Perfect Modals to Express Certainty (Past Possibilities) - English Grammar

8,941 views ใƒป 2021-06-17

English with Jennifer


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:01
Hi everyone. I'm Jennifer from English withย  Jennifer. Have you ever experienced something thatย ย 
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„. ์ €๋Š” Jennifer์™€ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ์˜จ Jennifer์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:07
you couldn't explain? I can scare myself quiteย  well if I let my imagination run away with me.ย ย 
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‚ด ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚˜๋„๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘๋ฉด ์ œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
That comes from watching too many scary movies.ย ย 
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๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณธ ํƒ“์ด๋‹ค.
00:20
When our dog was a puppy, she would sometimesย  stop, look up at the stairs, and bark.ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋” ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์„œ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณ  ์ง–๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
She might have heard something that I didn't hear,ย  but this happened when I was the only one home,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง‘์— ๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ์ž ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ
00:32
so it couldn't have been anotherย  person making noise upstairs.ย ย 
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ„์ธต์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
What do you think? Could it have been a ghost?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ์œ ๋ น์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:42
"Might have heard" and "could haveย  been" are examples of perfect modals.ย ย 
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"๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"์™€ "ํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค "๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ชจ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
Let's talk about using perfectย  modals to express past possibilities.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ชจ๋‹ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:00
We use perfect modals to talk about the past. Weย  use a modal verb + "have" + the past participleย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ชจ๋‹ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ + "have" + ๋ณธ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:08
of the main verb. We form the negative by addingย  "not." Might not have heard. Could not have been.ย ย 
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. 'not'์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€์ •์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
With "could," it's common to use theย  contraction "couldn't." Couldn't have been.ย ย 
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'ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค'์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 'ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค'๋ผ๋Š” ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Listen to a few examples. Can you identifyย ย 
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:30
which verbs express strong certainty andย  which ones simply suggest a possibility?
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ™•์‹ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:38
It could have been a ghost.ย  It might have been a mouse.
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์œ ๋ น์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฅ์˜€์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
It may have been nothing at all.
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์ „ํ˜€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:49
It must have been my imaginationย  getting the better of me.
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๋‚ด ์ƒ์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‚˜ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
01:56
There had to have been a logical explanation.
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
It couldn't have been another personย  because I was the only one home.
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์ง‘์— ๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
What do you think? Well, first let meย  point out that I added a semi-modal:ย ย 
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‚˜์š”? ์Œ, ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐ˜๋ชจ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
02:19
have to. The past tense is "had to."
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ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ œ๋Š” "ํ–ˆ๋‹ค"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
Examples 1, 2, and 3 all express less certainty.ย ย 
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์˜ˆ 1, 2 ๋ฐ 3์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋œ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
These are past possibilitiesย  -- not strong ones, weak ones.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -- ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„, ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
Could have been. Might have been. May have been.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋žฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
I'm just considering ideas. I'mย  speculating. This is speculation.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ธก ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถ”์ธก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
In contrast, "must have been" and "hadย  to have been" express strong certainty.ย ย 
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๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ "ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค"์™€ " ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ™•์‹ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
The negative "couldn't haveย  been" expresses impossibility.
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๋ถ€์ • "couldn't have be"๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
Imagine your friend had a strange dream last nightย ย 
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์–ด์ ฏ๋ฐค ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ† ๋„ค์ด๋„๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
03:12
about a monkey driving an oldย  car to get away from a tornado.ย ย 
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๋‚ก์€ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์›์ˆญ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š” .
03:19
"What do you think it all means?" your friendย  asks. Offer suggestions using perfect modals.
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"๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด?" ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ชจ๋‹ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
03:48
Here's my example. You must have feltย  worried or stressed when you went toย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:53
sleep. That's why you dreamed about a tornado.ย  Note how we can also use a progressive form:ย ย 
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. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ† ๋„ค์ด๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊ฟจ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
04:03
You must have been feeling stressed.ย  You may have been feeling stressed.ย ย 
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
That's modal verb + "have been" + theย  present participle (the -ing form).
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ + "have been" + ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ(-ing ํ˜•์‹)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
Here's one more strange photo.ย  Tell me why those heads are there.ย ย 
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์ด์ƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋งํ•ด๋ด.
04:24
Suggest some possibilities and use perfect modals.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ชจ๋‹ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
04:50
Please like the video if youย  found it useful and interesting.ย ย 
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๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์› ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ข‹์•„์š”๋ฅผ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
04:54
As always, thanks for watching and happy studies!
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๋Š˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”!
04:59
Everyone, visit me on Patreon. Youย  can join to support my online work,ย ย 
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, Patreon์—์„œ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:04
get live lessons and bonus videos, and some ofย  you may even want a monthly one-on-one video call.
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์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์—…๊ณผ ๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋งค๋‹ฌ ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ํ™”์ƒ ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
Follow me on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.ย ย 
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ, ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ, ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์ €๋ฅผ ํŒ”๋กœ์šฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
05:16
And don't forget to subscribe!ย  Turn on those notifications.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”! ํ•ด๋‹น ์•Œ๋ฆผ์„ ์ผญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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