How & when to use LESS, FEWER, LESSER, and LEAST in English

137,781 views ・ 2019-09-24

Adam’s English Lessons


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:00
Hi.
0
149
1000
00:01
Welcome to www.engvid.com.
1
1149
1000
00:02
I'm Adam.
2
2149
1000
00:03
In today's video I want to talk to you about some confused words.
3
3149
3631
00:06
Now, these are words that are everyday words; they're actually pretty basic words, but people
4
6780
4880
00:11
mix them up all the time.
5
11660
1899
00:13
Now, this is especially important for those of you taking the IELTS test and especially
6
13559
4941
00:18
in Task 1 where you're going to have to compare some information in a bar graph or a pie chart, etc.
7
18500
6500
00:25
But it's also very useful for everybody who's learning English because we're looking at
8
25040
4040
00:29
the words: "lower" and "less".
9
29099
2031
00:31
And, again, very simple words, but mixed up all the time.
10
31130
4450
00:35
Now, while we're already here, I also thought I'd give you a quick look at a couple other
11
35580
5460
00:41
words, or three other words: "lesser", "least", and "lessen".
12
41040
4440
00:45
"Lessen", it sounds like the lesson you have at school or this particular lesson, but notice
13
45480
4390
00:49
that it is an "e", not an "o", so it's a different "lessen" and I'll talk about that in a moment.
14
49870
5660
00:55
So, we're going to start by looking at the function of these two words: "lower" and "less".
15
55530
4830
01:00
Okay?
16
60360
1000
01:01
The first thing to keep in mind: "Less" is the opposite of "more".
17
61360
4310
01:05
Okay?
18
65670
1000
01:06
So we're talking about a quantity, we're talking about an amount of something and we're making
19
66670
4180
01:10
a comparison; both of them are used to compare two things.
20
70850
4420
01:15
And we use "less" when we have an uncountable amount; time, money, water.
21
75270
5620
01:20
Okay?
22
80890
1000
01:21
"I have less water than she has.", "I have less time than she has." etc.
23
81890
4930
01:26
"Lower" is the opposite of "higher".
24
86840
1780
01:28
Okay?
25
88630
1000
01:29
"Higher", "lower", so we're talking about level; we're not talking about quantity or amount.
26
89630
5890
01:35
Okay?
27
95580
1000
01:36
That's the big difference.
28
96590
1000
01:37
Okay?
29
97590
1000
01:38
Different level or different... now, here I put "amount", and I'm not talking about
30
98590
2870
01:41
"amount" in terms of this amount; I'm talking about "amount" - the number, and I'm going
31
101460
4810
01:46
to explain that when I give you some examples.
32
106270
2490
01:48
When I use the word: "amount", or "number", or "rank", etc.
33
108760
3160
01:51
I'm going to be using the word "lower".
34
111920
2360
01:54
When I'm not using these words, when I'm not giving you the totality of something, then
35
114280
4450
01:58
I'm going to be probably talking about "less" when I'm talking about amount.
36
118730
3970
02:02
This will make sense in a moment, I hope.
37
122700
1920
02:04
So, let's start with "less", okay?
38
124620
2310
02:06
The first thing you need to remember is that "less" can be an adjective or an adverb.
39
126930
5559
02:12
As an adjective: "These days, people have less free time than they had in the past."
40
132489
5400
02:17
Okay?
41
137889
1121
02:19
How much free time now; how much free time then - the quantity: More/less.
42
139010
5839
02:24
In the past - less; now - more.
43
144849
2950
02:27
As an adverb, meaning that it's going to modify, it's going to give you some extra information
44
147799
5080
02:32
about the verb.
45
152879
1260
02:34
Here, I'm giving you extra information about the noun - that's why it's an adjective.
46
154139
5301
02:39
Adverb: "Tech devices cost less today than in the past."
47
159440
5990
02:45
So, cost less.
48
165430
1589
02:47
Okay?
49
167019
1000
02:48
So, as an adverb, we're talking about the verb.
50
168019
3571
02:51
"Lower" is never an adverb, and it can't be used in this way.
51
171590
3399
02:54
"Tech devices cost lower today" does not work because "lower" is not an adverb.
52
174989
5920
03:00
Okay.
53
180909
1000
03:01
Now, just before we get to "lower", I just want to make sure that everybody understands
54
181909
4360
03:06
the difference between "fewer" and "less".
55
186269
2681
03:08
"Less" - uncountable; "fewer" - countable.
56
188950
4319
03:13
So if something is countable and you're comparing the amount - "fewer".
57
193269
4241
03:17
"There were fewer people at this year's conference."
58
197510
4239
03:21
I can count how many; 10 people, 12 people, 20 people, etc.
59
201749
3671
03:25
I can count them, so there were fewer this year than last year.
60
205420
4189
03:29
Time I can't count: "Less time than last year or in the past", okay?
61
209609
4890
03:34
So that's "less".
62
214499
1610
03:36
Let's look at "lower".
63
216109
1000
03:37
Okay, so now we're going to look at "lower", okay?
64
217109
2681
03:39
"Lower" can be an adjective: "Tech devices have a lower cost today than they did 20 years ago."
65
219790
6370
03:46
Okay?
66
226180
1000
03:47
We're using it as an adjective to describe the cost, so $20, $10.
67
227199
4940
03:52
Here we're talking... we're not talking about amount; we're talking about level of price.
68
232139
3460
03:55
Right?
69
235599
1000
03:56
20.
70
236599
1000
03:57
10 is lower than 20-right?-in terms of level.
71
237599
2600
04:00
Notice, though, and this is a little bit tricky; this is where you have to get into the nuances
72
240199
5270
04:05
of the language.
73
245469
1380
04:06
Sorry.
74
246849
1090
04:07
"Tech companies have fewer costs today than they did 20 years ago."
75
247939
5110
04:13
Completely different meaning.
76
253049
1010
04:14
I just wanted to point this out.
77
254059
1990
04:16
Why can I use "fewer" here?
78
256049
2301
04:18
And because we're talking about cost.
79
258350
2460
04:20
In this sentence, "cost" means: How much does it cost the company to operate or to make
80
260810
5359
04:26
its products?
81
266169
1000
04:27
Here, "cost" means price; the price of the devices.
82
267169
3650
04:30
Right?
83
270819
1000
04:31
So make sure you know what is pointing to what, okay?
84
271819
2751
04:34
That's a little bit off topic, but I just wanted to mention that anyway.
85
274570
3810
04:38
Another thing about "lower" - it can be a verb; obviously "less" cannot.
86
278380
4689
04:43
"Companies are striving to lower the costs of their products."
87
283069
4121
04:47
Okay?
88
287190
1000
04:48
So, this is the main thing that separates it; you can't use "less" as a verb, you can
89
288190
4341
04:52
use "lower".
90
292531
1169
04:53
You can't use "lower" as an adverb, and you can use "less" as an adverb.
91
293700
5170
04:58
Let's look at a couple more examples, here.
92
298870
2019
05:00
"Gold is a lower-risk investment than the stock market", for example.
93
300889
5791
05:06
Now, here I'm using it as a compound.
94
306680
3100
05:09
And "lower risk", I'm talking about the risk.
95
309780
2449
05:12
I'm not talking about a quantity, how much risk is there; I'm talking about the level
96
312229
3971
05:16
of risk - high risk, low risk.
97
316200
2390
05:18
Right?
98
318590
1000
05:19
So, when we're talking about level, we're going to use "lower".
99
319590
2599
05:22
But: "Gold involves less risk than the stock market."
100
322189
4841
05:27
How much risk are you taking on when you buy gold?
101
327030
3250
05:30
How much risk are you taking on when you invest in the stock market?
102
330280
4340
05:34
So ask yourself the question: "Can I ask: 'How much?'"
103
334620
3479
05:38
Here: "How high of a risk am I taking?
104
338099
3171
05:41
How low of a risk?
105
341270
1100
05:42
How much risk?"
106
342370
1000
05:43
That's a little bit of a difference.
107
343370
1519
05:44
Now, might be a little bit difficult to distinguish between these two sometimes.
108
344889
4891
05:49
In some... in some cases you can probably use either one; but in most cases you can't.
109
349780
5050
05:54
So, level: high/low; quantity: much or more... yeah, much or less than that.
110
354830
7730
06:02
Now: "Polyester is a lower-quality material."
111
362560
4210
06:06
Here you have to be careful.
112
366770
1709
06:08
"...a lower-quality material", so the "a" goes with "material" obviously; "quality"
113
368479
5071
06:13
goes with "material"; "lower" tells you something about "quality".
114
373550
3260
06:16
Now, here we're not comparing two different things.
115
376810
4829
06:21
I'm not comparing the, let's say, polyester and cotton; I'm comparing... i'm giving an
116
381639
6121
06:27
idea of the level of quality: high quality/low quality; not how much quality.
117
387760
5920
06:33
Okay?
118
393680
1019
06:34
So that's another thing you have to be careful.
119
394699
1611
06:36
If I'm using the actual word about the leveller... as I mentioned before, there was quality,
120
396310
6410
06:42
amount, number, rate, etc.
121
402720
1890
06:44
If I'm actually using that word in the sentence, I'm always going to use "lower"; not "less".
122
404610
6519
06:51
"A lower amount of money".
123
411129
2341
06:53
If I want to use "less", I just say: "less money"; I don't need to use the word "amount".
124
413470
4099
06:57
"A lower number of people" or "fewer people".
125
417569
4521
07:02
Now, if you want to count numbers... so, there's a conference, and every year a certain number
126
422090
6680
07:08
of people come, but over the last few years there has been fewer numbers of people coming
127
428770
6579
07:15
to the event, so fewer numbers.
128
435349
3301
07:18
But if I'm just using number, then I'm going to use "lower".
129
438650
3140
07:21
Amount - lower, quality - lower, rate - lower, rank - lower; not less, because these are
130
441790
5529
07:27
levellers, basically, we're talking about.
131
447319
1791
07:29
We're talking about the thing we use to count with; not the thing we use to count the amount,
132
449110
5850
07:34
like measure the amounts with.
133
454960
1539
07:36
Okay?
134
456499
1000
07:37
I hope this is a little bit clear; but again, this is the main ones: "lower" versus "less".
135
457499
4691
07:42
Now I'm going to give you a bit of a bonus with: "lessen", "lesser", and "least".
136
462190
3670
07:45
Let's look at those.
137
465860
1000
07:46
Okay, so now we're going to look at these few words: "Lesser", "lessen", and "least".
138
466860
4299
07:51
Let's start with "lesser".
139
471159
1401
07:52
"Lesser" basically means "less", but we're talking about quality or degree.
140
472560
4590
07:57
Okay?
141
477150
1000
07:58
So: "Item A is of a lesser quality."
142
478150
3509
08:01
You could say: "...of a lower quality", and that's fine, too.
143
481659
3141
08:04
So you can... you can mix "lower" and "lesser", but not "lower" and "less".
144
484800
5560
08:10
Okay?
145
490360
1000
08:11
That's where English gets a little bit confusing.
146
491360
1040
08:12
So, "lesser" is about degree or quality, and then you can mix it.
147
492400
3470
08:15
But this is a much more or... sorry, I should say less-commonly-used word, and therefore
148
495870
7269
08:23
if... again, this is for the IELTS-takers: If you're going to be writing and you can
149
503139
4180
08:27
use words that are not commonly used, your score goes up if you do... if you use them
150
507319
4660
08:31
correctly, right?
151
511979
1000
08:32
And the same with "lessen", which I'll talk about.
152
512979
1831
08:34
A very common expression: "The lesser of two evils", so you have to make a choice about
153
514810
5820
08:40
whatever-politics, business, friendship, anything at all-choice A - bad; choice B - bad, so
154
520630
8650
08:49
you're going to choose the one that is less bad, so we call this: "The lesser of two evils".
155
529280
5750
08:55
And this is another thing to remember: When you...
156
535030
1460
08:56
whenever we use "lesser", it either means less quality or less degree, or you can compare
157
536490
6820
09:03
two things and one is less something than the other, but very specifically about these
158
543310
5690
09:09
two things.
159
549000
1000
09:10
Right?
160
550000
1000
09:11
So: "The lesser of the two evils" is whatever; choice A.
161
551000
4580
09:15
"Jim presents a lesser target than Tom."
162
555580
4010
09:19
Okay?
163
559590
1000
09:20
So, again, let's say politics and we have... i have two people that I want to use as a
164
560590
5380
09:25
communications or spokesperson to go in front of the cameras and speak to the media.
165
565970
4820
09:30
And then I'm thinking: "Okay, well, the media can be pretty mean sometimes.
166
570790
3720
09:34
Right?
167
574510
1000
09:35
They're going to attack one of these guys.
168
575510
2280
09:37
Which of these two guys is less of a target?"
169
577790
3310
09:41
So: "Jim is the lesser target" or "Jim presents", you could say, well, a smaller target means
170
581100
8220
09:49
physically smaller.
171
589320
1000
09:50
So: "Jim is less of a target than Tom" - both of them work.
172
590320
9340
09:59
And then I'm using the "be" verb.
173
599660
1290
10:00
Here I'm using an active verb, and that's one of the differences.
174
600950
3740
10:04
If you can use "lesser" correctly, your IELTS score goes up.
175
604690
3850
10:08
Same with "lessen".
176
608540
1000
10:09
"Lessen" is a verb-okay?-sounds exactly the same as "lesson" with an "o", okay?
177
609540
6280
10:15
"Lessen" - to make less.
178
615820
1750
10:17
Now, most people use "reduce" or "mitigate", and especially IELTS-takers love this word:
179
617570
6400
10:23
"mitigate"; I see it all the time, because it's a word that's relatively easy to memorize,
180
623970
4970
10:28
it means to make less, and especially when you're talking about a negative thing; to
181
628940
4100
10:33
mitigate the pain, mitigate the harm.
182
633040
2210
10:35
Now, what's the problem?
183
635250
1430
10:36
No problem.
184
636680
1020
10:37
If you want to use "mitigate", use it.
185
637700
2280
10:39
But in the essay especially: Don't use it more than once.
186
639980
3790
10:43
Remember: Vocabulary variety or range is one of the scores you're getting there; don't
187
643770
6550
10:50
use it more than once.
188
650320
1000
10:51
If you need another word, you can use "reduce".
189
651320
2470
10:53
But "lessen" is a word that is not commonly used.
190
653790
5370
10:59
Native speakers all know it; they... if you use it, everybody will understand it, but
191
659160
4750
11:03
it's still not commonly used; people just prefer to use "make less" or "reduce".
192
663910
4970
11:08
In the IELTS, use "lessen" and your score goes up because you're using less-common words.
193
668880
6860
11:15
Right?
194
675740
1000
11:16
"We need to lessen the harm of this policy."
195
676740
3680
11:20
So we had... the government has a new policy; and yes, some people will get hurt, but overall
196
680420
4870
11:25
it's a good policy.
197
685290
1490
11:26
So what we need to do is keep the policy but somehow lessen the harm that it will do to
198
686780
4420
11:31
some members of the population.
199
691200
2550
11:33
Okay.
200
693750
1000
11:34
"We need to reduce the harm", "We need to lessen the harm", "We need to mitigate the
201
694750
3640
11:38
harm" - all okay.
202
698390
1620
11:40
Sorry, another thing I wanted to say about the IELTS: The graders know that everybody
203
700010
5340
11:45
is memorizing words, and this is one of the words that most people, for some reason, like
204
705350
4980
11:50
to memorize and use.
205
710330
2040
11:52
You will surprise them by using this correctly.
206
712370
2800
11:55
Do that.
207
715170
1160
11:56
Okay?
208
716330
1000
11:57
And "least".
209
717330
1000
11:58
"Least" is the superlative; "less" is the comparative.
210
718330
3640
12:01
Comparative - two things; "least" - three or more things.
211
721970
3460
12:05
And we're talking about the lowest amount of something.
212
725430
3410
12:08
Right?
213
728840
1000
12:09
"Company A presents the least risk among all the group."
214
729840
4270
12:14
"We have many concerns, the least of which", so the minimal.
215
734110
5650
12:19
Right?
216
739760
1000
12:20
We have many concerns, but the one that is the... the... not the worst, basically.
217
740760
6280
12:27
It's... they're all bad, they're all concerns, but the one that is not that bad is whatever
218
747040
4720
12:31
- that's the least of which.
219
751760
1940
12:33
Okay?
220
753700
1000
12:34
"Sure, there are problems" - we created a new product, and: "Sure, there are problems,
221
754700
4690
12:39
but at least it works."
222
759390
2020
12:41
So that's a very common expression: "at least" - means minimal.
223
761410
3320
12:44
Right?
224
764730
1000
12:45
So there's a minimal positive to whatever the negative is.
225
765730
3760
12:49
Right?
226
769490
1000
12:50
And that's why we use "at least"; very good expression.
227
770490
2550
12:53
So, I hope you understood how to use these words; very useful, especially for those of
228
773040
5690
12:58
you taking the IELTS Task 1 and even the essay - use these words.
229
778730
5200
13:03
If you have any questions about them, please go to www.engvid.com and you can ask me there
230
783930
4760
13:08
in the comment section.
231
788690
1530
13:10
There's also a quiz to make sure you understand how to use all of these words, especially
232
790220
4130
13:14
"lower" versus "less", so take that quiz.
233
794350
3190
13:17
And if you like this video, please subscribe to my YouTube channel and come back for more
234
797540
3970
13:21
lessons on grammar, vocab, all this good stuff.
235
801510
3180
13:24
I'll see you then.
236
804690
1000
13:25
Bye.
237
805690
1
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7