Singular or Plural? Subject-Verb Agreement in English Grammar

638,527 views ใƒป 2011-11-24

Learn English with Rebecca


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi. My name is Rebecca, and in today's lesson, we're going to talk about some common errors
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ใ‚„ใ‚ใ€‚ ็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใƒฌใƒ™ใƒƒใ‚ซใงใ™ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง ใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฎไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไธ€่‡ดใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚จใƒฉใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™
00:11
in subject-verb agreement in English. Okay? Now, the general rule is this. I've written
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. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆใ€ๅคงใพใ‹ใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใฏใ“ใ‚Œใงใ™ใ€‚
00:18
it on the board. Let's have a look. The general rule in English is if you have a singular
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ๆŽฒ็คบๆฟใซๆ›ธใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใฟใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช ใƒซใƒผใƒซใฏใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐใฎ
00:24
subject, then you use a singular verb. For example, you could say, "The cat is brown."
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ไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็Œซใฏ่Œถ่‰ฒใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:34
Correct? "The cat" is a singular subject, so you use a singular verb, "is". "The cat
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ๆญฃใ—ใ„๏ผŸ "The cat" ใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐไธป่ชžใช ใฎใงใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ "is" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎ็Œซ
00:41
is brown." Right? If you have a plural subject, then you use a plural verb. For example, "The
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ใฏ่Œถ่‰ฒใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๅณ๏ผŸ ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎไธป่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ
00:50
cats are brown." Right? "The cats" - plural subject - "are" - plural verb. All right?
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็Œซใฏ่Œถ่‰ฒใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ็Œซใ€ - ่ค‡ๆ•ฐ ไธป่ชž - ใ€Œใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ - ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ‹•่ฉžใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
01:00
So that's the general rule about subject-verb agreement, and that's the most basic rule.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไธ€่‡ดใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่ฆๅ‰‡ ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใช่ฆๅ‰‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:06
However, there are some tricky situations where it's not clear if the subject is singular
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ใŸใ ใ— ใ€ไธป่ชžใŒๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใ‹่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใ‹ใŒใฏใฃใใ‚Šใ—ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใŒ
01:12
or plural, and then students make a mistake and sometimes choose the wrong verb. So I'm
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ— ใŸใ‚Šใ€้–“้•ใฃใŸๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง
01:18
going to look at some of these tricky situations in this lesson. All right? Let's get started.
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ใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒˆใƒชใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใช็Šถๆณใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:24
The first one is when you have two subjects that are connected by the word "and". So,
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1 ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ ใ€Œandใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใงๆŽฅ็ถšใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ 2 ใคใฎใ‚ตใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใงใ™ใ€‚
01:31
for example, "John and Katie are students." "John and Katie", all right? "John and Katie"
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใจใ‚ฑใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใจใ‚ฑใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใจใ‚ฑใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใ€
01:41
are the two subjects connected by the word "and". So then we use the plural verb "are".
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ใฏใ€ใ€Œandใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใง็ตใฐใ‚ŒใŸ 2 ใคใฎไธป้กŒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ“ใงใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใ€Œareใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:48
"John and Katie are students." Two subjects connected by "and", we use the plural verb.
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ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณใจใ‚ฑใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใฏๅญฆ็”Ÿใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œandใ€ใงใคใชใŒใ‚ŒใŸ 2 ใคใฎไธป่ชžใฏใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:57
Okay? Next one. Some words end in "s", but they are not plural. What do I mean by that?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๆฌกใฎใ€‚ ใ€Œsใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:06
Usually, we say in English that nouns, when we add an "s", become plural. For example,
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้€šๅธธใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€ๅ่ฉžใซ ใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใชใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
02:13
"chair", "chairs"; "table", "tables". Correct? But this is not always the case. For example,
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ใ€Œๆค…ๅญใ€ใ€ใ€Œๆค…ๅญใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใ€ใ€ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใ€ใ€‚ ๆญฃใ—ใ„๏ผŸ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๅฟ…ใšใ—ใ‚‚ใใ†ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐ
02:22
in the words "mathematics", subjects, many subjects end in "s", but they're still singular.
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ใ€ใ€Œๆ•ฐๅญฆใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใงใฏใ€ๅคšใใฎ ็ง‘็›ฎใฏใ€Œsใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
02:29
For example, "mathematics is an interesting subject." Right? "Economics is a subject often
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๆ•ฐๅญฆใฏ้ข็™ฝใ„ ๆ•™็ง‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ€Œ็ตŒๆธˆๅญฆใฏ
02:38
learned in high school or university." "Physics is a science subject." All right? So you see
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้ซ˜ๆ กใ‚„ๅคงๅญฆใงใ‚ˆใๅญฆใถ็ง‘็›ฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œ็‰ฉ็† ใฏ็†็ง‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
02:46
in these examples that the word ends in "s", but it still takes a singular verb "is". Similar
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ๅ˜่ชžใŒ "s" ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉž "is" ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
02:55
is the word "the news". "The news is not good." Not "the news are", but "the news is". It's
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ใ€Œใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚‚ๅŒๆง˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใใฎใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใฏ่‰ฏใใชใ„ใ€ ใ€Œใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใฏใ€ใงใฏใชใใ€ใ€Œใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใฏใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ "s"
03:05
considered singular, even though it ends in "s". All right? Let's look at another example.
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ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:12
Number three. Some words don't end in "s", but in fact, they are plural, and so they
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ๆ•ฐ3ใ€‚ ใ€Œsใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ˜่ชžใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใชใฎใง
03:19
take a plural verb. Examples of these are "The mice are all over the room." The word
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ใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ ใ€Œใƒใ‚บใƒŸใŒ้ƒจๅฑ‹ไธญใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:28
"the mice", right, is a plural. It doesn't have an "s", but it's still plural. "The mice",
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ใ€Œthe mouseใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œsใ€ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใญใšใฟใ€ใ€ไธ€ๅŒนใฎ
03:35
one mouse, many mice. "The mice are all over the room." Well, we hope not, but it's just
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ใญใšใฟใ€ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใญใšใฟใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒใ‚บใƒŸ ใŒ้ƒจๅฑ‹ไธญใซใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ†ใงใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
03:41
an example. "The women are so smart." "Her feet are very tired." Or, "My teeth are hurting."
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ๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ไพ‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฅณๆ€งใฏใจใฆใ‚‚้ ญใŒใ„ใ„ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใฎ่ถณ ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚็–ฒใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€ŒๆญฏใŒ็—›ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:53
You see in each of these examples that the word we used as the subject did not end in
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใฎใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใง ใ€ไธป่ชžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸๅ˜่ชžใŒ
03:58
"s", but nevertheless, it was a plural word, and therefore, it takes a plural verb. All
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ใ€Œsใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๅ˜่ชžใง ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
04:07
right? Let's look at the next one. The next one is when we're using the word "there" at
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๆฌกใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ๆฌกใฏๆ–‡้ ญใงใ€Œใใ“ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจใใงใ™
04:14
the beginning of a sentence. If you use the word "there" at the beginning of a sentence,
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ใ€‚ ๆ–‡้ ญใงใ€Œใใ“ใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹
04:19
you might need a singular verb, and you might need a plural verb. It depends what you say
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ ๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใจใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใซใชใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:25
after the word "there". Let me give you a couple of examples. "There was a gift on the
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ใ€Œใใ“ใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฎๅพŒใซไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใใคใ‹ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใซใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚ผใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ
04:32
table." Right? In this case, it's singular. "There was a gift on the table." Right? The
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ใ€‚ใ€ ๅณ๏ผŸ ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใซใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚ผใƒณใƒˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ๅณ๏ผŸ
04:41
next example, "There were some gifts on the table." Now, it becomes plural. "There were
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ใ€Œใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ่ดˆใ‚Š็‰ฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใง่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
04:50
some gifts on the table." So, because of the word "gifts", now the verb became plural.
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ใƒ†ใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใฎไธŠใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ่ดˆใ‚Š็‰ฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ ใ€Œ่ดˆใ‚Š็‰ฉใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:58
In the first case, because of the word "gift", the verb was singular. Okay? So, with "there",
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚นใงใฏใ€"gift" ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฎใŸใ‚ใซ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใใ“ใซใ€ใงใฏใ€
05:04
you have to decide based on what follows.
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ๆฌกใฎๅ†…ๅฎนใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆๆฑบๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:08
The next one is a little bit more confusing because it doesn't seem logical, but it's
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ๆฌกใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏ ่ซ–็†็š„ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ
05:13
just a way... A rule in English. All right? So, try to understand. "Quantities of time,
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ๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™...่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซ. ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็†่งฃใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œๆ™‚้–“ใ€
05:21
money, and distance are considered singular." Let me give you an example of what I mean
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ใŠ้‡‘ใ€่ท้›ขใฎ้‡ใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œๆ™‚้–“ใฎ้‡ใ€ ใจใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‹ใ€ไพ‹ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:28
by "quantities of time". "$10,000 is a lot of money." Now, of course, $10,000 is plural.
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œ10,000ใƒ‰ใƒซ ใฏๅคง้‡‘ใ ใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€$10,000 ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
05:38
Right? It's more than $1, but it's still considered a quantity of money, and so it takes a singular
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ๅณ๏ผŸ 1 ใƒ‰ใƒซใ‚’่ถ…ใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚้‡‘้กใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎ
05:47
verb. So, $10,000 is a lot of money.
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ 10ไธ‡ๅ††ใฏๅคง้‡‘ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:52
The next one, "Five miles is not too far." Again, five miles, more than one mile, but
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ๆฌกใฏใ€Œ5ใƒžใ‚คใƒซใฏ้ ใ™ใŽใชใ„ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€5 ใƒžใ‚คใƒซใ€1 ใƒžใ‚คใƒซไปฅไธŠใงใ™ใŒ
06:00
it's considered as a whole, so it's considered a quantity of distance in this case. Five
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ใ€ๅ…จไฝ“ใจใ—ใฆ่€ƒๆ…ฎใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ ใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏ่ท้›ขใฎ้‡ใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ 5
06:07
miles is not too far.
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ใƒžใ‚คใƒซใฏ้ ใ™ใŽใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:10
Next one, "Eight hours is a normal working day." "Eight hours is", again, it's considered
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ๆฌกใฏใ€ใ€Œ8 ๆ™‚้–“ใฏ้€šๅธธใฎๅ‹คๅ‹™ ๆ—ฅใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€ŒEight Hours isใ€ใ‚‚ใ€
06:18
like a quantity of time, and so it takes the singular verb. All right? Hope you understood
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ๆ™‚้–“ใฎ้‡ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚’็†่งฃใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆ
06:24
that one.
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ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:26
Next one, and last one that we're going to talk about today is when we use the word "each"
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซ ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ใ€Œeachใ€ใจใ€Œeveryใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
06:31
and "every". When we use these, you will always use a singular verb. For example, "Each student
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ๅธธใซ ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œๅ„็”Ÿๅพ’
06:39
was happy with his or her results." Or, "Every student was present." Okay? So, with "each"
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ใฏ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ็ตๆžœใซๆบ€่ถณใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใฎ ๅญฆ็”ŸใŒๅ‡บๅธญใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œeachใ€
06:50
and "every", remember to use a singular verb.
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ใจใ€Œeveryใ€ใงใฏ ใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:54
Next, we're just going to do a quick little quiz to see how well you've understood these
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ๆฌกใซใ€็ฐกๅ˜ใชใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’่กŒใ„ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅŽŸๅ‰‡ใ‚’ใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™
07:00
principles. Okay, so now let's do a little quiz to see how well you've understood some
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ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไธ€่‡ดใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ ใ‚ใ‚‹้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’ใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซ็ญ”ใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:06
of those common errors in subject-verb agreement. Okay? I've written six examples on the board.
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใƒœใƒผใƒ‰ใซ 6 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:13
First one, "There _____ three students in class." So, do we say, "There is three students
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1 ใค็›ฎใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซ _____ 3 ไบบใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒ 3 ไบบใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซ 3 ไบบใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„
07:21
in class" or "There are three students in class"? Which one? We say, "There are three
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ใพใ™ใ‹? ใฉใ‚Œ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใซใฏ3ไบบใฎ็”Ÿๅพ’ใŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„
07:37
students in class." Okay? Because of the word "students". All right?
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
07:44
Next one, "Physics _____ an interesting subject." So, do we say, "Physics is an interesting
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ๆฌกใฏใ€Œ็‰ฉ็† ______ ้ข็™ฝใ„็ง‘็›ฎใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ็‰ฉ็†ใฏ้ข็™ฝใ„ๆ•™็ง‘ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€
07:56
subject" or "Physics are an interesting subject"? Okay? We say, "is". Also, you've got a clue
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ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ€Œ็‰ฉ็†ใฏ้ข็™ฝใ„ๆ•™็ง‘ใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ€Œใงใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸ
08:09
because it says, "an interesting subject". So, we're talking about one subject. And even
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ใ€ใ€Œ้ข็™ฝใ„้กŒๆใ€ใจๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงๆ‰‹ใŒใ‹ใ‚ŠใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใญใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€็งใŸใกใฏไธ€ใคใฎไธป้กŒใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹.
08:16
though there is an "s" here, it doesn't matter. It's still singular. Okay?
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ€Œsใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ ๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ็›ธๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‰ใšๅ˜็™บใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:21
Next example, "The children _____ already in bed." "The children is already in bed"
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ๆฌกใฎไพ‹ใฏใ€ใ€Œๅญไพ›ใŸใก_____ใฏ ใ™ใงใซใƒ™ใƒƒใƒ‰ใซใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฏใ™ใงใซๅฏใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€
08:30
or "The children are already in bed". Which one do you say? Think about it. Okay? In this
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฏใ™ใงใซๅฏใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ ใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใฎ
08:42
case, the children are already in bed. So, even though the word "children" has no "s",
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๅญไพ›ใŸใกใฏใ™ใงใซๅฏใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ใ€Œchildrenใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใซใฏใ€Œsใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›
08:50
it is plural. Okay? And therefore, it takes a plural verb.
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ใ‚“ใŒใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
08:56
Next one, "Six months _____ a long time." So, do we say, "Six months is a long time"
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ๆฌกใฏใ€Œ6ใƒถๆœˆ_____้•ทใ„ใงใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ6 ใ‹ๆœˆใฏ้•ทใ„ใ€
09:05
or "Six months are a long time"? What do you think? "Six months is a long time." That's
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ6 ใ‹ๆœˆใฏ้•ทใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ ใฉใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ€Œ6ใƒถๆœˆใฏ้•ทใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ
09:18
because six months represents a quantity of time. All right?
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ใ€6 ใ‹ๆœˆ ใŒๆ™‚้–“ใฎ้‡ใ‚’่กจใ™ใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
09:24
Next one, "Every job _____ an opportunity." So, do we say, "Every job is an opportunity"
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ๆฌกใฏใ€ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใฎไป•ไบ‹ _____ ๆฉŸไผšใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใฎไป•ไบ‹ใฏๆฉŸไผšใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€
09:33
or do we say, "Every job are an opportunity"? Which one? Okay? Again, because we have the
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ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใฎไป•ไบ‹ใฏๆฉŸไผšใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ ใฉใ‚Œ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—
09:44
word "every", and every time you use the word "every", it's singular.
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ใพใ™ ใŒใ€"every" ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€"every" ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใณใซๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:50
Next one, "The guitar and amplifier _____ in the car." The guitar and amplifier is in the
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ๆฌกใฏใ€Œ่ปŠใฎไธญใฎใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใจใ‚ขใƒณใƒ—๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ใ€ใ€‚ ใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใจใ‚ขใƒณใƒ—ใฏ
09:59
car or do we say, "The guitar and amplifier are in the car"? What do we do? Okay? In this
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่ปŠใฎไธญใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ€Œใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใจใ‚ขใƒณใƒ— ใฏ่ปŠใฎไธญใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ็งใŸใกใฏไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ“ใฎ
10:08
case, you have two subjects connected by the word "and", and so we say, "The guitar and
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ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ€Œandใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใง 2 ใคใฎไธป่ชžใŒๆŽฅ็ถšใ•ใ‚Œ ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใจ
10:20
amplifier are in the car." Okay? I hope you got all of those right. If you're not sure
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ใ‚ขใƒณใƒ—ใฏ่ปŠใฎไธญใซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใ‚’ๆญฃใ—ใ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰
10:26
or if you'd like some more practice, please go to our website at www.engvid.com. You'll
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ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏใ•ใ‚‰ใซ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€ๅฝ“็คพใฎ Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ (www.engvid.com) ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:34
find a quiz on this and many other subjects, and also many other lessons on different aspects
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ใ“ใ‚Œใจไป–ใฎๅคšใใฎ็ง‘็›ฎใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆใณ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๅด้ขใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ไป–ใฎๅคšใใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
10:41
of English. Thanks very much. Thank you for your time, and good luck with your English.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใฉใ†ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ ใŠๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’ใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚่‹ฑ่ชžใง้ ‘ๅผตใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:45
Bye for now.
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ใพใŸใญใ€‚
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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