Joshua Chu-Tan: The science of preserving sight | TED

73,076 views ใƒป 2022-02-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Transcriber:
0
0
7000
๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Alex Chang ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:04
Now to start off today, I want everyone in here to close their eyes
1
4300
3840
์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—, ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ์œผ์‹œ๊ณ 
00:08
and think about the first thing you saw this morning when you opened your eyes.
2
8180
4840
์•„์นจ์— ๋ˆˆ๋œจ์ž๋งˆ์ž ๋ญ˜ ๋ดค๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:14
You know, was it that stain on your ceiling
3
14020
2040
์ฒญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฏธ๋ค˜๋˜ ์ฒœ์žฅ์˜ ์–ผ๋ฃฉ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:16
that you keep putting off cleaning?
4
16100
2160
00:18
Was it your partnerโ€™s face or your child jumping on top of you?
5
18300
3600
๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๊ท€์ฐฎ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋…€์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:23
Or was it the morning rays of the sun just creeping in through the blinds,
6
23220
3840
๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋“œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ๋น„์น˜๋Š” ์•„์นจ ํ–‡์‚ด์—
00:27
that mixture of pink, orange and yellow that signifies the start of a new day.
7
27100
4960
๋ถ„ํ™, ์ฃผํ™ฉ, ๋…ธ๋ž‘ ๋น›์ด ์„ž์—ฌ์„œ ์ƒˆ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
00:33
Keep your eyes shut just for a moment longer.
8
33500
2600
์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋ˆˆ ๊ฐ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
00:36
And imagine waking up now, but instead of those beautiful images,
9
36140
3160
๊นจ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:39
all you could see is what you're seeing right now.
10
39340
2760
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ˆˆ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:43
Darkness.
11
43260
1240
์–ด๋‘ ์ด์š”.
00:44
Those thoughts, those images of the first thing you saw this morning
12
44940
3360
์•„๊นŒ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋˜ ์ผ์ƒ์  ์•„์นจ ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด
00:48
being exactly what it is now,
13
48340
2680
์–ด๋‘ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
๊ทธ์ € ๊ธฐ์–ต์œผ๋กœ,
00:51
just a memory,
14
51060
1480
00:52
an image conjured by your brain from your past.
15
52580
3320
๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๊บผ๋‚ด ์˜จ ์ƒ์ƒ์ด ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
00:56
Now open your eyes.
16
56860
1480
์ด์ œ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋œจ์„ธ์š”.
00:59
When I asked people what the one sense that they couldn't live without is
17
59300
3560
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—†์ด๋Š” ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋ญ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์œผ๋ฉด
01:02
most people immediately say, their sight.
18
62860
2880
๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ง์„ค์ž„ ์—†์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
And you can understand why that is.
19
65740
1720
์™œ์ธ์ง€ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
I mean, our vision and what we see
20
67500
1840
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:09
play such an integral role in how we perceive the world around us.
21
69380
3960
์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
Just look at how much we spend on buildings,
22
73380
2120
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„
01:15
on parks, on architecture, on things just to please our visual sense.
23
75540
4760
๋นŒ๋”ฉ, ๊ณต์›, ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ๋‚˜์š”.
01:21
But what if we can't see?
24
81540
1840
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•ž์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
01:24
What if we lose this gift?
25
84580
2200
์‹œ๊ฐ์ด๋ž€ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์žƒ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
01:27
What if slowly but surely,
26
87780
1320
๋А๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
01:29
your visual field looks something like this?
27
89140
3120
01:33
Well, this is exactly what happens
28
93620
1800
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ
01:35
in age-related macular degeneration, or AMD.
29
95460
3240
๋…ธ๋…„์„ฑ ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ, AMD์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
This disease is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world.
30
99860
4120
์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‹ค๋ช… ์›์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
This disease affects one in seven New Zealanders over the age of 50,
31
104020
3760
์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์€ 50์„ธ ๋„˜์€ ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์ธ 7๋ช… ์ค‘ 1๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:47
and yet the most common form of this disease has no cure.
32
107780
4840
๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์—๋Š” ์•„์ง ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
AMD is a serious problem.
33
113780
2280
AMD๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
But we think we have something that may just be the solution
34
117380
2840
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ
02:00
because of tiny molecules called microRNA
35
120260
2200
02:02
that are incredibly powerful gene regulators.
36
122500
2560
์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐ์ ˆ์ฒด์ด์ฃ .
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จผ์ € ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ฃ .
02:05
But first, let's talk a little bit about how we actually see.
37
125100
3640
02:10
Now that is just a stunning structure, isn't it?
38
130380
3640
์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด์ฃ ?
02:15
I could stare at it forever,
39
135300
1640
์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋ด๋„ ์•ˆ ์งˆ๋ ค์š”.
02:16
which is ironic because that's what allows me to do so.
40
136940
2720
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋•์— ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ด์ฃ .
02:20
This is a retina.
41
140580
1680
์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ง๋ง‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
This is the thing that allows us to absorb light bouncing off of objects.
42
142300
3840
๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ๋น›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
This is the thing that allows us to define shapes, define edges.
43
146180
3320
๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ๊ณผ ์œค๊ณฝ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
This is what allows us to see.
44
149540
2720
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด์ฃ .
02:32
It lines the back of the eye and is multilayered,
45
152300
2320
๋ง๋ง‰์€ ์•ˆ๊ตฌ ๋’ค์ชฝ์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
with each layer containing cells with its own respective role.
46
154620
3080
์ธต๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
Now the cell type I want you to know about today are photoreceptors.
47
157700
4000
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์€ โ€˜๊ด‘์ˆ˜์šฉ ์„ธํฌโ€™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
And if you break down the word and figure out what they mean,
48
161700
2960
ํ•œ ๊ธ€์ž์”ฉ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ธ์ง€ ๋ณด๋ฉด
02:44
photo, meaning light, and receptors, or something that receives.
49
164660
4560
๊ด‘์€ ๋น›์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์€ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:49
So they receive the light.
50
169260
2680
์ฆ‰, ๋น›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
So when the light comes into our eye,
51
171940
2000
๋ˆˆ์— ๋น›์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด
02:53
it's received by these cells
52
173940
1600
์ด ๊ด‘์ˆ˜์šฉ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์„œ
02:55
and through a series of processes
53
175580
1960
02:57
begins to convert it into an electrical signal
54
177580
2640
์ „๊ธฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
that has been sent to the brain.
55
180260
1560
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‡Œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃ .
03:01
Eventually, this will form an image.
56
181820
2880
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
This is the first step to our vision,
57
184700
1840
์ด๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ
03:06
to everything we see, to you looking at me right now.
58
186580
3440
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ, ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
Now there's a specialized region within the retina known as the macula.
59
192100
4120
๋ง๋ง‰ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
It's approximately 5 millimeters in diameter
60
196260
2360
์ง€๋ฆ„์ด ์•ฝ 5๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ธ๋ฐ
03:18
and houses another even more specialized region known as the fovea.
61
198620
3720
๋” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€์œ„์ธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์™€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:23
Now when the light comes into our eye,
62
203260
1920
๋น›์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด
03:25
it's concentrated to focus on this region of the retina.
63
205220
3840
๋ง๋ง‰์˜ ์ด ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋งž์ถฐ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
It's responsible for pretty much all of our useful day to day vision,
64
209860
3280
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
from our color perception
65
213180
1240
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ‰๊น”๋„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ, ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
to our high visual detail, to our central vision.
66
214460
2480
03:36
All of this mediated by this tiny region.
67
216940
3240
์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
This is also the region where your photoreceptors begin to die
68
221460
3480
๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๋ถ€์œ„๋Š”
AMD ํ™˜์ž๋“ค ๋ˆˆ์—์„œ ๊ด‘์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
if you have AMD.
69
224940
2200
03:47
In fact, a 1.5-millimeter lesion in this area,
70
227180
3520
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ๋ถ€์œ„์— 1.5๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„,
03:50
which is approximately the thickness of a credit card,
71
230700
3360
์ฆ‰, ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ ๋‘๊ป˜ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ณ€์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด,
03:54
will render you legally blind.
72
234100
1840
๋ฒ•์  ์‹ค๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
Unfortunately, AMD is an incredibly complex disease,
73
237420
4240
๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ AMD๋Š” ๋ชน์‹œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
and what this means is if you try and block a single thing
74
241660
3480
ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ‘์„ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:05
leading to the disease,
75
245180
1240
04:06
it's very likely that something else would just come and take its place.
76
246460
3440
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ์ฃ .
04:09
Whether that be well establish causes, such as inflammation or oxidative stress,
77
249900
4160
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ”ํ•œ ์—ผ์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฐํ™” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋“ 
04:14
or things we just don't even know about yet.
78
254100
2760
์•„์ง ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์›์ธ์ด๋“  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
It's the same issue that faces researchers looking into treatments
79
256860
3160
์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋‚˜ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ์ข… ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ€์„ฑ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์˜
04:20
for all kinds of neurodegenerative diseases,
80
260060
2280
์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's.
81
262380
2760
04:26
But what if we could find one therapy that could treat multiple causes?
82
266740
5280
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์›์ธ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
04:32
You know, what if we could get to the root of the disease?
83
272860
3440
์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์•„์˜ˆ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋ฒ„๋ฆด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
04:36
Well, maybe we can, but to get there,
84
276340
2160
๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
04:38
we need to understand just a little bit about genetics.
85
278540
2720
์œ ์ „ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
Now some of you may be familiar with the famous Watson, Crick and Wilkins,
86
282180
4640
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์™“์Šจ, ํฌ๋ฆญ, ์œŒํ‚จ์Šค ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์•„์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
who in many ways were the pioneers of DNA as we know it.
87
286820
4040
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” DNA ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:50
I'm sure a lot of you will also be familiar
88
290860
2240
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
์Šคํ•„๋ฒ„๊ทธ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์˜ํ™”์ธ โ€˜์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์›โ€™๋„ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:53
with Steven Spielberg's epic movie "Jurassic Park."
89
293140
3480
04:56
Remember that scene
90
296620
1280
์˜ํ™”์—์„  ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋นค ์ฑ„ ๋ณด์กด๋œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
04:57
where they have a preserved mosquito with dinosaurโ€™s blood in it,
91
297900
3080
05:00
and they use that to create new dinosaurs
92
300980
2000
์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๊ณ 
๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์œ„ํ—˜์ฒœ๋งŒํ•œ ํ…Œ๋งˆ ๊ณต์›์„ ์„ธ์› ์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:03
and probably the coolest yet most dangerous theme park of all time.
93
303020
4240
05:08
Well, a lot of you probably scoffed at that idea,
94
308500
2560
๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„์›ƒ์œผ์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
05:11
but in some ways, genetically speaking, it's actually true.
95
311100
4320
์œ ์ „ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
As Francis Crick said, DNA makes RNA,
96
316620
3640
ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ํฌ๋ฆญ์ด ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด, DNA๊ฐ€ RNA๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ,
05:20
RNA makes protein, and protein makes us.
97
320300
3520
RNA๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
This is the central dogma of genetics.
98
324620
3560
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ์ „ํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
You can think of DNA as the code,
99
328220
1920
DNA๋ฅผ ์ฝ”๋“œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
coding for just about everything about us,
100
330180
2160
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ๋‹ด์€ ์ฝ”๋“œ์š”.
05:32
so it makes us human and not a monkey, a rat or a dog.
101
332380
4440
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์›์ˆญ์ด, ์ฅ, ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:36
So it makes us unique individuals.
102
336820
1640
๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
It's what makes us who we are,
103
338500
1480
์ด ๋•์— ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฑด ๊ทธ์ € ์ฝ”๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
but it is just the code.
104
340020
2600
05:42
So without the other components of this central dogma,
105
342620
2680
๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด
05:45
it's just going to sit there like a book waiting to be read.
106
345340
2840
์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ชป ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๋…๋˜๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
05:48
Knowledge from this book just waiting to be implemented.
107
348220
3480
์ฑ…์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ง€์‹์ด ๋‹ด๊ฒผ๋“  ์•ˆ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฌด์šฉ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
05:51
Now your RNA are your messengers responsible for bringing some of that code
108
351700
3800
์ด์ œ ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” RNA๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ธํฌ์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
and telling our cells,
109
355540
1320
05:56
OK, this is what needs to be produced right now.
110
356860
3000
โ€œ์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด์ž.โ€
06:00
Then the protein that's made is your functional component,
111
360740
2720
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ชธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ์ผ๊พผ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
or your workers, if you will.
112
363500
1440
06:06
You can actually think of this central dogma
113
366700
2280
์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ๋ž‘ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋ƒ๋ฉด
์กฐ๋ฆฝ์‹ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ํŒ๋งค์—…์ฒด์ธ ์Šค์›จ๋ด IKEA์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
as Swedish flatpack furniture giant IKEA.
114
369020
3080
06:13
Think of the IKEA warehouse as your DNA,
115
373220
2600
IKEA ๋งค์žฅ์„ DNA๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:15
containing all of the code,
116
375820
1360
๋ชจ๋“  ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:17
all the instructions for how these pieces of furniture will be made,
117
377220
3240
๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์„œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
06:20
but nothing is actually assembled yet.
118
380500
1840
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง„ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
You choose what you need and you come out of the warehouse
119
383100
2800
ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑธ ๊ณจ๋ผ์„œ ์„ค๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋งค์žฅ์„ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
with a set of instructions for your furniture.
120
385900
2240
์ด ์„ค๋ช…์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ RNA์ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
The set of instructions is your RNA, copies and copies of these instructions,
121
388180
3640
์ด ์„ค๋ช…์„œ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์žฅ์„ ๋‚˜์™€์„œ
06:31
leaving the warehouse, telling us exactly how we assemble these pieces of furniture.
122
391820
4880
์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์ฃ .
06:36
Then the fully functional furniture, whether it be your wardrobe or a couch,
123
396700
3960
์˜ท์žฅ์ด๋“ , ์†ŒํŒŒ๋“ , ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์™„์„ฑํ’ˆ์ด
06:40
that's your protein, all assembled, ready to do what they need to do.
124
400660
4760
๋ชธ์† ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:45
DNA makes RNA, RNA makes protein, and protein makes us.
125
405460
5160
DNA๊ฐ€ RNA๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ,
RNA๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
Now when we talk about a standard gene therapy,
126
412020
3400
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์œ ์ „์ž ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:55
you're often looking at a single target.
127
415460
2080
๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์œ ์ „์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
So gene therapies are fantastic
128
418340
1720
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์œ ์ „์ž ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š”
07:00
for diseases that can be attributed to a single gene mutation
129
420100
3320
์œ ์ „์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
or single root cause.
130
423460
1520
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ AMD ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์€ ์›์ธ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:05
But for a disease like AMD,
131
425020
1640
07:06
where there's multiple possible causes,
132
426660
2400
07:09
it's just not as useful at this point in time.
133
429660
2640
์œ ์ „์ž ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‹ฅ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
But there's another type of RNA called microRNA.
134
432340
3880
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ RNA๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:16
And instead of coding for the creation of protein,
135
436940
2600
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
07:19
these microRNA can actually control which RNA are being read.
136
439580
4600
์–ด๋–ค RNA๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋…๋ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
They are incredibly powerful molecules,
137
445020
2280
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ์„œ
07:27
with a single microRNA having the ability
138
447340
2480
๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 200๊ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
07:29
to control up to 200 different targets
139
449820
2040
07:31
in what is known as negative regulation.
140
451860
3120
์Œ์„ฑ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์š”.
07:35
What this means is that when it binds to an RNA,
141
455020
2520
๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ด๋ƒ๋ฉด, RNA์— ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์œผ๋ฉด
07:37
it stops it from being read and the protein from being produced.
142
457580
4560
RNA ํ•ด๋…๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋„ ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
So let's go back to IKEA.
143
463540
2240
IKEA ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:45
Imagine microRNA as an officer roaming the car park of IKEA,
144
465780
4000
๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
IKEA ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ
07:49
checking everything that's coming out of the warehouse
145
469780
2600
๋งค์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
07:52
for a particular type of furniture.
146
472420
2440
์–ด๋А ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
Now notice I say type.
147
474860
2080
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
This is what I mean by a pathway.
148
476940
2280
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
So let's say we're suffering from a coffee table epidemic
149
480100
2720
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ปคํ”ผ ํƒ์ž ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
08:02
where people are just cluttering their living rooms
150
482820
2440
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์‹ค์„ ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ปคํ”ผ ํƒ์ž๋กœ
๋ณ„ ์ด์œ  ์—†์ด ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ณ  ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ณ  ๋˜ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
with coffee tables upon coffee tables upon coffee tables for no apparent reason.
151
485300
3840
08:10
Now IKEA will sell hundreds of different kinds of coffee tables,
152
490060
3440
IKEA๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ปคํ”ผ ํƒ์ž๋ฅผ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
08:13
but they're all still coffee tables serving the same general function.
153
493540
3800
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์€ ์ปคํ”ผ ํƒ์ž๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:18
A microRNA officer will recognize this
154
498340
2200
๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:20
and specifically get rid of all coffee table instructions.
155
500580
4040
๋ชจ๋“  ์ปคํ”ผ ํƒ์ž ์„ค๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฝ• ์ง‘์–ด์„œ ์—†์•จ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:24
Doesn't matter the shape, the size or the color.
156
504620
3320
๋ชจ์–‘, ํฌ๊ธฐ, ์ƒ‰๊น” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด
08:27
If itโ€™s a coffee table, the instructions will no longer be read,
157
507940
3240
์ปคํ”ผ ํƒ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์„ค๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
08:31
and it will no longer be assembled.
158
511220
2040
๋” ์ด์ƒ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:34
This is how microRNA work.
159
514300
2480
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
They can regulate multiple genes from the same pathway,
160
516780
2760
๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:39
and this is why they are so powerful
161
519580
2280
๋ฌด์ฒ™ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
because we now have the ability to control an entire pathway
162
521860
4280
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
์œ ์ „์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
08:46
rather than a single gene on it.
163
526180
2760
08:49
MicroRNA have only really been discovered since the turn of the century,
164
529940
3400
๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋Š” 21์„ธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:53
and yet there are already multiple microRNA-based therapeutics
165
533380
3040
์ด๋ฏธ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•๊ณผ
08:56
and clinical trials for complex diseases such as cancer.
166
536460
3640
์•”๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
This shows their potential.
167
540780
1360
์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:02
This shows their rapidness in going from the lab bench
168
542180
3200
์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์‹ค๋กœ ์‹ ์†ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
to the clinical bedside.
169
545420
1480
09:07
So let's recap.
170
547860
1880
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์š”์•ฝ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
09:09
We have an incredibly complex disease known as age-related macular degeneration,
171
549740
3880
๋…ธํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ, ๋˜๋Š” AMD๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
09:13
or AMD.
172
553620
1280
09:14
A disease that affects the central vision
173
554900
1960
์ค‘์‹ฌ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ 
09:16
with the most common form having no known cure or treatment.
174
556860
3320
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
We have DNA, code that makes us us.
175
560220
2480
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ, DNA๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
We have RNA messengers for the creation of protein,
176
562700
2680
๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋ น RNA๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:25
and then we have microRNA, controllers of this process.
177
565420
3600
์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
09:30
So in order to decide which microRNA might be effective in AMD,
178
570340
4480
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๊ฐ€ AMD ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
09:35
we used a technique that allowed us to figure out
179
575420
2880
๋ง๋ง‰์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA์™€
09:38
all of the active microRNA in the retina and the targets they're controlling.
180
578340
4880
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์„
์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
Using this technique, we found thereโ€™s a particular microRNA
181
584100
2840
์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA-124๋ผ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋กœ
09:46
known as microRNA-124,
182
586940
2480
09:49
our hero of the story.
183
589460
1920
์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
124 was far and wide the most abundant and active microRNA
184
591420
4080
124๋Š” ๋„“๊ณ  ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”,
๋ง๋ง‰์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™œ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋„‰๋„‰ํžˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด์ฃ .
09:55
that we found in the retina.
185
595540
1680
09:57
It's definitely playing a role.
186
597260
1560
๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:58
In fact, we found that it's playing an anti-inflammatory role.
187
598820
3480
์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•จ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
This is one of the pathways that it acts on.
188
602340
2120
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 124๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
So it controls the production of highly inflammatory molecules
189
605220
3560
๋ง๋ง‰์ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ
์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
when the retina gets too stressed.
190
608780
1920
10:11
124 is strong.
191
611620
1840
124๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
It's a great worker, helps the greater good.
192
613500
2480
์•„์ฃผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ผ๊พผ์ด๊ณ , ์˜์›…์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Œ€์˜๋ฅผ ๋•์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
Exactly like a hero should.
193
616020
2240
10:19
So we looked in the retinas of AMD patients
194
619260
3400
์ €ํฌ๋Š” AMD ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ง๋ง‰์„ ๋ณด๊ณ 
10:22
and what we found was this.
195
622660
1720
์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
124, stained in red,
196
625380
2280
๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ํ•œ 124๋Š”
10:27
was completely absent from the central retina of AMD patients
197
627660
4720
๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋–„,
AMD ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ง๋ง‰์—๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:32
compared to a healthy individual.
198
632420
2240
10:34
Completely.
199
634660
1240
์ „ํ˜€์š”.
10:37
Remember the part of your retina
200
637020
1560
๋ง๋ง‰์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
10:38
responsible for pretty much all of our useful vision?
201
638580
2520
๊ทธ ๋ถ€์œ„์— 124๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
Well, 124 is missing there.
202
641140
1920
10:44
And this is what we think is happening.
203
644260
2360
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ธกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
124 is the most active microRNA in the retina,
204
646620
2600
124๋Š” ๋ง๋ง‰์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™œ๋™์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
meaning that it's working a lot even in a disease state,
205
649260
3200
๋ณ‘์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์„ ๋–„์—๋„ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
10:52
fighting off danger molecules,
206
652500
1680
๋” ํฐ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์ž, ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:54
inflammatory molecules that will cause even more harm.
207
654220
2880
10:57
Now the retina recognizes this
208
657140
1680
๋ง๋ง‰์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ 
10:58
and activates more and more of our 124.
209
658820
2920
124๋ฅผ ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
However, the retina eventually gets overwhelmed.
210
661740
3680
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ง๋ง‰์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ œ์••๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
Tragically, our heroes can no longer keep fighting
211
665460
2400
๋น„๊ทน์ ์ด๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ด ์˜์›…๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‹ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ 
11:07
and start dying off
212
667860
1280
์ „๋ฉธ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:09
to the point where they are completely absent.
213
669180
2600
11:11
Exactly like we see in those AMD patients.
214
671780
3000
๋ฐ”๋กœ AMD ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
11:15
The enemies keep coming.
215
675580
1360
์ ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์† ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
124, though, no more, missing in action.
216
676940
4200
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 124๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์—†๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์ฃ .
11:21
And as a consequence, our retina suffers.
217
681180
2160
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ง๋ง‰์ด ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ž…์–ด์š”.
11:23
Our vision suffers.
218
683380
2480
์‹œ๋ ฅ์ด ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ž…์–ด์š”.
11:27
So in a study we published last year,
219
687300
2520
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž‘๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
11:29
we supplemented 124 to animals that have undergone retinal damage.
220
689820
4720
๋ง๋ง‰ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์— 124๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ถฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
And through an injection of these molecules into the eye,
221
694580
2680
์ด ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋ˆˆ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
11:37
what we saw was that animals receiving the treatment
222
697260
2960
์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
11:40
had better retinal function,
223
700260
1680
๋ง๋ง‰ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ข‹์•„์กŒ๊ณ ,
11:42
had less photoreceptor cell death
224
702900
2280
๊ด‘์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ์„ธํฌ ์†์ƒ์ด ์ ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
11:45
and had less inflammation.
225
705220
2280
์—ผ์ฆ์ด ์ ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
These are preliminary experiments but a very promising start at that.
226
708820
3640
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์‹œํ—˜์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ๋งํ•œ ์‹œ์ž‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
Our next step is to carefully analyze all of the targets
227
713260
2920
์ €ํฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š”
124๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
that this 124 acts to control.
228
716220
1880
11:59
And we're also particularly interested
229
719260
1880
์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ดธ์‹ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
12:01
in how it is that these microRNA travel in the retina
230
721180
3600
์ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์†Œํ†ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
12:04
as a form of communication between cells.
231
724780
2080
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ง๋ง‰์—์„œ ์ด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
Now what do I mean by this?
232
726860
1560
์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
12:08
Well, we mainly focused on photoreceptors,
233
728460
3200
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ด‘์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์— ์ง‘์ค‘์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
12:11
but the retina is an interconnected network,
234
731660
2720
๋ง๋ง‰์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง์œผ๋กœ์„œ
12:14
with every cell contributing to its overall function.
235
734420
2920
๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
In this same study,
236
738140
1720
์•„๊นŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
12:19
we found that 124 moves from the photoreceptor cells
237
739860
3920
124๋Š” ๋ง๋ง‰์ด ์†์ƒ๋œ ํ›„์—๋งŒ
12:23
to another cell type,
238
743780
1280
๊ด‘์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
but only after the retina is damaged.
239
745100
2840
12:29
Too often we kind of look at what's happening in the cells,
240
749380
2800
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
12:32
completely forgetting there's actually a space in between them.
241
752220
2960
์„ธํฌ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ ์žŠ์–ด์š”.
12:35
So if we can harness this
242
755220
1720
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
12:36
and discover how and why these microRNA move between cells,
243
756940
3040
๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์™€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:40
then we can engineer a deliverable vehicle
244
760020
2480
์ •๊ตํ•œ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
12:42
to transport the microRNA that we want exactly where we want it.
245
762540
5480
๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
Now I want everyone to have a look at this image again.
246
770300
2600
์ด์ œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:54
And imagine living the rest of your life with vision like this.
247
774460
3720
ํ‰์ƒ์„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:59
So next time you're with your loved ones,
248
779700
2160
๋‹ค์Œ์— ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
13:01
study their faces, their every feature.
249
781860
2640
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
13:05
Next time you wake up in the morning,
250
785740
1800
๋‹ค์Œ์— ์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋–„,
13:07
pay attention to every single detail of what you're seeing.
251
787580
3880
๊ทธ๋–„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์จ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
13:12
Use that gift of sight
252
792460
2640
์„ ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ 
13:15
and cherish these memories.
253
795140
2520
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ถ”์–ต๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
13:17
Because as I said,
254
797660
1280
์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์•„๊นŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด, ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
13:18
one in seven of you will lose this ability if nothing is done about this disease.
255
798940
5080
7๋ช… ์ค‘ 1๋ช…์€ ์ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
13:25
With an aging demographic in current times,
256
805860
2920
ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ ‘์–ด ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ
13:28
our society seems to be very concerned about living longer
257
808780
3680
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—
13:32
and extending our lifespan.
258
812500
2120
๋งค์šฐ ์น˜์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
But this is so wrong.
259
815260
2120
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋์–ด์š”.
13:38
Trust me when I say this.
260
818220
1840
์ œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์œผ์„ธ์š”.
์žฅ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹ต์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
Longevity is not the answer.
261
820100
3000
13:43
Quality is the answer.
262
823140
2400
์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
It's not about --
263
826420
1360
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:47
(Applause)
264
827780
1920
13:53
It's not about how long we can live, no.
265
833820
4880
์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋А๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
It's about how long we can live well.
266
838700
2760
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ž˜ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋А๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
And with the use of microRNA
267
842340
1800
์ €ํฌ์˜ ํฌ๋ง๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š”
14:04
our hope and our goal is that for millions of people,
268
844180
4600
์ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ
14:08
this image can become clearer
269
848780
2560
์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋” ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
for longer.
270
852340
1760
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
Thank you.
271
854140
1400
14:15
(Applause)
272
855580
1560
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7