ“ใจใฏ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ ใ‘ใŒใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ€
02:21
thing that starts the clause, and the subject of the clause. So, for example:
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็ฏ€ใ‚’้–‹ๅง‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณ็ฏ€ใฎ ไธป่ชžใฎไธกๆ–นใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™. ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
02:26
"which" can be the subject, "who" can be the subject,
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ใ€Œใฉใฎใ€ใŒ ไธป่ชžใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใŒไธป่ชžใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€
02:30
"whom" is always an object, never a subject,
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ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใฏๅธธใซ ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ไธป่ชžใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใชใ
02:33
and "what" can be the subject. "Who", "whoever", "whatever", "whichever" can also be subjects.
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ใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใŒไธป่ชžใซใชใ‚‹ใ‹ใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ€ ใ€Œไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ€ใ€Œใฉใกใ‚‰ใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ‚‚ไธป่ชžใซใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:41
So I'm going to put an "s" for these. Okay? So it's very important to remember these because
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใฏใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ“ใจใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆ
02:46
sometimes you have to recognize that it is both the conjunction and the clause, and recognize
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใจ็ฏ€ใฎไธกๆ–นใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใจใ—ใฆ่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰
02:53
it as a noun clause. Now, of course, it will be much easier to understand all this when
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎ ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸๆ–นใŒใšใฃใจ็†่งฃใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใ„
02:58
we see actual examples, so let's do that.
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ใฎใงใ€ใใ†ใ—ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:02
Okay, so now we're going to look at when to use the noun clause and how to use the noun
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ใงใฏ ใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ใ„ใคไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
03:07
clause. So, noun clauses have basically four uses. Okay? Or actually five, but one of them
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใซใฏๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ 4 ใคใฎ ็”จๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใพใŸใฏใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ 5 ใคใงใ™ใŒใ€ใใฎใ†ใกใฎ 1 ใค
03:14
is similar. First of all we're going to look at it as the subject.
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ใŒไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใš็ฌฌไธ€ใซ ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไธป้กŒใจใ—ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:21
So, a noun clause can be the subject of a clause, of an independent clause.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ ใฏใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใฎ็ฏ€ใฎไธป่ชžใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:27
So let's look at this example: "What she wore to the party really turned some heads." So,
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใงใฏ
03:34
what is the noun clause? "What she wore to the party". Okay? So here's our conjunction,
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ใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใŒใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซ็€ ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ€. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ“ใซๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉž
03:41
here's our subject, and here's our verb. Okay? And then here's another verb. Now, remember:
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ใ€ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซๅˆฅใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆ
03:49
In every sentence, you're going to have one tense verb, will have one subject that corresponds
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ใใ ใ•ใ„: ใ™ในใฆใฎๆ–‡ใซใฏใ€ๆ™‚ๅˆถ ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ 1 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใซๅฏพๅฟœใ™ใ‚‹ไธป่ชžใŒ 1 ใค
03:56
to it. Here I have two tense verbs, which means I need two subjects. So the subject
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซ 2 ใคใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€2 ใคใฎไธป่ชžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
04:02
for "wore" is "she", the subject for "turned" is the entire clause. This is the noun clause
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ใ€Œworeใ€ใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œsheใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œturnedใ€ใฎไธป่ชž ใฏ็ฏ€ๅ…จไฝ“ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€
04:10
subject to this verb. Okay? Turned what? Some heads. And, here, we have the object of the
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ใ“ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅฏพ่ฑกใจใชใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžๅฅใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ไฝ•ใ‚’ๅ›žใ—ใŸ๏ผŸ ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ ้ ญใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใซๆ–‡ๅ…จไฝ“ใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
04:16
whole sentence. So this sentence is essentially SVO, so we have an independent clause, but
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ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฏๆœฌ่ณช็š„ใซ SVOใชใฎใงใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใŒ
04:23
the subject of the independent clause is a noun clause. So although you have one independent
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใฎไธป่ชžใฏๅ่ฉž ็ฏ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใŒ 1 ใคใ‚ใ‚‹
04:29
clause, this is still a complex sentence because we're using an independent and the subordinate,
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ใจใฏใ„ใˆใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใ€
04:34
and the dependent clause to build it. Now, here, the conjunction is separate from the
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ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใพใ ่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใฏไธป่ชž่‡ชไฝ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅˆ†้›ขใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„
04:41
subject itself. We're going to look at other examples soon.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ™ใใซไป–ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:45
Here: "Whoever wants to know should ask me." So, if you're not sure about what's going
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ๏ผšใ€Œ็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ไบบใฏ็งใซ่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅฅใงไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆ
04:50
on with clauses, a good hint, a good way to understand any sentence is to first of all
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ใ€่‰ฏใ„ใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใงใ™ใ€‚ๆ–‡ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹่‰ฏใ„ๆ–นๆณ• ใฏใ€ใพใš
04:56
identify the verbs. Now, it doesn't mean identify all the verbs. Identify all the tense verbs.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ™ในใฆใฎๆ™‚ๅˆถๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:03
So in this case we have "wants", and here we have an infinitive, so this is not a tense
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใซใฏใ€Œwantsใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“ใซ ใฏไธๅฎš่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ™‚ๅˆถๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
05:09
verb. It's just an infinitive verb. And here we have "should ask". Now, a modal is considered
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ใ€‚ ใŸใ ใฎไธๅฎšๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ ใซใ€Œๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ในใใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็พๅœจใ€ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซ
05:16
part of the tense verb, it's part of the main verb of a clause. So now I have two verbs,
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ใฏๆ™‚ๅˆถๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไธ€้ƒจใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œ ใ€็ฏ€ใฎไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใง 2 ใคใฎๅ‹•่ฉž
05:22
of course I need to subjects. So, here's my subject for "wants", and here
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ใŒใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ไธป่ชžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ใ‘ใงใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ ็งใฎใ€Œๆฌฒใ—ใ„ใ€ใฎไธป้กŒใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ“
05:30
is my subject
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ใŒ็งใฎ
05:33
to "should ask". Who should ask me? Whoever wants to know.
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ใ€Œใ™ในใใ“ใจใ€ใฎไธป้กŒใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใŒ็งใซๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ไบบใฏใฉใ†ใžใ€‚
05:38
Okay? So I still have a noun clause as the subject for the main verb, and this is your object,
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็ง ใฏไธปใชๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไธป่ชžใจใ—ใฆใพใ ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€
05:45
and "wants" also has its own object.
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ใ‚’ๆŒใฃ ใฆใ„ใพใ™.
05:48
So, the whole SVO, SVP, SVA applies whether you're in a dependent clause
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€SVOใ€SVPใ€SVA ๅ…จไฝ“ ใŒใ€ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใซใ‚ใ‚‹
05:54
or whether you're in an independent clause. And if your noun clause is part of the independent
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ใ‹็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใชใ้ฉ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ ใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ‚ใ‚‹
05:59
clause, all the rules still apply. Think of this as one subject with its verb and object.
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ๅ ดๅˆใงใ‚‚ใ€ใ™ในใฆใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใŒ้ฉ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใจ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ‚’ๆŒใค 1 ใคใฎไธป่ชžใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:05
Here's your subject, verb, and object, and they work together. So, noun clause as subject.
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ใ“ใ“ใซไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ้€ฃๆบใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไธป่ชžใจใ—ใฆใฎๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€‚
06:12
Now, we're going to look at the next example. Here we have noun clause as object,
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ใงใฏใ€ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€ใพใŸใฏไธป่ชžใฎ่ฃœๆ•ฐใจใ—ใฆๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
06:19
or subject complement.
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ใ€‚
06:27
Just to refresh your memory: An object answers the question what or whom about
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่จ˜ๆ†ถใ‚’ใƒชใƒ•ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ: ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎไฝ•ใพใŸใฏ่ชฐใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™
06:32
the verb. A subject complement answers what or whom about the subject.
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆ่ฃœๆ•ฐ ใฏใ€ใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใพใŸใฏ่ชฐใŒ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:37
So, let's look at the first example. So: "Please ask mom what we're having for dinner." So,
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผšใ€Œ ใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใซใ€็งใŸใกใŒๅค•้ฃŸใซไฝ•ใ‚’้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใงใ€
06:44
what is the subject here? Of course "you", because this is an imperative. Ask who? Mom.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฎไธป้กŒใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฟ…้ ˆใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ชฐใซๅฐ‹ใญใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใƒžใƒžใ€‚
06:52
This is indirect object. I hope you can see "i.o." indirect object. Now, please ask mom
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้–“ๆŽฅ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œi.o.ใ€ใ‚’ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ้–“ๆŽฅใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใŠๆฏใ•ใ‚“ใซไฝ•ใ‚’่žใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
06:58
what? What should you ask her? What we are having for dinner. So, here we have our conjunction
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ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใซไฝ•ใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ็งใŸใกใŒ ๅค•้ฃŸใซ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉž
07:08
"what", here we have our subject "we", "are having" is our verb, and "for dinner" is your
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ใ€Œwhatใ€ใ€ไธป่ชžใ€Œweใ€ใ€ใ€Œare havingใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ€Œfor dinnerใ€ใฏ
07:15
adverb. Okay? So now this whole thing is the object... Let me try to not make it too messy,
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใงๅ…จไฝ“ใŒ ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™...ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Šไนฑ้›‘ใซใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:23
here. Object to the verb "ask". Okay. Subject, verb, object, conjunction, subject, verb,
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ใ€‚ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ใ€ใซ็•ฐ่ญฐใ‚’ๅ”ฑใˆใ‚‹. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ไธป่ชžใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ€ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€
07:36
and then we have our adverb there. But we're working on an object.
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ใใ—ใฆใใ“ใซๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใซๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:40
Here's another example: "Do you know", so now we're looking at it as a question. And
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ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆฌกใซ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่ณชๅ•ใจใ—ใฆ่€ƒใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€
07:45
this is one of the things that you have to be careful about. Noun clauses are clauses,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆณจๆ„ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใฎ1ใค ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉžๅฅใฏๅฅใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
07:50
they're not questions. So when you see the word "what" it doesn't mean necessarily that
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่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ ๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ณชๅ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใฏ้™ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
07:55
it's a question. A good hint, a good way to understand that it's not a question, that
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒ็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใงใฏใชใใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ่‰ฏใ„ใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ€่‰ฏใ„ๆ–นๆณ•
08:00
it's a noun clause is that the subject comes before the verb. In a question, the verb...
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ใฏ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅ‰ใซไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ณชๅ•ใงใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉž
08:07
The subject... The verb will come before the subject. "What are we having for dinner?"
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... ไธป่ชž... ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏไธป่ชžใฎๅ‰ใซๆฅ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅค•้ฃŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
08:12
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
08:14
"Do you know if she's coming?" So: "Do you know", so "you" is the subject, "know" is
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ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ‹ใ€ใชใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใŒไธป่ชžใงใ€ใ€Œ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€
08:18
the verb. Know what? So now you need an object to the verb "know", so there it is.
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ใŒๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใงใฏ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œknowใ€ใฎใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚ŒใงๅฎŒไบ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
08:26
Well, without the question mark, but you understand that. "...if she is coming?" "If" is the conjunction,
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ใˆใˆใจใ€็–‘ๅ•็ฌฆใชใ—ใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ€Œโ€ฆโ€ฆๆฅใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰๏ผŸใ€ ใ€ŒIfใ€ใฏๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ€
08:33
subject is "she", "is coming" is your verb. And you have a full clause, and the full clause
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ไธป่ชžใฏใ€Œsheใ€ใ€ใ€Œis comeใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จ็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จ็ฏ€
08:38
acts as the object to "know". So far so good.
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ใฏใ€Œ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใพใงใฏ้ †่ชฟใงใ™ใญใ€‚
08:43
Now, when do we use a subject complement? Generally when we have a "be" verb as your
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ใงใฏใ€ใ„ใคไธป่ชž่ฃœ่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใ€ไธปใชๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ—ใฆใ€Œbeใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
08:48
main verb or any copular or linking verb, like: "seem", "appears", or "looks like".
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ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็พใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใชใฉใฎใ‚ณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒฉใƒผๅ‹•่ฉžใพใŸใฏๆŽฅ็ถšๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€‚
08:55
These are not action verbs. They're just situation verbs, and so we use them like a "be" verb,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ‹•ไฝœๅ‹•่ฉžใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹็Šถๆณ ๅ‹•่ฉžใชใฎใงใ€"be" ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚„็ญ‰ๅทใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
09:00
like an equal sign. And we're talking about the subject.
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€็งใŸใกใฏ ไธป้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹.
09:03
So: "Paul isn't..." So, "Paul" is your subject, "is not" is your verb. Is not what?
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰: "Paul isn't..." ใคใพใ‚Šใ€"Paul" ใฏ ไธป่ชžใงใ€"is not" ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใฎ๏ผŸ
09:14
"...what is generally considered handsome." Subject, verb, verb, split up. Okay? "Considered handsome"
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ใ€Œโ€ฆโ€ฆไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซใ‚คใ‚ฑใƒกใƒณใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ€ ไธป่ชžใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ‚คใ‚ฑใƒกใƒณใ€
09:23
is what?
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ใจใฏ๏ผŸ
09:25
The object to "considered". But... So: "is considered handsome" is the subject
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ใ€Œ่€ƒๆ…ฎใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—...ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผš ใ€Œใƒใƒณใ‚ตใƒ ใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€ใฏไปถๅใฎ
09:32
complement, tells you about Paul. Paul is like not handsome. But not... You can't say
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่ฃœๆ•ฐใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใƒใƒผใƒซใซใคใ„ใฆๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒใƒผใƒซใฏ ใƒใƒณใ‚ตใƒ ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“... ใ‚ใชใŸ
09:40
not directly handsome, just most people look at him, they wouldn't think he's a handsome
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ใฏ็›ดๆŽฅใƒใƒณใ‚ตใƒ ใงใฏใชใ„ ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใฏใงใใพใ›ใ‚“
09:46
person, general idea. Okay? But again, subject, verb, subject, complement. Subject, verb,
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. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธป่ชžใ€ ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ไธป่ชžใ€่ฃœ่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€
09:53
object, etc. Subject, verb, object, or whatever. As... You must understand how the independent
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็›ฎ็š„่ชžใชใฉ ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใชใฉใ€‚ As... ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎไฝ็ฝฎใง้ฉๅˆ‡ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
10:01
clause works in order to be able to use the noun clauses properly in their positions.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:06
But so far we've looked at noun clause as subject, noun clause as object, noun clause
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ“ใพใงๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€
10:11
as subject complement. We still have to look at two more uses of the noun clause. Let's
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ใ‚’ไธป่ชžใฎ่ฃœ่ชžใจใ—ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใใŸใ€‚ ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎใ‚ใจ 2 ใคใฎ็”จๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:16
look at those now.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:19
Okay, so now we're going to look at the other two types of noun clauses, or the other two
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ใงใฏใ€ไป–ใฎ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใฎๅ่ฉžๅฅใ€ใพใŸใฏๅ่ฉžๅฅใฎไป–ใฎ 2 ใคใฎ
10:24
uses of the noun clause. The first one we're going to look at is the object again, but
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ไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆ ใซ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชž
10:31
this time we're looking at the object of a preposition. So, in this case, what is a preposition?
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ใงใ™ใŒใ€ไปŠๅ›žใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:39
Words like "for", "about", "to", so these are prepositions, and prepositions take objects.
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ใ€Œforใ€ใ€ใ€Œaboutใ€ใ€ใ€Œtoใ€ใชใฉใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏ ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฏ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:45
So we can use a noun clause as an object to a preposition.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ ใ‚’ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:50
"Sarah should not be held responsible for..." so now I'm giving you an explanation what
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ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒฉใฏ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ในใใงใฏใชใ„โ€ฆใ€ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€
10:57
she shouldn't be responsible for. "...for what her brother does." So, again, here's
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ๅฝผๅฅณใŒ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’่ฒ ใ†ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œโ€ฆโ€ฆ ใŠๅ…„ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใฎใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ“
11:02
your noun clause. And it is the object of "for". And the whole expression with a preposition
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ใซๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€Œforใ€ใฎๅฏพ่ฑกใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ไผดใ†่กจ็พๅ…จไฝ“
11:10
is a complement to "be held responsible". I'm completing the meaning. But this is not...
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ใฏใ€ใ€Œ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’่ฒ ใ†ใ€ใ‚’่ฃœๅฎŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฏ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“... ใ“ใ“ใฏ
11:17
This is where you have to be careful. It's not an object to the verb: "should not be held",
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ๆณจๆ„ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œใ™ในใใงใฏใชใ„
11:22
it's an object to the preposition "for".
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ใ€ใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงใฏใชใใ€ ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ€Œforใ€ใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
11:25
Here's another example, and here I'm going to have two. So sometimes remember an object...
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ใ“ใ“ใซๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใง ใฏ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ™‚ใ€…ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„...
11:30
A sentence can have many objects, just like a noun clause can be used many times.
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11:35
"It's more a question of..." so here's your preposition. "...of whom she said it to than..." and here's...
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ใ€ŒIt's more question of...ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ...ๅฝผๅฅณใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸใฎใฏ่ชฐใงใ™ใ‹...ใ€ใใ—ใฆใ“ใ“ใซ...
11:44
This is another preposition. "...than why she said it." So, whom she said it to is more
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅˆฅใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œโ€ฆโ€ฆๅฝผๅฅณใŒใใ† ่จ€ใฃใŸ็†็”ฑใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใชใœๅฝผๅฅณใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸใฎ
11:51
the thing we need to understand more than why she said it. But again, it doesn't matter
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ใ‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใŒ่ชฐใซ่จ€ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™. ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
11:56
because here's your... Here's your first one. Here's your first noun clause. Notice I'm
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ... ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅ่ฉžๅฅใงใ™ใ€‚
12:01
using "whom" because it's "to whom". Okay? And: "than why she said it", so here's another
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ใ€Œ่ชฐใซใ€ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€Œ่ชฐใซใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€ŒใชใœๅฝผๅฅณใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใซๅˆฅใฎ
12:09
noun clause object. Object here, object here. It doesn't matter what preposition you're
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ๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ€‚ ไฝฟ็”จใ— ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใฏ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
12:15
using, but if it needs an object, you can use a noun clause for that.
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ใŒใ€ใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใซๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:20
And then we have the adjective complement. Adjective complement. So sometimes we have
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž่ฃœ่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉžใฎ่ฃœ่ถณใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
12:27
a sentence that's complete, but then we want to give a bit more information because although
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ใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใŒ
12:32
the sentence is complete, the idea is complete, it needs more information. So... I shouldn't
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ๆ–‡ใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใงใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๆƒ…ๅ ฑใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰...็งใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€ใ†ในใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›
12:37
say that. The idea is not necessarily complete, but the sentence is complete and can stand
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ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฏๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ๅฎŒๅ…จใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใŒใ€ๆ–‡ใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใงใ‚ใ‚Š
12:43
on its own. It's an independent.
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ใ€ใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใง็ซ‹ใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็„กๆ‰€ๅฑžใงใ™ใ€‚
12:45
So: "I am happy", a complete sentence. "I am happy", it's a complete idea as well, but
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๅนธใ›ใงใ™ใ€ใ€ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ็งใฏ ๅนธใ›ใงใ™ใ€ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ™ใŒ
12:51
there are many reasons to be happy, so I want to give more information to make it a more
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ใ€ๅนธใ›ใซใชใ‚‹ใซใฏๅคšใใฎ็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅฎŒๅ…จใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใŸใ„ใจ
12:58
complete idea. So then I can add in a noun clause with "that". Now, you notice I put
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่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™. ใใ‚Œใงใ€ ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆๅ่ฉžๅฅใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็งใŒ
13:04
it between brackets. Why? Because I can take it out.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‹ฌๅผงใฎ้–“ใซๅ…ฅใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ™. ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ ๅ‡บใ›ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚
13:08
"I am happy that you've decided to come."
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใจๆฑบใ‚ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใงใ™ ใ€‚ใ€
13:10
or: "I'm happy you've decided to come." Now, more often than not, people will take
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ใพใŸใฏ๏ผšใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฑบใ‚ใฆใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ็พๅœจใ€ๅคšใใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏ
13:17
this out. Why? Because extra words. We don't need them. You will understand it's there.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใชใ‚“ใง๏ผŸ ไฝ™ๅˆ†ใช่จ€่‘‰ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ ๅฟ…่ฆใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
13:22
Just concentrate on what I'm saying. So, again, subject, verb, "to come", object. All of this
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ใŸใ ็งใฎ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใซ้›†ไธญใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซ ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ€Œๆฅใ‚‹ใ€ใ€็›ฎ็š„่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆ
13:30
is giving me more information about the happy. Happy why? That you've decided to come.
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ใŒใ€ๅนธใ›ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’็งใซไธŽใˆใฆใใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅนธใ›ใช็†็”ฑใฏ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใจๆฑบใ‚ใŸใ“ใจใ€‚
13:38
"I'm unsure", "I am unsure", again, complete sentence, technically, but there's a reason
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ใ€Œ็งใฏ็ขบไฟกใŒๆŒใฆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏ็ขบไฟกใŒๆŒใฆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใŒใ€ๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡็ซ 
13:46
you're not sure. Right? So you want to complete this idea with a noun clause.
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ใงใ™ใŒใ€็ขบไฟกใŒๆŒใฆใชใ„ใฎใซใฏ็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใŸใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:54
"I'm unsure if he's coming." Conjunction. Now, be careful, "if" is also an adverb conjunction. But this
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ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ใ€ ็ตๅˆใ€‚ ใ€Œifใ€ใ‚‚ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใชใฎใงๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
14:03
is not an adverb situation, this is a noun clause, conjunction, subject, verb, that's
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ใฏๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎ็Šถๆณใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅ่ฉž ็ฏ€ใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ€ไธป่ชžใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€
14:08
it. Complete clause.
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ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆก้ …ใ€‚
14:10
Now, one last thing I want to mention: Remember I said a noun clause can be a subject, it
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใค่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฏไธป่ชžใซใ‚‚็›ฎ็š„่ชžใซใ‚‚ใชใ‚Šๅพ—ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
14:16
can be an object, so you can have a sentence that the subject is a noun clause and the
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ไธป่ชžใŒๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใง็›ฎ็š„่ชžใŒๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใงใใพใ™
14:22
object is a noun clause. So it looks very complicated, but it's not.
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ใ€‚ ใจใฆใ‚‚่ค‡้›‘ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
14:27
"That she might be right",
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ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€ใ€
14:32
this is your noun clause subject, "is" is your main verb, "what frightens me."
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎไธป่ชžใงใ™ใ€ใ€Œใงใ™ใ€ ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ใ€Œ็งใ‚’ๆ€–ใŒใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
14:38
Noun clause again as subject complement. "Her being right scares me." is another way to
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ไธป่ชž่ฃœ่ชžใจใ—ใฆๅ†ใณๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณ ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใฏ็งใ‚’ๆ€–ใŒใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€ ๅˆฅใฎ
14:45
say it. But some people like to have very fancy, very long sentences. And again, why
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่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ€้žๅธธใซๆดพๆ‰‹ใง้žๅธธใซ้•ทใ„ๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚’ๅฅฝใ‚€ไบบใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€
14:51
would I write: "That she might be right is what frightens me" and not if...
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ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ ใฏ็งใ‚’ๆ€–ใŒใ‚‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎ
14:56
"It's scary that she might be right." Like, with this kind of sentence. Both are okay. This one
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ใงใ™ใ€ใจๆ›ธใใฎใฏใชใœใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ ใฟใŸใ„ ใชใ€ใ“ใ‚“ใชๆ–‡ใงใ€‚ ใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅคงไธˆๅคซใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ
15:03
will be more emphatic. People will listen to this sentence or read this sentence with
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ใฏใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผท่ชฟใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ไบบใ€…ใฏ ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่žใใ‹ใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’
15:08
more attention, because it's long, because you started a sentence with "That" which is
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๆ‰•ใฃใฆ่ชญใ‚€ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ้•ทใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ใพใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใงๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
15:12
not very common. So you're forcing something. You're forcing the reader, if it's written,
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ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ๅผทๅˆถใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€่ชญ่€…ใซ
15:18
to take attention, to give attention. Not very commonly used in spoken English, but
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ๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฃ่ชž่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„
15:24
it is sometimes. In written English, much more common.
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ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๆ™‚ใ€…ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸ ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
15:28
Last sentence: "How you go about doing your work should not affect when you get it done."
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡: ใ€Œ ไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่กŒใ†ใ‹ใฏใ€ใ„ใคๅฎŒไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ™ใ‚‹ในใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
15:36
"How you go about doing your work", so how you work... Your... "...should not affect",
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"How you go about going your work", so how you work... Your... "...should not impact"ใ€
15:44
this is your main verb. "...when you get it done." I don't care how you do your work,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎไธปใชๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œโ€ฆโ€ฆใ‚„ใ‚Š้‚ใ’ใŸใ‚‰ ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏๆฐ—ใซใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“
15:52
that's not important. How you do it is how you do it. When you finish is more important
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ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏ้‡่ฆใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใจใใฏ
15:56
to me. And how you do it should have no bearing, should have no affect on when you finish it,
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ใ€็งใซใจใฃใฆใ‚ˆใ‚Š้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ‹ใฏใ€็ท ใ‚ๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใซ้–“ใซๅˆใ†ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใซ้–ขไฟ‚ ใชใใ€ใ„ใค็ต‚ไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ในใใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
16:02
if you finish it at the deadline. But again, we're not too worried about the meaning right
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Š ใพใ™ใŒใ€ไปŠใฏๆ„ๅ‘ณใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ใพใ‚Šๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
16:06
now, we're worried about the structure. Noun clause subject, main verb, noun clause object,
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ใ€‚ๆง‹้€ ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉž ็ฏ€ใฎไธป่ชžใ€ไธปๅ‹•่ฉžใ€ๅ่ฉž็ฏ€ใฎ็›ฎ็š„่ชžใ€
16:12
complete sentence. This whole thing is technically an independent clause, but again, it's considered
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ๅฎŒๅ…จใชๆ–‡ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅ…จไฝ“ใฏๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใซ ใฏ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใ—ใŸ็ฏ€ใงใ™ใŒใ€็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซ
16:19
a complex sentence because it uses both simp-... Sorry. Independent and dependent clauses to build it.
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ใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ไธกๆ–นใฎ simp-... ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€่ค‡้›‘ใชๆ–‡ใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆง‹็ฏ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎ็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใจๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใ€‚
16:28
Now, I've given you a lot of information today. I know it might be a little bit confusing.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ใŠไผใˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
16:33
Make sure that you have a bit of background. There's a good lesson I did on the sentence
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่ƒŒๆ™ฏใŒๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๆ–‡ใฎ็จฎ้กžใซใคใ„ใฆใ€็งใŒ่กŒใฃใŸ่‰ฏใ„ๆ•™่จ“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
16:39
types: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, so four sentence types. You should review
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ใพใ™: ๅ˜็ด”ใ€่ค‡ๅˆใ€่ค‡ๅˆใ€่ค‡ๅˆ-่ค‡ๅˆ ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š 4 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใฎ็จฎ้กžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
16:46
that video, it will help a little bit with this as well. And this might also help you
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ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‚ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸ
16:50
understand that lesson. I also did an introduction lesson to dependent clauses. If you want,
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ใŒใใฎๆ•™่จ“ใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซใ‚‚ๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“. ๅพ“ๅฑž็ฏ€ใฎๅฐŽๅ…ฅใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚‚่กŒใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ๅฟ…่ฆใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€
16:57
you can review that. This gets a little bit more detail. Of course, I will also make videos
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’็ขบ่ชใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใงๅฐ‘ใ— ่ฉณใ—ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“
17:03
about the adjective clause and the adverb clause. They will come later, you will see
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ใ€ๅฝขๅฎน่ฉž็ฏ€ใ‚„ๅ‰ฏ่ฉž ็ฏ€ใฎๅ‹•็”ปใ‚‚ไฝœใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅพŒใงๆฅใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
17:08
those. And there's also going to be a lesson about the... Or there is a lesson about the
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ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€็‹ฌ็ซ‹็ฏ€ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€
17:13
independent clause, where I explain all the pieces in a little bit more detail. This is
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ใ™ในใฆใฎ ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
17:18
advanced grammar, but if you're going to be writing, you need to know this stuff. And
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้ซ˜ๅบฆใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใงใ™ใŒใ€ๆ›ธใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใชใ‚‰ ใ€ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็ŸฅใฃใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
17:25
if you have some problems reading, especially if you're taking a test, IELTS, TOEFL, CAE,
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ใ€็‰นใซ IELTSใ€TOEFLใ€CAEใชใฉใฎ
17:30
whatever test you're taking, if you're having problems with some of the readings - knowing
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ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใƒชใƒผใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใฎไธ€้ƒจใซๅ•้กŒใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
17:34
how to identify clauses will help you a lot in understanding what is written there. Okay?
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ๅฅใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ“ใซๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ไธŠใงๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
17:42
So, I hope this is all clear. I hope you like this lesson.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ™ในใฆๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ
17:46
Please subscribe to my YouTube channel if you did.
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ใ€็งใฎ YouTube ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
17:49
If you have any questions about this, please go to www.engvid.com.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใคใ„ใฆ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
17:53
There's a forum there, you can ask your questions. I'll be happy to answer them. There's also
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ใใ“ใซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒฉใƒ ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ–œใ‚“ใงใŠ็ญ”ใˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
17:57
a quiz there that you can practice, and get some more examples of noun clauses, and make
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ใ€็ทด็ฟ’ใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ๅ่ฉžๅฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ๅ–ๅพ—ใ—ใฆใ€
18:02
sure you understand them.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็ขบๅฎŸใซ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
18:04
And of course, come back, get a lot more great lessons at engVid,
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ใใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ engVid ใงใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅคšใใฎ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ€
18:08
and see you again soon. Bye-bye.
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ใพใŸใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‰ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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