WRITING – Advanced English Transitions: thereby, thereof, hereby, therein, wherein, whereby...

936,413 views ・ 2018-04-21

Adam’s English Lessons


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Hi again, everybody.
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Welcome to www.engvid.com.
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I'm Adam.
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In today's video we're going to look at transitions.
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Now, you may have seen some other videos on engVid about transitions, especially for writing.
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What we're going to look at today are a few more specific transitions, but this time we're
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not looking at transitions between paragraphs or even transitions between sentences.
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Okay?
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We're looking at transitions that we are generally using in a sentence to shift from one idea
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to another idea in a sentence.
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So they're very similar to, like, adverb...
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Adverb clauses, for example, but they're used in different ways.
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But, again, they do have their specific purposes.
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Now, you'll also notice that all of them or most of them start with: "there" plus a preposition,
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or "where" plus a preposition, and we have the one special one: "hereby".
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So: "Thereby", "Thereof", "Thereafter", "Therein", "Therefore", "Wherein", "Whereby", "Hereby",
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these are the words we're going to look at and how they're used within sentences.
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Now, before I explain these to you and show them...
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Show you samples of how they're used, I want you to understand that these are generally
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very formal, very high-end.
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They're not very commonly used.
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There are other ways you can say these things without being too serious, I guess you could say.
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But if you're going to university, if you're going to take a test, IELTS, TOEFL, SAT, all
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these tests - you will see these and you should be able to use them as well.
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And if you can actually use them properly in your essays, and like, again, nicely, appropriately,
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good timing, your score...
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That'll help your score.
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It should go up quite a bit because these are not very easy to use.
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So, we're going to start with "thereby".
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"Thereby" basically means by which, or through which, or like through this action something happened.
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It's a little bit similar to: "due to".
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The only problem is you can't use it in the same structure as "due to".
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Okay?
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So let's look at the first sentence.
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"The team lost the final game of the season, thereby missing the playoffs."
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So, basically by doing this, by losing the last game, the result...
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What happened?
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They missed the playoffs.
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But notice that we are using an "ing" here: "...thereby missing the playoffs", right?
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This is basically a gerund expression, a gerund phrase, but we can't use this with a clause.
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We're using it with an "ing".
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So that's one thing you have to keep in mind.
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If I wanted to use "due to", I would have to change the whole structure.
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"Due to their loss in the final game of the season, the team missed the playoffs."
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A completely different structure.
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I'm using the independent clause, here, the "due to" with the cause, etc.
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This one gives you another option, basically, on how to link the ideas.
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Cause, effect.
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But we don't have to use the "ing", we can use another way.
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"Lisa studied for three straight weeks and was thereby able to pass her test."
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So she studied, studied, studied, and through this action she was able to pass her test.
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And: "...and was thereby", "...and she was thereby able".
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Notice that I'm not using this to start the clause; I'm using it within the clause, between
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the verbs to show through this action, this was the result that she was looking for.
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Okay?
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So: "by which", "through which action".
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Let's look at "therein".
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"The new contract does not allow for extended maternity leave;" here I'm using the semi-colon,
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I'm going to give you the next idea, so this is like a conjunction.
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"...therein lies the problem for the union, 60% of whose membership is young women".
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So, "therein" basically means in that, or into that situation, problem, position, state, etc.
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So, "therein".
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"Therein" means: In what?
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In this situation, in this new contract there's a problem.
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So: "...therein in this new contract lies a problem", and this is a very common follow-up
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to the transition "therein".
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"...therein lies the problem".
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A very famous expression: "...therein lies the rub" from Shakespeare.
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"Aye, there's the rub."
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I'm not sure if you know that expression, I think from Hamlet, dream to...
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If you dream and you can die, it's all good, but then: Oh, there's a problem - you don't
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wake up.
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So: "...therein lies the rub".
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A very common expression to use with "lies".
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But: "The tomb and all the contents therein"-means all the contents in the tomb-"were photographed
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before analysis could begin".
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Again, much...
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There are much easier ways to say this.
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"The tomb and all its contents were photographed", so why should I use "therein"?
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To sound pretty, to sound sophisticated, to sound academic.
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Okay?
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This is the thing about academic writing when you get to universities, it's all about how
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many words and how nice the words are.
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Of course there's...
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Content is very important and what you had to say, but they also want you to write very
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academically.
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And this is a very academic word.
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You're not going to see this in newspapers, you're not going to see this in everyday writing.
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You will see it a lot when you get to university or college, and start reading academic textbooks,
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and papers, etc.
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So, the same basically applies to most of these.
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The preposition definitely gives you a hint of how the word is used, but we're going to
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look at some more examples and go through each one, and make sure we understand it.
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Okay, so we're going to look at four more now: "thereof", "therefore", "thereafter",
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"wherein".
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Now, the first thing you're going to start noticing is that basically use the preposition
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in the word and just think about replacing the word "there" with "that".
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So: "thereof" means "of that".
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Let's look at an example.
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"Both parties had their sights focused on the northern regions, especially the demographics
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thereof", so the demographics...
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Oh, sorry.
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"...and were preparing for an ad war".
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The demographics, this means the statistics, the information about what type of people
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live there, like their ages, their ethnicity.
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Are they...?
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Which party do they lean to?
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So all the information about the people.
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So we're talking about the demographics of the people in the northern regions.
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Okay?
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"They had their sights focused on the northern regions, especially the demographics of the
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northern regions".
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So we have the "that", "of that", now the key is to realize what "that" is.
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Remember that when we use "that" as a demonstrative pronoun, we're always pointing to something
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that has already been mentioned, and it's very important that it should be very clear
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what has been mentioned.
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The demographics of the northern regions, as I already mentioned, and were preparing
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for an ad war.
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Okay?
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"Fine wines, and a knowledge thereof, are a luxury few can afford."
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So: "fine wines" and "a knowledge thereof", knowledge of fine wines.
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Okay?
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So this is what we're doing, we're just linking things together using more formal language.
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Do you need to practice this a lot?
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No.
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You need to recognize it, and if you can, throw in one or two every once in a while.
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I personally like "whereby" and "thereby", I use those pretty often in my writing, but
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I don't need to.
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I just like to have a little bit of variety when I write, so you can keep that in mind
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as well.
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"Therefore", again, this is the most commonly used one.
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Everybody has been taught this as a transition to reach a conclusion, or basically it means
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"because of that", and again, "that", something that's already mentioned.
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So: "I think, therefore I am."
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So, because I think, because of that, I am.
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Notice we're using...
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This is followed by a clause, subject, verb.
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Here we don't have to follow it by a clause.
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We can just use it by itself as an adverb.
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Here it could be used as a conjunction, introducing an idea in a clause, subject, verb, about
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the independent clause.
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"I am well-prepared", now, here, again I'm using this, I'm starting a new idea, but I'm
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still linking.
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"...there is no reason, therefore, that I should stumble".
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So, because of that, because I am well-prepared, there is no reason I should stumble.
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Okay?
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Reaching a conclusion, saying because, and again, this is the one that you're going to
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use the most in your writing and even in your spoken English.
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Okay?
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"Thereafter", this is very straightforward, it means "after that", a very specific situation
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or event.
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"He worked at the university until he retired;" and again I'm starting a new sentence, but
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I'm using it like a conjunction, a semi-colon.
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"...thereafter" means after he retired, "he took on sporadic work as a consultant".
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It means sometimes here and there he worked.
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So, after that, after he retired.
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Now, one thing I also want to mention: "therefore" and "thereafter", and before we had "therein",
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these are...
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These can be commonly used to begin a sentence.
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All the rest of them are always within a sentence; they're not commonly used to begin a sentence,
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they're always part of the structure.
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Now we're getting to the "wheres", okay?
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Where...
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"Wherein" basically also means "in that" or: In what way?
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Or: In which way?
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That's another use.
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Another, basically meaning...
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Sorry, another use basically is: How?
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Okay?
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"The affidavit did not implicitly outline", oh, this is a "t".
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"...did not implicitly outline wherein Mr. Smith had broken any laws".
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So, the affidavit, this is like a paper that you take...
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That is given in the court that lists all the problems, all the charges the person is
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going to face, and what brings a person to court.
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And this, it did not show in this how he had broken any laws.
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So we have no reason to think he's guilty, we have no reason to even arrest him.
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Okay?
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"Wherein".
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Now, the thing about "wherein", this is the least commonly used one of all of the ones
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I wrote on before.
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Okay?
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Recognize it, don't try to use it.
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It's very...
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It's a little bit old-fashioned, a little bit too formal, not very commonly used.
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Okay?
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Just a few more and we're done, and you can start writing your thesis.
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Okay, here's our last two.
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And like I said, this is my favourite one; I use it regularly.
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"Whereby" means by which or through which, or in accordance with which.
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"The company introduced a new incentive program whereby all employees were given an equal
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shot at the bonuses."
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So, basically, this is referring to the program.
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So, the new incentive program...
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So, according to this program, all employees were given an equal shot at the bonuses.
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Again: "whereby" followed by a full clause, subject, and verb clause.
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But again it's related back to the last situation: A new program by which, or through which,
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or in accordance with which, this is what will happen from now on or from that time
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on.
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Okay?
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And "hereby".
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Now, "hereby" you will hear more than you will read.
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It has very specific situations where you will read it, but you will hear it actually
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quite often, and I'll give you some examples.
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The most common place you'll read it is when somebody resigns or gives up a position.
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"Given the present circumstances, I hereby resign my post as CEO."
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Okay?
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There's a company, there was a scandal, and because of this scandal, the CEO says: "Okay,
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I need to retire.
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I need to be accountable, take responsibility."
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So: "With this letter I resign", so by means of this declaration, by means of this statement,
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that's what "hereby" means.
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It means with this letter, with this declaration, with this speech, this is what I am doing.
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"I hereby resign" within the clause.
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Now, if you watch the Olympics, you go to the opening ceremonies, there's like a...
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All the athletes come in and then the torch finally comes in, and then after the torch
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the President or whoever of the country or of the IOC, of the Olympic Committee, says:
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"I hereby declare the Olympic Games open", so by saying it, it is true.
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That's what "hereby" means, and that's why it's very commonly used when expressing a
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situation, or in written letters when you're...
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Especially when you're resigning.
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"I hereby resign", "I hereby declare", "I hereby hand over the company to my son", etc.
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With this letter, this is what I am doing.
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Again, all of these words are commonly used in academic and more formal writing.
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I urge you, those of you who are a bit more advanced levels who are going to be taking
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a test, who are going to be going to an English-speaking university where you will have to do some
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writing, academic writing, pick two, three of these transitions and try to use them,
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try to implement them in your writing to give it a little bit more style, a little bit more
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flare, a little bit more formality.
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Okay?
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I hope this lesson was clear enough.
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Oh, one more thing.
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I know that I used somewhat difficult sentences, maybe lots of new vocabulary for you, but
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again, the reason I did that is because all of these words: "there/wherebys", all of these
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transitions are generally used with higher-end sentences, with higher-end vocabulary; they're
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not used with simple English, which is why the sentences were not very simple either.
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So keep that in mind.
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And also I just want to say hi to Hossain, he requested this lesson.
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He actually had a whole list of other transitions, but there were too many, so I put a nice little
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selection now; I will do another lesson for the other ones at another time.
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If you like this lesson, please subscribe to my YouTube channel.
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If you have any questions about it, please go to www.engvid.com, join the forum and ask
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your questions; I'll be happy to answer them.
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There's going to be a quiz...
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There is a quiz, I should say, at www.engvid.com, you can try your luck with these words and
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see if you understand them.
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And, of course, come back, see us again; I'll have more good lessons, hopefully, for you.
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And I'll see you then. Bye.
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