50 MOST COMMON MISTAKES in English Grammar - Error Identification & Correction

2,331,998 views

2017-10-13 ใƒป Learn English Lab


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50 MOST COMMON MISTAKES in English Grammar - Error Identification & Correction

2,331,998 views ใƒป 2017-10-13

Learn English Lab


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Hello there.
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์•ˆ๋…•.
00:01
This lesson will help you to speak and write correct English.
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์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:06
We will look at 50 of the most common mistakes made by learners of English and how to avoid
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์ด ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ 50๊ฐ€์ง€์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:12
them.
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.
00:13
We are going to cover errors in subject-verb agreement, question formation, irregular verbs,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ ์ผ์น˜, ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ˜•์„ฑ, ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋™์‚ฌ,
00:19
the very important tenses, modal verbs, conditionals, adjectives, prepositions, articles, and more.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ œ, ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ, ์กฐ๊ฑด์‚ฌ, ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ, ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ, ๊ด€์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
We have a lot to learn, so letโ€™s get started.
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๋ฐฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
Alright letโ€™s begin with subject-verb agreement.
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์ž, ์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ ์ผ์น˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
Hereโ€™s our first sentence: โ€œHe have two sisters.โ€
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ์ž๋งค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
00:45
Is that correct?
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๊ทธ ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:46
No, it should be โ€œHe has two sisters.โ€
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์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, "๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ์ž๋งค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
The rule is that if the subject is โ€˜Iโ€™, โ€˜Youโ€™, โ€˜Weโ€™, โ€˜Theyโ€™, or any other
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๊ทœ์น™์€ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ 'I', ' You', 'We', ' They' ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€
00:55
plural noun, then we use the verb in its present tense form form, and we donโ€™t add โ€“s to
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๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  -s๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
the verb.
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๋™์‚ฌ์—.
01:03
But if the subject is โ€˜Heโ€™, โ€˜Sheโ€™, โ€˜Itโ€™ or any singular noun, then we add
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ 'He', 'She', 'It' ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉด
01:07
โ€“s to the verb.
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๋™์‚ฌ์— -s๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
So what about this sentence?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€?
01:11
โ€œMany people likes to go on vacation in the summer.โ€
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"๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ."
01:15
Here, we should say โ€œMany people like to go on vacation in the summer.โ€
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” โ€œ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
We have a plural subject โ€“ โ€˜many peopleโ€™ so the verb should not have an โ€“s.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“ 'many people' ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” -s๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
Next one: โ€œJacob and Sophie lives in Los Angeles.โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ: "Jacob๊ณผ Sophie๋Š” ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ."
01:32
The correct sentence is โ€œJacob and Sophie live in Los Angeles.โ€
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ "Jacob and Sophie live in Los Angeles"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
Even though Jacob is an individual and Sophie is also one individual, together, Jacob and
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Jacob์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๊ณ  Sophie ๋„ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ Jacob๊ณผ
01:44
Sophie are a plural subject โ€“ so we donโ€™t addโ€“s to the verb.
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Sophie๋Š” ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ์ฃผ์–ด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋™์‚ฌ์— s๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
Sentence number four is โ€œThere is ten apples in the basket.โ€
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๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ โ€œ๋ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์— ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ์—ด ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
It should be โ€œThere are ten apples in the basket.โ€
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"๋ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์— ์‚ฌ๊ณผ 10๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
01:57
โ€“ The subject of this sentence is not โ€˜thereโ€™ (thatโ€™s just a dummy subject).
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โ€“ ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” 'there'๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
02:03
The real subject is the phrase โ€˜ten applesโ€™.
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์‹ค์ œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” '์‚ฌ๊ณผ ์—ด ๊ฐœ'๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
So the verb should be โ€˜areโ€™.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” '์žˆ๋‹ค'๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
If there was only apple, you would say โ€œThere is an apple in the basket.โ€
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์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด " ๋ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์— ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
Number five: โ€œEveryone know that the sun rises in the east.โ€
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๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ: โ€œํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋™์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋œฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .โ€
02:18
So, whatโ€™s the correction?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ˆ˜์ •์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:20
โ€œEveryone knows that the sun rises in the east.โ€
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"ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋™์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋œฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ."
02:24
This is because โ€˜everyoneโ€™ is actually a singular subject.
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'๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ'์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‹จ์ผ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
02:28
Now, you might be thinking โ€“ wait a minute โ€“ everyone refers to all the people, so
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ โ€“ ์ž ๊น๋งŒ โ€“ every๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
02:33
itโ€™s a plural.
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๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
But, itโ€™s not.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
In English grammar, the pronouns that you see on the screen are all singular โ€“ they
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์˜์–ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“
02:41
are not plural โ€“ keep that in mind.
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๋ณต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“ ๋ช…์‹ฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
02:44
Letโ€™s move on now to our next topic โ€“ question formation.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ˜•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
02:48
Hereโ€™s the first one: โ€œYou went to the beach yesterday?โ€
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์–ด์ œ ํ•ด๋ณ€์— ๊ฐ”์–ด์š” ?โ€
02:51
Thatโ€™s a common mistake.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
You should ask, โ€œDid you go to the beach yesterday?โ€
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โ€œ์–ด์ œ ํ•ด๋ณ€์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ˆ?โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
In questions, we put the helping or auxiliary verb first.
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์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
This can be a verb like โ€“ be, have, can, will, would etc.
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be, have, can, will, would ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
If there is no helping verb we add โ€˜doโ€™.
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์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด 'do'๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
Iโ€™ve said โ€˜didโ€™ here because this sentence talks about the past (yesterday).
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ(์–ด์ œ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 'ํ–ˆ๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
After the auxiliary verb comes the subject (you), then the main verb in its base form
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์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด (you)๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜•์ธ ์ฃผ๋™์‚ฌ
03:21
โ€“ โ€˜goโ€™.
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'go'๊ฐ€ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
So โ€œDid you go to the beach yesterday?โ€ is correct.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "์–ด์ œ ํ•ด๋ณ€์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ˆ?" ๋งž๋‹ค.
03:26
Next sentence: โ€œWhere I can buy a cell phone charger?โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ: โ€œํœด๋Œ€ํฐ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์„œ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š” ?โ€
03:30
Same mistake.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜.
03:31
The correct question is โ€œWhere can I buy a cell phone charger?โ€
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ "ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ ์ถฉ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์„œ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š” ?"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
This is just like the previous question but it has a question word.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ „ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
So we put that at the beginning.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
Sentence number eight is โ€œDo you know who is that woman?โ€
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์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ โ€œ ์ € ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?โ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
WRONG.
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ.
03:49
It should be โ€œDo you know who that woman is?โ€
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"์ € ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ์ง€ ์•„์„ธ์š” ?"
03:53
If you start a question with โ€œDo you knowโ€, โ€œMay I askโ€, โ€œCan you tell meโ€ etc.
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"Do you know", "May I ask", "Can you tell me" ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„
03:59
then we call it an indirect question (which is more polite).
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๊ฐ„์ ‘ ์งˆ๋ฌธ( ๋” ์ •์ค‘ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
For this type of question, we donโ€™t change the word order.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด์ˆœ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
04:07
We first put the question word, then the subject, and then an auxiliary verb if we have one
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ์˜๋ฌธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์ฃผ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ณ , ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—
04:13
and then the main verb.
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์ฃผ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
Alright, letโ€™s now turn to errors in the tenses.
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์‹œ์ œ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
04:19
Our first sentence is โ€œI am working as a teacher.โ€
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
This is wrong.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
โ€œI work as a teacher.โ€
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โ€œ์ €๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
04:25
is correct.
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๋งž๋‹ค.
04:27
Use the present simple tense to talk about your occupation or other permanent situation.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ์ง์—…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
04:32
For example: โ€œShobha lives in New Delhi.โ€
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์˜ˆ: "Shobha๋Š” ๋‰ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ
04:36
You only use the present continuous tense (that is an โ€“ing form) for actions that
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์‹œ์ œ (-ing ํ˜•์‹)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:41
are happening right now: โ€œI am talking.โ€
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: "I am talk."
04:44
โ€œTheyโ€™re walking in the park.โ€
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"๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์›์—์„œ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค."
04:46
โ€œHe is eating a sandwichโ€ etc.
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"๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ โ€‹โ€‹๋จน๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค" ๋“ฑ.
04:49
Hereโ€™s a similar error: โ€œI am having a large family.โ€
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:53
You should say: โ€œI have a large family.โ€
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"์ €๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
Because, again, this expresses a general situation, not an action that Iโ€™m doing right now.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
What about this sentence: โ€œI donโ€™t think she is recognizing me.โ€
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โ€œ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.โ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:08
It should be: I donโ€™t think she recognizes me.โ€
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š” .โ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”
05:12
Even though this might be happening at the moment of speaking, with some verbs we donโ€™t
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์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋™์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
05:17
use โ€“ing forms.
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โ€“ing ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
Instead, we prefer to use the present simple tense with these because they are not physical
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๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:24
actions.
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.
05:25
Such verbs are called โ€˜state verbsโ€™ because they express a state or situation โ€“ you
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— '์ƒํƒœ ๋™์‚ฌ'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
see some of the common ones on the screen โ€“ remember that we use them in the present
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ํ™”๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”
05:36
simple tense.
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.
05:38
Next sentence: โ€œLucas is working here for three years.โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ: โ€œ๋ฃจ์นด์Šค๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .โ€
05:43
The correct form is โ€œLucas has been working here for three years.โ€
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ํ˜•์‹์€ โ€œLucas๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
If an action or a situation started in the past, and itโ€™s still continuing, you need
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ํ–‰๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:53
to use the present perfect continuous tense (with have been or has been plus the verb
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (with have been ๋˜๋Š” has been ๋”ํ•˜๊ธฐ
05:59
in โ€“ing form).
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โ€“ing ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ).
06:01
So how about this?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๊ฑด ์–ด๋•Œ?
06:02
โ€œWeโ€™ve been waiting for you since two hours.โ€
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ."
06:05
Well, it looks like itโ€™s a correct sentence โ€“ itโ€™s in the present perfect continuous
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์Œ, ๋งž๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์ง„ํ–‰
06:10
tense.
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์‹œ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
But can you spot the error?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:13
It should be โ€œWeโ€™ve been waiting for you for two hours.โ€
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์„ 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์—…์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ
06:18
You use โ€˜sinceโ€™ if you mention the exact time that the action started โ€“ โ€œWeโ€™ve
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 'since'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
06:23
been waiting for you since 5 oโ€™clock.โ€
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5์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
06:26
But if you say the duration (that is, the amount of time), you use โ€˜forโ€™.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„(์ฆ‰, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–‘)์„ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” 'for'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
Hereโ€™s sentence number fourteen: โ€œUma went to the market and buy a lot of groceries
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14๋ฒˆ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œUma๋Š” ์–ด์ œ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:37
yesterday.โ€
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.โ€
06:38
How do you correct it?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:40
โ€œUma went to the market and bought a lot of groceries yesterday.โ€
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โ€œUma๋Š” ์–ด์ œ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ€์–ด์š” .โ€
06:45
There are two separate actions (went to the market and bought groceries) and both of them
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ํ–‰๋™(์‹œ์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ ๊ตฌ์ž…)์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค
06:51
happened in the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
So donโ€™t forget to apply the correct tense to all the verbs in a sentence.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™์‚ฌ์— ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค .
06:58
Number fifteen: โ€œI have graduated from college in 2014.โ€
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15๋ฒˆ: โ€œ์ €๋Š” 2014๋…„์— ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€
07:03
Common mistake.
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ํ”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜.
07:04
You should say โ€œI graduated from college in 2014.โ€
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โ€œ2014๋…„์— ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
If you mention the time when something happened (like โ€˜in 2014โ€™), you should use the past
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (์˜ˆ: '2014๋…„'),
07:14
simple tense and not the present perfect.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
Iโ€™ve also heard people say: โ€œI have sent you an email yesterday.โ€
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๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด " ์–ด์ œ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
โ€“ youโ€™re saying โ€˜yesterdayโ€™, so you should say โ€œI sent you an email yesterday.โ€
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โ€“ '์–ด์ œ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ '์–ด์ œ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
Or you can just say โ€œI have sent you an email.โ€
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๋˜๋Š” "์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
07:30
and I will understand that you sent it recently.
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
Alright, next sentence: โ€œWe didnโ€™t receive the package yet.โ€
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์ž, ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ: " ์•„์ง ์†Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
07:37
This should be โ€œWe havenโ€™t received the package yet.โ€
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "์•„์ง ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
07:41
because โ€˜yetโ€™ means until now โ€“ we are not mentioning any specific time here.
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'์•„์ง'์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
So you should use the present perfect and not the past simple.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
07:51
Next one: โ€œI come and see you in your office tomorrow.โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ: "๋‚ด์ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ."
07:54
Obviously, this is a future tense sentence and itโ€™s a promise to do something, so โ€œIโ€™ll
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์ œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ฝ์†์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€œ
08:01
come and see you in your office tomorrow.โ€
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๋‚ด์ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
08:03
is correct.
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๋งž๋‹ค.
08:05
Sentence number eighteen is โ€œWe will get married on the 8th of September.โ€
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18๋ฒˆ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 9์›” 8์ผ์— ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
Very common error.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
Can you correct it?
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๊ณ ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
08:13
It should be โ€œWeโ€™re getting married on the 8th of September.โ€
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 9์›” 8์ผ์— ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
or โ€œWeโ€™re going to get marriedโ€ฆโ€
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๋˜๋Š” โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€ฆ
08:19
This is because for fixed arrangements in the future, we donโ€™t use โ€˜willโ€™ โ€“ we
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08:25
either use the present continuous tense (thatโ€™s the more common form) or we can use โ€˜going
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08:30
toโ€™.
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์—๊ฒŒ'.
08:31
Letโ€™s now move on and talk about verb forms.
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์ด์ œ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:34
Hereโ€™s the first one: โ€œWhen Abdul took out his wallet, his keys fallen out.โ€
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” "Abdul์ด ์ง€๊ฐ‘์„ ๊บผ๋ƒˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์—ด์‡ ๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
The correction is โ€œWhen Abdul took out his wallet, his keys fell out.โ€
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์ •์ •์€ โ€œ์••๋‘˜์ด ์ง€๊ฐ‘์„ ๊บผ๋ƒˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์—ด์‡ ๊ฐ€ ๋น ์กŒ๋‹คโ€๋‹ค.
08:46
In the past simple tense, you should use the past simple form (the second form) of the
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹œ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ˜•ํƒœ(๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ˜•ํƒœ)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:51
verb (also called V2 by some teachers).
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(์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” V2๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•จ).
08:55
Next sentence: โ€œHave you ever went to see a movie by yourself?โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ: โ€œํ˜ผ์ž ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ„ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ?โ€
08:59
The tense is correct but verb form is wrong.
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์‹œ์ œ๋Š” ๋งž์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
โ€œHave you ever gone to see a movie by yourself?โ€ is correct.
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โ€œํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ„ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?โ€ ๋งž๋‹ค.
09:06
In the present perfect tense, the past participle, or third form (V3) should be used.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ˜•ํƒœ(V3)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
Number twenty-one is โ€œI didnโ€™t ate anything at the restaurant because I wasnโ€™t hungry.โ€
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21๋ฒˆ์€ โ€œ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํ”„์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ์‹๋‹น์—์„œ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค .โ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
You should say, โ€œI didnโ€™t eat anything at the restaurant.โ€
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โ€œ์‹๋‹น์—์„œ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
09:24
I see this mistake a lot.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
09:26
In negative sentences in the present simple, past simple, or future simple that is, after
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•, ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ˆœํ˜•์˜ ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ์—์„œ do
09:32
donโ€™t, didnโ€™t or wonโ€™t, we must use the base form of the verb, not the past tense
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n't, did't ๋˜๋Š” won't ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:38
form.
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.
09:40
Number twenty-two: โ€œVicki spended all her money within a week.โ€
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22๋ฒˆ: "Vicki๋Š” ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ์•ˆ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ˆ์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
09:45
Not spended, spent.
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์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ผ๋‹ค.
09:47
The verb โ€˜spendโ€™ is irregular, meaning that the past form does not have an โ€“ed
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๋™์‚ฌ '์ง€๋‚˜๋‹ค'๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์—๋Š” -ed
09:53
ending.
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์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
There are many irregular verbs in English like buy, eat, speak, think and so on.
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์˜์–ด์—๋Š” buy, eat, speak, think ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
You can only learn them through experience, so you should memorize as many as you can.
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๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์ด ์™ธ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
Alright, our next topic is modal verbs.
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์ž, ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
The first sentence is: โ€œHe could running fast when he was younger.โ€
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ "๊ทธ๋Š” ์ Š์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค."์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
You should say โ€œHe could run fast when he was younger.โ€
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โ€œ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ Š์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
10:18
After any modal verb, you should use a verb in its base form.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
Next one: โ€œSmoking is prohibited in this building.
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๋‹ค์Œ: โ€œ์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋Š” ํก์—ฐ์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
10:27
That means you donโ€™t have to smoke here.โ€
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์ฆ‰, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ”ผ์šธ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
10:29
The correction is โ€œSmoking is prohibited in this building.
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์ •์ •์€ โ€œ ์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋Š” ํก์—ฐ์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
That means you mustnโ€™t smoke hereโ€ or โ€˜you cannot smoke hereโ€™.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ”ผ์šฐ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ ๋˜๋Š” โ€œ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ”ผ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
โ€˜To say that something is not allowed, you need to use โ€˜mustnโ€™tโ€™ or โ€˜cannotโ€™.
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'์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด 'mustn't' ๋˜๋Š” 'cannot'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
Next, we look at an area where errors are very common: conditionals.
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
โ€œIf I will hear about any job openings, I will let you know.โ€
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โ€œ์ฑ„์šฉ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
10:52
Did you spot the error?
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์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:54
It should be โ€œIf I hear about any job openings, I will let you know.โ€
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"์ฑ„์šฉ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์•Œ๋ ค ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
The first clause, โ€œIf I hear about any job openingsโ€ is the condition โ€“ here, we
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ ˆ์ธ "If I hear about any job openings"์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š”
11:05
donโ€™t use โ€˜willโ€™.
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'will'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
We use it in the result โ€“ โ€œI will let you know.โ€
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€“ โ€œI will let you know.โ€
11:09
โ€“ thatโ€™s correct.
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- ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
What about this: โ€œIf I have wings, I will fly all over the world.โ€
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"๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜จ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."
11:16
It should be โ€œIf I had wings, I would fly all over the world.โ€
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โ€œ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์„ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ ํ…๋ฐโ€์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
The first conditional โ€“ with the present simple tense in the condition and โ€˜willโ€™
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฑด โ€“ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋‹จ์ˆœ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— 'will'์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
11:25
in the result is used only for real situations.
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์‹ค์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
This situation is not real โ€“ I cannot have wings.
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์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
11:32
So itโ€™s imaginary or unreal.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ƒ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
For this, we use the past tense throughout the sentence to show that itโ€™s just imagination
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:41
(notice that weโ€™ve said โ€˜If I had wingsโ€™ in the condition and โ€˜I would flyโ€™ in
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(์กฐ๊ฑด์— 'If I have wings'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์— 'I would fly'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Œ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”
11:46
the result).
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).
11:48
Next one: โ€œIf I knew it was your birthday yesterday, I would have bought you a present.โ€
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์ด์–ด โ€œ์–ด์ œ ์ƒ์ผ์ธ ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์คฌ์„ ํ…๋ฐ.
11:54
Well, this is mostly correct but thereโ€™s a problem in the condition.
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
We need to say โ€œIf I had known it was your birthday yesterday, I would have bought you
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” โ€œ ์–ด์ œ ์ƒ์ผ์ธ ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ƒ€์„ ํ…๋ฐ
12:03
a present.โ€
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โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
This is the correct structure for past conditionals โ€“ โ€˜hadโ€™ plus past participle verb in
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌธ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์กฐ๊ฑด์— 'had'์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
12:11
the condition and โ€˜would haveโ€™ in the result.
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์— 'would have'๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
12:14
Our next topic is errors in adjectives.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
Hereโ€™s a common mistake: โ€œI am really interesting in sports cars.โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ €๋Š” ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์นด์— ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
12:22
You should say โ€œI am really interested in sports cars.โ€
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์นด์— ์ •๋ง ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜
12:26
When you need to decide between the โ€“ed and โ€“ing forms of an adjective, remember
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-ed์™€ -ing ํ˜•ํƒœ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ
12:32
this: the โ€“ing adjective shows the reason or cause.
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๋‹ค์Œ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”. -ing ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋‚˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
12:38
The โ€“ed adjective shows the result or the effect.
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โ€“ed ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋‚˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
12:41
So โ€œSports cars are interesting, and I am interested in sports cars.โ€
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ โ€œ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋Š” ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์นด์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ€
12:47
In the same way, โ€œThe lecture was boring, so the students were bored.โ€
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ โ€œ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•ด์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๋ฃจํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
12:51
Hereโ€™s number twenty-nine: โ€œYour English is more better than mine.โ€
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ 29๋ฒˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์˜์–ด๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
12:56
The correction is โ€œYour English is better than mine.โ€
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์ •์ •์€ "๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๋‹ค"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
The word โ€˜betterโ€™ is the comparative form of โ€˜goodโ€™ โ€“ it already means โ€˜more
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'better'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” 'good'์˜ ๋น„๊ต๊ธ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ '๋”
13:05
goodโ€™, so donโ€™t say โ€˜more betterโ€™, โ€˜more biggerโ€™ etc.
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์ข‹์€'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ 'more better', ' more big' ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
13:09
Now, some adjectives like โ€˜beautifulโ€™ donโ€™t have โ€“er comparative forms.
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์ด์ œ 'beautiful'๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” -er ๋น„๊ต๊ธ‰ ํ˜•์‹.
13:15
So you would say โ€˜more beautifulโ€™ or โ€˜more importantโ€™.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ '๋” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๋‹ค' ๋˜๋Š” '๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜
13:18
Itโ€™s a good idea for you to memorize the correct comparative and superlative forms
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋น„๊ต๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์•”๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:23
of common adjectives.
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.
13:25
Alright, what about this sentence: โ€œNeeraj is more tall than Pradeep.โ€
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "Neeraj๋Š” Pradeep๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:31
Here, we need to say โ€œNeeraj is taller than Pradeep.โ€
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” "Neeraj๊ฐ€ Pradeep๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
13:35
because the adjective โ€˜tallโ€™ has a comparative form that is made by adding โ€“er: โ€˜tallerโ€™.
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'tall' ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” -er: 'taller'๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋น„๊ต๊ธ‰ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
Next one: โ€œThere are less libraries today compared to ten years ago.โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ: โ€œ 10๋…„ ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋„์„œ๊ด€์ด ์ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
13:47
This error is made even by native speakers of English.
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์ด ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
13:51
This should be โ€œThere are fewer libraries today compared to ten years ago.โ€
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ " 10๋…„ ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋„์„œ๊ด€์ด ์ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:56
The word โ€˜lessโ€™ is used with uncountable nouns โ€“ so you can say โ€˜less milkโ€™,
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'less'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 'less milk', '
14:01
โ€˜less sugarโ€™, โ€˜less moneyโ€™, โ€˜less informationโ€™ etc. but with countable nouns,
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less sugar', 'less money', 'less information' ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์—๋Š”
14:06
you need to use โ€˜fewerโ€™: โ€˜fewer chairsโ€™, โ€˜fewer studentsโ€™, โ€˜fewer buildingsโ€™,
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'fewer'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค', ' ํ•™์ƒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค', '๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์ ๋‹ค', '
14:11
โ€˜fewer jobsโ€™ and so on.
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์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค' ๋“ฑ.
14:14
OK, letโ€™s now turn to errors in the use of prepositions.
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
14:18
โ€œThe concert had already started when we arrived in the venue.โ€
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โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์—ฐ์žฅ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .โ€
14:23
This should be โ€œThe concert had already started when we arrived at the venue.โ€
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" ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์—ฐ์žฅ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
14:29
One reason that prepositions are so tricky for people learning English is that there
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”
14:34
can be different rules different verbs for which prepositions to use.
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๋™์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
14:40
With the verb โ€˜arriveโ€™, we use โ€˜atโ€™ to talk about reaching a place.
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'arrive' ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 'at'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
But if weโ€™re talking about a city or a country, then we use โ€˜inโ€™ โ€“ as in โ€œThe team
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋„์‹œ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” "ํŒ€์ด
14:51
arrived in England a few hours ago.โ€
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๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „์— ์˜๊ตญ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 'in'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
Next sentence: โ€œYou are not listening me.โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ: "๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚ด ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
14:58
Whatโ€™s the mistake here?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
15:00
Well, we need to say โ€œYou are not listening to me.โ€
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚ด ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
15:03
After the verb โ€˜listenโ€™, remember to put โ€˜toโ€™.
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๋™์‚ฌ 'listen' ๋’ค์—๋Š” 'to'๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
Next one: โ€œMr. and Mrs. Sullivan live at New York.โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ: โ€œ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ. Sullivan ๋ถ€์ธ์€ ๋‰ด์š•์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .โ€
15:13
This is wrong because it needs to be โ€˜live in New York.โ€™
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 'live in New York'์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋„์‹œ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ
15:18
For permanent situations like living, working or studying in a city or country, we use the
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๊ฑฐ์ฃผ, ์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
15:23
preposition โ€˜inโ€™.
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ 'in'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
But we use โ€˜atโ€™ when we talk about living at an address โ€“ โ€œMr. and Mrs. Sullivan
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์†Œ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ 'at'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Sullivan ๋ถ€์ธ์€
15:31
live at 25, Dexter Avenue, Queens, New York.โ€
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25, Dexter Avenue, Queens, New York์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
15:35
for example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด.
15:36
If you are a student, you study at a university.
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ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
If you work, you can work at or for a specific company โ€“ both prepositions are OK.
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์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํŠน์ • ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‘ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
Hereโ€™s a similar mistake: โ€œI was born on 1985.โ€
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋‚˜๋Š” 1985๋…„์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
15:52
It should be โ€œI was born in 1985.โ€
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"๋‚˜๋Š” 1985๋…„์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
because we say โ€˜inโ€™ with months and years.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์›”๊ณผ ๋…„์œผ๋กœ 'in'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
You might say for example: โ€œIt rains a lot here in August.โ€
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด " ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 8์›”์— ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
But if you mention a specific date, then say โ€˜onโ€™: โ€œI was born on October 8, 1985.โ€
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํŠน์ • ๋‚ ์งœ๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” 'on'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "1985๋…„ 10์›” 8์ผ์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:11
What about this sentence: โ€œDonโ€™t go out in the night.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? โ€œ๋ฐค์— ์™ธ์ถœํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค .
16:14
Itโ€™s not very safe.โ€
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
16:16
This is wrong because we have to say โ€˜at nightโ€™.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ '๋ฐค์—'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
16:19
Now, we say โ€˜in the morningโ€™, โ€˜in the afternoonโ€™ and โ€˜in the eveningโ€™ but
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์ด์ œ 'in the morning', 'in the pm', 'in the evening'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
16:24
โ€˜at night.โ€™
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'at night'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:25
Next: โ€œKeith is married with a math teacher.โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ: โ€œKeith๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
16:29
It should be โ€œKeith is married to a math teacher.โ€
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"Keith๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
16:33
With the verb โ€˜marryโ€™, we always use โ€˜toโ€™ and not โ€˜withโ€™.
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๋™์‚ฌ '๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๋‹ค'์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ' ํ•จ๊ป˜'๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ '~์—๊ฒŒ'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:38
Letโ€™s move on and talk about errors with plurals.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค .
16:41
โ€œThe childrens are playing outside.โ€
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โ€œ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋†€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.โ€
16:44
Whatโ€™s the mistake?
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์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ญ์•ผ?
16:46
Itโ€™s โ€˜childrenโ€™, not โ€˜childrensโ€™.
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'์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด'๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ '์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:50
We say โ€˜childโ€™ if thereโ€™s only one, and โ€˜childrenโ€™ if thereโ€™s more than
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์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฟ์ด๋ฉด '์•„์ด'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ , ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‘˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ฉด '์•„์ด'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:54
one child.
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.
16:55
This type of plural is called an irregular plural because you canโ€™t just add โ€˜sโ€™
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ํ˜•์— 's'๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:00
to the singular form.
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.
17:02
You see some other common ones on the screen.
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ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
17:05
You should memorize these and other common irregular plurals to avoid mistakes.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์„ ์™ธ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:11
Next sentence: โ€œPassengers must check in their luggages at the airport.โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ: "์Šน๊ฐ์€ ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฌผ์„ ์ฒดํฌ์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:15
Hereโ€™s the correction: โ€œPassengers must check in their luggage at the airport.โ€
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์ •์ • ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์Šน๊ฐ์€ ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฌผ์„ ์ฒดํฌ์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:22
The reason is that โ€˜luggageโ€™ is an uncountable noun, so you cannot say โ€˜one luggageโ€™,
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” 'luggage'๊ฐ€ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 'one luggage',
17:28
โ€˜two luggagesโ€™ etc.
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'two luggages' ๋“ฑ์€ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ '
17:31
But you can say โ€˜one piece of luggageโ€™, โ€˜two pieces of luggageโ€™ and so on.
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one piece of luggage', 'two pieces of luggage' ๋“ฑ์€ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:36
Similarly: โ€œThe factory has all the latest equipments.โ€
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ "๊ณต์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ตœ์‹  ์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:41
Common mistake: it should be โ€˜equipmentโ€™ not โ€˜equipmentsโ€™ because equipment is
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ํ”ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜: ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ '์žฅ๋น„'๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ '์žฅ๋น„'์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:46
an uncountable noun.
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.
17:48
But, again, you can say โ€˜one piece of equipmentโ€™, โ€˜two pieces of equipmentโ€™ etc.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ '์žฅ๋น„ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ', '์žฅ๋น„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ' ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:54
And now we turn to another area that gives English learners a lot of problems: articles.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์—ญ์ธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:00
Hereโ€™s the first sentence: โ€œI am programmer specializing in website development.โ€
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์ €๋Š” ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ „๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
18:07
Is something missing here?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋น ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:09
Well we need to say โ€œI am a programmer.โ€
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:12
The noun โ€˜programmerโ€™ is a common noun โ€“ it refers to a category or type of person.
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๋ช…์‚ฌ 'ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ'๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋‚˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:19
If you have a singular common noun, you should always put โ€˜aโ€™ or โ€˜anโ€™ before it.
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๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ ์•ž์— 'a' ๋˜๋Š” 'an'์„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:26
Next one: โ€œHannah studies at an university.โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ: โ€œํ•œ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•ด์š”.โ€
18:30
This sentence looks correct but itโ€™s not.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:32
Hereโ€™s the correction: Hannah studies at a university.
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์ •์ • ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Hannah๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
18:36
But, hold on, you might be thinking โ€“ โ€˜universityโ€™ starts with โ€˜uโ€™ which is a vowel, so we
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž ๊น, 'University'๋Š” ๋ชจ์Œ์ธ 'u'๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
18:42
should put โ€˜anโ€™ before it, right?
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'an'์„ ์•ž์— ๋‘์–ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
18:45
Well, no.
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์Œ ... ์•„๋‹ˆ.
18:46
The rule is that you put โ€˜anโ€™ before a vowel sound, not a vowel letter.
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๊ทœ์น™์€ ๋ชจ์Œ ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ชจ์Œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์•ž์— 'an'์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
18:52
The word โ€˜universityโ€™ starts with a /y/ sound.
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'๋Œ€ํ•™'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” /y/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
18:55
We donโ€™t say โ€˜ooniversity.โ€™
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 'University'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:57
We say โ€˜universityโ€™.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 'University'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:00
The /y/ sound is a consonant sound, so no โ€˜anโ€™ before โ€˜universityโ€™.
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/y/ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์Œ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ 'university' ์•ž์— 'an'์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:05
OK, what about this sentence: โ€œFrank Sinatra is best singer I have ever heard.โ€
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "Frank Sinatra๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
19:11
This needs to be โ€œFrank Sinatra is the best singer I have ever heard.โ€
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "Frank Sinatra๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:16
Any superlative form โ€“ โ€˜the bestโ€™, โ€˜the worstโ€™, โ€˜the hottestโ€™, โ€˜the coldestโ€™,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ตœ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ โ€“ 'the best', 'the wrong', 'the hottest', 'the coldest', '
19:21
โ€˜the most expensiveโ€™, โ€˜the least importantโ€™ etc. needs to have โ€˜theโ€™ before it.
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the most ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค', 'the least Important' ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ทธ ์•ž์— 'the'๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:27
Remember that.
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๊ธฐ์–ต.
19:28
Hereโ€™s another extremely common error: โ€œI need an advice from you about buying a guitar.โ€
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. " ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ตฌ๋งค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์–ธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
19:34
Here, we need to say โ€œI need some advice from youโ€ or, we can just say โ€œI need
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "I need some advice from you"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ "I need
19:40
your advice about buying a guitar.โ€
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your advice about a guitar buy"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:42
โ€˜Adviceโ€™ is an uncountable noun and we donโ€™t use a or an before uncountable nouns.
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'Advice'๋Š” ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์— a ๋˜๋Š” an์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:50
Now, English can be a crazy language sometimes โ€“ โ€˜ideaโ€™ is considered countable but
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์ด์ œ ์˜์–ด๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์นœ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . '์•„์ด๋””์–ด'๋Š” ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ
19:56
โ€˜adviceโ€™ is considered uncountable.
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'์กฐ์–ธ'์€ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:58
So you can say โ€˜an ideaโ€™ but you cannot say โ€˜an adviceโ€™.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ '์•„์ด๋””์–ด'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ '์กฐ์–ธ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:03
OK, sentence number forty-five is โ€œThe teachers should be friendly to their students.โ€
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๋„ค, 45๋ฒˆ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ "์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ ˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:09
The correct sentence is: โ€œTeachers should be friendly to their students.โ€
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ "์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ ˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:15
This is because we are making a general statement here, and to generalize with plurals such
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ง„์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
20:20
as โ€˜teachersโ€™ we donโ€™t use โ€˜theโ€™.
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'๊ต์‚ฌ'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 'the'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:24
And finally, our last topic is errors in vocabulary โ€“ that is, in word choice.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜, ์ฆ‰ ๋‹จ์–ด ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:30
Hereโ€™s the first one: โ€œHe said me that he needed some money.โ€
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” "๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
20:34
This can be either โ€œHe told me that he needed some money.โ€
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
20:38
or โ€œHe said that he needed some money.โ€
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๋˜๋Š” "๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
20:40
The verb โ€˜sayโ€™ does not take an indirect object โ€“ that means, you cannot say โ€˜said
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๋™์‚ฌ 'say'๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, 'said
20:47
meโ€™, โ€˜said himโ€™ and so on.
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me', 'said him' ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:49
So what about this next sentence: โ€œCara told that she had applied for the managerโ€™s
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? "Cara๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ € ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
20:54
job.โ€
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."
20:55
Well, this should be โ€œCara said thatโ€ or โ€œCara told me that she had applied for
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์Œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "Cara said that" ๋˜๋Š” "Cara๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €์˜ ์ผ์— ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
21:00
the managerโ€™s job.โ€
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."์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:02
The verb โ€˜tellโ€™ usually needs an indirect object like โ€˜meโ€™, โ€˜himโ€™, โ€˜herโ€™
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๋™์‚ฌ 'tell'์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 'me', 'him', 'her' ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:08
etc.
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21:09
Alright, hereโ€™s the next one: โ€œAccording to me, this is the best restaurant in town.โ€
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์ž, ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
21:14
You should say: โ€œIn my opinion, this is the best restaurant in town.โ€
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: "์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๊ณณ์ด ์‹œ๋‚ด ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ 
21:19
You can say โ€˜according toโ€™ when you want to give someone elseโ€™s opinion; itโ€™s wrong
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์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ 'according to'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
21:24
to use it to give your own opinion.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:28
Number forty-nine: โ€œI met Scott for the first time in Geneva ten years before.โ€
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49๋ฒˆ: โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” 10๋…„ ์ „์— ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ”์—์„œ ์Šค์ฝง์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.โ€
21:33
Common error.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:34
It should be โ€˜ten years agoโ€™.
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'10๋…„ ์ „'์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:37
When we mention an amount of time in the past, we use โ€˜agoโ€™ and not โ€˜beforeโ€™ โ€“ you
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•  ๋•Œ 'before'๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ 'ago'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:43
can say โ€˜ten years agoโ€™, โ€˜two months agoโ€™, โ€˜a few weeks agoโ€™, โ€˜five minutes
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'10๋…„ ์ „', '2๊ฐœ์›” ์ „', '๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ์ „', '5๋ถ„
21:47
agoโ€™ etc.
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์ „' ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. .
21:49
And hereโ€™s the last sentence in our lesson: โ€œMost of people have a computer at home
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: "์š”์ฆ˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง‘์— ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
21:55
these days.โ€
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."
21:56
Can you identify the error?
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์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
21:58
Well, the error is saying โ€˜most ofโ€™.
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋Š” '๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:01
Just say โ€œMost people have a computer at home these days.โ€
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"์š”์ฆ˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง‘์— ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:05
When we are talking generally, we always say โ€˜most peopleโ€™, โ€˜most studentsโ€™, โ€˜most
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ' most people', 'most Students', 'most
22:12
homeownersโ€™ etc.
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houseowners' ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
22:13
If you are talking about a specific group, then you can say โ€˜most of theโ€™: โ€œMost
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. ํŠน์ • ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 'most of the'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:18
of the students in my class passed the exam.โ€ or as the teacher, I would say โ€œMost of
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ˜์ด ์‹œํ—˜์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์–ด.โ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ €๋Š” "๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜
22:23
my students passed the exam with flying colors.โ€
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ—˜์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:27
OK, how many of these 50 mistakes did you identify and correct?
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์ž, ์ด 50๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
22:32
Let me know in the comments section below.
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์•„๋ž˜ ๋Œ“๊ธ€ ์„น์…˜์—์„œ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
22:34
If you liked this lesson, give it a thumbs up by hitting the like button.
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์ด ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“œ์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ข‹์•„์š” ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ ์ข‹์•„์š”๋ฅผ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
22:38
If youโ€™re new to my channel, remember to subscribe by clicking the subscribe button
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๋‚ด ์ฑ„๋„์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ตฌ๋… ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์—ฌ
22:42
to get my latest lessons right here on YouTube.
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YouTube์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚ด ์ตœ์‹  ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
22:46
Happy learning and I will see you in another lesson soon.
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์ฆ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ณง ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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