The living tech we need to support human life on other planets | Lynn Rothschild

49,634 views ใƒป 2019-07-22

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
0
0
7000
๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Joseph Geni ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—” ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€
00:12
For thousands of years, well, really probably millions of years,
1
12208
4435
๋˜ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š”์ง€
์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์ธ์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
our ancestors have looked up at the sky and wondered what's up there,
2
16667
4017
์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ์“ด๋‹ค๋Š”
00:20
and they've also started to wonder,
3
20708
2851
00:23
hmm, could we be alone in this planet?
4
23583
3334
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‚˜์œ ์†Œ์‹์ด์ง€๋งŒ
์ œ๊ฒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ๋ˆ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์„œ ํ–‰์šด์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
00:27
Now, I'm fortunate that I get to get paid to actually ask some of those questions,
5
27833
5768
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•ฝ 10๋…„ ์ „์—
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ€ํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:33
and sort of bad news for you,
6
33625
1434
์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๋„๋ก ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:35
your tax dollars are paying me to try to answer some of those questions.
7
35083
3435
00:38
But then, about 10 years ago,
8
38542
1517
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
I was told, I mean asked,
9
40083
2810
๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ด€์ค‘๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด
00:42
if I would start to look at the technology to help get us off planet,
10
42917
3809
๋ณด์Šคํ†ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์—†๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ
00:46
and so that's what I'm going to talk to you about today.
11
46750
3018
ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
So playing to the local crowd,
12
49792
1809
00:51
this is what it looks like in your day-to-day life in Boston,
13
51625
3601
์šฐ๋ฆฐ WGBH ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ์œ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
but as you start to go off planet, things look very, very different.
14
55250
4042
์ด๊ฑด ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋‹์ด ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์ฃ .
01:00
So there we are, hovering above the WGBH studios.
15
60542
3375
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€
01:05
And here's a very famous picture of the Earthrise from the Moon,
16
65750
3643
ํ™”์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋Œ์•„๋ณธ ๊ฑธ ์ฐ์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
and you can see the Earth starting to recede.
17
69417
2541
์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์„ธ์š”?
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ข€ ๋„์™€๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
01:13
And then what I love is this picture
18
73125
2059
01:15
that was taken from the surface of Mars looking back at the Earth.
19
75208
3143
(์›ƒ์Œ)
๋„ค.
01:18
Can anyone find the Earth?
20
78375
1292
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ™”์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ๊ณ ์š”.
01:21
I'm going to help you out a little.
21
81042
1708
๊ณ„์† ์ „ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
(Laughter)
22
83875
1684
์šฐ์ฃผ ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ธ๋ถ€์กฐ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
Yeah.
23
85583
1268
01:26
The point of showing this is that when people start to go to Mars,
24
86875
3559
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„
01:30
they're not going to be able to keep calling in
25
90458
2226
ํ•œ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
and be micromanaged the way people on a space station are.
26
92708
3143
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ, ์ƒํ™œ์ง€์›,
01:35
They're going to have to be independent.
27
95875
2101
์Œ์‹, ์˜ท, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:38
So even though they're up there,
28
98000
1559
01:39
there are going to be all sorts of things that they're going to need,
29
99583
3268
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๊ทธ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
just like people on Earth need things like, oh, transportation,
30
102875
3476
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘๋ ฅ์˜ 1/3์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
life support, food, clothing and so on.
31
106375
3518
๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€, ์ „๋ ฅ, ์—ด, ๋น›, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
01:49
But unlike on Earth, they are also going to need oxygen.
32
109917
2934
์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”
01:52
They're going to have to deal with about a third of the gravity that we have here.
33
112875
3893
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
They're going to have to worry about habitats, power, heat, light
34
116792
3142
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:59
and radiation protection,
35
119958
1560
๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ œ์•ฝ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
something that we don't actually worry about nearly as much on the Earth,
36
121542
3476
๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—…๋งค์Šค (๊ถค๋„ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฃŒ ๋ฌผ์ฒด)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
because we have this beautiful atmosphere and magnetosphere.
37
125042
3726
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์˜จ ์ˆซ์ž์ฃ .
02:08
The problem with that is that we also have a lot of constraints.
38
128792
4351
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ถค๋„์— ์ฝœ๋ผ 1์บ”์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์•ฝ 10,000๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
So the biggest one for us is upmass,
39
133167
3017
๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด 10,000๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
02:16
and the number that I've used for years
40
136208
1893
02:18
is it costs about 10,000 dollars to launch a can of Coke into low Earth orbit.
41
138125
5559
๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ถค๋„์— ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋‹ฌ, ํ™”์„ฑ, ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์—๋„ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
The problem is, there you are with 10,000 dollars later,
42
143708
2851
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
02:26
and you're still in low Earth orbit.
43
146583
1768
์ž‘์€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
You're not even at the Moon or Mars or anything else.
44
148375
3268
02:31
So you're going to have to try to figure out
45
151667
3184
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น„์šฉ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ง๊ณ 
02:34
how to keep the mass as low as possible so you don't have to launch it.
46
154875
4083
์ €์žฅ, ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€
์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
But on top of that cost issue with the mass,
47
159792
3476
๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์„œ โ€œ์–ด๋จธ, ๋‚˜ ๊นœ๋นกํ•˜๊ณ  ์žŠ์€ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด.โ€ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
02:43
you also have problems of storage
48
163292
3017
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ์กด๋‹ท์ปด์ด ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ž–์•„์š”.
02:46
and flexibility and reliability.
49
166333
2518
02:48
You can't just get there and say, "Oops, I forgot to bring,"
50
168875
4268
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ค€๋น„๋ผ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€์š”?
02:53
because Amazon.com just does not deliver to Mars.
51
173167
3851
๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ œ์•ˆํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
02:57
So you better be prepared.
52
177042
2375
ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‚ถ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
So what is the solution for this?
53
180833
2143
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‚ถ์„ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
03:03
And I'm going to propose to you for the rest of this talk
54
183000
3018
โ€˜์•„, ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ๋‚˜.โ€™ ํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
that the solution actually is life,
55
186042
2976
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ. ๋งˆ์น˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
03:09
and when you start to look at life as a technology,
56
189042
2601
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
03:11
you realize, ah, that's it,
57
191667
2226
๋˜ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
03:13
that's exactly what we needed.
58
193917
1934
๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
This plant here, like every person here
59
195875
3018
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์—…๋งค์Šค ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:18
and every one of your dogs and cats
60
198917
2059
03:21
and plants and so on,
61
201000
1768
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ์  ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
all started as a single cell.
62
202792
2184
03:25
So imagine, you're starting as a very low upmass object
63
205000
4559
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์›… ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์€
๋ฌผ๋ก , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„์ž ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
and then growing into something a good deal bigger.
64
209583
2417
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜
03:34
Now, my hero Charles Darwin,
65
214375
2934
03:37
of course, reminds us that there's no such thing as a designer in biology,
66
217333
4601
์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ƒˆ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•ด์„œ
03:41
but what if we now have the technology
67
221958
4393
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
03:46
to design biology,
68
226375
1893
03:48
maybe even design, oh, whole new life-forms
69
228292
4267
์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „์—, ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
that can do things for us that we couldn't have imagined otherwise?
70
232583
3935
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
๋‚˜์‚ฌ์˜ ํŒจ๋„ ์•ž์— ๋ฐ•ํ˜€์„œ
03:56
So years ago, I was asked to start to sell this program,
71
236542
4392
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋งˆ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
04:00
and while I was doing that,
72
240958
1560
ํ•˜์–€ ์…”์ธ ์™€ ์—ฐํ•„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์žฅ์ฐจ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ
04:02
I was put in front of a panel at NASA,
73
242542
4059
๋ฏธ์นœ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๊ฑธ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
as you might sort of imagine,
74
246625
2309
"์ด๊ฑด ์ด ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ํฐ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:08
a bunch of people in suits and white shirts and pencil protectors,
75
248958
3976
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ „ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋†€๋ž„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
๋Œ€์‹  ์œ„์›ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ์ด ๊ทธ์ € ์ ˆ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:12
and I did this sort of crazy, wild,
76
252958
2226
"๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ํฐ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ญก๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
04:15
"This is all the next great thing,"
77
255208
2268
04:17
and I thought they would be blown over,
78
257500
2059
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . โ€œ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ๋ž™์„ ์›ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?โ€
04:19
and instead the chairman of the committee just looked at me straight in the eye,
79
259583
3810
"์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ๋ž™์„ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ํฐ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
04:23
and said, "So what's the big idea?"
80
263417
3059
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
So I was like, "OK, you want Star Trek?
81
266500
2184
04:28
We'll do Star Trek."
82
268708
1268
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์ด ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์ฐํ˜”๊ณ ,
04:30
And so let me tell you what the big idea is.
83
270000
2333
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
We've used organisms to make biomaterials for years.
84
273166
4018
์ง‘ ์ง“๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
04:37
So here's a great picture taken outside of Glasgow,
85
277208
4060
์–‘๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–‘๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
and you can see lots of great biomaterials there.
86
281292
2517
์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:43
There are trees that you could use to build houses.
87
283833
2560
๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ›‘์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
There are sheep where you can get your wool from.
88
286417
3642
๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋™์‹๋ฌผ์ œํ’ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
04:50
You could get leather from the sheep.
89
290083
1935
์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ์•„์„ธ์š”?
04:52
Just quickly glancing around the room, I'll bet there's no one in this room
90
292042
3559
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์–‘๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ํ™”์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:55
that doesn't have some kind of animal or plant product on them,
91
295625
2976
๋Œ€๋ฐ•์ด์ฃ . ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—…๋งค์Šค์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
some kind of biomaterial.
92
298625
1351
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ์š”.
05:00
But you know what?
93
300000
1309
05:01
We're not going to take sheep and trees and stuff to Mars.
94
301333
3101
๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ณ ์ดˆ๊ท ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ํ•˜์–€ ์ ๋“ค์€ ํฌ์ž์˜ˆ์š”.
05:04
That's nuts, because of the upmass problem.
95
304458
2042
์ด๊ฑด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
05:07
But we are going to take things like this.
96
307208
2310
05:09
This is Bacillus subtilis.
97
309542
1601
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ์ €ํ•ญํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋• ๊ทธ๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
Those white dots that you see are spores.
98
311167
2351
๊ณ ์ดˆ๊ท  ํฌ์ž๋Š” LDEF๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์ฆ‰ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ์ถœ ์œ„์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
05:13
This happens to be a bacterium that can form incredibly resistant spores,
99
313542
4017
๊ทผ 6๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ”๊ณ 
05:17
and when I say incredibly resistant, they've proven themselves.
100
317583
3435
๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ช‡์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ƒ์กดํ–ˆ์ฃ 
05:21
Bacillus subtilis spores have been flown on what was called LDEF,
101
321042
3517
๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋‚ซ์ฃ .
05:24
Long Duration Exposure Facility, for almost six years
102
324583
3560
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
05:28
and some of them survived that in space.
103
328167
2351
์–‘๋ชจ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๊ณ ์ดˆ๊ท  ํฌ์ž์— ๋„ฃ์–ด์„œ
05:30
Unbelievable, a lot better than any of us can do.
104
330542
2892
์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚  ๋•Œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
05:33
So why not just take the capabilities,
105
333458
3685
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทธ์ € ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
05:37
like to make wood or to make wool or spider silk or whatever,
106
337167
3851
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚  ๋–„ ๋ฌด์–ผ ํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
05:41
and put them in Bacillus subtilis spores,
107
341042
2434
๊ฑฐ์˜ 50๋…„ ์ „, ๋ฒ„์ฆˆ ์•Œ๋“œ๋ฆฐ์ด ๋‹ฌํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
05:43
and take those with you off planet?
108
343500
4268
์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ฐ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
So what are you going to do when you're off planet?
109
347792
2434
05:50
Here's an iconic picture of Buzz Aldrin looking back at the Eagle
110
350250
3893
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด์ œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ผ ์ผ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ
๋ฐœ์ž๊ตญ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:54
when he landed, oh, it was almost 50 years ago, on the surface of the Moon.
111
354167
4476
๋„ค, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋นˆํ†ต์—์„œ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜
์ผ๋…„ ๋ฐ˜์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
Now if you're going to go to the Moon for three days
112
358667
2476
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
and you're the first person to set foot,
113
361167
1934
06:03
yeah, you can live in a tin can,
114
363125
1559
์•Œ์นดํŠธ๋ผ์ฆˆ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ ,
06:04
but you wouldn't want to do that for, say, a year and a half.
115
364708
4226
06:08
So I did actually a calculation, being in California.
116
368958
3435
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ „ํ•  ์†Œ์‹์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
๋‹ฌ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์˜ ์ด๊ธ€์Šค ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์€
06:12
I looked at what the average size of a cell at Alcatraz is,
117
372417
4476
์•Œ์นดํŠธ๋ผ์ฆˆ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•ด์„œ
06:16
and I have news for you,
118
376917
1309
์˜ค์ง 5ํ”ผํŠธ ๋†’์ด ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:18
the volume in the Eagle there, in the Lunar Module,
119
378250
4101
๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ์ข์€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์žฅ์†Œ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:22
was about the size of a cell at Alcatraz
120
382375
3684
๊ทธ ๊ณณ์— ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ด์•„๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
if it were only five feet high.
121
386083
2101
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๋“ค ์ƒ์ฒด๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
06:28
So incredibly cramped living quarters.
122
388208
3101
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€์ธ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋งˆ์šฐ์–ด๋Š”
06:31
You just can't ask a human to stay in there for long periods of time.
123
391333
3893
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด์˜จ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
So why not take these biomaterials and make something?
124
395250
3083
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์„œ์„œ
๋งˆ๋ฅธ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ
06:39
So here's an image that a colleague of mine
125
399167
2392
06:41
who is an architect, Chris Maurer, has done of what we've been proposing,
126
401583
4143
๊ฐ•์˜ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ท ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
06:45
and we'll get to the point
127
405750
1268
06:47
of why I've been standing up here holding something
128
407042
2434
06:49
that looks like a dried sandwich this whole lecture.
129
409500
3101
์ œ์•ˆํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
So we've proposed that the solution to the habitat problem on Mars
130
412625
5476
์•„๋งˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์„ ๋จน์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ
๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ท ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž ์‹œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
06:58
could just simply lie in a fungus.
131
418125
3601
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด ๊ท ์˜ ์ž์‹ค์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
So I'm now probably going to turn off everyone
132
421750
2684
๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ด์ฃ .
07:04
from ever eating a mushroom again.
133
424458
1893
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ‘์— ์žˆ๋Š”
07:06
So let's talk about fungi for a second.
134
426375
2643
๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋กœ,
07:09
So you're probably familiar with this fruiting body of the fungus.
135
429042
3309
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ
07:12
That's the mushroom.
136
432375
1309
๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌํ„ธ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
But what we're interested in actually is what's beneath the surface there,
137
433708
3518
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐ์€ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
07:17
the mycelium,
138
437250
1309
07:18
which are these root hair-like structures
139
438583
2435
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
07:21
that are really the main part of the mushroom.
140
441042
4226
๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
์Œ์‹์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ฃผ๋ฉด
07:25
Well, it turns out you can take those --
141
445292
2434
๋งŽ์ด ๋จน์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•„์š”. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํ†ฑ๋ฐฅ์— ๋†“๊ณ  ํ‚ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:27
there's a micrograph I did --
142
447750
1726
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ†ฑ๋ฐฅ์— ์ž๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
07:29
and you can put them in a mold
143
449500
2893
๊ทธ ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:32
and give them a little food --
144
452417
1476
07:33
and it doesn't take much, you can grow these things on sawdust --
145
453917
3059
๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์›Œ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ™”์„ฑ ๋ชจ์‚ฌ์ฒด์— ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋ ค ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:37
so this piece here was grown on sawdust,
146
457000
2476
07:39
and that mycelium then will fill that structure
147
459500
3434
๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ํ™”์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๊ฐ€๋ณธ ์  ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
์ด๊ฑด ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
to make something.
148
462958
1476
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ €๊ธฐ ๊ท ์‚ฌ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:44
We've actually tried growing mycelium on Mars Simulant.
149
464458
3601
์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด์ฃ .
07:48
So no one's actually gone to the surface of Mars,
150
468083
2310
์ด๋“ค์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ ?
07:50
but this is a simulated surface of Mars,
151
470417
1934
์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋“ค๊ณผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค ์ด์™ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆœ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:52
and you can see those hair-like mycelia out there.
152
472375
2351
์•„๋งˆ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
07:54
It's really amazing stuff.
153
474750
1768
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
How strong can you make these things?
154
476542
2059
07:58
Well, you know, I could give you numbers and tests and so on,
155
478625
2893
์ด๊ฑธ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:01
but I think that's probably the best way to describe it.
156
481542
2642
๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
์ œ ๋ง์€, ๋ฆฐ, ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ข‹์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ
08:04
There's one of my students proving that you can do this.
157
484208
3018
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ €๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์‹ค ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
08:07
To do this, then, you've got to figure out how to put it in context.
158
487250
3226
์ฆ‰, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ
08:10
How's this actually going to happen?
159
490500
1768
์ž‘์€ ์ง‘ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:12
I mean, this is a great idea, Lynn,
160
492292
1726
08:14
but how are you going to get from here to there?
161
494042
2267
08:16
So what we're saying is you grow up the mycelium in the lab, for example
162
496333
3435
๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ถ€ํ‘ธ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์ •๋„ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:19
and then you fill up a little structure, maybe a house-like structure that's tiny,
163
499792
4851
์ด๊ฑธ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ L.L.๋นˆ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋กœ์ผ“์— ๋„ฃ์–ด ํ™”์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
that is maybe a double-bagged sort of plastic thing, like an inflatable --
164
504667
4267
08:28
I sort of think L.L.Bean when I see this.
165
508958
2435
๋กœ์ผ“์ด ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:31
And then you put it in a rocket ship and you send it off to Mars.
166
511417
4625
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ํŽผ์น˜๋ฉด
๋ฌผ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ด์•„์„œ
์งœ์ž”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:37
Rocket lands,
167
517125
1250
์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ‹์ ธ์š”?
08:40
you release the bag
168
520917
1851
๊ทธ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ค€๋น„๋œ ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹จ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:42
and you add a little water,
169
522792
1766
08:44
and voila, you've got your habitat.
170
524582
2686
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 90%๋ฅผ
08:47
You know, how cool would that be?
171
527292
1726
์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋ฉด ํฐ ์ฒ ๊ณจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
08:49
And the beauty of that is you don't have to take something prebuilt.
172
529042
3809
08:52
And so our estimates are that we could save 90 percent of the mass
173
532875
4018
์ ˆ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฐ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
08:56
that NASA is currently proposing by taking up a big steel structure
174
536917
4351
๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค๊ฐ€์š”?
์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ณผ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:01
if we actually grow it on site.
175
541292
2392
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
09:03
So let me give you another big idea.
176
543708
2393
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:06
What about digital information?
177
546125
1684
09:07
What's really interesting is you have a physical link to your parents
178
547833
3476
๊ทธ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋Š์€ ์ ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
and they have a physical link to their parents, and so on,
179
551333
2768
์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ๋งค์ผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
all the way back to the origin of life.
180
554125
2143
์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์— ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด
09:16
You have never broken that continuum.
181
556292
2434
09:18
But the fact is that we can do that today.
182
558750
2601
์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
09:21
So we have students every day in our labs --
183
561375
2976
"๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ" ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์œ ์ „์ž ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ํ•ด๋‹น ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
students in Boston even do this --
184
564375
2559
09:26
that make up DNA sequences
185
566958
2976
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งˆ์„์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด๋‚ธ
09:29
and they hit the "send" button
186
569958
1768
์‹ ์ฒด์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:31
and they send them to their local DNA synthesis company.
187
571750
3851
์ฐฐ์Šค ๊ฐ• ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™”์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฑด
09:35
Now once you break that physical link
188
575625
3309
๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š์–ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
where you're sending it across town,
189
578958
1768
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ™”์„ฑ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
09:40
it doesn't matter if you're sending it across the Charles River
190
580750
2976
์–ด๋””๋“  ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๋„Œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:43
or if you're sending that information to Mars.
191
583750
2184
๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:45
You've broken that physical link.
192
585958
1601
์‹ ์ฒด์  ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ
09:47
So then, once you're on Mars,
193
587583
1893
์•„๋งˆ ํƒ€ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์— ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ณ 
09:49
or across the river or wherever,
194
589500
2018
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ƒˆ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
you can take that digital information,
195
591542
2226
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์‹œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š์–ด์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์—„์ฒญ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:53
synthesize the physical DNA,
196
593792
2476
ํ™”ํ•™์€์š”?
09:56
put it maybe in another organism
197
596292
1601
09:57
and voila, you've got new capabilities there.
198
597917
2642
์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™”ํ•™์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ง๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
So again, you've broken that physical link. That's huge.
199
600583
3851
์ „ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋“œ์…จ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
What about chemistry?
200
604458
1351
10:05
Biology does chemistry for us on Earth,
201
605833
2351
ํ™”ํ•™์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„์š”.
10:08
and again has for literally thousands of years.
202
608208
2768
๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํฐ ํžŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š”์š”?
10:11
I bet virtually everyone in this room has eaten something today
203
611000
3434
์œ ์ „์ž ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ „์„ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
10:14
that has been made by biology doing chemistry.
204
614458
2685
๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
Let me give you a big hint there.
205
617167
2059
์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์‹ธ์ฃ .
10:19
What about another idea?
206
619250
1601
10:20
What about using DNA itself to make a wire?
207
620875
3309
๋”ธ๊ธฐ์—” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋”ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
Because again, we're trying to miniaturize everything.
208
624208
2524
10:26
DNA is really cheap.
209
626756
1887
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ œ ํ•™์ƒ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ•ด์„œ
10:28
Strawberries have a gazillion amount of DNA.
210
628667
2767
์ „๊ธฐ ์ „์„ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:31
You know, you could take a strawberry with you, isolate the DNA,
211
631458
3560
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์žฅ์†Œ์—
10:35
and one of my students has figured out a way
212
635042
3184
์›์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
to take DNA and tweak it a little bit
213
638250
2226
์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„๊ฐ€์š”?
10:40
so that you can incorporate silver atoms in very specific places,
214
640500
4351
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ธˆ์†์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์„œํ‚ท๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์†์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
thus making an electrical wire.
215
644875
1976
10:46
How cool is that?
216
646875
1684
์•„๋งˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:48
So while we're on the subject of metals,
217
648583
2768
10:51
we're going to need to use metals for things like integrated circuits.
218
651375
4684
ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋น ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์–˜๊ธธ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ• ๊ฒŒ์š”.
10:56
Probably we're going to want it for some structures, and so on.
219
656083
3518
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋น ์ง€๋ฉด
10:59
And things like integrated circuits ultimately go bad.
220
659625
3559
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ ๊ธˆ์†๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋””์„œ ๊ตฌํ•˜์ฃ ?
๋„ค, ์ค‘์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์บ๋‚ผ ์ˆœ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
11:03
We could talk a lot about that, but I'm going to leave it at that,
221
663208
3143
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—…๋ฉ”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
that they do go bad,
222
666375
1768
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, ์ƒˆ ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์†์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ
11:08
and so where are you going to get those metals?
223
668167
2601
11:10
Yeah, you could try to mine them with heavy equipment,
224
670792
2559
์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์—์„œ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธˆ์†์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š”
11:13
but you get that upmass problem.
225
673375
2018
11:15
And I always tell people, the best way to find the metals for a new cell phone
226
675417
3851
๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ์จ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
11:19
is in a dead cell phone.
227
679292
1726
๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ ๋ณ‘ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
11:21
So what if you take biology
228
681042
3517
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชธ์— ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธˆ์†๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ
11:24
as the technology to get these metals out?
229
684583
2435
์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
And how do you do this?
230
687042
1351
11:28
Well, take a look at the back of a vitamin bottle
231
688417
2726
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์†๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œ์ผœ์ค„
11:31
and you'll get an idea of all the sorts of metals
232
691167
3351
์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
that we actually use in our bodies.
233
694542
2351
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
11:36
So we have a lot of proteins as well as other organisms
234
696917
3392
์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•ด์„œ
11:40
that can actually specifically bind metals.
235
700333
2935
ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ํฐ ์ฑ„์ทจ ์žฅ๋น„ ์—†์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
11:43
So what if we now take those proteins
236
703292
2767
๊ทธ ๊ธˆ์†์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
and maybe attach them to this fungal mycelium
237
706083
3226
๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ธ ์ด๋“ค ๊ธˆ์†๋“ค์„ ์–ป๊ณ 
11:49
and make a filter so we can start to pull those metals out
238
709333
3185
ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ธ์‡„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ฆ๋ช…์„
11:52
in a very specific way without big mining equipment,
239
712542
4059
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
and, even better, we've actually got a proof of concept
240
716625
2976
11:59
where we've then taken those metals that we pulled out with proteins
241
719625
3934
์ฐธ ๋ฉ‹์ง€์ฃ ?
์ „๊ธฐ: ๋‚˜์‚ฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:03
and reprinted an integrated circuit using a plasma printer.
242
723583
4018
๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ™”ํ•™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
Again, how cool?
243
727625
1375
12:10
Electricity: I was asked by a head of one of the NASA centers
244
730208
4435
์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฑ€์žฅ์–ด๋งŒ์ด ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ž€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
if you could ever take chemical energy and turn that into electrical energy.
245
734667
4726
์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
Well, the great news is it's not just the electric eel that does it.
246
739417
3226
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋“œ์‹  ์Œ์‹์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š”
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
Everybody in this room who is still alive and functioning
247
742667
3309
์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค, ์ง€๊ฐ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
12:26
is doing that.
248
746000
1726
12:27
Part of the food that you've eaten today
249
747750
1934
์ „๊ธฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ
12:29
has gone to operate the nerve cells in your body.
250
749708
2935
์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ „์„ ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
But even other organisms, nonsentient ones,
251
752667
3434
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
ํ™”ํ•™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:36
are creating electric energy,
252
756125
1726
12:37
even bacteria.
253
757875
1601
๊ทธ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ผ์ด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
12:39
Some bacteria are very good at making little wires.
254
759500
2559
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฐ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
So if we can harvest that ability
255
762083
1893
ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋” ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ . ๋ผ์ดํ”„ 2.0์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
of turning chemical energy into electrical energy,
256
764000
2768
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹น์ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ์†์žก์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
again, how cool would that be?
257
766792
2101
12:48
So here are some of the big ideas we talked about.
258
768917
2351
์™ผ์†์žก์ด ๋‹น์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์™œ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
12:51
Let me try one more: life 2.0.
259
771292
2726
๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋˜ ๊ฑธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
12:54
So for example, all of the sugars in our body are right-handed.
260
774042
4976
12:59
Why shouldn't we make an organism with left-handed sugars?
261
779042
2934
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
Why not make an organism that can do things that no organism can do today?
262
782000
5601
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ์ž๋Š” ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์œ„์— ์žˆ๊ณ ,
์ „ ์ข€ ์ด๋”ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:07
So organisms normally have evolved to live in very specific environments.
263
787625
4434
๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค์ž ๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋””์ž์ธ๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
So here's this lion cub literally up a tree,
264
792083
3226
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค์„
13:15
and I took a picture of him a bit later,
265
795333
2018
13:17
and he was a lot happier when he was down on the ground.
266
797375
2620
๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ์˜๋กœ์Šคํ†ค ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์˜ ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
So organisms are designed for specific environments.
267
800019
3040
์ด๊ฑด ์˜ฅํ† ํผ์Šค ์Šคํ”„๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
But what if you can go back to that idea of synthetic biology
268
803083
3143
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด
์ด๊ฑด ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ชธ๊ณผ ์ด‰์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
and tweak 'em around?
269
806250
1309
13:27
So here is one of our favorite places in Yellowstone National Park.
270
807583
3185
์ด๊ฑด ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋“๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
This is Octopus Springs.
271
810792
1309
๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์˜ ์˜จ๋„์— ๋งž์ถ˜
13:32
If you tilt your head a little bit,
272
812125
1726
13:33
it sort of looks like a body and tentacles coming out.
273
813875
3268
์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งค์šฐ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋†’์€ ๊ณ ์˜จ์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด์ฃ .
13:37
It's above the boiling temperature of water.
274
817167
2101
13:39
Those organisms that you see on the edge and the colors
275
819292
3226
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณ ์˜จ์ด๋‚˜ ์ €์˜จ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ pH ํ˜น์€ ๋†’์€ pH ๋˜๋Š”
13:42
actually match the temperatures that are there,
276
822542
2601
๋†’์€ ์—ผ๋ถ„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
13:45
very, very high-temperature thermophiles.
277
825167
2458
์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ
13:48
So why not take organisms that can live at extremes,
278
828833
3060
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์—
13:51
whether it's high temperature or low temperature
279
831917
2267
์ง‘์–ด ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์™œ ์•ˆ๋˜๋‚˜์š”.
13:54
or low pH or high pH
280
834208
1310
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ปฌ์–ด
13:55
or high salt or high levels of radiation,
281
835542
3017
"์ง€์˜ฅ ์„ธํฌ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
and take some of those capabilities
282
838583
2185
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
14:00
and put it into other organisms.
283
840792
1976
์ €ํฐ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
And this is a project that my students have called,
284
842792
2434
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์ง€
14:05
and I love this, the "hell cell."
285
845250
1893
์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
And so we've done that.
286
847167
1309
14:08
We've taken organisms and sort of tweaked them and pushed them to the edges.
287
848500
3726
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
And this is important for getting us off planet
288
852250
2309
14:14
and also for understanding what life is like in the universe.
289
854583
3560
๋จผ์ €, ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š”
์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์ „์ฒด๋Š”
14:18
So let me give you just a couple of final thoughts.
290
858167
2541
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
14:22
First is this whole idea that we have all these needs
291
862542
2976
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์Œ์‹๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋‚œ์ฒ˜, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜
14:25
for human settlement off planet
292
865542
2226
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด ์—…๋ฉ”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
14:27
that are in some ways exactly like we have on the Earth,
293
867792
3184
์ œ์•ฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
that we need the food and we need the shelter and so on,
294
871000
2851
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ† ์ฐฉ ์„์œ ํ™”ํ•™์‚ฐ์—… ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
14:33
but we have very, very different constraints
295
873875
2226
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด๋“ค ์ œ์•ฝ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
14:36
of this upmass problem and the reliability and the flexibility and so on.
296
876125
4268
์ด์ œ๋Š”
14:40
But because we have these constraints that you don't have here,
297
880417
2976
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
where you might have to think about the indigenous petrochemical industry,
298
883417
3517
14:46
or whatever,
299
886958
1726
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ œ์•ฝ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„,
14:48
you now have constraints that have to unleash creativity.
300
888708
3792
ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€๋งŒํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ง„๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
14:55
And once you unleash this creativity because you have the new constraints,
301
895292
4017
๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฐ
14:59
you're forcing game-changing technological advances
302
899333
3601
์‚ถ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ผ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
that you wouldn't have gotten any other way.
303
902958
2250
15:06
Finally, we have to think a little bit,
304
906917
3059
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜๋ฆ„ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋Œ€๋‹ต์œผ๋ก 
15:10
is it a good idea to tinker around with life?
305
910000
4292
์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด ๊ณณ์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์ง‘์— ๋Š‘๋Œ€ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ๋ถ„ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„๋งˆ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์žˆ์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
15:15
Well, the sort of easy answer to that is
306
915083
3560
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์˜ฌ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ํ…Œ์˜ค์‹ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
that probably no one in the room keeps a wolf cub at home,
307
918667
3726
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŒ ๋…„ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ 
15:22
but you might have a puppy or a dog;
308
922417
2684
์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐ์ž‘์„ ํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
you probably didn't eat teosinte this summer, but you ate corn.
309
925125
4184
์ด๊ฑด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ
15:29
We have been doing genetic modification with organisms
310
929333
3851
๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋ณด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
for literally 10,000 or more years.
311
933208
2351
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ
15:35
This is a different approach, but to say all of a sudden
312
935583
3018
ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์œ ์ตํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
humans should never touch an organism
313
938625
2393
15:41
is kinda silly
314
941042
1309
15:42
because we have that capability now
315
942375
2309
15:44
to do things that are far more beneficial for the planet Earth
316
944708
4768
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ 
15:49
and for life beyond that.
317
949500
2083
๋Š๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ,
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
15:52
And so then the question is, should we?
318
952917
1892
15:54
And of course I feel that not only should we,
319
954833
3101
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด ์—…๋ฉ”์Šค ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ถ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:57
at least for getting off Earth,
320
957958
1685
15:59
but actually if we don't use synthetic biology,
321
959667
3017
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ์ „ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งˆ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด์™”๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ด๋ฉฐ
16:02
we will never solve this upmass problem.
322
962708
2476
16:05
So once you think of life as a technology, you've got the solution.
323
965208
4726
โ€œ์—๋“œ ์•„์„ธํŠธ๋ผ.โ€œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋„ค์š”. ์ด๊ฑด โ€œ๋ณ„๊นŒ์ง€โ€œ๋ž€ ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด!
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:09
And so, with that, I'd like to finish the way I always finish,
324
969958
3518
16:13
and say "ad astra," which means, "to the stars."
325
973500
2268
16:15
Thank you very much, Boston.
326
975792
1434
16:17
(Applause)
327
977250
1417
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7