Basic English Grammar Course | Past Perfect Continuous Tense | Learn and Practice

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āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āϟāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŦāϟāĻžāχāĻŸā§‡āϞ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāĻŦāϞ-āĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤

00:00
Hi, everybody.
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āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ āϕ⧇āĻŽāύ āφāϛ⧇āύ.
00:01
I'm Esther.
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āφāĻŽāĻŋ āχāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰāĨ¤
00:02
In this video, I will introduce the past perfect continuous tense.
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āĻāχ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āϤ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦāĨ¤
00:07
It's a great tense that helps you express an ongoing action
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āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ āϝāĻž āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϕ⧇
00:11
in the past continuing up to another point in the past.
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻšāϤ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
00:15
There's a lot to learn, so keep watching.
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āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āφāϛ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧁āύāĨ¤
00:20
One usage of the past perfect continuous tense is to talk about an ongoing action in the
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ
āĻšāϞ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž
00:26
past that continued up to another point in the
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āϝāĻž āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻšāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
00:30
past.
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00:31
You can use ‘for’ and a duration to talk about
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ 'āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ
00:34
how long that action was in progress.
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āϝ⧇āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϏ⧇
00:37
Here are some examples.
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āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĨ¤
00:38
‘I had been waiting for the bus for two hours before it arrived.’
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāσ. 'āĻŦāĻžāϏāϟāĻŋ
āφāϏāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āχ āϘāĻŖā§āϟāĻž āϧāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĨ¤'
00:45
You'll notice that at the beginning.
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύāĨ¤
āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻŋ āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻšā§āϝ āύāϝāĻŧ,
00:47
It doesn't matter what the subject is, we follow with ‘had been’.
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āφāĻŽāϰāĻž 'haed been' āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ, 'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ',
00:52
For example, ‘I had been’, ‘Chuck had been’,
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'āϚāĻžāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāϞ',
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āϟāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŋāĻŽ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
00:56
And ‘Tom and Kim had been.’
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž '-ing' āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
00:59
And then we follow with the verb ‘-ing’.
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01:01
‘waiting’.
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'āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž'āĨ¤
01:02
‘I had been waiting.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
01:05
Now this is the ongoing action that happened first.
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āĻāĻ–āύ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
01:09
Again, four and two hours shows the duration.
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āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āϚāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻ⧁āχ āϘāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻž āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
01:14
The second part says, ‘it arrived’.
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āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻŦāϞ⧇, 'āĻāϟāĻž āĻāϏ⧇āϛ⧇'āĨ¤
01:17
This verb is in the past simple tense.
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āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āϏāϰāϞ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰāĨ¤
āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ, āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĨ¤
01:20
Therefore, that is the second action.
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01:22
It's the action that this first action happened until this action happened,
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āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻž āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻļāύāϟāĻŋ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ
āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻāχ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻļāύāϟāĻŋ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ,
01:29
so again, ‘I had been waiting for the bus,’ happened
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āϤāĻžāχ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ,
'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ' āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϟāĻŋ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
01:32
first.
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01:33
And then, it happened until the bus arrived.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ, āĻŦāĻžāϏ āύāĻž āφāϏāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇.
01:37
‘Chuck had been cooking,’ Again, that part's easy.
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'āϚāĻ• āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞ,'
āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āϏ⧇āχ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϟāĻž āϏāĻšāϜāĨ¤
01:43
No matter what’s the subject, we say ‘had been’ and then verb ‘-ing’.
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āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻžāχ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āύāĻž āϕ⧇āύ,
āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ 'had been' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ verb '-ing'āĨ¤
01:48
Again, I can show how long Chuck had been cooking by saying ‘for an hour’, showing
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āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ 'āĻāĻ• āϘāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ' āĻŦāϞ⧇ āϚāĻ• āĻ•āϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ
āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ,
01:54
the duration.
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āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤
01:56
And then, I finished by saying, ‘before he finished’.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ 'āϏ⧇ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇' āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
02:00
He had been cooking up to this point in the past.
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āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤
02:04
Finally, ‘Tom and Kim had been walking,’ This part should be familiar to you by now,
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āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ⧇, 'āϟāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŋāĻŽ āĻšāĻžāρāϟāĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ,'
āĻāχ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ,
02:11
‘for an hour’ Again, that shows duration.
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'āĻāĻ• āϘāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ'
āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
02:15
‘before they rested.’
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'āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇āĨ¤'
02:17
So they had been walking for an hour before they took a break.
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āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϰāϤāĻŋ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇
āĻāĻ• āϘāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻž āϧāϰ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāϟāĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĨ¤
02:23
Before they rested.
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āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇āχāĨ¤
02:25
Let's move on.
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āϚāϞ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āχ.
āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻ“
02:27
The past perfect continuous tense is also used to express cause and effect in the
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
02:33
past.
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02:34
The verb that's in the past perfect continuous tense shows the cause,
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϟāĻŋ
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϕ⧇āύ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤
02:39
why something happened.
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02:41
We can use ‘because’ or ‘so’ to show the cause and effect.
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āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ
āφāĻŽāϰāĻž 'āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ' āĻŦāĻž 'āϏ⧋' āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ
02:45
Here, I'll explain.
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āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦ.
02:47
‘Jason was tired because he had been jogging.’
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'āĻœā§‡āϏāύ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏ⧇ āϜāĻ—āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
02:52
The first part of the sentence is in the past tense.
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āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰāĨ¤
02:56
‘Jason was tired,’ However, we see ‘why?’
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'āĻœā§‡āϏāύ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ,'
āϝāĻžāχāĻšā§‹āĻ•, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻŋ 'āϕ⧇āύ?'
03:00
Well, because, ‘he had been jogging’.
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āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āφāϛ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, 'āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϜāĻ—āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ'āĨ¤
āĻāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϟāĻŋ
03:05
The second part of this sentence is in the past perfect continuous tense.
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϞāĨ¤
03:09
‘he had been’, remember no matter what the subject,
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'he had been',
āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻžāχ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āύāĻž āϕ⧇āύ,
03:13
we follow with ‘had been’ and jogging – ‘verb -ing’.
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āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ 'had been' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ jogging – 'verb -ing'āĨ¤
03:17
‘he had been jogging’ This shows why Jason was tired.
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'āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϜāĻ—āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ'
āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ āϕ⧇āύ āĻœā§‡āϏāύ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
03:24
The next sentence says, ‘The pavement’ or it ‘was wet because
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āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇,
'āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻĒāĻžāĻĨ' āĻŦāĻž
āĻāϟāĻŋ 'āϭ⧇āϜāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
03:30
it had been raining.’
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03:32
Similar to the first sentence, ‘it had been raining’ shows the cause.
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āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋,
'āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāϤ' āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
03:37
Why was the pavement wet?
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āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻĒāĻžāĻĨ āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§‡ āϗ⧇āϞ āϕ⧇āύ?
03:39
‘The pavement was wet because it had been raining.’
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'āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻĒāĻžāĻĨ āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤'
āĻāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟ⧁ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāχāĨ¤
03:45
In this sentence, we see a little difference.
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03:47
‘The children had been playing’ Again, this is the past perfect continuous
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'āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰāĻž āϖ⧇āϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞ'
āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϞāĨ¤
03:53
tense.
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03:54
‘had been playing’ The second part says, ‘the room was a mess’.
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'āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇'
āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, 'āϰ⧁āĻŽāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ'āĨ¤
03:59
So here, instead of ‘because’ like the first two sentences,
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āϤāĻžāχ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ
'āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ'-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ , āφāĻŽāĻŋ 'āϤāĻžāχ' āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
04:03
I used ‘so’.
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04:05
So the order has been changed but the meaning is the same.
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āϤāĻžāχ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ•āχāĨ¤
04:09
This, ‘the children had been playing’ is why the room was a mess.
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āĻāχ, 'āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰāĻž āϖ⧇āϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞ'
āĻŦāϞ⧇āχ āϘāϰāϟāĻž āĻāϞ⧋āĻŽā§‡āϞ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞāĨ¤
04:16
This is the cause and this is the effect.
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āĻāϟāĻŋāχ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
āϚāϞ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āχ. āĻāĻ–āύ
04:21
Let's move on.
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04:22
Now let's go into the negative form of the past perfect continuous tense.
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ
āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ•
04:28
Here are some examples.
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āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāσ.
04:29
‘I had not been working for a day before I quit.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāύāĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤'
04:34
So no matter what the subject ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘she’, or ‘it’,
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āϤāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻžāχ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āύāĻž āϕ⧇āύ 'āφāĻŽāĻŋ', 'āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ', 'āϏ⧇', āĻŦāĻž 'āĻāϟāĻŋ',
04:39
just like in the affirmative, we say ‘had’, but after the ‘had’, in the negative form,
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āĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āχāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ 'āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻĄ',
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ 'āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻĄ'-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇,
āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž 'āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤ āύāĻž'.
04:46
we add ‘not’. ‘had not’
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'haad not'
04:49
‘had not’ or you can use the contraction ‘hadn't’.
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'hadi not'
āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ 'hadn't' āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĨ¤
04:53
Which is a combination of ‘had’ and ‘not’ together.
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āϝāĻž 'haad' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'not'-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŖāĨ¤
04:57
‘I had not been working’ The rest of the sentence is the same.
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻž'
āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āχāĨ¤
05:02
‘been + verb -ing’ ‘I had not been working for a day before
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'been + verb -ing'
'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŋāύāĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤'
05:08
I quit.’
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05:09
The next sentence says, ‘You had not been cutting onions for long
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āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇,
'āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāρāĻĻāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĒ⧇āρāϝāĻŧāĻžāϜ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤'
05:15
before you cried.’
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05:16
Again, the ‘not’ goes between ‘had’ and ‘been’.
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āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, 'āĻšāϝāĻŧ' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇'-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ 'āύāĻž' āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
05:20
‘She hadn't been studying for long when she fell asleep.’
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'āϏ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļ⧁āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋ āϝāĻ–āύ āϏ⧇ āϘ⧁āĻŽāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
05:25
Here, we have the contraction.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύ āφāϛ⧇.
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ⧇,
05:29
And finally, ‘It hadn't been snowing for long when it
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'āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāϟāĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϤ⧁āώāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤'
05:32
stopped.’
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05:33
Again, we have the contraction for ‘had not’ here.
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āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ 'had not'-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤
05:37
You'll notice that in the first two sentences, I used ‘before’.
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇,
āφāĻŽāĻŋ 'āφāϗ⧇' āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
05:41
And in the last two, I used ‘when’.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻŋ 'āĻ•āĻ–āύ' āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
05:44
Either one can be used to show when the first action stopped.
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āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
05:49
Let's move on.
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āϚāϞ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āχ.
āĻāĻ–āύ āφāϏāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇
05:51
Now let's go into how to form basic questions in the past perfect continuous tense.
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
05:57
Here is the first example.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ.
05:59
‘He had been driving all day before he arrived.’
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'āϏ⧇ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
06:03
Now, to turn this into a question, all we have to do is change the order of the first
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āĻāĻ–āύ, āĻāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇,
āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
06:09
two words.
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06:11
Instead of ‘He had’, now I can say, ‘Had he’, in order to form a question.
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'He had'-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇, āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāĻŋ
āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ 'Had he' āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĨ¤
06:17
‘Had he been driving all day before he arrived?’
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'āϏ⧇ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋ āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞ?'
06:22
The next sentence says, ‘The dog had been barking because it was
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āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇,
'āϕ⧁āϕ⧁āϰāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ˜ā§‡āω āĻ˜ā§‡āω āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
06:26
scared.’
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06:28
In this case, the subject is ‘The dog’.
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āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇, āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ 'āϕ⧁āϕ⧁āϰ'āĨ¤
06:31
And then we follow with ‘had’.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž 'had' āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
āĻāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇, āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
06:34
To turn this into a question, again, we switch the order.
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06:38
‘Had the dog been barking because it was scared?’
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'āϕ⧁āϕ⧁āϰāϟāĻž āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ˜ā§‡āω āĻ˜ā§‡āω āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞ?'
āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇,
06:43
You'll notice that in the question, the rest of the words stay in the same place.
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āĻŦāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āχ āϜāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ—āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
āĻāĻ–āύ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇,
06:49
Now, in the first question, we're asking how long an action happened,
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āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϜāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāϏāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋ āĻ•āϤāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇,
06:54
or how long it was ongoing in the past.
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āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻ•āϤāĻĻāĻŋāύ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
06:57
And in this question, we ask about cause and effect.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇,
āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϜāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāϏāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
07:02
Let's move on.
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āϚāϞ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āχ.
07:03
Now, I'll introduce how to form WH questions in the past perfect continuous tense.
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āĻāĻ–āύ, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇
āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ WH āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
07:10
Take a look at these examples.
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āĻāχ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻ•āϟāĻžāĻ•ā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ.
07:12
You'll notice that they all start with a WH word.
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ WH āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
07:16
Why, where, what, and who.
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āϕ⧇āύ, āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻ•āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϕ⧇āĨ¤
07:20
You might also have noticed that after we have ‘had’.
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧāϤ⧋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž 'āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ' āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āĨ¤
07:24
‘Why had’ ‘Where had’
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'āϕ⧇āύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ'
'āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ' 'āϕ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻ•āĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ'
07:27
‘What had’ and ‘Who had’
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āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇,
07:30
In the first question, after that comes the subject.
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āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤
07:34
‘Why had you’ And then ‘been + verb -ing’
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'Why had you'
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ 'been + verb -ing'
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āχ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύ āϝāĻž āφāĻŽāϰāĻž
07:40
And that's the same pattern we follow for all of these sentences.
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āĻāχ āϏāĻŦ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
07:44
So ‘Why had you been studying so much?’
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āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ 'āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāϤ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļ⧁āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇ āϕ⧇āύ?'
07:47
I can answer by saying, ‘I had been studying so much because I have
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āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāχ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ,
'āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āφāϛ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻāϤ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻļ⧁āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
07:52
a test.’
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07:53
‘Where had you been traveling before you came here?’
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'āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦ⧇āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ?'
07:58
I can say, ‘I had been traveling through Asia.’
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āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ, 'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ­ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤'
08:02
‘What had they been playing before they played soccer?’
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'āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻŦāϞ āϖ⧇āϞāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϕ⧀ āϖ⧇āϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞ?'
āφāĻŽāĻŋ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ, 'āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦ⧇āϏāĻŦāϞ āϖ⧇āϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
08:08
I can answer, ‘They had been playing baseball.’
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08:11
And finally, ‘Who had she been talking to before she
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ⧇,
'āϏ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞ?'
08:16
left home?’
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08:18
I can answer, ‘She had been talking to her boyfriend.’
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āφāĻŽāĻŋ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ, 'āϏ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϝāĻŧāĻĢā§āϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
08:22
Let's move on.
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āϚāϞ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āχ.
āϚāϞ⧁āύ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
08:24
Let's start a checkup for the past perfect continuous tense.
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08:28
Take a look at the first sentence.
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āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύāĨ¤
08:30
It says, ‘They __ for a long time before they went home.’
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āĻāϤ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, 'āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϧāϰ⧇āĨ¤'
08:36
Try to fill in the blank with the verb ‘work’ in this tense.
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āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ 'āĻ•āĻžāϜ' āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĒā§‚āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤
08:41
Remember, no matter what the subject, we follow the subject with ‘had been’.
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āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ, āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻžāχ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āύāĻž āϕ⧇āύ,
āφāĻŽāϰāĻž 'had been' āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§āϟ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
08:48
So we say, ‘They had been’.
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āϤāĻžāχ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ, 'āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ'āĨ¤
08:52
What happens to the verb?
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āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ?
08:54
Remember, we add ‘-ing’.
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āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž '-ing' āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
08:58
So the sentence is, ‘They had been working for a long time before they went home.’
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āϤāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻšāϞ,
'āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇
āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāύ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞ
09:05
Now, take a look at the second sentence.
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āĨ¤' āĻāĻ–āύ, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύāĨ¤
09:09
I want you to use the negative.
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āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāύ.
09:11
‘I __ TV for a year before I started again.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ __ āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĨ¤'
09:16
Remember, the negative form for this tense starts with the subject
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āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ, āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒāϟāĻŋ
āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ⧇ 'had not' āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
09:22
and then ‘had not been’.
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09:27
Or I can use the contraction ‘hadn't’.
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āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ 'āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ'āĨ¤
09:30
‘I hadn't been’ And then again, verb ‘-ing’.
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻž'
āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž '-ing'āĨ¤
09:36
‘I hadn't been watching TV for a year before I started again.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻāĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰ⧇ āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻž
āĨ¤'
09:42
Now, try to find the mistake in this next sentence.
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āĻāĻ–āύ, āĻāχ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤
09:48
‘Gina and I hadn't been do any work before we started.’
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'āϜāĻŋāύāĻž āφāϰ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤'
09:55
What's the error?
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āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ?
09:57
You'll notice that the verb does not have an ‘-ing’.
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ '-ing' āύ⧇āχāĨ¤
10:05
To make the sentence correct, we must say, ‘Gina and I hadn't been doing
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āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ,
āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇,
'āϜāĻŋāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻžāĨ¤'
10:10
any work before we started.’
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10:13
Now, find the mistake here.
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āĻāĻ–āύ, āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āϖ⧁āρāϜ⧁āύāĨ¤
10:16
‘He had be watching YouTube because he had some free time.’
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'āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āχāωāϟāĻŋāωāĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ…āĻŦāϏāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
10:22
‘He had’, that's correct, but we need to change ‘be’ to been’.
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'āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ', āĻāϟāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ•,
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ 'āĻšāϤ⧇'-āϕ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
10:30
And ‘watching’ is correct.
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āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 'āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž' āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ,
10:32
So, ‘He had been watching YouTube because he had some free time.’
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'āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āχāωāϟāĻŋāωāĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ…āĻŦāϏāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
10:38
Let's move on.
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āϚāϞ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āχ. āĻāĻ–āύ,
10:39
Now, let's move on to another checkup of the past perfect continuous tense.
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻžāύāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇āϰ
āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻšā§‡āĻ•āφāĻĒ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ• āĨ¤
10:45
Take a look at the first example.
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āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύāĨ¤
10:47
It says, ‘The company __ employees because they worked hard.’
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āĻāϤ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, 'āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ __ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž
āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤'
10:53
Use the verb ‘promote’ in the past perfect continuous tense.
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ 'āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽā§‹āϟ' āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤
10:58
Remember, no matter what the subject, we follow with ‘had been’.
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āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ, āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻžāχ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āύāĻž āϕ⧇āύ,
āφāĻŽāϰāĻž 'had been' āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāχ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ, 'The company had been' āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻĒāϰ verb '-ing',
11:04
So we say, ‘The company had been’ and then verb ‘-ing’, so ‘promoting’.
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āϤāĻžāχ 'promoting'āĨ¤
11:13
‘The company had been promoting employees because they worked hard.’
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'āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§‹āĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
11:20
The next example says, ‘I __ your emails for a while because they went to the spam
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āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāϪ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇,
'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āχāĻŽā§‡āϞ __
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻŽ āĻĢā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
11:26
folder.’
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11:27
Here, try to use the negative form with the verb ‘get’.
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āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇, 'get' āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇
āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ
11:33
Remember, in the negative form, we say ‘had not been getting’
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āĨ¤ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ, āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇,
āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŋ 'āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻž'
āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύ 'āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻž'āĨ¤
11:39
Or the contraction ‘hadn't been getting’.
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11:44
‘I hadn't been getting your emails for a while because they went to the spam folder.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āχāĻŽā§‡āϞ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āύāĻž
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻŽ āĻĢā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤'
11:52
Now look for the mistake in the next sentence.
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āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞāϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧁āύāĨ¤
11:56
‘I had been work a lot because I needed the money.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
12:02
What's the mistake?
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āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ•āĻŋ?
12:04
Remember, we need to add ‘-ing’ to the verb.
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āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ '-ing' āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
12:10
‘I had been working a lot because I needed the money.’
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'āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āφāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤'
12:15
The last sentence says, ‘He has been smoking because he was stressed.’
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āĻļ⧇āώ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇,
'āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϧ⧂āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āύ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āϚāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤'
12:21
Can you find the mistake?
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āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϭ⧁āϞ āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ?
12:23
Remember, we're practicing the past perfect continuous.
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āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇āύ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻžāύāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ āĻ•āϰāĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤
12:27
In this case, we need ‘had’ after the subject, not ‘has’.
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āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻœā§‡āĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ 'has' āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ, 'has' āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
12:34
Great job, everyone.
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āĻŽāĻšāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ, āϏāĻŦāĻžāχ. āϚāϞ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āχ.
12:36
Let's move on.
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āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜāĨ¤
12:37
Good job learning another difficult English grammar tense.
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12:40
The past perfect continuous can be tricky, but with time and practice, you will get better.
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āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ āύāĻŋāϖ⧁āρāϤ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻ—āϤ āϚāϤ⧁āϰ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇,
āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇,
āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϞ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāĻ āĻŦ⧇āύāĨ¤
12:47
English is not always easy, but always do your best and never give up.
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āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻŦāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻšāϜ āύāϝāĻŧ,
āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϏ⧇āϰāĻžāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻšāĻžāϞ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧ⧁āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤
12:52
I'll see you in the next video.
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āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
āĻāχ āĻ“āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻŦāϏāĻžāχāϟ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇

āĻāχ āϏāĻžāχāϟāϟāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϕ⧇ YouTube āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϝāĻž āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĨ¤ āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ  āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒ⧃āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāϤ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŦāϟāĻžāχāĻŸā§‡āϞāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāĻŦāϞ-āĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŦāϟāĻžāχāĻŸā§‡āϞāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϞ⧇āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻŋāĻ™ā§āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āϰ⧋āϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇⧎ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āύ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧋āϧ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇, āĻāχ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ.

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