How to Use the Perfect Modals | Should Have, Could Have, Would Have

43,469 views ใƒป 2023-03-15

Speak Confident English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Let me ask you,
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00:01
how often do you think of the past and wish you had made a different
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้ŽๅŽปใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ€ ๅˆฅใฎๆฑบๆ–ญใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€็ตๆžœใ‚’
00:06
decision or regretted an outcome or simply out of
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ๅพŒๆ‚”ใ—ใŸใ‚Š ใ€ๅ˜ใซ
00:11
curiosity,
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00:11
wondered how your life might be different today if you had made a different
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ๅฅฝๅฅ‡ๅฟƒใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅˆฅใฎ้ธๆŠžใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‰ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ
ไบบ็”Ÿใฏใฉใ†ๅค‰ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใ ใ‚ใ†ใ‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹
00:16
choice?
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00:16
It's perfectly natural for us to wonder and reflect on the past
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?
็งใŸใกใŒ ้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆŒฏใ‚Š่ฟ”ใฃใŸใ‚Šใ€
00:21
and experience a mix of emotions in doing so when we want to
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00:26
express those emotions and the thoughts we have about the past,
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ใใ†ใ—ใŸๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚„ ้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’่กจ็พใ—ใŸใ„ใจใใซใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’็ตŒ้จ“ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใซ่‡ช็„ถใชใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
00:30
perfect modals are the ideal way to do just that.
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ๅฎŒ็’งใชใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใฏ ใพใ•ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใŸใ‚ใฎ็†ๆƒณ็š„ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™.
00:34
Perfect modals, such as should have, could have,
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ๆŒใคในใใ€ๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€
00:39
and would have allow us to travel back in time.
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ใใ—ใฆๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅฎŒ็’งใชใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใฏใ€็งใŸใกใŒ ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ•ใ‹ใฎใผใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฏ่ƒฝใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:43
And while the past simple allows us to talk about what happened in the past
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๅ˜็ด”้ŽๅŽปๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจใ€ ้ŽๅŽปๅฎŒไบ†ๆณ•ใงไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€
00:48
perfect modals,
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00:49
allow us to talk about the feelings and thoughts we have associated with the
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00:54
past in this Confident English lesson today,
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใ“ใฎ่‡ชไฟกใซๆบ€ใกใŸ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใซ้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚„่€ƒใˆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚3
00:57
you'll learn how to use three perfect modals, should have,
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ใคใฎๅฎŒๅ…จๆณ•ๆณ•ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ในใใ€
01:02
could have, and would have with structural accuracy,
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ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ€ใใ—ใฆๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‚ใ† ๆง‹้€ ็š„ใชๆญฃ็ขบใ•ใงใ€
01:06
and you'll learn six ways to use perfect modals so that you
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ๅฎŒ็’งใชใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹6ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใ€้ŽๅŽปใซใคใ„ใฆ
01:11
can express how you feel and the thoughts you have about the past in English.
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่€ƒใˆใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่‹ฑ่ชžใง่กจ็พใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™.
01:29
But first, if you don't already know,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใซใ€ใพใ ใ”ๅญ˜ใ˜ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
01:31
I'm Annemarie with Speak Confident English.
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็งใฏ Speak Confident English ใฎ Annemarie ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:33
Everything I do is designed to help you get the confidence you want for your
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็งใŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ™ในใฆใ€
01:38
life and work in English.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฎ็”Ÿๆดปใจไป•ไบ‹ใซๅฟ…่ฆใช่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จญ่จˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™.
01:39
One way I do that is by sharing my weekly Confident English lessons where I
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใฎ 1 ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฏใ€ ๆฏŽ้€ฑใฎ Confident English ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€
01:44
share my top fluency and confidence-building strategies as well as targeted
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ๆตๆšขใ• ใจ่‡ชไฟกใ‚’้ซ˜ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎ ๆˆฆ็•ฅใจใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็š„ใ‚’็ตžใฃใŸ
01:49
grammar lessons just like this one today. So while you're here,
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ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใฏใ€YouTube ใฎ
01:53
make sure you subscribe to my Speak Confident English channel on YouTube so you
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Speak Confident English ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใฆใ€
01:57
never miss one of my Confident English lessons.
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่‡ชไฟกใซๆบ€ใกใŸ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹้€ƒใ•ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๅฎŒๅ…จใชใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹
01:59
Before we look at six ideal ways to use the perfect modals,
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6 ใคใฎ็†ๆƒณ็š„ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ ใ€
02:04
let's talk about structure.
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ๆง‹้€ ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:07
To form a sentence with a perfect modal,
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ๅฎŒๅ…จๆณ•ๅˆถใงๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€
02:10
we use a regular modal verb,
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02:12
such as could wood or should combine it with have
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could wood ใพใŸใฏ should have ใจ
02:17
and the past participle or third form of the verb,
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้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉž ใพใŸใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ 3 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅฝขใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹ใชใฉใ€้€šๅธธใฎๆณ•ๅˆถๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:22
for example, should have gone, should have considered,
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02:27
could have become, could have been,
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ใชใ‚‹ใ€ใ ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€
02:31
would have decided, and would have liked.
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ๆฑบใ‚ใŸใ€ๅฅฝใใ ใฃใŸใ€‚
02:35
If we want to make the sentence negative,
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ๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใซใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใฎๅพŒใซ not ใจใ„ใ†
02:37
we simply add in the word not after the modal could not
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ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™
02:42
have become, would not have liked.
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ใ€‚
02:45
Now in conversation you won't always hear, could have,
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ไผš่ฉฑใงใฏใ€ ๅธธใซ่žใใจใฏ
02:50
should have and would have. Instead,
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้™ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€
02:52
you're more likely to hear the contracted form could have,
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใŒๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€
02:57
should have, would've. For example,
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ๆŒใคในใใ€ๆŒใคใงใ‚ใ‚ใ†ใจ่žใๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ 4 30 ใฎ
03:01
I should have booked the appointment for four 30 instead. Now,
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ไบˆๅฎšใ‚’ไบˆ็ด„ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ไผš่ฉฑ
03:06
not only are you likely to hear the contracted form of those words in
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ใงใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’่žใๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€
03:11
conversation, but you may also hear a reduction. Now,
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็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’่žใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™. ใ•ใฆใ€
03:15
I have a whole lesson on common reductions in English that I can share with you.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใจๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใงใใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅ‰Šๆธ›ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณๅ…จไฝ“ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ . ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใ™ใไธ‹ใซ
03:19
I'll leave a link to that just below this video,
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ใใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ๆฎ‹ใ—ใพใ™
03:22
but I want to pronounce for you what that would sound like with these contracted
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ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็™บ้Ÿณใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
03:27
forms. We can say could've, they contracted form, or coulda,
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. ็งใŸใกใฏใ€could've ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฝขใ‚’็ธฎใ‚ใพใ—ใŸ
03:32
should've, and shoulda,
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03:35
would've and woulda.
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ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใ‚‚
03:38
As I continue in this lesson today and share examples with you,
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใฆ ไพ‹ใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
03:42
you are going to hear those contracted forms and now let's look at
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็Ÿญ็ธฎๅฝขใ‚’่žใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€
03:47
two ways each. Perfect modal can be used and we'll start with, should have,
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ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ 2 ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆ ใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใ‚’ ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€
03:52
should have, can be used to express regret.
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ๅพŒๆ‚”ใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:56
We all wish we could go back in time and change some
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็งใŸใกใฏ็š†ใ€ ้ŽๅŽปใซๆˆปใฃใฆ
04:01
past actions or decisions.
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้ŽๅŽปใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใ‚„ๆฑบๅฎšใ‚’ๅค‰ใˆใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:03
When we want to express regret over something that we did or
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04:08
said or decided in the past should have helps us do that.
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้ŽๅŽปใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใ€่จ€ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ€ใพใŸใฏๆฑบๅฎšใ—ใŸใ“ใจใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๅพŒๆ‚”ใ‚’่กจๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ„ใจใใฏใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใฏใšใงใ™.
04:13
Let me give you an example of how we might express regret about a past action.
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้ŽๅŽปใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆๅพŒๆ‚”ใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:18
Imagine you're late for work and you think to yourself,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไป•ไบ‹ใซ้…ใ‚Œใฆใ€ๆ™‚้–“้€šใ‚Šใซ่ตทใใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
04:23
I should have set an alarm to help me wake up on time. In that sentence,
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ใ‚ขใƒฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚’่จญๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€
04:28
not only are you expressing that you wish something were different in the past,
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้ŽๅŽปใซไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ้•ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใซใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€้•ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’
04:33
but you also have regret that it wasn't different.
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ๅพŒๆ‚”ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:38
We can also use should have when we want to express a regret about a past
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้ŽๅŽปใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซใคใ„ใฆๅพŒๆ‚”ใ‚’่กจๆ˜Žใ—ใ€
04:42
action and apologize. For example,
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่ฌ็ฝชใ—ใŸใ„ใจใใซใ‚‚ should have ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
04:46
if you're late to work and you're late for a meeting with your coworkers,
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ไป•ไบ‹ใซ้…ใ‚Œใฆ ๅŒๅƒšใจใฎไผš่ญฐใซ้…ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸ
04:51
you might want to apologize to them when you arrive and in doing so you could
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ใจใใซ่ฌใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€
04:55
say, I'm so sorry I'm late.
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้…ใ‚Œใฆใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:58
I should have been more mindful of the time.
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ๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆฐ—ใซใ™ใ‚‹ในใใ ใฃใŸใ€‚
05:02
In addition to expressing regret,
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้บๆ†พใฎๆ„ใ‚’่กจๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€
05:04
should have also helps us provide feedback. For example,
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ‰ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซใ‚‚ๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
05:08
let's say a manager is reviewing a report you wrote and in doing so
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ใƒžใƒใƒผใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใŒ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ›ธใ„ใŸใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ใƒฌใƒ“ใƒฅใƒผใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ‰ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ไธŠใงๆ”นๅ–„ใฎ
05:13
she recognizes there's room for improvement in giving feedback.
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ไฝ™ๅœฐใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใŸใจใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:18
She might say,
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ€
05:19
overall the report looks great for a first draft.
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ๅ…จไฝ“ใจใ—ใฆใ€ใƒฌใƒใƒผใƒˆใฏ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ่‰็จฟใจใ—ใฆใฏ่ฆ‹ๆ „ใˆใŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใƒˆใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใฎใƒกใƒขใ‚‚ๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ในใ
05:24
I think you should have also included notes on trends.
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ใ ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:28
Let's remember to include that in the final draft.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆœ€็ต‚ๆกˆใซๅซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:31
Now like providing feedback we can use should have to highlight a personal
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ใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒ‰ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ๅ€‹ไบบ็š„ใชใ‚จใƒฉใƒผใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
05:36
error. For example,
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ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
05:38
imagine one of your coworkers makes a mistake ordering supplies
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ๅŒๅƒšใฎ 1 ไบบใŒๆถˆ่€— ๅ“ใฎๆณจๆ–‡ใ‚’้–“้•ใˆ
05:43
and after recognizing the mistake, your coworker says,
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ใ€ใใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใซๆฐ—ใฅใ„ใŸๅพŒ ใ€ๅŒๅƒšใŒใ€Œ
05:48
I should have written 50,
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50 ใจๆ›ธใในใใ ใฃใŸใฎใซใ€
05:50
but I accidentally wrote 500 and now could have,
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ใ†ใฃใ‹ใ‚Š 500 ใจๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:54
again, we'll take a look at two different ways to use could have.
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ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:59
The first is to express past possibility. For example,
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ไธ€ใค็›ฎใฏใ€้ŽๅŽปใฎๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ
06:04
let's say you're traveling abroad with your family and at one point you look
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ๅฎถๆ—ใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆตทๅค–ๆ—…่กŒใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ™‚็‚นใง
06:09
around and realize someone's missing,
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ๅ‘จใ‚Šใ‚’่ฆ‹ๅ›žใ—ใฆ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ่กŒๆ–นไธๆ˜Žใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ใŒใคใ„
06:11
someone got lost in the discussion of how you're going to find your
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ใŸใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆๅง‰ใ‚„ๅผŸใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆœ€ไธญใซ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ้“ใซ่ฟทใฃใŸใจใ—ใพใ™
06:16
sister or your brother.
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ใ€‚
06:18
You might say she could have gone back to the restaurant,
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใซๆˆปใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
06:22
let's go check. Of course you're not certain,
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ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ ็ขบๅฎŸใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
06:26
but it's a possibility.
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ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:28
Could have can also be used to state that someone did or did not
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Could have ใฏใ€ ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ
06:32
have an ability in the past. For example,
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้ŽๅŽปใซ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€ใพใŸใฏๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’่ฟฐในใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
06:36
a nurse or a doctor might wonder how an injured person arrived
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็œ‹่ญทๅธซใ‚„ๅŒปๅธซใฏใ€ใ‘ใŒใ‚’ ใ—ใŸไบบใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆไธ€ไบบใง็—…้™ขใซๅˆฐ็€ใ—ใŸใฎใ‹็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
06:41
alone at the hospital and in doing so they might express
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06:46
he couldn't have driven here alone.
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ใ€‚
06:50
Not only does it seem impossible,
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ใใ‚Œใฏไธๅฏ่ƒฝใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€
06:52
but it doesn't seem that this injured individual had the ability to do that.
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ใ“ใฎ่ฒ ๅ‚ทใ—ใŸ ๅ€‹ไบบใซใใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†่ƒฝๅŠ›ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใฏ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“. ้ŽๅŽปใฎ่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’็คบใ™
06:57
Here's one more example of stating past ability.
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆฌกใซ็คบใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
07:01
If you're reflecting on your adolescent years and talking about it with your son
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ๆ€ๆ˜ฅๆœŸใ‚’ๆŒฏใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ‚Šใ€ ๆฏๅญ
07:05
or daughter, you might say,
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ใ‚„ๅจ˜ใจ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€
07:07
I could have gone to university that year but I chose to travel instead.
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ใใฎๅนดใซๅคงๅญฆใซ่กŒใใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใŸใŒใ€ ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซๆ—…่กŒใ‚’้ธใ‚“ใ ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“.
07:13
In that statement, you're not expressing any regret.
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ใใฎๅฃฐๆ˜Žใงใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ๅพŒๆ‚”ใ‚’่กจๆ˜Žใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:16
You're simply stating that you had the ability to make that
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅ˜ใซใ‚ใชใŸใŒ ใใฎๆฑบๅฎšใ‚’ไธ‹ใ™่ƒฝๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใŸใจ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ€ๆฌกใซ
07:21
decision and now let's talk about would have while should
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่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:26
have allows us to express guilt or regret would have
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07:31
allows us to express wishes or preferences about a past
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07:36
action.
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ใ€‚
07:37
Just because we wish something had been different doesn't mean we
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ้•ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใซใ€ใใ†ใงใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’
07:42
regret that it isn't. For example,
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ๅพŒๆ‚”ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
07:44
imagine your son has the opportunity to study abroad for a year.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆฏๅญใ•ใ‚“ใŒ 1 ๅนด้–“ๆตทๅค–ใซ็•™ๅญฆใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸไผšใ‚’ๅพ—ใŸใจใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
07:49
In talking about this with him, you might say, what a wonderful opportunity.
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ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใซใคใ„ใฆๅฝผใจ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ€ใชใ‚“ใฆ ใ™ใฐใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๆฉŸไผšใ ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:54
I would have loved to study abroad when I was your age.
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็งใŒ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅนด้ฝขใฎใจใใซ็•™ๅญฆใ—ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™ใ€‚
07:59
Similarly,
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ๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€้ŽๅŽปใซๆœ›ใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ“ใจใ‚„ๆ„ๅ›ณใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’
08:00
you can use would have to express what you wanted or intended
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่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™
08:04
in the past, perhaps. For example, a friend of yours asks,
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ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ‹ไบบใŒใ€
08:08
why didn't you call me back?
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ใชใœ็งใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ใ‹ใ‘็›ดใ•ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใจๅฐ‹ใญใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ˜จๆ—ฅ
08:10
I tried to call you several times yesterday and in response you might say,
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ไฝ•ๅบฆใ‹ใ‚ใชใŸใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
08:16
I would've called you,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซ้›ป่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ ใ‚ใ†ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
08:17
but I accidentally dropped my phone in water and now the last use on
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ใŒใ€็งใฏ่ชคใฃใฆ้›ป่ฉฑใ‚’ ๆฐดใซ่ฝใจใ—ใฆใ—ใพใ„
08:22
our list today is using would have to explore hypothetical situations.
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ใพใ—ใŸ . ไปฎ่ชฌใ‚’
08:27
When we are exploring the hypothetical we pair would haveve
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ๆŽขใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ ใƒšใ‚ขใฏๆกไปถไป˜ใๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ๆŒใคใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
08:32
with a conditional structure. For example,
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ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
08:35
maybe one of your friends shows you an article about someone who won the lottery
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅ‹ไบบใฎ 1 ไบบใŒใ€ ๅฎใใ˜ใซๅฝ“้ธใ—ใฆ
08:40
and bought a new car. In response, you might remark,
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่ปŠใ‚’่ณผๅ…ฅใ—ใŸไบบใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹่จ˜ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ‚ใชใŸใซ่ฆ‹ใ›ใฆใใ‚ŒใŸใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ€
08:44
if I had won a million dollars,
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ใ‚‚ใ—็งใŒ็™พไธ‡ใƒ‰ใƒซใ‚’็ฒๅพ—ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใ€
08:46
I would've bought a giant house or I would've gone on a vacation around the
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ๅทจๅคงใชๅฎถใ‚’่ฒทใ†ใ‹ใ€ ไผ‘ๆš‡ใงไธ–็•Œไธญใ‚’ๆ—…ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‚ใ†ใ€ใจใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
08:51
world. Let's take a look at one more example.
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ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:54
Perhaps you're planning to have friends over for dinner and unexpectedly your
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅค•้ฃŸใซๅ‹ไบบใ‚’ๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่จˆ็”ปใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ ๆ€ใ„ใŒใ‘ใšใ‚ใชใŸใฎ
08:59
spouse invites a few more friends over that you didn't expect.
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้…ๅถ่€…ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใŒไบˆๆœŸใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸๆ•ฐไบบใฎๅ‹ไบบใ‚’ๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ .
09:05
If you didn't make enough food for everyone,
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ๅ…จๅ“กใซๅๅˆ†ใช้ฃŸๆ–™ใ‚’็”จๆ„ใงใใชใ‹ใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€
09:07
you might say to your spouse or your partner,
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้…ๅถ่€…ใ‚„ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใƒŠใƒผใซใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒๆฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚Œ
09:09
I would've made more food if I'd known they were coming.
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ใฐใ‚‚ใฃใจ้ฃŸๆ–™ใ‚’ไฝœใฃใฆใ„ใŸใฎใซใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ should haveใ€could haveใ€wuld have ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸ
09:13
Now that you have these six uses for perfect modals with
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ๅฎŒ็’งใชใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใฎ 6 ใคใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€
09:18
should have, could have and would have, let's practice.
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็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:21
I have three questions for you and with each one I want you to think about how
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซ 3 ใคใฎ่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎ่ณชๅ•ใงใ€
09:26
you would use one of those perfect modals and consider the
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฎŒ็’งใชใƒขใƒผใƒ€ใƒซใฎ 1 ใคใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒใˆ ใ€
09:31
structure of your sentence. Number one,
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ๆ–‡ใฎๆง‹้€ ใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€
09:34
what should you have done Yesterday?
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ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใใ ใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹? ใ‚„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใซ
09:37
Perhaps there was something on your to-do list,
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ ใ€
09:39
but you really didn't want to do it so you procrastinated and
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ ใ‚„ใ‚ŠใŸใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€ๅ…ˆๅปถใฐใ—ใ€
09:44
procrastinated and procrastinated,
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ๅ…ˆๅปถใฐใ—ใ€ๅ…ˆๅปถใฐใ—ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€
09:46
but today you have that guilty regretful feeling.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ ็ฝชๆ‚ชๆ„ŸใจๅพŒๆ‚”ใฎๆฐ—ๆŒใกใ‚’ๆŠฑใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆ˜จๆ—ฅ
09:50
I should have done that yesterday. Question two,
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ใ‚„ใ‚‹ในใใ ใฃใŸ ใ€‚ ่ณชๅ• 2 ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:55
I want you to think back to about 10 years ago and in
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็ด„ 10 ๅนดๅ‰ใ‚’ๆŒฏใ‚Š่ฟ”ใฃใฆใ€ๅฝ“ๆ™‚ใ‚’
09:59
reflecting on that time,
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ๆŒฏใ‚Š่ฟ”ใฃใฆใ€ใงใใŸใฏใšใฎ
10:02
what is something you could have done at that time but chose not
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ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹
10:06
to? And number three, think about the last week or two.
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? 3 ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ 1 ้€ฑ้–“ใ‹ 2 ้€ฑ้–“ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚„ใ‚Š
10:11
Is there anything you would have done but you ran out of
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ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹
10:16
time? If you'd had more time, you would've done it.
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? ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ ใ€ใงใใŸใฎใซใ€‚
10:20
As always,
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ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
10:21
the best place to share your examples with me or any comments and
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ ไพ‹ใ‚’็งใ‚„ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚„
10:26
questions you have is in the comments section just below this video.
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่ณชๅ•ใจๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๆœ€้ฉใชๅ ดๆ‰€ใฏใ€ ใ“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใ™ใไธ‹ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆ ใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚
10:30
If you found today's lesson helpful to you,
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€
10:32
I would love to know and you can tell me in one very simple way,
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ใœใฒ ๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚YouTube ใง
10:36
give this lesson a thumbs up here on YouTube. While you're at it,
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’้ซ˜ใ่ฉ•ไพกใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€
10:40
don't forget to subscribe so you never miss one of my Confident English lessons.
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่ณผ่ชญใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ ่‡ชไฟกใซๆบ€ใกใŸ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹้€ƒใ™ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“.
10:45
Thank you so much for joining me and I look forward to seeing you next time.
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ใ”ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆฌกๅ›žใŠไผšใ„ใงใใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใฟใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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